Two studies find admissions scattergrams reduce applications to elite colleges
Supreme Court rules against affirmative action in college admissions; racial diversity likely to suffer
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"title": "Two studies find admissions scattergrams reduce applications to elite colleges",
"headTitle": "Two studies find admissions scattergrams reduce applications to elite colleges | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Example of a hypothetical scattergram showing test scores and grades of past applicants to a college. The dotted lines highlight the average grades and test scores of accepted students. Source: Figure 1 in Tomkins et al, “Showing high-achieving college applicants past admissions outcomes increases undermatching,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Oct 2023\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many high school students struggle to figure out which of the nation’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=1122#:~:text=Among%20Title%20IV%20degree%2Dgranting,and%202%2C637%204%2Dyear%20colleges.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">2,600\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> four-year colleges and universities should be on their lists of reach, target and safety schools. To help with that decision, schools across the country have paid many millions to private companies that display data on the fate of past students. But two recent studies have found that this information could discourage students who might have a shot at the most elite schools.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the most popular data displays in the college application process is a scattergram, which shows the grades and test scores of admitted and rejected students from a student’s own high school at each college. Scattergrams are a bit like looking at horse race results for each school except the names of former classmates aren’t displayed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 780px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62890\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/01/scattergram.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/01/scattergram.jpg 780w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/01/scattergram-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/01/scattergram-768x438.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a hypothetical scattergram showing test scores and grades of past applicants to a college. The dotted lines highlight the average grades and test scores of accepted students. \u003ccite>(Source: Figure 1 in Tomkins et al, “Showing high-achieving college applicants past admissions outcomes increases undermatching,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Oct 2023)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Academic researchers have been trying to find out how these scattergrams, which have been widely adopted by U.S. high schools over the past two decades, are influencing students. Two separate studies indicate that these information displays are discouraging some teens from applying to the most competitive schools, such as Harvard and Stanford. The researchers found that applications to these schools plummet after students see the scattergrams. At the same time, the researchers note that lower-achieving students tend to benefit from the scattergrams because the data encourages them to aim higher. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The latest study, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2306017120#bibliography\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in October 2023\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, tracked the college applications of 70,000 students at 220 public high schools over five application cycles, from 2014-15 to 2019-20. In the years immediately after a school purchased Naviance, the market leader in scattergrams, 17,000 high achieving students with test scores above 1310 on the SAT (out of 1600 points) or above 29 on the ACT (out of 36 points), were 50% less likely to apply to the most competitive universities and colleges. Consider 100 high-achieving students applying to college: 24 applied to the most competitive schools before the scattergrams, but only 16 of them did afterward.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Among high-achieving students, an unidentified college that had received the third-most applications dropped out of the top 10 after Naviance was introduced. High-achieving students became much more likely to apply to local colleges, which were relatively unpopular choices before Naviance.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sabina Tomkins, an assistant professor at the University of Michigan’s School of Information and lead author of the study, doesn’t know exactly why students were deterred, but she said there are two likely explanations. One is that students are intimidated when they see that their scores are slightly below the average of previously admitted students. Some kids might want to avoid the risk of rejection altogether and play it safe, applying only to places where they’re more likely to be accepted. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another possibility is that the scattergrams have an unintended marketing or advertising effect. Students may feel more motivated to apply to the most popular schools where they see masses of green checks, showing that many previous peers have been admitted. Students can’t see the scattergrams for the least popular schools. To preserve student privacy, high schools commonly suppress scattergrams for schools to which fewer than five or 10 alumni have applied. Small or far-away elite schools can often fall into this suppressed category. “When the school doesn’t show up as a scattergram, it might not cross their mind in the same way it would have before,” said Tomkins. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tomkins only had application data and doesn’t know where students enrolled in college. But if students are applying to fewer elite schools, they’re likely getting into and matriculating at fewer of them too, Tomkins said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">An earlier study, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/708839\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">published in 2021 in the Journal of Labor Economics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, also found that Naviance’s scattergrams deterred students from applying to and enrolling in the most selective colleges. That study looked at only 8,000 students at one unidentified school district in the mid-Atlantic region. At the time that study was released, some critics questioned whether the unintended consequences of scattergrams were true nationwide. The larger 2023 study bolsters the evidence that more information isn’t always a good thing for all students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Importantly, both studies also found that the scattergrams encouraged lower-achieving students. They were more likely to apply to four-year colleges after seeing that their grades and test scores were similar to those of previous students who had been accepted. Before their schools purchased Naviance, more of these students avoided four-year colleges and opted for two-year community colleges instead. A separate body of research has generally found that starting at a four-year college, while more expensive, increases the likelihood of earning a bachelor’s degree and higher wages after graduation. