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"title": "When Rivers Caught Fire: A Brief History of Earth Day (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "When Rivers Caught Fire: A Brief History of Earth Day (with Lesson Plan) | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/A-Brief-History-of-Earth-Day-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Earth Day History (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>To start, a quick quiz (keep reading for answers):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Which labor group helped fund and organize the first Earth Day celebration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Who made the following statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Restoring nature to its natural state is a cause beyond party and beyond factions … It is a cause of particular concern to young Americans, because they, more than we, will wreak the grim consequences of our failure to act on programs which are needed now if we are to prevent disaster later.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Rivers on fire\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Today, our planet needs all the love it can get. From the increasingly severe impacts of climate change to rapid deforestation and species extinction, there is broad scientific consensus that we’re up against a mounting number of potentially catastrophic challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence notwithstanding, many of America’s strongest environmental protections are under attack in Washington, a battle that’s grown more divisive and hyperpolitical than perhaps ever before. The Trump administration and Republican congressional leaders have demonstrated their determination to weaken or flat-out eliminate many long-standing regulations and regulatory agencies that they say kill jobs and impede economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For what it’s worth, though, the environmental outlook in the late 1960s wasn’t too rosy either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After decades of largely unregulated industrial and economic growth in the wake of World War II, the U.S. had managed to majorly muck up its air and water resources. Toxic effluent from factories frequently spilled into streams and rivers. Open spaces were used as dumping grounds. DDT and other synthetic chemicals contaminated natural habitats and water supplies. And air pollution from factories and belching cars left many industrial areas shrouded in thick blankets of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a handful of the environmental catastrophes that happened within less than three years:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>November 1966\u003c/strong>: In New York City, 168 people die of respiratory-related illnesses over a three-day period due primarily to horrendously poor air quality.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 1967\u003c/strong>: Interior Department Secretary Stewart L. Udall announces the first official list of endangered wildlife species. Among the 78 species is the bald eagle, America’s national bird.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>January 1969\u003c/strong>: A blowout at an offshore oil rig near Santa Barbara caused as much as \u003ca href=\"http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/45-years-after-santa-barbara-oil-spill-looking-historic-disaster-through-technology.html\" target=\"_blank\">4.2 million gallons\u003c/a> of crude oil to spill into the Santa Barbara Channel and onto nearby beaches. It lasts for 10 straight days, becoming (at that point) the largest oil spill in American history. Today, it ranks only third, overtaken by the 1989 Exxon Valdez and 2010 Deepwater Horizon spills).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>June 1969\u003c/strong>: A particularly fetid industrial stretch of the Cuyahoga River running through Cleveland bursts into flames (seriously) when oil-soaked debris in the water is ignited by sparks from a passing train.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/nlHiaZFvcXA\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A movement begins\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>As urban unrest and the anti-war movement ignited across the nation, environmental activism had yet to gain a strong foothold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the people really understood that in the lifetime of their children, they’re going to have destroyed the quality of the air and the water all over the world and perhaps made the globe unlivable in a half century, they’d do something about it. But this is not well understood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a quote from Sen. Gaylord Nelson, a Democrat from Wisconsin, who spearheaded a national day of awareness in the aftermath of these environmental disasters, .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could tap into the environmental concerns of the general public and infuse the student anti-war energy into the environmental cause, we could generate a demonstration that would force the issue onto the national political agenda.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 1969, Nelson formed a bipartisan congressional steering committee and enlisted Denis Hayes, a 25-year-old Harvard Law School dropout, to coordinate the initiative. Influenced by anti-war campus activism, Hayes sought to organize environmental teach-ins throughout the country to occur simultaneously on April 22, 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Interestingly, an independent Earth Day effort had earlier been proposed by peace activist John McConnell during a 1969 UNESCO conference in San Francisco. McConnell reserved the date of March 21, 1970 — the first day of spring — a month prior to Hayes’ event.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a limited budget and no email or internet access, Hayes and a small group of organizers mailed out thousands of appeals, recruiting an army of young volunteers to organize local events in communities and campuses across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Nov. 30, 1969, the New York Times reported:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rising concern about the ‘environmental crisis’ is sweeping the nation’s campuses with an intensity that may be on its way to eclipsing student discontent over the war in Vietnam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The first Earth Day\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Interviewed in the recent PBS documentary \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/earthdays/player/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth Days\u003c/a>, Hayes recalled the sentiment:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lord knows what we thought we were doing. It was wild and exciting and out of control and the sort of thing that lets you know you’ve really got something big happening … What we were trying to do was create a brand-new public consciousness that would cause the rules of the game to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, an estimated 20 million people participated in that first Earth Day, a name coined by advertising guru \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/04/22/401540530/julian-koenig-well-known-adman-named-earth-day\" target=\"_blank\">Julian Koenig\u003c/a> (father of Sarah Koenig of “Serial” podcast fame).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/topics/earthday.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Read the NY Times article\u003c/a> from April 22, 1970]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/WbwC281uzUs?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a huge high adrenaline effort that in the end genuinely changed things,” Hayes said. “Before (that), there were people that opposed freeways, people that opposed clear-cutting, or people worried about pesticides, (but) they didn’t think of themselves as having anything in common. After Earth Day they were all part of an environmental movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes’ assertions were affirmed by several national polls showing a rapid rise in the public’s concern about air and water resources. In the \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xaw_LEGXnLgC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=gallup+poll+1970+air+and+water&source=bl&ots=2VWCAqHwG0&sig=cHedWfHfSGwQged_dPXyHtrbjSg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GEs1VfCRCJe3ogS7yoHIAQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=gallup%20poll%201970%20air%20and%20water&f=false\" target=\"_blank\">Gallup Opinion Index\u003c/a>, the percentage of respondents who considered air and water pollution a top national problem rose from 17 percent in 1969 to 53 percent by 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth Day the following year, an independent group launched an anti-litter public service announcement, known as the “Crying Indian,” which featured a white actor in a headdress, rowing a birch bark canoe and shedding a tear when he sees garbage strewn everywhere. Despite the ad’s culturally questionable premise, it proved enormously popular and is still considered one of the most successful public service announcements in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/9Dmtkxm9yQY\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Unexpected allegiances\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>That brings us back to the first question of the quiz. The group most supportive of the first Earth Day organizing effort — financially and otherwise — was none other than the United Auto Workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/UAW.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1888 alignright\" style=\"border: 0px none;\" title=\"UAW\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/UAW-300x387.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>A labor union not generally thought of for championing environmental causes, the UAW donated funds for the event and turned out volunteers across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UAW President Walter Reuther pledged his union’s full support for Earth Day and for subsequent air quality legislation that the auto industry staunchly opposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What good is a dollar an hour more in wages if your neighborhood is burning down?” he said. “What good is another week’s vacation if the lake you used to go to is polluted and you can’t swim in it and the kids can’t play in it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sensing a political shift, General Motors president Edward Cole soon thereafter promised “pollution-free” cars by 1980. (That didn’t pan out so well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Nixon and the golden era of environmental regulation\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Remember the mystery quote?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was said by President Richard Nixon during his 1970 State of the Union address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, that Nixon, the conservative Republican most commonly remembered for prolonging America’s involvement in Vietnam and resigning in disgrace over the Watergate scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Nixon also oversaw the most sweeping environmental regulations in the nation’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before the first Earth Day, Congress passed the \u003ca href=\"http://ceq.hss.doe.gov/\">National Environmental Policy Act\u003c/a>, which among other things, required environmental impact statements for major new building projects and developments. Nixon signed it into law on Jan. 1, 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalism had never been one of Nixon’s major political priorities, but his administration — like the UAW — recognized the shifting political tide, as public outcry and media attention to environmental issues increased. It also didn’t hurt that at the time both the House and Senate were controlled by Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within months, Nixon approved the creation of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency \u003c/a>(EPA) and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \u003c/a>(NOAA). Later that year, he signed an extension of the Clean Air Act, requiring the newly formed EPA to create and enforce air regulations, which among other things led to the installation of catalytic converters on all cars sold in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of 1972, Nixon signed the Clean Water Act, Pesticide Control Act (which banned DDT) and Marine Mammal Protection Act. A year later, he also signed the Endangered Species Act and the Safe Water Drinking Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these bills were approved with bipartisan support in Congress, in some instances nearly unanimously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a televised speech in 1972, Nixon said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are taking these actions not in some distant future, but now, because we know that it is now or never.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions in the United States began to slowly improve. Which is not to say there wasn’t strong political opposition and major lingering problems, But for a time — stretching through the Ford and Carter administrations — the pursuit of environmentalism maintained a strong bipartisan support. In the last year of his presidency, Carter even installed solar panels on the roof of the White House to promote renewable energy initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Green honeymoon ends\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The economic slowdown in the late 1970s swept in a tide of political change. In 1981, a year into his first term as president, Ronald Reagan appointed two aggressive defenders of industry to head the EPA and the Department of the Interior. As part of the “Reagan Revolution,” the administration moved rapidly to slash federal budgets, cutting the EPA’s funding by nearly half. Environmental enforcement was weakened considerably, as large swaths of public land were opened up for mining, drilling, grazing and other private uses. In a famous symbolic act, the solar panels on the White House roof were dismantled during his second term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, a number of significant environmental policies were advanced during Reagan’s administration, including the Superfund program to clean up hazardous waste sites, creation of wilderness areas and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/\" target=\"_blank\">Montreal Protocol\u003c/a>, an international agreement to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of substances responsible for its depletion, an effort that has been largely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the anti-regulatory sentiment established during Reagan’s presidency took root. Efforts to strengthen the nation’s environmental protection laws grew increasingly partisan, a trend that continues today. The stream of regulatory measures approved by Nixon four decades ago would have scant chance of passing today’s Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his populist presidential campaign, President Trump repeatedly took aim at environmental regulations, promising to roll them back and attacking them as elitist, job-killing measures that showed just how out of touch politicians were with the true concerns of ordinary Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>The benefit of tangible problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Organizers of the first Earth Day had a key advantage: They were tackling visible, tangible problems impacting people’s daily lives. Rivers and lakes were too polluted for kids to swim in; parks were strewn with trash; people were getting sick from foul air. The evidence was indisputable, and it made it a whole lot easier to draw clear connections between quality of life and the urgent need for strong environmental protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, many of today’s major environmental threats, like climate change — which threaten to be even more catastrophic — remain pretty abstract to many Americans. Unless you’ve been a victim of some disaster directly related to climate change — say, your house has been destroyed because of sea-level rise — it’s harder to connect the dots. And that makes it far more challenging to convey the sense of urgency necessary to mobilize the masses and pressure lawmakers to act. The abundance of scientific evidence showing that burning fossil fuels is the key driver of climate change, and the persistent warnings by scientists and activists of impending disaster if we continue along this course, have clearly not proven effective enough to push the kind of sweeping environmental policies enacted in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States, one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters, refused to join the Kyoto Protocol, a 2005 international treaty approved by 180 nations requiring rapid cuts in emissions, and in 2010, Congress failed to pass comprehensive national climate change legislation. The U.S. did, however, sign on to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html\" target=\"_blank\">landmark international climate accord in Paris in 2015\u003c/a>, in which it pledged to dramatically reduce its carbon emissions over the next decade. Environmental advocates and climate scientists generally agree that this marked a big step forward, but most say the deal doesn’t go far enough to prevent the worst impacts of catastrophic climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on how we think about climate change, check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/climate-lab\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Lab\u003c/a>, a new video series from the University of California and Vox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, President Trump ran on a pledge to withdraw from the agreement entirely (although that now seems increasingly unlikely) and roll back the Obama administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/clean-power-plan-existing-power-plants\" target=\"_blank\">regulations\u003c/a> that set the course to reach the carbon reduction goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of which begs an ominous question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What degree of disaster is necessary to spur a new era of environmental change?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/A-Brief-History-of-Earth-Day-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Earth Day History (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>To start, a quick quiz (keep reading for answers):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Which labor group helped fund and organize the first Earth Day celebration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Who made the following statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Restoring nature to its natural state is a cause beyond party and beyond factions … It is a cause of particular concern to young Americans, because they, more than we, will wreak the grim consequences of our failure to act on programs which are needed now if we are to prevent disaster later.