Each student, then, brings personal preferences, likes and dislikes, a cultural learning frame, background knowledge, and feelings about being a student in their "bag" of autobiographical memory. In diverse settings, some or many of these factors may be mismatched to our teacher frame. When we see difference in any of these areas, a long-term process of dialogue and mediation is necessary to help students learn new ways of thinking, feeling, believing, and acting in a classroom setting.

Teaching Points: Struggling Students and the Cultural Roots of Autobiographical Memory

There are a number of things we can do to help bridge and minimize the "achievement gap" effects of cultural differences in autobiographical memory.

Dialogue Around Purpose and Meaning

As we have noted throughout this book, one of the key issues in orienting our memory systems to academic learning is whether we find meaning and value in the object of learning. As this pertains to autobiographical memory, we shouldn't assume that all our students share the same orientation to ways of thinking, using language, or school practices. Our willingness to ask and answer questions, or our proficiency in using descriptive language—in fact, nearly all uses of language and engagement in learning interactions—is a combination of both cultural and personal styles. When we see that students struggle to perform or produce language in the way or at the level we expect, rather than just assuming that they are misbehaving, inattentive, or a slow learner, we can engage students in a discussion about purpose, meaning, and value of what we're asking them to learn, and see where it takes us.

For example, say a student has a very difficult time writing much detail in descriptive writing. Asking him what he thinks the value of description is (if any) in reading and writing would be a good first step. Then, extending the conversation to giving the reasons that in school, and in life, learning how to describe well is a good skill to have would be a next step. Finally, we could break down what good description is and model what it looks like. And, of course, this student will also probably require a lot of vocabulary instruction.

Help Students Understand the Whats, Hows, and Whys of Our Classroom

Nearly every activity, way of using language, and way of thinking in a classroom is cultural. Different cultural groups go about organizing accepted processes of learning in different ways, according to their own cultural beliefs, traditions, and practices. Sociolinguist James Gee speaks about how every group is governed by explicit and implicit cultural norms, and a classroom is a great example of this. When we are members of the dominant group, we are aware of the implicit norms of that context, which includes the content and the language of interactions. But when we are "outsiders," we often cannot see those elements of interaction that are not made explicit. As cultural sites of learning by definition, classrooms enact a particular set of cultural norms. By definition, student diversity within our classroom means that some students will be aware of the implicit cultural norms of our classroom, but others will not unless they are explicitly shown what they are.

If we sense that somehow a student's autobiographical memories are mismatched to our expectations (the explicit and implicit norms of our classroom), rather than reactively assume anything negative about their personality, motivation, or intelligence, we can take a reflective, questioning stance: "What do I not yet understand about my student that led to this performance/communication breakdown, and/or what does the student not yet understand about the implicit norms of my classroom?" One aspect of this is trying to educate ourselves about our students' backgrounds and explicitly address any areas of mismatch that we find. We can also try to be proactive, surveying students' interests when starting with a new class. We could give students reflective writing tasks that ask them about their past experiences at school or about their knowledge of a particular subject.

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How Awareness of Cultural Differences Can Help Underachieving Students