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whether we should care about students attending the most prestigious and elite colleges is a matter of debate. Authors of the 2023 study pointed me to Harvard economist Raj Chetty’s research, which has found that going to an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://opportunityinsights.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/CollegeAdmissions_Nontech.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ivy League university or four other elite colleges\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, instead of a top flagship public college, increases the likelihood of becoming a CEO or a U.S. senator and substantially increases a graduate’s chances of earning in the top 1%. However, attending an Ivy instead of a top public flagship \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/07/24/upshot/ivy-league-elite-college-admissions.html\">didn’t increase a graduate’s income on average\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The scattergram studies looked only at high schools that had purchased Naviance’s product. The company was the first to market scattergrams to schools in 2002 and says its product reaches nine million of the nation’s 15 million high school students. According to GovSpend, which tracks government contracts, public high schools have spent well over $100 million on Naviance, which, in addition to scattergrams, also allows high school counselors to manage their students’ college applications and send transcripts to colleges. Competitors include Scoir, Ciaflo and MaiaLearning, which all offer similar scattergrams. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PowerSchool, the company that owns Naviance, points out that analyzing small slices of its customer base, as the academic researchers have, can be misleading. According to the data PowerSchool shared with me, 38% of the six million college applications that flow through its platform each year were sent to “reach” schools, schools where it would be challenging for a student to gain acceptance based on their grades and test scores. A spokesperson said that applications to reach schools have been increasing annually, proof that its product “does not discourage students from applying to their reach or target schools.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The company also highlighted the benefits for lower-achieving students, asserting that the scattergrams “increase equity.” Indeed, the earlier 2021 study found that Black, Hispanic and low-income students were especially more likely to apply to and enroll in four-year colleges after using Naviance.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I talked with a half dozen college counselors who work with high school students and they said they generally didn’t see high-achieving students getting discouraged after \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.aaronbergman.net/p/most-ivy-smart-students-arent-at\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">seeing scattergrams\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “If anything, I see the opposite,” said Scott White, an independent college counselor in New Jersey and a former high school guidance counselor for over 30 years. “Students are over-applying, not under-applying. They throw in dream applications. If you look at the Naviance scattergrams, they are not in profile. ‘I know I’m not gonna get in there, but I’m gonna apply there anyway.’ That is incredibly common.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amy Thompson, a college counselor at York High School outside of Chicago, told me that the scattergrams are a “big hit” with high school students and get students engaged in the college process because clicking on the data can be fun and even addicting. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only one counselor told me he had seen a case where a student was discouraged after seeing scattergrams, but he said it was an unusual experience. That doesn’t mean the researchers’ data analysis is wrong. It’s common for data to point out things that we’re not aware of or that we cannot readily see. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The biggest drawback to scattergrams, according to veteran college counselors, is that the information is incomplete and can give students the false sense that admissions decisions at elite schools are primarily based on grades and test scores. The scattergrams don’t show whether a student was an athlete, a musician or from a wealthy family with many generations of alumni. Students might see a green check with a low test score and not appreciate that the student had other factors weighing in his or her favor. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Counselors told me the scattergrams are most useful and accurate for large state schools, where there is a lot of data and the academic range of past admittees helps students identify safety and target schools. The more competitive the college, and the more the college looks at factors other than grades and test scores, the less useful the scattergrams. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And just like the stock market, past performance is no guarantee of future results. Schools fall in and out of favor. What was a safety school one year can unexpectedly rise in selectivity. A school that was once hard to get into can lower its standards in an effort to fill seats.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I don’t know that I care so much about kids not applying to enough Ivy League schools. But it’s fascinating how the information age changes our behavior for better and for worse, and how kids are influenced by spending hours and hours clicking on websites and absorbing masses of data.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-two-studies-find-scattergrams-reduce-applications-to-elite-colleges/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scattergrams\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sign up for the Proof Points newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Schools across the country have paid millions to private companies that display admissions data of past students. New research shows how it's influencing students' application choices.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Example of a hypothetical scattergram showing test scores and grades of past applicants to a college. The dotted lines highlight the average grades and test scores of accepted students. Source: Figure 1 in Tomkins et al, “Showing high-achieving college applicants past admissions outcomes increases undermatching,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Oct 2023\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many high school students struggle to figure out which of the nation’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=1122#:~:text=Among%20Title%20IV%20degree%2Dgranting,and%202%2C637%204%2Dyear%20colleges.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">2,600\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> four-year colleges and universities should be on their lists of reach, target and safety schools. To help with that decision, schools across the country have paid many millions to private companies that display data on the fate of past students. But two recent studies have found that this information could discourage students who might have a shot at the most elite schools.