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Rivers on fire\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Today, our planet needs all the love it can get. From the increasingly severe impacts of climate change to rapid deforestation and species extinction, there is broad scientific consensus that we’re up against a mounting number of potentially catastrophic challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence notwithstanding, many of America’s strongest environmental protections are under attack in Washington, a battle that’s grown more divisive and hyperpolitical than perhaps ever before. The Trump administration and Republican congressional leaders have demonstrated their determination to weaken or flat-out eliminate many long-standing regulations and regulatory agencies that they say kill jobs and impede economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For what it’s worth, though, the environmental outlook in the late 1960s wasn’t too rosy either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After decades of largely unregulated industrial and economic growth in the wake of World War II, the U.S. had managed to majorly muck up its air and water resources. Toxic effluent from factories frequently spilled into streams and rivers. Open spaces were used as dumping grounds. DDT and other synthetic chemicals contaminated natural habitats and water supplies. And air pollution from factories and belching cars left many industrial areas shrouded in thick blankets of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a handful of the environmental catastrophes that happened within less than three years:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>November 1966\u003c/strong>: In New York City, 168 people die of respiratory-related illnesses over a three-day period due primarily to horrendously poor air quality.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 1967\u003c/strong>: Interior Department Secretary Stewart L. Udall announces the first official list of endangered wildlife species. Among the 78 species is the bald eagle, America’s national bird.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>January 1969\u003c/strong>: A blowout at an offshore oil rig near Santa Barbara caused as much as \u003ca href=\"http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/45-years-after-santa-barbara-oil-spill-looking-historic-disaster-through-technology.html\" target=\"_blank\">4.2 million gallons\u003c/a> of crude oil to spill into the Santa Barbara Channel and onto nearby beaches. It lasts for 10 straight days, becoming (at that point) the largest oil spill in American history. Today, it ranks only third, overtaken by the 1989 Exxon Valdez and 2010 Deepwater Horizon spills).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>June 1969\u003c/strong>: A particularly fetid industrial stretch of the Cuyahoga River running through Cleveland bursts into flames (seriously) when oil-soaked debris in the water is ignited by sparks from a passing train.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nlHiaZFvcXA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nlHiaZFvcXA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>A movement begins\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>As urban unrest and the anti-war movement ignited across the nation, environmental activism had yet to gain a strong foothold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the people really understood that in the lifetime of their children, they’re going to have destroyed the quality of the air and the water all over the world and perhaps made the globe unlivable in a half century, they’d do something about it. But this is not well understood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a quote from Sen. Gaylord Nelson, a Democrat from Wisconsin, who spearheaded a national day of awareness in the aftermath of these environmental disasters, .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could tap into the environmental concerns of the general public and infuse the student anti-war energy into the environmental cause, we could generate a demonstration that would force the issue onto the national political agenda.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 1969, Nelson formed a bipartisan congressional steering committee and enlisted Denis Hayes, a 25-year-old Harvard Law School dropout, to coordinate the initiative. Influenced by anti-war campus activism, Hayes sought to organize environmental teach-ins throughout the country to occur simultaneously on April 22, 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Interestingly, an independent Earth Day effort had earlier been proposed by peace activist John McConnell during a 1969 UNESCO conference in San Francisco. McConnell reserved the date of March 21, 1970 — the first day of spring — a month prior to Hayes’ event.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a limited budget and no email or internet access, Hayes and a small group of organizers mailed out thousands of appeals, recruiting an army of young volunteers to organize local events in communities and campuses across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Nov. 30, 1969, the New York Times reported:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rising concern about the ‘environmental crisis’ is sweeping the nation’s campuses with an intensity that may be on its way to eclipsing student discontent over the war in Vietnam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The first Earth Day\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Interviewed in the recent PBS documentary \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/earthdays/player/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth Days\u003c/a>, Hayes recalled the sentiment:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lord knows what we thought we were doing. It was wild and exciting and out of control and the sort of thing that lets you know you’ve really got something big happening … What we were trying to do was create a brand-new public consciousness that would cause the rules of the game to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, an estimated 20 million people participated in that first Earth Day, a name coined by advertising guru \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/04/22/401540530/julian-koenig-well-known-adman-named-earth-day\" target=\"_blank\">Julian Koenig\u003c/a> (father of Sarah Koenig of “Serial” podcast fame).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/topics/earthday.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Read the NY Times article\u003c/a> from April 22, 1970]\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“It was a huge high adrenaline effort that in the end genuinely changed things,” Hayes said. “Before (that), there were people that opposed freeways, people that opposed clear-cutting, or people worried about pesticides, (but) they didn’t think of themselves as having anything in common. After Earth Day they were all part of an environmental movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes’ assertions were affirmed by several national polls showing a rapid rise in the public’s concern about air and water resources. In the \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xaw_LEGXnLgC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=gallup+poll+1970+air+and+water&source=bl&ots=2VWCAqHwG0&sig=cHedWfHfSGwQged_dPXyHtrbjSg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GEs1VfCRCJe3ogS7yoHIAQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=gallup%20poll%201970%20air%20and%20water&f=false\" target=\"_blank\">Gallup Opinion Index\u003c/a>, the percentage of respondents who considered air and water pollution a top national problem rose from 17 percent in 1969 to 53 percent by 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth Day the following year, an independent group launched an anti-litter public service announcement, known as the “Crying Indian,” which featured a white actor in a headdress, rowing a birch bark canoe and shedding a tear when he sees garbage strewn everywhere. Despite the ad’s culturally questionable premise, it proved enormously popular and is still considered one of the most successful public service announcements in history.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9Dmtkxm9yQY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9Dmtkxm9yQY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>Unexpected allegiances\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>That brings us back to the first question of the quiz. The group most supportive of the first Earth Day organizing effort — financially and otherwise — was none other than the United Auto Workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/UAW.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1888 alignright\" style=\"border: 0px none;\" title=\"UAW\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/UAW-300x387.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>A labor union not generally thought of for championing environmental causes, the UAW donated funds for the event and turned out volunteers across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UAW President Walter Reuther pledged his union’s full support for Earth Day and for subsequent air quality legislation that the auto industry staunchly opposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What good is a dollar an hour more in wages if your neighborhood is burning down?” he said. “What good is another week’s vacation if the lake you used to go to is polluted and you can’t swim in it and the kids can’t play in it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sensing a political shift, General Motors president Edward Cole soon thereafter promised “pollution-free” cars by 1980. (That didn’t pan out so well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Nixon and the golden era of environmental regulation\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Remember the mystery quote?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was said by President Richard Nixon during his 1970 State of the Union address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, that Nixon, the conservative Republican most commonly remembered for prolonging America’s involvement in Vietnam and resigning in disgrace over the Watergate scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Nixon also oversaw the most sweeping environmental regulations in the nation’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before the first Earth Day, Congress passed the \u003ca href=\"http://ceq.hss.doe.gov/\">National Environmental Policy Act\u003c/a>, which among other things, required environmental impact statements for major new building projects and developments. Nixon signed it into law on Jan. 1, 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalism had never been one of Nixon’s major political priorities, but his administration — like the UAW — recognized the shifting political tide, as public outcry and media attention to environmental issues increased. It also didn’t hurt that at the time both the House and Senate were controlled by Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within months, Nixon approved the creation of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency \u003c/a>(EPA) and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \u003c/a>(NOAA). Later that year, he signed an extension of the Clean Air Act, requiring the newly formed EPA to create and enforce air regulations, which among other things led to the installation of catalytic converters on all cars sold in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of 1972, Nixon signed the Clean Water Act, Pesticide Control Act (which banned DDT) and Marine Mammal Protection Act. A year later, he also signed the Endangered Species Act and the Safe Water Drinking Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these bills were approved with bipartisan support in Congress, in some instances nearly unanimously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a televised speech in 1972, Nixon said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are taking these actions not in some distant future, but now, because we know that it is now or never.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions in the United States began to slowly improve. Which is not to say there wasn’t strong political opposition and major lingering problems, But for a time — stretching through the Ford and Carter administrations — the pursuit of environmentalism maintained a strong bipartisan support. In the last year of his presidency, Carter even installed solar panels on the roof of the White House to promote renewable energy initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Green honeymoon ends\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The economic slowdown in the late 1970s swept in a tide of political change. In 1981, a year into his first term as president, Ronald Reagan appointed two aggressive defenders of industry to head the EPA and the Department of the Interior. As part of the “Reagan Revolution,” the administration moved rapidly to slash federal budgets, cutting the EPA’s funding by nearly half. Environmental enforcement was weakened considerably, as large swaths of public land were opened up for mining, drilling, grazing and other private uses. In a famous symbolic act, the solar panels on the White House roof were dismantled during his second term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, a number of significant environmental policies were advanced during Reagan’s administration, including the Superfund program to clean up hazardous waste sites, creation of wilderness areas and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/\" target=\"_blank\">Montreal Protocol\u003c/a>, an international agreement to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of substances responsible for its depletion, an effort that has been largely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the anti-regulatory sentiment established during Reagan’s presidency took root. Efforts to strengthen the nation’s environmental protection laws grew increasingly partisan, a trend that continues today. The stream of regulatory measures approved by Nixon four decades ago would have scant chance of passing today’s Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his populist presidential campaign, President Trump repeatedly took aim at environmental regulations, promising to roll them back and attacking them as elitist, job-killing measures that showed just how out of touch politicians were with the true concerns of ordinary Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>The benefit of tangible problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Organizers of the first Earth Day had a key advantage: They were tackling visible, tangible problems impacting people’s daily lives. Rivers and lakes were too polluted for kids to swim in; parks were strewn with trash; people were getting sick from foul air. The evidence was indisputable, and it made it a whole lot easier to draw clear connections between quality of life and the urgent need for strong environmental protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, many of today’s major environmental threats, like climate change — which threaten to be even more catastrophic — remain pretty abstract to many Americans. Unless you’ve been a victim of some disaster directly related to climate change — say, your house has been destroyed because of sea-level rise — it’s harder to connect the dots. And that makes it far more challenging to convey the sense of urgency necessary to mobilize the masses and pressure lawmakers to act. The abundance of scientific evidence showing that burning fossil fuels is the key driver of climate change, and the persistent warnings by scientists and activists of impending disaster if we continue along this course, have clearly not proven effective enough to push the kind of sweeping environmental policies enacted in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States, one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters, refused to join the Kyoto Protocol, a 2005 international treaty approved by 180 nations requiring rapid cuts in emissions, and in 2010, Congress failed to pass comprehensive national climate change legislation. The U.S. did, however, sign on to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html\" target=\"_blank\">landmark international climate accord in Paris in 2015\u003c/a>, in which it pledged to dramatically reduce its carbon emissions over the next decade. Environmental advocates and climate scientists generally agree that this marked a big step forward, but most say the deal doesn’t go far enough to prevent the worst impacts of catastrophic climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on how we think about climate change, check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/climate-lab\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Lab\u003c/a>, a new video series from the University of California and Vox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, President Trump ran on a pledge to withdraw from the agreement entirely (although that now seems increasingly unlikely) and roll back the Obama administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/clean-power-plan-existing-power-plants\" target=\"_blank\">regulations\u003c/a> that set the course to reach the carbon reduction goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of which begs an ominous question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What degree of disaster is necessary to spur a new era of environmental change?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "TIMELINE: Inside the Epic, Ongoing Battle over DACA",
"title": "TIMELINE: Inside the Epic, Ongoing Battle over DACA",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATED: Feb. 26, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to yet another episode of DACA drama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court on Monday declined to hear the Trump administration's appeal to end Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, an Obama-era program that protects roughly 700,000 young immigrants brought here as children from being deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/The-History-and-Human-Face-of-DACA-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DACA lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The high court refused to take up the issue until it goes before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in San Francisco, a step on the judicial ladder that the Trump administration sought to bypass. The announcement comes after a federal judge's ruling last month that temporarily blocked the Trump administration's order to end DACA by early March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, U.S. District Judge William Alsup \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4345906/1-9-18-DACA-Opinion.pdf\">ruled\u003c/a> that the administration must temporarily “maintain the DACA program on a nationwide basis” at least until lawsuits filed by California and other states play out in court. That means the so-called “Dreamers” in question could remain in legal limbo for months until the appeals court issues a ruling or Congress acts to make their status permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Introduced as an executive action by President Obama in June 2012, DACA was intended to give temporary protection against deportation to certain groups of young undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children. DACA recipients can also obtain work permits and driver's licenses, although the program offers no path to citizenship or permanent residency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2012, nearly 800,000 young people have received DACA status. Of that, about 700,000 are still part of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics call the Trump administration’s actions unjust, arguing that most DACA recipients have lived most of their lives in the U.S. and were brought here through no fault of their own. But proponents of the recent decision argue that Obama's action was an abuse of executive power. Some also claim that at DACA recipients take jobs away from native-born Americans and drive up crime. This argument, however, has been generally refuted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through this interactive timeline to see DACA's tumultuous path since it took effect five years ago. Below that, listen to our recent interview with a UC Berkeley student and DACA recipient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe id=\"iframe_container\" src=\"https://prezi.com/embed/gkpl9ogdwpvd/?bgcolor=ffffff&lock_to_path=0&autoplay=0&autohide_ctrls=0&landing_data=bHVZZmNaNDBIWnNjdEVENDRhZDFNZGNIUE43MHdLNWpsdFJLb2ZHanI5a2pMcHFpTmdHYzlFejhqWHIxbHprcGZnPT0&landing_sign=q7m2DmQt1POh4NBuLhkwqUWw-tLcJDAp22nCpokhbHQ\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28218\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28218\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nava in a recent photo taken from the U.S.-Mexico border. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Dalia Nava)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2003, at the age of 8, Dalia Nava and her mother and sister left their native Mexico and crossed illegally into the United States, settling in East Los Angeles. After graduating from high school, Dalia received DACA status. Today she is a senior at UC Berkeley, majoring in political science. KQED's Stephanie Thatcher spoke with Dalia just days after the Trump administration announced plans to end the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/342548668\" params=\"color=00aabb&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATED: Feb. 26, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to yet another episode of DACA drama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court on Monday declined to hear the Trump administration's appeal to end Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, an Obama-era program that protects roughly 700,000 young immigrants brought here as children from being deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/The-History-and-Human-Face-of-DACA-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DACA lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The high court refused to take up the issue until it goes before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in San Francisco, a step on the judicial ladder that the Trump administration sought to bypass. The announcement comes after a federal judge's ruling last month that temporarily blocked the Trump administration's order to end DACA by early March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, U.S. District Judge William Alsup \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4345906/1-9-18-DACA-Opinion.pdf\">ruled\u003c/a> that the administration must temporarily “maintain the DACA program on a nationwide basis” at least until lawsuits filed by California and other states play out in court. That means the so-called “Dreamers” in question could remain in legal limbo for months until the appeals court issues a ruling or Congress acts to make their status permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Introduced as an executive action by President Obama in June 2012, DACA was intended to give temporary protection against deportation to certain groups of young undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children. DACA recipients can also obtain work permits and driver's licenses, although the program offers no path to citizenship or permanent residency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2012, nearly 800,000 young people have received DACA status. Of that, about 700,000 are still part of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics call the Trump administration’s actions unjust, arguing that most DACA recipients have lived most of their lives in the U.S. and were brought here through no fault of their own. But proponents of the recent decision argue that Obama's action was an abuse of executive power. Some also claim that at DACA recipients take jobs away from native-born Americans and drive up crime. This argument, however, has been generally refuted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through this interactive timeline to see DACA's tumultuous path since it took effect five years ago. Below that, listen to our recent interview with a UC Berkeley student and DACA recipient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe id=\"iframe_container\" src=\"https://prezi.com/embed/gkpl9ogdwpvd/?bgcolor=ffffff&lock_to_path=0&autoplay=0&autohide_ctrls=0&landing_data=bHVZZmNaNDBIWnNjdEVENDRhZDFNZGNIUE43MHdLNWpsdFJLb2ZHanI5a2pMcHFpTmdHYzlFejhqWHIxbHprcGZnPT0&landing_sign=q7m2DmQt1POh4NBuLhkwqUWw-tLcJDAp22nCpokhbHQ\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28218\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28218\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Dalia_photo1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nava in a recent photo taken from the U.S.-Mexico border. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Dalia Nava)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2003, at the age of 8, Dalia Nava and her mother and sister left their native Mexico and crossed illegally into the United States, settling in East Los Angeles. After graduating from high school, Dalia received DACA status. Today she is a senior at UC Berkeley, majoring in political science. KQED's Stephanie Thatcher spoke with Dalia just days after the Trump administration announced plans to end the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/342548668&visual=true&color=00aabb&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/342548668'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Gun Violence, Gun Control, Gun Rights: Where We Go from Here (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "Gun Violence, Gun Control, Gun Rights: Where We Go from Here (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->On Wednesday, Feb. 14, a heavily armed young man opened fire in a high school in Parkland, Fla., killing 17 people including 14 students and three school faculty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just seven weeks into 2018, the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, is already the 18th school shooting of the year, and the eighth resulting in injury or death, according to \u003ca href=\"https://everytownresearch.org/school-shootings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Every Town for Gun Safety\u003c/a>, a gun control advocacy group that tracks these incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/Gun-Laws-and-Gun-Deaths-Lesson-Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Gun Laws and Gun Deaths (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/10/guncontrol_guide_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A teacher-produced guide on addressing gun violence\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The suspected gunman, a 19-year-old former student at the school who had been expelled for disciplinary reasons, fired a legally-purchased semiautomatic AR-15 assault rifle. That's the same firearm used in many other mass shootings in recent years, including the 2012 massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn. and the 2017 shooting at a concert in Las Vegas, deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history. A federal assault rifle ban from 1994, that would have prohibited legal sales of the AR-15, expired in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mass shootings occur with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/27/health/u-s-most-mass-shootings/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alarming frequency\u003c/a> in the U.S., more so than in any nation in the world. The deadliest incidents prompt predictable calls among gun control advocates in Congress -- almost entirely Democrats -- to tighten the nation's exceptionally lenient gun laws. Many point \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to Australia\u003c/a>, which significantly tightened its own gun laws following a mass shooting in 1996, when a lone gunman killed 35 people. Since then, there have been no gun-related mass killings in the country, and an overall decline in gun death rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those opposed to new regulations, including the majority of Republicans, characteristically argue that the aftermath of a national tragedy is not the right time for political debate, and that stricter laws would only deprive law abiding Americans of their fundamental rights while doing little to prevent those with ill-intentions from getting hold of firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Washington Post video\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q34aJ9n97uI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the latter faction has been undeniably victorious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passing new national gun control measures has proven all but impossible in a country where the right to bear arms is enshrined in the Constitution's Second Amendment, and where the gun rights lobby wields enormous political influence. Led by the efforts of the powerful National Rifle Association, firearms advocates stand firmly against almost any new restrictions, and through effective political organizing and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/nra-donations/?utm_term=.e706d746d8f9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">generous campaign contributions\u003c/a>, have successfully thwarted all recent efforts to enact tougher regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/07/26/americas-loaded-history-with-guns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[RELATED: TIMELINE OF U.S. GUN CONTROL EFFORTS]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not so much that Americans are more violent than people in other countries, we're just way more lethal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many gun rights proponents consider ownership a U.S. birthright, a protection as essential as freedom of speech. Even though the number of U.S. households with guns has \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/06/29/american-gun-ownership-is-now-at-a-30-year-low/?utm_term=.3436e05e441d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">actually fallen\u003c/a> in recent decades, the rate of firearms per capita here is still by far the highest in the world: nearly three of every 10 adults owns a firearm, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/06/22/the-demographics-of-gun-ownership/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a recent Pew Research survey\u003c/a>. Today, there are an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">350 million civilian-owned firearms \u003c/a>in the U.S. That's more guns than people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/06/22/guns-and-daily-life-identity-experiences-activities-and-involvement/psdt_2017-06-22-guns-new-6-22-02/\">\u003cimg class=\"attachment-large size-large alignright\" src=\"http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/06/22111057/PSDT_2017.06.22.guns-new-6.22-02.png\" alt=\"About four-in-ten U.S. adults say they live in a gun-owning household\" width=\"308\" height=\"643\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although mass shootings receive the most attention, they actually make up only a tiny percentage of America's hefty gun carnage. The U.S. has\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2012/jul/22/gun-ownership-homicides-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> far higher rates of gun violence\u003c/a> than any other developed nation. In 2015 alone, more than 36,000 people were killed by firearms, just shy of the total number killed in auto accidents, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map below is based on data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/firearm_mortality/firearm.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's\u003c/a> analysis of 2016 death certificates. It factors in all reported gun-related deaths, including homicides, accidents and suicides (the latter of which make up about two-thirds of gun deaths nationwide). There were more than 38,000 reported gun deaths in 2016, according to CDC data, a rate of about 12 per 100,000 people. It marks the second straight year that gun deaths have risen. There were about 4,000 more gun deaths in 2016 than the previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun ownership rates are derived from the results of a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/injuryprev/early/2015/06/09/injuryprev-2015-041586.full.pdf?keytype=ref&ijkey=doj6vx0laFZMsQ2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey published in the health journal Injury Prevention\u003c/a>. 4,000 adults (18 years and up ) were surveyed from 50 states. One-third of all respondents reported owning a gun (of any type), ranging from 5.2 percent in Delaware to 61.7 percent in Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2016 gun control rankings are from the \u003ca href=\"http://smartgunlaws.org/scorecard/#map\" target=\"/\">Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence\u003c/a>, a group that advocates for stronger gun control laws and assigns grades to each state based on the strength of policies like background checks, concealed carry permits, bulk firearms purchasing and gun carry restrictions in schools and other public spaces. The National Rifle Association has its own rundown and interpretation of state laws \u003ca href=\"https://www.nraila.org/gun-laws/state-gun-laws/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/builder/136f3f5a-b403-4f2d-8805-4030df9ffb1f/embed\" width=\"1200\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But while popular support for stricter gun laws does \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/02/politics/gun-control-polling-las-vegas-shooting/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">typically increase\u003c/a> in the wake of major mass shootings, the sentiment doesn't usually last long, as Congress neglects to act and eventually moves on to a different issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's little disagreement among Americans that gun violence is a problem: more than 80 percent consider it a major issue, including 50 percent who call it \"a very big problem,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/06/22/views-of-guns-and-gun-violence/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew poll\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sharp divide emerges however, often along partisan lines, in how to address the problem. While almost half of respondents in the same poll said there would be fewer mass shootings in the U.S. if it were harder for people to legally obtain guns, nearly 40 percent said more restrictions on ownership wouldn't make any difference. And a full 13 percent said that doing so would lead to more mass shootings, a belief espoused by NRA Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre, who famously said: \"The only thing that stops a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, U.S. gun sales \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/10/gun-sales-mass-shooting/541809/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">typically spike \u003c/a>after mass shootings, a consequence of more people feeling unsafe and wanting to protect themselves, as well as an increased concern that such incidents will prompt stricter regulations and make it harder to buy guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of stricter regulations are quick to note the correlation between America's high rates of gun ownership and gun violence. But gun rights advocates often argue that there are other factors at play, and these statistics don't indicate a cause-and-effect relationship. They note for instance that \u003ca title=\"rates of gun homicide and other gun crimes\" href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/07/gun-homicide-rate-down-49-since-1993-peak-public-unaware/#u-s-firearm-deaths\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gun homicide and other gun crimes\u003c/a> in the U.S. have fallen sharply since peaking in the early 1990s, even as gun ownership remains high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore the interactive graphic below, \u003ca href=\"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/gun-deaths/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produced by FiveThirtyEight\u003c/a>, based on 2014 CDC data, to learn more about the victims and perpetrators of America's ongoing gun violence epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/simplified-gun-deaths/?initialWidth=575&childId=gun_deaths&parentTitle=Mass%20Shootings%20Are%20A%20Bad%20Way%20To%20Understand%20Gun%20Violence%20%7C%20FiveThirtyEight&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmass-shootings-are-a-bad-way-to-understand-gun-violence%2F\" width=\"100%\" height=\"764px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence points to a 2010 statistic showing that seven out of 10 states with the strictest regulations also have the lowest gun homicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But gun rights advocates opposed to tighter regulations argue that this a misleading comparison. One common rebuttal is that stricter regulations do little to prevent criminals from getting hold of guns; they simply prevent law-abiding citizens from being able to protect themselves. Gun rights advocates also often point to states like Maine, which has some of the loosest regulations in the country (it received an F grade by gun control groups) but also has a relatively low gun death rate. They also argue that strict gun laws in cities like Chicago and Washington, D.C., have failed to prevent high gun homicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gun laws in Chicago only restrict the law-abiding citizens and they've essentially made the citizens prey,\" Richard A. Pearson, executive director of the Illinois State Rifle Association, told the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/us/strict-chicago-gun-laws-cant-stem-fatal-shots.