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the most popular data displays in the college application process is a scattergram, which shows the grades and test scores of admitted and rejected students from a student’s own high school at each college. Scattergrams are a bit like looking at horse race results for each school except the names of former classmates aren’t displayed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 780px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62890\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/01/scattergram.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/01/scattergram.jpg 780w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/01/scattergram-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/01/scattergram-768x438.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a hypothetical scattergram showing test scores and grades of past applicants to a college. The dotted lines highlight the average grades and test scores of accepted students. \u003ccite>(Source: Figure 1 in Tomkins et al, “Showing high-achieving college applicants past admissions outcomes increases undermatching,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Oct 2023)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Academic researchers have been trying to find out how these scattergrams, which have been widely adopted by U.S. high schools over the past two decades, are influencing students. Two separate studies indicate that these information displays are discouraging some teens from applying to the most competitive schools, such as Harvard and Stanford. The researchers found that applications to these schools plummet after students see the scattergrams. At the same time, the researchers note that lower-achieving students tend to benefit from the scattergrams because the data encourages them to aim higher. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The latest study, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2306017120#bibliography\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in October 2023\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, tracked the college applications of 70,000 students at 220 public high schools over five application cycles, from 2014-15 to 2019-20. In the years immediately after a school purchased Naviance, the market leader in scattergrams, 17,000 high achieving students with test scores above 1310 on the SAT (out of 1600 points) or above 29 on the ACT (out of 36 points), were 50% less likely to apply to the most competitive universities and colleges. Consider 100 high-achieving students applying to college: 24 applied to the most competitive schools before the scattergrams, but only 16 of them did afterward.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Among high-achieving students, an unidentified college that had received the third-most applications dropped out of the top 10 after Naviance was introduced. High-achieving students became much more likely to apply to local colleges, which were relatively unpopular choices before Naviance.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sabina Tomkins, an assistant professor at the University of Michigan’s School of Information and lead author of the study, doesn’t know exactly why students were deterred, but she said there are two likely explanations. One is that students are intimidated when they see that their scores are slightly below the average of previously admitted students. Some kids might want to avoid the risk of rejection altogether and play it safe, applying only to places where they’re more likely to be accepted. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another possibility is that the scattergrams have an unintended marketing or advertising effect. Students may feel more motivated to apply to the most popular schools where they see masses of green checks, showing that many previous peers have been admitted. Students can’t see the scattergrams for the least popular schools. To preserve student privacy, high schools commonly suppress scattergrams for schools to which fewer than five or 10 alumni have applied. Small or far-away elite schools can often fall into this suppressed category. “When the school doesn’t show up as a scattergram, it might not cross their mind in the same way it would have before,” said Tomkins. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tomkins only had application data and doesn’t know where students enrolled in college. But if students are applying to fewer elite schools, they’re likely getting into and matriculating at fewer of them too, Tomkins said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">An earlier study, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/708839\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">published in 2021 in the Journal of Labor Economics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, also found that Naviance’s scattergrams deterred students from applying to and enrolling in the most selective colleges. That study looked at only 8,000 students at one unidentified school district in the mid-Atlantic region. At the time that study was released, some critics questioned whether the unintended consequences of scattergrams were true nationwide. The larger 2023 study bolsters the evidence that more information isn’t always a good thing for all students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Importantly, both studies also found that the scattergrams encouraged lower-achieving students. They were more likely to apply to four-year colleges after seeing that their grades and test scores were similar to those of previous students who had been accepted. Before their schools purchased Naviance, more of these students avoided four-year colleges and opted for two-year community colleges instead. A separate body of research has generally found that starting at a four-year college, while more expensive, increases the likelihood of earning a bachelor’s degree and higher wages after graduation. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whether we should care about students attending the most prestigious and elite colleges is a matter of debate. Authors of the 2023 study pointed me to Harvard economist Raj Chetty’s research, which has found that going to an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://opportunityinsights.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/CollegeAdmissions_Nontech.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ivy League university or four other elite colleges\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, instead of a top flagship public college, increases the likelihood of becoming a CEO or a U.S. senator and substantially increases a graduate’s chances of earning in the top 1%. However, attending an Ivy instead of a top public flagship \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/07/24/upshot/ivy-league-elite-college-admissions.html\">didn’t increase a graduate’s income on average\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The scattergram studies looked only at high schools that had purchased Naviance’s product. The company was the first to market scattergrams to schools in 2002 and says its product reaches nine million of the nation’s 15 million high school students. According to GovSpend, which tracks government contracts, public high schools have spent well over $100 million on Naviance, which, in addition to scattergrams, also allows high school counselors to manage their students’ college applications and send transcripts to colleges. Competitors include Scoir, Ciaflo and MaiaLearning, which all offer similar scattergrams. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PowerSchool, the company that owns Naviance, points out that analyzing small slices of its customer base, as the academic researchers have, can be misleading. According to the data PowerSchool shared with me, 38% of the six million college applications that flow through its platform each year were sent to “reach” schools, schools where it would be challenging for a student to gain acceptance based on their grades and test scores. A spokesperson said that applications to reach schools have been increasing annually, proof that its product “does not discourage students from applying to their reach or target schools.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The company also highlighted the benefits for lower-achieving students, asserting that the scattergrams “increase equity.” Indeed, the earlier 2021 study found that Black, Hispanic and low-income students were especially more likely to apply to and enroll in four-year colleges after using Naviance.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I talked with a half dozen college counselors who work with high school students and they said they generally didn’t see high-achieving students getting discouraged after \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.aaronbergman.net/p/most-ivy-smart-students-arent-at\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">seeing scattergrams\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “If anything, I see the opposite,” said Scott White, an independent college counselor in New Jersey and a former high school guidance counselor for over 30 years. “Students are over-applying, not under-applying. They throw in dream applications. If you look at the Naviance scattergrams, they are not in profile. ‘I know I’m not gonna get in there, but I’m gonna apply there anyway.’ That is incredibly common.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amy Thompson, a college counselor at York High School outside of Chicago, told me that the scattergrams are a “big hit” with high school students and get students engaged in the college process because clicking on the data can be fun and even addicting. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only one counselor told me he had seen a case where a student was discouraged after seeing scattergrams, but he said it was an unusual experience. That doesn’t mean the researchers’ data analysis is wrong. It’s common for data to point out things that we’re not aware of or that we cannot readily see. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The biggest drawback to scattergrams, according to veteran college counselors, is that the information is incomplete and can give students the false sense that admissions decisions at elite schools are primarily based on grades and test scores. The scattergrams don’t show whether a student was an athlete, a musician or from a wealthy family with many generations of alumni. Students might see a green check with a low test score and not appreciate that the student had other factors weighing in his or her favor. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Counselors told me the scattergrams are most useful and accurate for large state schools, where there is a lot of data and the academic range of past admittees helps students identify safety and target schools. The more competitive the college, and the more the college looks at factors other than grades and test scores, the less useful the scattergrams. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And just like the stock market, past performance is no guarantee of future results. Schools fall in and out of favor. What was a safety school one year can unexpectedly rise in selectivity. A school that was once hard to get into can lower its standards in an effort to fill seats.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I don’t know that I care so much about kids not applying to enough Ivy League schools. But it’s fascinating how the information age changes our behavior for better and for worse, and how kids are influenced by spending hours and hours clicking on websites and absorbing masses of data.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-two-studies-find-scattergrams-reduce-applications-to-elite-colleges/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scattergrams\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sign up for the Proof Points newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Supreme Court rules against affirmative action in college admissions; racial diversity likely to suffer",
"headTitle": "Supreme Court rules against affirmative action in college admissions; racial diversity likely to suffer | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was \u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/2023/6/29/23778335/supreme-court-affirmative-action-case-college-admissions-student-effects\" rel=\"canonical\">originally published\u003c/a> by Chalkbeat. Sign up for their newsletters at \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://ckbe.at/newsletters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cu>ckbe.at/newsletters.\u003c/u>\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s top colleges are likely to enroll fewer Black, Latino, and Native American students after the Supreme Court ruled Thursday that colleges and universities essentially cannot consider race as a factor in the admissions process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling severely restricts colleges’ ability to use affirmative action to create more racially diverse campuses, and will likely curtail broader efforts to fight for racial equity in higher education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Writing for the majority\u003c/a>, Chief Justice John Roberts said that Harvard and the University of North Carolina’s race-conscious admissions programs had violated the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution, which bars discrimination, because they “lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eliminating racial discrimination means eliminating all of it,” Roberts wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That bar will make it exceedingly difficult for colleges and universities to consider race as part of their admissions process going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberts’ majority opinion did leave open a small window for how colleges could consider race in admissions. “Nothing in this opinion should be construed as prohibiting universities from considering an applicant’s discussion of how race affected his or her life, be it through discrimination, inspiration, or otherwise,” the chief justice wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In dissent, Justice Sonia Sotomayor described this as a meaningless concession — “nothing but an attempt to put lipstick on a pig.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Court’s opinion circumscribes universities’ ability to consider race in any form by meticulously gutting respondents’ asserted diversity interests,” wrote Sotomayor. “Yet, because the Court cannot escape the inevitable truth that race matters in students’ lives, it announces a false promise to save face and appear attuned to reality. No one is fooled.