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times \u003c/a>in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->On Wednesday, Feb. 14, a heavily armed young man opened fire in a high school in Parkland, Fla., killing 17 people including 14 students and three school faculty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just seven weeks into 2018, the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, is already the 18th school shooting of the year, and the eighth resulting in injury or death, according to \u003ca href=\"https://everytownresearch.org/school-shootings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Every Town for Gun Safety\u003c/a>, a gun control advocacy group that tracks these incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/Gun-Laws-and-Gun-Deaths-Lesson-Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Gun Laws and Gun Deaths (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/10/guncontrol_guide_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A teacher-produced guide on addressing gun violence\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The suspected gunman, a 19-year-old former student at the school who had been expelled for disciplinary reasons, fired a legally-purchased semiautomatic AR-15 assault rifle. That's the same firearm used in many other mass shootings in recent years, including the 2012 massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn. and the 2017 shooting at a concert in Las Vegas, deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history. A federal assault rifle ban from 1994, that would have prohibited legal sales of the AR-15, expired in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mass shootings occur with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/27/health/u-s-most-mass-shootings/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alarming frequency\u003c/a> in the U.S., more so than in any nation in the world. The deadliest incidents prompt predictable calls among gun control advocates in Congress -- almost entirely Democrats -- to tighten the nation's exceptionally lenient gun laws. Many point \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to Australia\u003c/a>, which significantly tightened its own gun laws following a mass shooting in 1996, when a lone gunman killed 35 people. Since then, there have been no gun-related mass killings in the country, and an overall decline in gun death rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those opposed to new regulations, including the majority of Republicans, characteristically argue that the aftermath of a national tragedy is not the right time for political debate, and that stricter laws would only deprive law abiding Americans of their fundamental rights while doing little to prevent those with ill-intentions from getting hold of firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Washington Post video\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/q34aJ9n97uI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/q34aJ9n97uI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In recent years, the latter faction has been undeniably victorious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passing new national gun control measures has proven all but impossible in a country where the right to bear arms is enshrined in the Constitution's Second Amendment, and where the gun rights lobby wields enormous political influence. Led by the efforts of the powerful National Rifle Association, firearms advocates stand firmly against almost any new restrictions, and through effective political organizing and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/nra-donations/?utm_term=.e706d746d8f9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">generous campaign contributions\u003c/a>, have successfully thwarted all recent efforts to enact tougher regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/07/26/americas-loaded-history-with-guns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[RELATED: TIMELINE OF U.S. GUN CONTROL EFFORTS]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not so much that Americans are more violent than people in other countries, we're just way more lethal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many gun rights proponents consider ownership a U.S. birthright, a protection as essential as freedom of speech. Even though the number of U.S. households with guns has \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/06/29/american-gun-ownership-is-now-at-a-30-year-low/?utm_term=.3436e05e441d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">actually fallen\u003c/a> in recent decades, the rate of firearms per capita here is still by far the highest in the world: nearly three of every 10 adults owns a firearm, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/06/22/the-demographics-of-gun-ownership/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a recent Pew Research survey\u003c/a>. Today, there are an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">350 million civilian-owned firearms \u003c/a>in the U.S. That's more guns than people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/06/22/guns-and-daily-life-identity-experiences-activities-and-involvement/psdt_2017-06-22-guns-new-6-22-02/\">\u003cimg class=\"attachment-large size-large alignright\" src=\"http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/06/22111057/PSDT_2017.06.22.guns-new-6.22-02.png\" alt=\"About four-in-ten U.S. adults say they live in a gun-owning household\" width=\"308\" height=\"643\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although mass shootings receive the most attention, they actually make up only a tiny percentage of America's hefty gun carnage. The U.S. has\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2012/jul/22/gun-ownership-homicides-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> far higher rates of gun violence\u003c/a> than any other developed nation. In 2015 alone, more than 36,000 people were killed by firearms, just shy of the total number killed in auto accidents, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map below is based on data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/firearm_mortality/firearm.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's\u003c/a> analysis of 2016 death certificates. It factors in all reported gun-related deaths, including homicides, accidents and suicides (the latter of which make up about two-thirds of gun deaths nationwide). There were more than 38,000 reported gun deaths in 2016, according to CDC data, a rate of about 12 per 100,000 people. It marks the second straight year that gun deaths have risen. There were about 4,000 more gun deaths in 2016 than the previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun ownership rates are derived from the results of a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/injuryprev/early/2015/06/09/injuryprev-2015-041586.full.pdf?keytype=ref&ijkey=doj6vx0laFZMsQ2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey published in the health journal Injury Prevention\u003c/a>. 4,000 adults (18 years and up ) were surveyed from 50 states. One-third of all respondents reported owning a gun (of any type), ranging from 5.2 percent in Delaware to 61.7 percent in Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2016 gun control rankings are from the \u003ca href=\"http://smartgunlaws.org/scorecard/#map\" target=\"/\">Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence\u003c/a>, a group that advocates for stronger gun control laws and assigns grades to each state based on the strength of policies like background checks, concealed carry permits, bulk firearms purchasing and gun carry restrictions in schools and other public spaces. The National Rifle Association has its own rundown and interpretation of state laws \u003ca href=\"https://www.nraila.org/gun-laws/state-gun-laws/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/builder/136f3f5a-b403-4f2d-8805-4030df9ffb1f/embed\" width=\"1200\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But while popular support for stricter gun laws does \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/02/politics/gun-control-polling-las-vegas-shooting/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">typically increase\u003c/a> in the wake of major mass shootings, the sentiment doesn't usually last long, as Congress neglects to act and eventually moves on to a different issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's little disagreement among Americans that gun violence is a problem: more than 80 percent consider it a major issue, including 50 percent who call it \"a very big problem,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/06/22/views-of-guns-and-gun-violence/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew poll\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sharp divide emerges however, often along partisan lines, in how to address the problem. While almost half of respondents in the same poll said there would be fewer mass shootings in the U.S. if it were harder for people to legally obtain guns, nearly 40 percent said more restrictions on ownership wouldn't make any difference. And a full 13 percent said that doing so would lead to more mass shootings, a belief espoused by NRA Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre, who famously said: \"The only thing that stops a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, U.S. gun sales \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/10/gun-sales-mass-shooting/541809/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">typically spike \u003c/a>after mass shootings, a consequence of more people feeling unsafe and wanting to protect themselves, as well as an increased concern that such incidents will prompt stricter regulations and make it harder to buy guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of stricter regulations are quick to note the correlation between America's high rates of gun ownership and gun violence. But gun rights advocates often argue that there are other factors at play, and these statistics don't indicate a cause-and-effect relationship. They note for instance that \u003ca title=\"rates of gun homicide and other gun crimes\" href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/07/gun-homicide-rate-down-49-since-1993-peak-public-unaware/#u-s-firearm-deaths\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gun homicide and other gun crimes\u003c/a> in the U.S. have fallen sharply since peaking in the early 1990s, even as gun ownership remains high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore the interactive graphic below, \u003ca href=\"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/gun-deaths/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produced by FiveThirtyEight\u003c/a>, based on 2014 CDC data, to learn more about the victims and perpetrators of America's ongoing gun violence epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/simplified-gun-deaths/?initialWidth=575&childId=gun_deaths&parentTitle=Mass%20Shootings%20Are%20A%20Bad%20Way%20To%20Understand%20Gun%20Violence%20%7C%20FiveThirtyEight&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmass-shootings-are-a-bad-way-to-understand-gun-violence%2F\" width=\"100%\" height=\"764px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence points to a 2010 statistic showing that seven out of 10 states with the strictest regulations also have the lowest gun homicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But gun rights advocates opposed to tighter regulations argue that this a misleading comparison. One common rebuttal is that stricter regulations do little to prevent criminals from getting hold of guns; they simply prevent law-abiding citizens from being able to protect themselves. Gun rights advocates also often point to states like Maine, which has some of the loosest regulations in the country (it received an F grade by gun control groups) but also has a relatively low gun death rate. They also argue that strict gun laws in cities like Chicago and Washington, D.C., have failed to prevent high gun homicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gun laws in Chicago only restrict the law-abiding citizens and they've essentially made the citizens prey,\" Richard A. Pearson, executive director of the Illinois State Rifle Association, told the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/us/strict-chicago-gun-laws-cant-stem-fatal-shots.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times \u003c/a>in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why Are American Public Schools Still So Segregated?",
"title": "Why Are American Public Schools Still So Segregated?",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/v2TG9n0vc-4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of 2014, white students no longer made up the majority of America's public elementary and secondary school students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Using The Lowdown and Above the Noise in the Classroom\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"76\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 76px) 100vw, 76px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> How diverse is your school and does that impact your education? \u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: An \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/02/Why-Are-Schools-Still-Segregated-lesson-plan.docx_.pdf\">original lesson plan\u003c/a> on school segregation and \u003cem>a\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/02/Source-List_-School-Segregation-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As our latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video points out, \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cge.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this milestone\u003c/a> might give the impression that public schools are becoming increasingly diverse institutions, with a solid mix of white students and students of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, by and large, they're not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, schools have gotten steadily more segregated in recent decades. According to research from UCLA's \u003ca href=\"http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/brown-at-60-great-progress-a-long-retreat-and-an-uncertain-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Civil Rights Project\u003c/a>, black students are just as segregated today as they were in the 1960s, before serious enforcement of federal desegregation orders went into effect. The study found that in most public schools throughout the country, there's\u003ca href=\"http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/mlk-national/e-pluribus...separation-deepening-double-segregation-for-more-students\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> little contact between white students and students of color\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Segregated schools have been shown to have disproportionately negative impacts on minority populations, especially in low-income communities. These students often attend schools with fewer resources, less experienced teachers and lower academic achievement rates. And that can affect everything from a student's chances of graduating high school and going to college to what kind of jobs they get and the amount of money they earn over the course of their careers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to visualize the extent of modern segregation, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/americas-public-schools-remain-highly-segregated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Urban Institute\u003c/a>, a left-leaning policy group, mapped 2011-12 \u003ca href=\"http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/pubschuniv.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">government education data\u003c/a> on the racial composition of public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These maps show that America’s public schools are \u003ca href=\"http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/brown-at-60-great-progress-a-long-retreat-and-an-uncertain-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly segregated by race and income\u003c/a>, with the declining share of white students typically concentrated in schools with other white students and the growing share of Latino students concentrated into low-income public schools with other students of color,\" the Urban Institute notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maps reveal that in every state except New Mexico and Hawaii, the average white student \u003ca href=\"http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/mlk-national/e-pluribus...separation-deepening-double-segregation-for-more-students\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">attends a majority white school\u003c/a>. It's a finding that's unsurprising for many rural areas of the country with small minority populations. But the trend persists even in the most mixed parts of diverse states like California, Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania and New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mouse over this map for county-specific data on the share of white students attending majority-white schools, as well as the percentage of white, black and Latino students in that county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none; border-style: none;\" src=\"https://apps.urban.org/features/public-school-segregation/index_white.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"630\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Urban Institute notes, the racial separation is most dramatic in the nation's large metropolitan population centers, where the most students of color live. For example, Chicago's student population is about 25 percent white, 31 percent black and 37 percent Latino. But a whopping 96 percent of black students attend majority non-white schools and 67 percent of white students attend majority white schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trend is similar in other cities and counties with large minority populations, including Detroit, Minneapolis, New York and Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none; border-style: none;\" src=\"https://apps.urban.org/features/public-school-segregation/index_black.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"630\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern schools, which underwent forced integration efforts beginning in the late 1960s, still have the largest mix of black and white students, although those rates are dropping rapidly as a result of recently suspended court orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none; border-style: none;\" src=\"https://apps.urban.org/features/public-school-segregation/index_latino.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"630\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Watch: The Battle for School Busing from the Retro Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/sld722slarw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/v2TG9n0vc-4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/v2TG9n0vc-4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>As of 2014, white students no longer made up the majority of America's public elementary and secondary school students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Using The Lowdown and Above the Noise in the Classroom\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"76\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 76px) 100vw, 76px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> How diverse is your school and does that impact your education? \u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: An \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/02/Why-Are-Schools-Still-Segregated-lesson-plan.docx_.pdf\">original lesson plan\u003c/a> on school segregation and \u003cem>a\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/02/Source-List_-School-Segregation-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As our latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video points out, \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cge.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this milestone\u003c/a> might give the impression that public schools are becoming increasingly diverse institutions, with a solid mix of white students and students of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, by and large, they're not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, schools have gotten steadily more segregated in recent decades. According to research from UCLA's \u003ca href=\"http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/brown-at-60-great-progress-a-long-retreat-and-an-uncertain-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Civil Rights Project\u003c/a>, black students are just as segregated today as they were in the 1960s, before serious enforcement of federal desegregation orders went into effect. The study found that in most public schools throughout the country, there's\u003ca href=\"http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/mlk-national/e-pluribus...separation-deepening-double-segregation-for-more-students\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> little contact between white students and students of color\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Segregated schools have been shown to have disproportionately negative impacts on minority populations, especially in low-income communities. These students often attend schools with fewer resources, less experienced teachers and lower academic achievement rates. And that can affect everything from a student's chances of graduating high school and going to college to what kind of jobs they get and the amount of money they earn over the course of their careers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to visualize the extent of modern segregation, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/americas-public-schools-remain-highly-segregated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Urban Institute\u003c/a>, a left-leaning policy group, mapped 2011-12 \u003ca href=\"http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/pubschuniv.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">government education data\u003c/a> on the racial composition of public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These maps show that America’s public schools are \u003ca href=\"http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/brown-at-60-great-progress-a-long-retreat-and-an-uncertain-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly segregated by race and income\u003c/a>, with the declining share of white students typically concentrated in schools with other white students and the growing share of Latino students concentrated into low-income public schools with other students of color,\" the Urban Institute notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maps reveal that in every state except New Mexico and Hawaii, the average white student \u003ca href=\"http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/mlk-national/e-pluribus...separation-deepening-double-segregation-for-more-students\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">attends a majority white school\u003c/a>. It's a finding that's unsurprising for many rural areas of the country with small minority populations. But the trend persists even in the most mixed parts of diverse states like California, Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania and New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mouse over this map for county-specific data on the share of white students attending majority-white schools, as well as the percentage of white, black and Latino students in that county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none; border-style: none;\" src=\"https://apps.urban.org/features/public-school-segregation/index_white.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"630\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Urban Institute notes, the racial separation is most dramatic in the nation's large metropolitan population centers, where the most students of color live. For example, Chicago's student population is about 25 percent white, 31 percent black and 37 percent Latino. But a whopping 96 percent of black students attend majority non-white schools and 67 percent of white students attend majority white schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trend is similar in other cities and counties with large minority populations, including Detroit, Minneapolis, New York and Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none; border-style: none;\" src=\"https://apps.urban.org/features/public-school-segregation/index_black.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"630\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern schools, which underwent forced integration efforts beginning in the late 1960s, still have the largest mix of black and white students, although those rates are dropping rapidly as a result of recently suspended court orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none; border-style: none;\" src=\"https://apps.urban.org/features/public-school-segregation/index_latino.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"630\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Watch: The Battle for School Busing from the Retro Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/sld722slarw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/sld722slarw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Inside America's Devastating Opioid Epidemic: How It Started and Where It's Hitting Hardest",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/opioid_overdose.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-30064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/opioid_overdose.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"991\" height=\"791\">\u003c/a>The United States is dealing with the deadliest drug epidemic it has ever experienced.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/The-Opioid-Epidemic-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opioid Epidemic Lesson Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Nearly 64,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2016, far exceeding the number of deaths from car crashes or guns, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db294.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the most recent data\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The rate of overdose deaths was 21 percent higher than in 2015, making it the leading cause of death for Americans under 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">soaring death rate\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is largely due to a spike in the abuse of opioids -- including heroin and prescription painkillers -- which accounted for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about two-thirds\u003c/a> of all drug overdose deaths. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2014/02/04/health/how-heroin-kills/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Overdoses become deadly\u003c/a> when users fall asleep and their respiratory drive shuts down. In other words, their bodies forget to breathe. Opioid overdoses can \u003c/span>also lead to dramatic \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002861.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dips in blood pressure\u003c/a> and cause \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19304418/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heart failure.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And while certain regions have been hit particularly hard, the epidemic has touched nearly \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">every corner of the country, wreaking havoc among rich and poor communities alike in rural, suburban and urban areas.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30037\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"482\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1-768x463.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1-240x145.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1-375x226.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Among the more than 64,000 estimated drug overdose deaths in 2016, the sharpest increase occurred among deaths related to fentanyl and synthetic opioids, with over 20,000 overdose deaths. Source: CDC WONDER \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute on Drug Abuse\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>What are opioids?\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opioids include any drugs that work on \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">opioid receptors\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the proteins in our brains and spinal cords that control our reactions to pain and pleasure. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The term“opioids” refers to the very broad class of highly addictive drugs -- both legal and illegal -- that impact the body’s opioid receptors by blocking pain and sparking pleasurable sensations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Morphine, methadone, hydrocodone (Vicodin), and oxycodone (OxyContin) are all popularly prescribed opioids, often used to treat chronic pain. Heroin, which is derived from morphine, has long been one of the most dangerous and commonly used illegal opioids. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/5/8/15454832/fentanyl-carfentanil-opioid-epidemic\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fentanyl\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a synthetic (man-made) opioid that’s \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">50 to 100 times more potent than morphine, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can be medically prescribed to treat severe pain, but it is now being \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">illegally produced and sold on the street at an alarming rate. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a wide spectrum of opioid users -- many who take prescription drugs responsibly, with the consent of a doctor, to manage pain. However, an\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2016/NSDUH-DetTabs-2016.pdf\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estimated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 12 million people currently abuse prescription opioids, which means they take them without a prescription or in larger amounts and for longer than prescribed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/oHlaz0kQlRE\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>How did this become an epidemic?\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The U.S. health care industry underwent a gradual shift in the 1980s and 1990s -- due in part to a number of influential articles in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1700150#t=article\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">medical journals \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-- in the way health care providers approached pain management. Opioids had \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/health/opioid-addiction-history/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">long been recognized as highly addictive\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and were largely used primarily to treat intense pain from cancer and other severe illnesses. But based on a growing consensus that chronic pain was not being treated effectively, health care providers were increasingly expected to\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jointcommission.org/joint_commission_statement_on_pain_management/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> more routinely \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">assess their patients’ pain levels\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This change in approach happened alongside more\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2622774/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aggressive marketing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tactics by big drug companies in an effort to sell opioid medications for non-cancer-related pain. This fueled a dramatic increase in the number of opioid prescriptions that doctors were giving to their patients. A class of drugs that was almost exclusively reserved for cancer patients was now being prescribed to a much wider group of patients experiencing various forms of chronic pain. In 2010, at the peak of this trend, there were more opioid prescriptions than residents in some\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxcounty2010.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">counties\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly in rural areas in the Rust Belt, the South and the Pacific Northwest. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As prescription pills flooded into communities throughout the country, many people got hooked through a steady supply from friends, family members and drug dealers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since then, opioid prescription rates have declined, due in part to changes in policy and medical standards. But the overdose death rate has not followed suit. The once abundant supply of prescription opioids has been largely replaced by an influx of rampant abuse of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/relationship-between-prescription-drug-abuse-heroin-use/heroin-use-driven-by-its-low-cost-high-availability\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">heroin\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and illegally produced fentanyl, drugs that cost less, produce more intense highs and are much easier to get on the street.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>Who is most affected by the crisis?\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opioid addiction is no longer limited to rural areas --\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/31/opioid-abuse-started-as-a-rural-epidemic-its-now-a-national-one/?utm_term=.b639b8d88f1b\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">new research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shows many suburbs and cities are now facing similar opioid abuse rates.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prescription opioid\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054496\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">overdose rates\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tend to be higher in older adults, while heroin overdose rates are higher in younger populations. And although more men currently die from drug overdoses, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/advocacy/opioid-addiction-disease-facts-figures.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">women\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are now dying from prescription opioids and heroin abuse at a rapidly increasing rate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, in contrast to the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s, which hit poor, black, urban communities the hardest, the opioid crisis disproportionately affects\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/overdose.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">white Americans\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. And many point to this\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/there-was-no-wave-of-compassion-when-addicts-were-hooked-on-crack\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">racial divide\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as a key impetus for the dramatic shift in the way that lawmakers today are addressing the issue. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 1980s and 1990s, leaders from both parties waged a\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/04/a-timeline-of-the-rise-and-fall-of-tough-on-crime-drug-sentencing/360983/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“war on drugs”\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> -- passing laws that criminalized illicit substances and imposed increasingly strict prison sentences on drug users and dealers. Compare that with the softer approach more commonly taken now , one that focuses on rehabilitation rather than criminalization, as evidenced by President Trump’s recent\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/26/us/politics/trump-opioid-crisis.html?mtrref=www.google.com\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">declaration\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the opioid crisis as a “public health emergency.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two maps below compare estimated age-adjusted drug overdose death rates per county in 1999 and 2016, as provided by the CDC. In 1999, the nationwide drug overdose death rate was 6.1 per 100,000 population (just under 17,000 actual deaths). In 2016, it had risen to 19.8 per 100,000 (63,632 deaths), an almost 275 percent increase. Although the crisis reaches across the nation, areas of Appalachia and the Southwest and Northwest have been particularly hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the second map, click on individual counties for localized data, including the estimated number of actual deaths. The data includes all drug-related overdose deaths (of which opioids were the cause of about two-thirds). To see county-specific data for 1999 deaths on the second map, deselect \"2016 Overdose Deaths\" in the lefthand layers window. In the second map, you can also search and zoom in to specific locations by clicking the magnifying glass button on the bottom left and entering a place name or Zip Code\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/charukukreja/project-data/blob/master/compare.html\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"false\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://ckukreja.carto.com/builder/127aa432-81a4-406b-9aec-b81c328093f7/embed?state=%7B%22map%22%3A%7B%22ne%22%3A%5B15.368949896534705%2C-153.89648437500003%5D%2C%22sw%22%3A%5B58.309488840677645%2C-49.21875000000001%5D%2C%22center%22%3A%5B40.111688665595956%2C-101.55761718750001%5D%2C%22zoom%22%3A4%7D%7D\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data-visualization/drug-poisoning-mortality/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>What’s being done to try to slow the epidemic?