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine states — including California, Florida, Michigan, and Washington — \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/31/us/politics/affirmative-action-ban-states.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already ban affirmative action\u003c/a> at public colleges and universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This decision stems from \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1199.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two\u003c/a> \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-707.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cases\u003c/a> that were brought before the court by Students for Fair Admissions, an organization headed by Edward Blum, who has \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/us/affirmative-action-lawsuits.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spent years fighting affirmative action\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students for Fair Admissions sued Harvard and the University of North Carolina over their race-conscious admissions policies, arguing that they were unfair and discriminatory. The group alleged that Harvard’s policies, in particular, discriminated against Asian American applicants. The universities countered that they needed to take race into account to build a diverse student body, which brings educational benefits to the schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision has big implications for students looking to attend the nation’s most competitive colleges, which are more likely to consider race as a factor in admissions. But the ruling likely will have little effect on the vast majority of college students who attend less selective schools, such as community colleges, which accept most students who apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are three major ways the ruling is likely to affect students who are applying to college:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Black, Latino, and Native students will be less likely to get into top colleges\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Officials at several selective colleges have said they expect the numbers of Black and Latino students, in particular, to decline if colleges are essentially no longer permitted to consider student race as part of a holistic admissions review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An expert working on behalf of Harvard, for example, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/169941/20210225095533757_Students%20Appendix.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated\u003c/a> that getting rid of race-conscious admissions would cause Black enrollment in Harvard’s freshman class to fall from 14% to 6%, and Hispanic enrollment to drop from 14% to 9%. White and Asian American enrollment, meanwhile, would grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from states that previously banned affirmative action also provide a look at what may happen nationwide. After California and Michigan got rid of affirmative action, the share of Black, Latino, and Indigenous students at several of the most selective colleges fell sharply. Those figures tended to tick back up with time, but never fully rebounded — and they still fail to represent the racial diversity of high school graduates in those states, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/04/22/metro/with-supreme-court-poised-eliminate-use-race-college-admissions-states-with-existing-bans-offer-sobering-view/?event=event12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Boston Globe reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When colleges become less racially diverse, students of color often feel the schools are less welcoming — which could further depress the number of Black and Latino students on campus. That matters because Black and Latino students are \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/upshot/elite-colleges-actual-value.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more likely to benefit\u003c/a> from the social capital that comes from attending a top college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colleges in states that axed affirmative action have tried alternatives to create racially diverse classes. That includes accepting a certain percentage of top high school graduates, recruiting from high schools that enroll large shares of underrepresented students, and \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/29/us/richard-kahlenberg-affirmative-action.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">giving preference to students from low-income families\u003c/a>. But \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://cew.georgetown.edu/cew-reports/diversity-without-race/#summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researchers\u003c/a> and many college officials say those methods don’t work as well as explicitly taking race into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no race-neutral alternative to being able to consider race,” Femi Ogundele, an official at the University of California, Berkeley, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-10-31/california-banned-affirmative-action-uc-struggles-for-diversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the Los Angeles Times recently\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, colleges may not want to take new steps to ensure racial diversity for fear of violating the Supreme Court’s latest ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people imagine that we’ll find creative ways of working around the court’s decision, like using an applicant’s ZIP code as a stand-in for their race. But we won’t,” \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/columbia-president-lee-c-bollinger-looks-back-two-remarkable-decades\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said Lee Bollinger\u003c/a>, the outgoing president of Columbia University who was a defendant in a previous \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/02-241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">landmark Supreme Court case\u003c/a> that upheld affirmative action. “We can’t knowingly violate the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision. We’ll have to abide by it, no matter how painful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"HuI6WT\">Students, and their school counselors, will have to navigate a new college admissions terrain\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court’s ruling will have the biggest effects on high-achieving high schoolers who are applying to highly selective colleges, as those institutions are more likely to use race as a factor in admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quarter of colleges considered race in admissions to some degree, according to a \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://nacacnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/soca2019_all.pdf?_ga=2.43022893.905831718.1682630032-703981455.1682630031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2019 survey\u003c/a> from the National Association for College Admission Counseling that was cited in the court case. But 60% of the most selective colleges — those that accept 4 in 10 applicants or less — considered an applicant’s race, according to a \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.acenet.edu/Documents/Race-Class-and-College-Access-Achieving-Diversity-in-a-Shifting-Legal-Landscape.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 survey\u003c/a> from the American Council on Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those colleges serve a small slice of the nation’s undergraduates. This fall, colleges that admitted half of their students or less enrolled just 10% of U.S. undergraduates, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://nscresearchcenter.org/current-term-enrollment-estimates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to data from the National Student Clearinghouse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those students, this ruling may change which colleges they apply to and what information they share on their applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s left many school counselors and college coaches worried about whether they’ll have time to research and advise students on changing admissions policies. Many low-income students of color — whose school counselors tend to have higher student caseloads — won’t have someone to provide that kind of hands-on help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s already a complicated job that’s underresourced,” said Austin Buchan, a senior vice president at College Possible, a nonprofit organization that helps students from low-income families apply to college. “And this is just not going to do us any favors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personal essays, which often ask students about their identity, values, and how they’d contribute to campus life, are likely to be especially fraught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During both sets of \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_9o6b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">oral arguments\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_g314.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">several justices asked\u003c/a> whether students would still be permitted to talk about certain personal experiences, such as overcoming racial discrimination or taking pride in their family’s cultural traditions, if race could not be considered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lawyer for Students for Fair Admissions said “culture, tradition, heritage are all not off limits for students to talk about and for universities to consider” so long as the college awarded credit for “something unique and individual in what they actually wrote, not race itself.” Some justices noted that distinction could be hard for colleges to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For that reason, some college access coaches and school counselors worry that students will avoid talking about anything that could hint at their race, even if it could enhance their application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Students might self-censor,” said Marie Bigham, the executive director of ACCEPT, a nonprofit that advocates for racial equity in college admissions. “Racial identities and experiences are just so interwoven with our lives in the United States. How do you pull that apart effectively in a way that’s not going to be constantly scrutinized?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"kBebD1\">Some students of color may lower their college ambitions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>School counselors and college coaches say Black and Latino students already hold off on applying to the nation’s top colleges, or worry they don’t deserve their spots when they get accepted. The latest Supreme Court ruling, they said, could cause more students to question their abilities and whether they want to pursue higher education — at a time when there’s already been a spike in \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/01/13/1072529477/more-than-1-million-fewer-students-are-in-college-the-lowest-enrollment-numbers-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">students skipping college\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s compounding a narrative that many students feel reinforced at each step of the process,” said Buchan, of College Possible. He worries the ruling will cause more students to think: “See, I told you higher ed isn’t for me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some research also supports the idea that student motivation suffers when affirmative action is off the table. Natalie Bau, an economics professor at UCLA, looked at what happened when Texas lifted its ban on considering race in college admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/s/8ay92xe71fyzop1/ABL_August2021.pdf?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">She and her colleagues found\u003c/a> that Black and Latino high schoolers had better school attendance, higher SAT scores, higher grades, and applied to more colleges — and the effects were greatest for students with the highest test scores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thinking is “before it seemed too hard” to get into a more selective college, and “now it becomes attainable, so it makes sense to put in that extra effort,” Bau said. With a nationwide ban on affirmative action, Bau said, student motivation may slip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Underrepresented minority students might reduce their effort in high school and that might result in lower test scores, lower grades, lower attendance, and fewer applications to selective institutions,” Bau said. “That might make this under-application problem worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Kalyn Belsha is a national education reporter based in Chicago. Contact her at \u003c/i>\u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"mailto:kbelsha@chalkbeat.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>kbelsha@chalkbeat.org\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/2023/6/29/23778335/supreme-court-affirmative-action-case-college-admissions-student-effects\" rel=\"canonical\">Chalkbeat\u003c/a> is a nonprofit news site covering educational change in public schools.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Supreme Court ruled that colleges and universities essentially cannot consider race as a factor in the admissions process. The ruling will likely curtail broader efforts to fight for racial equity in higher education.",
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"title": "Supreme Court rules against affirmative action in college admissions; racial diversity likely to suffer | KQED",
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"headline": "Supreme Court rules against affirmative action in college admissions; racial diversity likely to suffer",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was \u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/2023/6/29/23778335/supreme-court-affirmative-action-case-college-admissions-student-effects\" rel=\"canonical\">originally published\u003c/a> by Chalkbeat. Sign up for their newsletters at \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://ckbe.at/newsletters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cu>ckbe.at/newsletters.\u003c/u>\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s top colleges are likely to enroll fewer Black, Latino, and Native American students after the Supreme Court ruled Thursday that colleges and universities essentially cannot consider race as a factor in the admissions process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling severely restricts colleges’ ability to use affirmative action to create more racially diverse campuses, and will likely curtail broader efforts to fight for racial equity in higher education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Writing for the majority\u003c/a>, Chief Justice John Roberts said that Harvard and the University of North Carolina’s race-conscious admissions programs had violated the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution, which bars discrimination, because they “lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eliminating racial discrimination means eliminating all of it,” Roberts wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That bar will make it exceedingly difficult for colleges and universities to consider race as part of their admissions process going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberts’ majority opinion did leave open a small window for how colleges could consider race in admissions. “Nothing in this opinion should be construed as prohibiting universities from considering an applicant’s discussion of how race affected his or her life, be it through discrimination, inspiration, or otherwise,” the chief justice wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In dissent, Justice Sonia Sotomayor described this as a meaningless concession — “nothing but an attempt to put lipstick on a pig.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Court’s opinion circumscribes universities’ ability to consider race in any form by meticulously gutting respondents’ asserted diversity interests,” wrote Sotomayor. “Yet, because the Court cannot escape the inevitable truth that race matters in students’ lives, it announces a false promise to save face and appear attuned to reality. No one is fooled.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine states — including California, Florida, Michigan, and Washington — \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/31/us/politics/affirmative-action-ban-states.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already ban affirmative action\u003c/a> at public colleges and universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This decision stems from \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1199.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two\u003c/a> \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-707.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cases\u003c/a> that were brought before the court by Students for Fair Admissions, an organization headed by Edward Blum, who has \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/us/affirmative-action-lawsuits.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spent years fighting affirmative action\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students for Fair Admissions sued Harvard and the University of North Carolina over their race-conscious admissions policies, arguing that they were unfair and discriminatory. The group alleged that Harvard’s policies, in particular, discriminated against Asian American applicants. The universities countered that they needed to take race into account to build a diverse student body, which brings educational benefits to the schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision has big implications for students looking to attend the nation’s most competitive colleges, which are more likely to consider race as a factor in admissions. But the ruling likely will have little effect on the vast majority of college students who attend less selective schools, such as community colleges, which accept most students who apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are three major ways the ruling is likely to affect students who are applying to college:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Black, Latino, and Native students will be less likely to get into top colleges\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Officials at several selective colleges have said they expect the numbers of Black and Latino students, in particular, to decline if colleges are essentially no longer permitted to consider student race as part of a holistic admissions review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An expert working on behalf of Harvard, for example, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/169941/20210225095533757_Students%20Appendix.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated\u003c/a> that getting rid of race-conscious admissions would cause Black enrollment in Harvard’s freshman class to fall from 14% to 6%, and Hispanic enrollment to drop from 14% to 9%. White and Asian American enrollment, meanwhile, would grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from states that previously banned affirmative action also provide a look at what may happen nationwide. After California and Michigan got rid of affirmative action, the share of Black, Latino, and Indigenous students at several of the most selective colleges fell sharply. Those figures tended to tick back up with time, but never fully rebounded — and they still fail to represent the racial diversity of high school graduates in those states, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/04/22/metro/with-supreme-court-poised-eliminate-use-race-college-admissions-states-with-existing-bans-offer-sobering-view/?event=event12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Boston Globe reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When colleges become less racially diverse, students of color often feel the schools are less welcoming — which could further depress the number of Black and Latino students on campus. That matters because Black and Latino students are \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/upshot/elite-colleges-actual-value.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more likely to benefit\u003c/a> from the social capital that comes from attending a top college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colleges in states that axed affirmative action have tried alternatives to create racially diverse classes. That includes accepting a certain percentage of top high school graduates, recruiting from high schools that enroll large shares of underrepresented students, and \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/29/us/richard-kahlenberg-affirmative-action.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">giving preference to students from low-income families\u003c/a>. But \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://cew.georgetown.edu/cew-reports/diversity-without-race/#summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researchers\u003c/a> and many college officials say those methods don’t work as well as explicitly taking race into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no race-neutral alternative to being able to consider race,” Femi Ogundele, an official at the University of California, Berkeley, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-10-31/california-banned-affirmative-action-uc-struggles-for-diversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the Los Angeles Times recently\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, colleges may not want to take new steps to ensure racial diversity for fear of violating the Supreme Court’s latest ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people imagine that we’ll find creative ways of working around the court’s decision, like using an applicant’s ZIP code as a stand-in for their race. But we won’t,” \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/columbia-president-lee-c-bollinger-looks-back-two-remarkable-decades\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said Lee Bollinger\u003c/a>, the outgoing president of Columbia University who was a defendant in a previous \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/02-241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">landmark Supreme Court case\u003c/a> that upheld affirmative action. “We can’t knowingly violate the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision. We’ll have to abide by it, no matter how painful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"HuI6WT\">Students, and their school counselors, will have to navigate a new college admissions terrain\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court’s ruling will have the biggest effects on high-achieving high schoolers who are applying to highly selective colleges, as those institutions are more likely to use race as a factor in admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quarter of colleges considered race in admissions to some degree, according to a \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://nacacnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/soca2019_all.pdf?_ga=2.43022893.905831718.1682630032-703981455.1682630031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2019 survey\u003c/a> from the National Association for College Admission Counseling that was cited in the court case. But 60% of the most selective colleges — those that accept 4 in 10 applicants or less — considered an applicant’s race, according to a \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.acenet.edu/Documents/Race-Class-and-College-Access-Achieving-Diversity-in-a-Shifting-Legal-Landscape.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 survey\u003c/a> from the American Council on Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those colleges serve a small slice of the nation’s undergraduates. This fall, colleges that admitted half of their students or less enrolled just 10% of U.S. undergraduates, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://nscresearchcenter.org/current-term-enrollment-estimates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to data from the National Student Clearinghouse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those students, this ruling may change which colleges they apply to and what information they share on their applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s left many school counselors and college coaches worried about whether they’ll have time to research and advise students on changing admissions policies. Many low-income students of color — whose school counselors tend to have higher student caseloads — won’t have someone to provide that kind of hands-on help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s already a complicated job that’s underresourced,” said Austin Buchan, a senior vice president at College Possible, a nonprofit organization that helps students from low-income families apply to college. “And this is just not going to do us any favors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personal essays, which often ask students about their identity, values, and how they’d contribute to campus life, are likely to be especially fraught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During both sets of \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_9o6b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">oral arguments\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_g314.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">several justices asked\u003c/a> whether students would still be permitted to talk about certain personal experiences, such as overcoming racial discrimination or taking pride in their family’s cultural traditions, if race could not be considered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lawyer for Students for Fair Admissions said “culture, tradition, heritage are all not off limits for students to talk about and for universities to consider” so long as the college awarded credit for “something unique and individual in what they actually wrote, not race itself.” Some justices noted that distinction could be hard for colleges to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For that reason, some college access coaches and school counselors worry that students will avoid talking about anything that could hint at their race, even if it could enhance their application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Students might self-censor,” said Marie Bigham, the executive director of ACCEPT, a nonprofit that advocates for racial equity in college admissions. “Racial identities and experiences are just so interwoven with our lives in the United States. How do you pull that apart effectively in a way that’s not going to be constantly scrutinized?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"kBebD1\">Some students of color may lower their college ambitions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>School counselors and college coaches say Black and Latino students already hold off on applying to the nation’s top colleges, or worry they don’t deserve their spots when they get accepted. The latest Supreme Court ruling, they said, could cause more students to question their abilities and whether they want to pursue higher education — at a time when there’s already been a spike in \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/01/13/1072529477/more-than-1-million-fewer-students-are-in-college-the-lowest-enrollment-numbers-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">students skipping college\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s compounding a narrative that many students feel reinforced at each step of the process,” said Buchan, of College Possible. He worries the ruling will cause more students to think: “See, I told you higher ed isn’t for me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some research also supports the idea that student motivation suffers when affirmative action is off the table. Natalie Bau, an economics professor at UCLA, looked at what happened when Texas lifted its ban on considering race in college admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/s/8ay92xe71fyzop1/ABL_August2021.pdf?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">She and her colleagues found\u003c/a> that Black and Latino high schoolers had better school attendance, higher SAT scores, higher grades, and applied to more colleges — and the effects were greatest for students with the highest test scores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thinking is “before it seemed too hard” to get into a more selective college, and “now it becomes attainable, so it makes sense to put in that extra effort,” Bau said. With a nationwide ban on affirmative action, Bau said, student motivation may slip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Underrepresented minority students might reduce their effort in high school and that might result in lower test scores, lower grades, lower attendance, and fewer applications to selective institutions,” Bau said. “That might make this under-application problem worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Kalyn Belsha is a national education reporter based in Chicago. Contact her at \u003c/i>\u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"mailto:kbelsha@chalkbeat.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>kbelsha@chalkbeat.org\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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