\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ending the epidemic is a massive undertaking that by most accounts is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/1/23/16909984/trump-opioid-epidemic-2017\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">just getting started\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Opioids, both legal and illegal, remain widely available, and the epidemic continues to claim about \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/the-health-202/2017/10/27/the-health-202-there-s-a-no-brainer-way-to-solve-the-opioid-crisis/59f2058830fb0468e7653dc0/?utm_term=.657238654e2e\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100 lives per day\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. There is a shortage of affordable drug treatment programs in every state, and the federal government has been slow to allocate money to the crisis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ending an opioid addiction is often physically painful and can be incredibly difficult to manage. Until recently, many people believed that effective withdrawal treatment required extended stays in residential treatment facilities, a costly approach that many patients and public health institutions simply can't afford. It's also one that commonly focuses on abstinence, a strategy that's\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> proved to not be consistently effective for long-term recovery\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More recent evidence, however, has shown that o\u003c/span>pioid addiction can often be more successfully treated in non-residential primary care situations, especially with the use of closely monitored \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/opinion/treating-opioid-addiction.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medication-assisted treatment options\u003c/a> like methadone or buprenorphine -- both forms of opioids themselves -- a strategy that's significantly cheaper and far less disruptive to patients' lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many health care workers view addiction as a medical condition, not a moral failing or criminal act, Yet possessing illegal opioids like heroin and fentanyl still comes with the risk of arrest and jail time. The epidemic won’t end, most \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/op-ed/article179382496.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">experts agree\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, without also treating the underlying causes that lead people to opioids in the first place, including prevalent mental health issues. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Federal, state and local governments have taken some steps to treat current addicts as well as stanch the flow of opioids into communities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/4KLfZtHYBgA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Public health emergency: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last October, President Trump declared the opioid epidemic a “public health emergency,” which gives states more flexibility to use federal funds to fight opioid addiction and boost prevention efforts. However, the latest federal budget calls for only a 1 percent increase in federal funding for all drug prevention efforts, and Trump has yet to appoint a “drug czar” to lead the fight against the epidemic. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New limits on opioid prescriptions:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Opioid prescriptions have been \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/8/1/15746780/opioid-epidemic-end\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">declining since 2010\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Some states, like New Jersey, have limited the number of opioids that doctors can prescribe. Other states, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/1/23/16909984/trump-opioid-epidemic-2017\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">backed by the Justice Department\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, have threatened to jail doctors who overprescribe the drugs. The CDC recently released guidelines asking doctors not to prescribe opioids for chronic pain. Despite these efforts, prescription opioids are still widely available. In 2016, there were still enough opioid pills prescribed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/22/opinion/opioid-epidemic-health-care-bill.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to fill a bottle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for every adult in the U.S. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cutting off the supply of illegal opioids: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In January, Trump signed the INTERDICT Act, which further empowers border patrol and customs officers to detect and stop illegal shipments of fentanyl.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Increased access to anti-overdosing drugs:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Walgreens announced last October that it would stock Narcan, a nasal spray that can reverse a drug overdose. The spray will be available without an individual prescription in 45 states. CVS offers the spray in 43 states, also prescription-free. Narcan costs about $125 per dose. Its active ingredient is naloxone, which is also available in auto-inject form. But as demand for naloxone has increased, so has its \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/26/560180901/walgreens-stocks-narcan-opioid-overdose-spray-in-all-pharmacies\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">price\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The auto-inject format called Evzio now costs thousands of dollars, although price breaks have been negotiated by first responders and insurance companies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"viz1517546524838\" class=\"tableauPlaceholder\" style=\"position: center;\">\u003cnoscript>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data-visualization/drug-poisoning-mortality/\">\u003cimg alt=\" \" src=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Dr/DrugPoisoningMortality1999-2016/U_S_Trends/1_rss.png\" style=\"border: none\">\u003c/a>\u003c/noscript>\u003cobject class=\"tableauViz\" style=\"display: none;\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\">\u003cparam name=\"host_url\" value=\"https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.tableau.com%2F\">\u003cparam name=\"embed_code_version\" value=\"3\">\u003cparam name=\"site_root\" value=\"\">\u003cparam name=\"name\" value=\"DrugPoisoningMortality1999-2016/U_S_Trends\">\u003cparam name=\"tabs\" value=\"no\">\u003cparam name=\"toolbar\" value=\"no\">\u003cparam name=\"static_image\" value=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Dr/DrugPoisoningMortality1999-2016/U_S_Trends/1.png\">\u003cparam name=\"animate_transition\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_static_image\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_spinner\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_overlay\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_count\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"jsdebug\" value=\"y\">\u003c/object>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"> var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1517546524838'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; vizElement.style.width='734px';vizElement.style.height='777px'; var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); \u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rachel Roberson contributed to this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Inside America's Devastating Opioid Epidemic: How It Started and Where It's Hitting Hardest | KQED",
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"headline": "Inside America's Devastating Opioid Epidemic: How It Started and Where It's Hitting Hardest",
"datePublished": "2018-01-31T23:27:30-08:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/opioid_overdose.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-30064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/opioid_overdose.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"991\" height=\"791\">\u003c/a>The United States is dealing with the deadliest drug epidemic it has ever experienced.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/The-Opioid-Epidemic-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opioid Epidemic Lesson Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Nearly 64,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2016, far exceeding the number of deaths from car crashes or guns, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db294.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the most recent data\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The rate of overdose deaths was 21 percent higher than in 2015, making it the leading cause of death for Americans under 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">soaring death rate\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is largely due to a spike in the abuse of opioids -- including heroin and prescription painkillers -- which accounted for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about two-thirds\u003c/a> of all drug overdose deaths. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2014/02/04/health/how-heroin-kills/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Overdoses become deadly\u003c/a> when users fall asleep and their respiratory drive shuts down. In other words, their bodies forget to breathe. Opioid overdoses can \u003c/span>also lead to dramatic \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002861.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dips in blood pressure\u003c/a> and cause \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19304418/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heart failure.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And while certain regions have been hit particularly hard, the epidemic has touched nearly \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">every corner of the country, wreaking havoc among rich and poor communities alike in rural, suburban and urban areas.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30037\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"482\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1-768x463.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1-240x145.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1-375x226.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/overdosedeaths1-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Among the more than 64,000 estimated drug overdose deaths in 2016, the sharpest increase occurred among deaths related to fentanyl and synthetic opioids, with over 20,000 overdose deaths. Source: CDC WONDER \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute on Drug Abuse\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>What are opioids?\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opioids include any drugs that work on \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">opioid receptors\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the proteins in our brains and spinal cords that control our reactions to pain and pleasure. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The term“opioids” refers to the very broad class of highly addictive drugs -- both legal and illegal -- that impact the body’s opioid receptors by blocking pain and sparking pleasurable sensations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Morphine, methadone, hydrocodone (Vicodin), and oxycodone (OxyContin) are all popularly prescribed opioids, often used to treat chronic pain. Heroin, which is derived from morphine, has long been one of the most dangerous and commonly used illegal opioids. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/5/8/15454832/fentanyl-carfentanil-opioid-epidemic\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fentanyl\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a synthetic (man-made) opioid that’s \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">50 to 100 times more potent than morphine, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can be medically prescribed to treat severe pain, but it is now being \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">illegally produced and sold on the street at an alarming rate. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a wide spectrum of opioid users -- many who take prescription drugs responsibly, with the consent of a doctor, to manage pain. However, an\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2016/NSDUH-DetTabs-2016.pdf\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estimated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 12 million people currently abuse prescription opioids, which means they take them without a prescription or in larger amounts and for longer than prescribed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/oHlaz0kQlRE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/oHlaz0kQlRE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>\u003cb>How did this become an epidemic?\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The U.S. health care industry underwent a gradual shift in the 1980s and 1990s -- due in part to a number of influential articles in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1700150#t=article\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">medical journals \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-- in the way health care providers approached pain management. Opioids had \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/health/opioid-addiction-history/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">long been recognized as highly addictive\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and were largely used primarily to treat intense pain from cancer and other severe illnesses. But based on a growing consensus that chronic pain was not being treated effectively, health care providers were increasingly expected to\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jointcommission.org/joint_commission_statement_on_pain_management/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> more routinely \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">assess their patients’ pain levels\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This change in approach happened alongside more\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2622774/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aggressive marketing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tactics by big drug companies in an effort to sell opioid medications for non-cancer-related pain. This fueled a dramatic increase in the number of opioid prescriptions that doctors were giving to their patients. A class of drugs that was almost exclusively reserved for cancer patients was now being prescribed to a much wider group of patients experiencing various forms of chronic pain. In 2010, at the peak of this trend, there were more opioid prescriptions than residents in some\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxcounty2010.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">counties\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly in rural areas in the Rust Belt, the South and the Pacific Northwest. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As prescription pills flooded into communities throughout the country, many people got hooked through a steady supply from friends, family members and drug dealers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since then, opioid prescription rates have declined, due in part to changes in policy and medical standards. But the overdose death rate has not followed suit. The once abundant supply of prescription opioids has been largely replaced by an influx of rampant abuse of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/relationship-between-prescription-drug-abuse-heroin-use/heroin-use-driven-by-its-low-cost-high-availability\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">heroin\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and illegally produced fentanyl, drugs that cost less, produce more intense highs and are much easier to get on the street.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>Who is most affected by the crisis?\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opioid addiction is no longer limited to rural areas --\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/31/opioid-abuse-started-as-a-rural-epidemic-its-now-a-national-one/?utm_term=.b639b8d88f1b\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">new research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shows many suburbs and cities are now facing similar opioid abuse rates.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prescription opioid\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054496\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">overdose rates\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tend to be higher in older adults, while heroin overdose rates are higher in younger populations. And although more men currently die from drug overdoses, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/advocacy/opioid-addiction-disease-facts-figures.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">women\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are now dying from prescription opioids and heroin abuse at a rapidly increasing rate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, in contrast to the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s, which hit poor, black, urban communities the hardest, the opioid crisis disproportionately affects\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/overdose.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">white Americans\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. And many point to this\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/there-was-no-wave-of-compassion-when-addicts-were-hooked-on-crack\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">racial divide\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as a key impetus for the dramatic shift in the way that lawmakers today are addressing the issue. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 1980s and 1990s, leaders from both parties waged a\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/04/a-timeline-of-the-rise-and-fall-of-tough-on-crime-drug-sentencing/360983/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“war on drugs”\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> -- passing laws that criminalized illicit substances and imposed increasingly strict prison sentences on drug users and dealers. Compare that with the softer approach more commonly taken now , one that focuses on rehabilitation rather than criminalization, as evidenced by President Trump’s recent\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/26/us/politics/trump-opioid-crisis.html?mtrref=www.google.com\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">declaration\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the opioid crisis as a “public health emergency.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two maps below compare estimated age-adjusted drug overdose death rates per county in 1999 and 2016, as provided by the CDC. In 1999, the nationwide drug overdose death rate was 6.1 per 100,000 population (just under 17,000 actual deaths). In 2016, it had risen to 19.8 per 100,000 (63,632 deaths), an almost 275 percent increase. Although the crisis reaches across the nation, areas of Appalachia and the Southwest and Northwest have been particularly hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the second map, click on individual counties for localized data, including the estimated number of actual deaths. The data includes all drug-related overdose deaths (of which opioids were the cause of about two-thirds). To see county-specific data for 1999 deaths on the second map, deselect \"2016 Overdose Deaths\" in the lefthand layers window. In the second map, you can also search and zoom in to specific locations by clicking the magnifying glass button on the bottom left and entering a place name or Zip Code\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/charukukreja/project-data/blob/master/compare.html\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"false\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://ckukreja.carto.com/builder/127aa432-81a4-406b-9aec-b81c328093f7/embed?state=%7B%22map%22%3A%7B%22ne%22%3A%5B15.368949896534705%2C-153.89648437500003%5D%2C%22sw%22%3A%5B58.309488840677645%2C-49.21875000000001%5D%2C%22center%22%3A%5B40.111688665595956%2C-101.55761718750001%5D%2C%22zoom%22%3A4%7D%7D\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data-visualization/drug-poisoning-mortality/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>What’s being done to try to slow the epidemic?\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ending the epidemic is a massive undertaking that by most accounts is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/1/23/16909984/trump-opioid-epidemic-2017\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">just getting started\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Opioids, both legal and illegal, remain widely available, and the epidemic continues to claim about \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/the-health-202/2017/10/27/the-health-202-there-s-a-no-brainer-way-to-solve-the-opioid-crisis/59f2058830fb0468e7653dc0/?utm_term=.657238654e2e\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100 lives per day\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. There is a shortage of affordable drug treatment programs in every state, and the federal government has been slow to allocate money to the crisis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ending an opioid addiction is often physically painful and can be incredibly difficult to manage. Until recently, many people believed that effective withdrawal treatment required extended stays in residential treatment facilities, a costly approach that many patients and public health institutions simply can't afford. It's also one that commonly focuses on abstinence, a strategy that's\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> proved to not be consistently effective for long-term recovery\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More recent evidence, however, has shown that o\u003c/span>pioid addiction can often be more successfully treated in non-residential primary care situations, especially with the use of closely monitored \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/opinion/treating-opioid-addiction.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medication-assisted treatment options\u003c/a> like methadone or buprenorphine -- both forms of opioids themselves -- a strategy that's significantly cheaper and far less disruptive to patients' lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many health care workers view addiction as a medical condition, not a moral failing or criminal act, Yet possessing illegal opioids like heroin and fentanyl still comes with the risk of arrest and jail time. The epidemic won’t end, most \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/op-ed/article179382496.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">experts agree\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, without also treating the underlying causes that lead people to opioids in the first place, including prevalent mental health issues. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Federal, state and local governments have taken some steps to treat current addicts as well as stanch the flow of opioids into communities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4KLfZtHYBgA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4KLfZtHYBgA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>Public health emergency: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last October, President Trump declared the opioid epidemic a “public health emergency,” which gives states more flexibility to use federal funds to fight opioid addiction and boost prevention efforts. However, the latest federal budget calls for only a 1 percent increase in federal funding for all drug prevention efforts, and Trump has yet to appoint a “drug czar” to lead the fight against the epidemic. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New limits on opioid prescriptions:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Opioid prescriptions have been \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/8/1/15746780/opioid-epidemic-end\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">declining since 2010\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Some states, like New Jersey, have limited the number of opioids that doctors can prescribe. Other states, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/1/23/16909984/trump-opioid-epidemic-2017\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">backed by the Justice Department\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, have threatened to jail doctors who overprescribe the drugs. The CDC recently released guidelines asking doctors not to prescribe opioids for chronic pain. Despite these efforts, prescription opioids are still widely available. In 2016, there were still enough opioid pills prescribed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/22/opinion/opioid-epidemic-health-care-bill.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to fill a bottle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for every adult in the U.S. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cutting off the supply of illegal opioids: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In January, Trump signed the INTERDICT Act, which further empowers border patrol and customs officers to detect and stop illegal shipments of fentanyl.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Increased access to anti-overdosing drugs:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Walgreens announced last October that it would stock Narcan, a nasal spray that can reverse a drug overdose. The spray will be available without an individual prescription in 45 states. CVS offers the spray in 43 states, also prescription-free. Narcan costs about $125 per dose. Its active ingredient is naloxone, which is also available in auto-inject form. But as demand for naloxone has increased, so has its \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/26/560180901/walgreens-stocks-narcan-opioid-overdose-spray-in-all-pharmacies\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">price\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The auto-inject format called Evzio now costs thousands of dollars, although price breaks have been negotiated by first responders and insurance companies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"viz1517546524838\" class=\"tableauPlaceholder\" style=\"position: center;\">\u003cnoscript>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data-visualization/drug-poisoning-mortality/\">\u003cimg alt=\" \" src=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Dr/DrugPoisoningMortality1999-2016/U_S_Trends/1_rss.png\" style=\"border: none\">\u003c/a>\u003c/noscript>\u003cobject class=\"tableauViz\" style=\"display: none;\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\">\u003cparam name=\"host_url\" value=\"https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.tableau.com%2F\">\u003cparam name=\"embed_code_version\" value=\"3\">\u003cparam name=\"site_root\" value=\"\">\u003cparam name=\"name\" value=\"DrugPoisoningMortality1999-2016/U_S_Trends\">\u003cparam name=\"tabs\" value=\"no\">\u003cparam name=\"toolbar\" value=\"no\">\u003cparam name=\"static_image\" value=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Dr/DrugPoisoningMortality1999-2016/U_S_Trends/1.png\">\u003cparam name=\"animate_transition\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_static_image\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_spinner\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_overlay\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_count\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"jsdebug\" value=\"y\">\u003c/object>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"> var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1517546524838'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; vizElement.style.width='734px';vizElement.style.height='777px'; var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); \u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rachel Roberson contributed to this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Six Issues Trump Will Likely Address in His First State of the Union",
"title": "Six Issues Trump Will Likely Address in His First State of the Union",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>UPDATE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/01/30/580378279/trumps-state-of-the-union-address-annotated\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Watch Trump's address and read the annotated transcript, with commentary from NPR reporters.\u003c/a>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjmG4rSbJqI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marking his first year in office, President Trump is scheduled to deliver his premiere State of the Union address to Congress on Jan. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Trump addressed a joint session of Congress last February, the upcoming speech is officially his debut State of the Union address, an opportunity to highlight accomplishments from his first year and communicate his agenda for the year ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Constitution requires that the president “shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the early 20th century though, most presidents \u003ca href=\"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-01-29/news/bs-md-backstory-woodrow-wilson-20110128_1_joint-session-union-address-union-message\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">simply wrote their addresses\u003c/a> and sent copies to members of Congress. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson revived the practice of delivering the address to a joint session of Congress, something that hadn't occurred since 1800, when John Adams faced both houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Love him or hate him, most everyone can agree that Trump's presidency thus far, like his election campaign, has been a strikingly atypical and unorthodox affair. The billionaire real estate developer and reality TV star entered office with no government experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/SOTU-Lesson-Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Union Lesson Plan\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vq6PRpCEsNdEm4MIVg8uflHaX1Kxc0P2/preview\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n[\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/SOTU-2018-Bingo.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Download the PDF\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>By most accounts, Trump had a pretty bumpy, often chaotic first year in the White House, one marred by controversies, divisiveness and \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/19/poll-trump-approval-rating-2018-349306\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historically low approval ratings\u003c/a>. As evidence of the tumult, \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2018/01/16/state-of-the-union-boycott/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five Democratic House members\u003c/a> have already announced plans, weeks in advance, to boycott Trump's State of the Union address. A number of Democratic women in the House \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2018/01/11/rep-jackie-speier-hope-women-and-men-wear-black-state-union/1025225001/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan to attend\u003c/a> but say they will wear black in a stand against sexual harassment, an idea inspired by actresses who dressed in black at the recent Golden Globe Awards. Trump has been accused by multiple women of inappropriate sexual conduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his first year, Trump also faced a handful of legislative and legal setbacks, and was consistently tormented by the wide-reaching investigation into his presidential campaign's potential collusion with Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in his short time in office, Trump has undoubtedly had a tremendous impact, helping to steer the country in a dramatically different direction from that of his predecessor. From rolling back many of Barack Obama's environmental regulations to exiting multinational agreements and pushing through a massive tax cut, Trump will have have no shortage of achievements to recount to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"military\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30025\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30025\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon deployed in 2015 from Aviano Air Base, Italy in support off counter-ISIS operations. \u003ccite>(Deana Heitzman/U.S. Defense Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>Military campaigns\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Trump is likely to boast of the Islamic State's decline in Iraq and Syria, whose government last month \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/364090-iraq-says-war-against-isis-is-over\">announced\u003c/a> that its long and bloody war against the terrorist group had finally ended. As a candidate, Trump promised to destroy the Islamic State, and as president has pursued an aggressive air strike campaign targeting the group's strongholds, a strategy he attributes to their diminished strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of December, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/946201376652169220/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F366654-trump-touts-reports-on-isis-ms-13-in-tweets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he tweeted\u003c/a>: \"On 1/20 - the day Trump was inaugurated - an estimated 35,000 ISIS fighters held approx 17,500 square miles of territory in both Iraq and Syria. As of 12/21, the U.S. military est the remaining 1,000 or so fighters occupy roughly 1,900 square miles..”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Islamic State continues to wreak havoc, especially in the Middle East, where deadly bombings and unrest are still common occurrences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president may also reference his administration's aggressive bombing campaign against the Taliban in Afghanistan, an effort to aid the country's military forces and end the longest running war in U.S. history. The offensive is a reversal of the Obama administration's strategy of curtailing U.S. military involvement in the long-troubled region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"immigration\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30020\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30020\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small fence separating Tijuana, Mexico, right, from San Diego. \u003ccite>(Gordon Hyde/U.S. Army)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>Immigration\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Trump will likely make another case for his much disputed travel ban, which blocks people from eight mostly Muslim nations from entering the U.S., a course of action the administration insists is necessary for preventing terrorists from entering the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After repeated setbacks in federal courts, the administration declared a tentative victory in December, when the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/us/politics/trump-travel-ban-supreme-court.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Supreme Court allowed\u003c/a> the third version of the travel ban to go into effect while legal challenges continue against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump will also likely touch on the need for comprehensive immigration reform, even as the latest efforts have already started to sputter. He is expected to reiterate his demand for new border security measures, including the construction of a new wall and increased immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump will also likely mention the need to accommodate some of the estimated 700,000 undocumented immigrants who came here as children and were given temporary legal status under Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. Although the administration announced its plans to end the DACA program by March, Trump says he wants Congress to figure out a permanent solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"nuclear\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30024\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30024\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A North Korean ballistic missile on display during a 2013 military parade. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/rapidtravelchai/9465934852/\" target=\"_blank\">Stefan Krasowski/flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>Nuclear threats\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is on edge over nuclear tensions with North Korea, an issue that Trump is sure to touch on in his address. Through tweets and other statements, Trump has repeatedly sparred with North Korea's leader Kim Jong Un, threatening and even taunting him after each successive North Korean missile test. Trump insists this tough talk strategy, a major departure from Obama's \"strategic patience\" approach, has proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On New Year's Day, Kim announced that he was \u003ca href=\"http://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/04/asia/north-korea-south-korea-talks-intl/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prepared to\u003c/a> \"melt the frozen\" relations with South Korea, a strong U.S. ally, and wanted to discuss North Korean participation in the upcoming Winter Olympics in South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump was quick to take credit for Kim's about-face, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/948879774277128197\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeting\u003c/a> that this wouldn't have happened had he not been \"firm, strong and willing to commit our total 'might' against the North.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump may also mention his ongoing intent to withdraw from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/28/trump-kill-iran-nuclear-deal-260860\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iran nuclear deal\u003c/a> established under the Obama administration, which he has long railed against. The agreement places strict limits on the country's nuclear development program in exchange for a lifting of U.S. and European sanctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"economy\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30023\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Economy\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Trump is sure to highlight the record-high stock market and low unemployment rate, pointing to them as positive indicators of his administration's pro-business economic strategy (even though most economists agree that these are economic trends that actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/04/business/economy/the-economy-under-president-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">started during the Obama administration\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump will also use the occasion to celebrate the recent passage of major tax reform, his one legislative victory to date, which permanently slashes tax rates for corporations and some of the wealthiest Americans, while offering modest temporary cuts for most lower and middle-class taxpayers. Trump and his Republican colleagues in Congress insist that the $1.5 trillion tax cut will put more money in people's pockets and encourage U.S. corporations to expand and create more jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump may also mention his administration's NAFTA renegotiations with Canada and Mexico. He has long lambasted the massive free trade agreement as a terrible deal for American workers. Although as a candidate, he consistently attacked the agreement and indicated a willingness to withdraw from it altogether, he has more recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/world/2018/1/16/16882662/trump-withdraw-nafta-canada-mexico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suggested\u003c/a> that there may be some possibility of compromise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"infrastructure\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30021\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30021\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brooklyn Bridge \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://unsplash.com/photos/GzV_dXR3MgM\" target=\"_blank\">Hannes Ri on Unsplash\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>Infrastructure\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, Trump consistently drew attention to the crumbling state of U.S. infrastructure, often equating the roads and airports to those of developing nations. As part of his platform, he promised a $1 trillion infrastructure bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just before Christmas, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/18/politics/trump-tweet-seattle-train/index.html\">Trump expressed confidence\u003c/a> that his plans to upgrade the nation's roads, airports and bridges would receive strong bipartisan support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his State of the Union address, Trump is still likely to call for a large infrastructure spending bill, but the scope of it will fall far short of what he originally proposed. His administration is expected to unveil a plan later this month to spend at least $200 billion on infrastructure projects over the next decade, with the hopes of encouraging an additional $800 billion in state and local funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skeptics of the plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/17/carper-trump-infrastructure-money-289342\">say it's not nearly enough money\u003c/a>to adequately address the nation's infrastructure needs, and they argue that the chances of Congress committing to even that lesser amount is pretty unlikely, given the $1.5 trillion tax cuts and growing deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"regulations\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30022\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30022\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mojave Generating Station coal plant in Nevada. \u003ccite>(Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>Cutting regulations\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In his first month in office, Trump signed an executive order requiring agencies to slash \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/30/presidential-executive-order-reducing-regulation-and-controlling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two regulations for every new regulation\u003c/a> put into place. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/14/us/politics/trump-federal-regulations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">December press event\u003c/a>, he claimed to have far exceeded this goal: \"We aimed for 2-for-1 and in 2017, we hit 22-for-1,\" he said.“We have decades of excess regulation to remove,” he added. “To help launch the next phase of growth, prosperity and freedom, I am challenging my cabinet to find and remove every single outdated, unlawful and excessive regulation currently on the books.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the Trump administration has jumped at the opportunity to kill off as many federal regulations as possible, attacking them as harmful to economic growth and a blatant abuse of government power. And while it's doubtful that Trump has overseen the largest regulatory rollback in U.S. history, as he claims, his ongoing efforts to purge the rule books have already had far-reaching impacts, effectively reversing many of the policies introduced by his predecessor. Since taking office, Trump has rolled back a slew of regulations related to environmental protections (particularly related to coal mining), health care, financial services and other industries, many of which were implemented under Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his speech, Trump will likely tout these rollbacks as a necessary step towards bringing back U.S. manufacturing and mining jobs.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "UPDATE: Watch Trump's address and read the annotated transcript, with commentary from NPR reporters. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjmG4rSbJqI Marking his first year in office, President Trump is scheduled to deliver his premiere State of the Union address to Congress on Jan. 30. Although Trump addressed a joint session of Congress last February, the upcoming speech is officially his",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>UPDATE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/01/30/580378279/trumps-state-of-the-union-address-annotated\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Watch Trump's address and read the annotated transcript, with commentary from NPR reporters.\u003c/a>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xjmG4rSbJqI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xjmG4rSbJqI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Marking his first year in office, President Trump is scheduled to deliver his premiere State of the Union address to Congress on Jan. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Trump addressed a joint session of Congress last February, the upcoming speech is officially his debut State of the Union address, an opportunity to highlight accomplishments from his first year and communicate his agenda for the year ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Constitution requires that the president “shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the early 20th century though, most presidents \u003ca href=\"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-01-29/news/bs-md-backstory-woodrow-wilson-20110128_1_joint-session-union-address-union-message\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">simply wrote their addresses\u003c/a> and sent copies to members of Congress. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson revived the practice of delivering the address to a joint session of Congress, something that hadn't occurred since 1800, when John Adams faced both houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Love him or hate him, most everyone can agree that Trump's presidency thus far, like his election campaign, has been a strikingly atypical and unorthodox affair. The billionaire real estate developer and reality TV star entered office with no government experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/SOTU-Lesson-Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Union Lesson Plan\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vq6PRpCEsNdEm4MIVg8uflHaX1Kxc0P2/preview\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n[\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/SOTU-2018-Bingo.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Download the PDF\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>By most accounts, Trump had a pretty bumpy, often chaotic first year in the White House, one marred by controversies, divisiveness and \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/19/poll-trump-approval-rating-2018-349306\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historically low approval ratings\u003c/a>. As evidence of the tumult, \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2018/01/16/state-of-the-union-boycott/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five Democratic House members\u003c/a> have already announced plans, weeks in advance, to boycott Trump's State of the Union address. A number of Democratic women in the House \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2018/01/11/rep-jackie-speier-hope-women-and-men-wear-black-state-union/1025225001/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan to attend\u003c/a> but say they will wear black in a stand against sexual harassment, an idea inspired by actresses who dressed in black at the recent Golden Globe Awards. Trump has been accused by multiple women of inappropriate sexual conduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his first year, Trump also faced a handful of legislative and legal setbacks, and was consistently tormented by the wide-reaching investigation into his presidential campaign's potential collusion with Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in his short time in office, Trump has undoubtedly had a tremendous impact, helping to steer the country in a dramatically different direction from that of his predecessor. From rolling back many of Barack Obama's environmental regulations to exiting multinational agreements and pushing through a massive tax cut, Trump will have have no shortage of achievements to recount to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"military\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30025\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30025\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/airforce-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon deployed in 2015 from Aviano Air Base, Italy in support off counter-ISIS operations. \u003ccite>(Deana Heitzman/U.S. Defense Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>Military campaigns\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Trump is likely to boast of the Islamic State's decline in Iraq and Syria, whose government last month \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/364090-iraq-says-war-against-isis-is-over\">announced\u003c/a> that its long and bloody war against the terrorist group had finally ended. As a candidate, Trump promised to destroy the Islamic State, and as president has pursued an aggressive air strike campaign targeting the group's strongholds, a strategy he attributes to their diminished strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of December, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/946201376652169220/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F366654-trump-touts-reports-on-isis-ms-13-in-tweets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he tweeted\u003c/a>: \"On 1/20 - the day Trump was inaugurated - an estimated 35,000 ISIS fighters held approx 17,500 square miles of territory in both Iraq and Syria. As of 12/21, the U.S. military est the remaining 1,000 or so fighters occupy roughly 1,900 square miles..”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Islamic State continues to wreak havoc, especially in the Middle East, where deadly bombings and unrest are still common occurrences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president may also reference his administration's aggressive bombing campaign against the Taliban in Afghanistan, an effort to aid the country's military forces and end the longest running war in U.S. history. The offensive is a reversal of the Obama administration's strategy of curtailing U.S. military involvement in the long-troubled region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"immigration\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30020\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30020\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Border_USA_Mexico-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small fence separating Tijuana, Mexico, right, from San Diego. \u003ccite>(Gordon Hyde/U.S. Army)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>Immigration\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Trump will likely make another case for his much disputed travel ban, which blocks people from eight mostly Muslim nations from entering the U.S., a course of action the administration insists is necessary for preventing terrorists from entering the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After repeated setbacks in federal courts, the administration declared a tentative victory in December, when the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/us/politics/trump-travel-ban-supreme-court.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Supreme Court allowed\u003c/a> the third version of the travel ban to go into effect while legal challenges continue against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump will also likely touch on the need for comprehensive immigration reform, even as the latest efforts have already started to sputter. He is expected to reiterate his demand for new border security measures, including the construction of a new wall and increased immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump will also likely mention the need to accommodate some of the estimated 700,000 undocumented immigrants who came here as children and were given temporary legal status under Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. Although the administration announced its plans to end the DACA program by March, Trump says he wants Congress to figure out a permanent solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"nuclear\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30024\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30024\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/North_Koreas_ballistic_missile_-_North_Korea_Victory_Day-2013_01-1-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A North Korean ballistic missile on display during a 2013 military parade. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/rapidtravelchai/9465934852/\" target=\"_blank\">Stefan Krasowski/flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>Nuclear threats\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is on edge over nuclear tensions with North Korea, an issue that Trump is sure to touch on in his address. Through tweets and other statements, Trump has repeatedly sparred with North Korea's leader Kim Jong Un, threatening and even taunting him after each successive North Korean missile test. Trump insists this tough talk strategy, a major departure from Obama's \"strategic patience\" approach, has proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On New Year's Day, Kim announced that he was \u003ca href=\"http://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/04/asia/north-korea-south-korea-talks-intl/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prepared to\u003c/a> \"melt the frozen\" relations with South Korea, a strong U.S. ally, and wanted to discuss North Korean participation in the upcoming Winter Olympics in South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump was quick to take credit for Kim's about-face, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/948879774277128197\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeting\u003c/a> that this wouldn't have happened had he not been \"firm, strong and willing to commit our total 'might' against the North.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump may also mention his ongoing intent to withdraw from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/28/trump-kill-iran-nuclear-deal-260860\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iran nuclear deal\u003c/a> established under the Obama administration, which he has long railed against. The agreement places strict limits on the country's nuclear development program in exchange for a lifting of U.S. and European sanctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"economy\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30023\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Money_Cash-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Economy\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Trump is sure to highlight the record-high stock market and low unemployment rate, pointing to them as positive indicators of his administration's pro-business economic strategy (even though most economists agree that these are economic trends that actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/04/business/economy/the-economy-under-president-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">started during the Obama administration\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump will also use the occasion to celebrate the recent passage of major tax reform, his one legislative victory to date, which permanently slashes tax rates for corporations and some of the wealthiest Americans, while offering modest temporary cuts for most lower and middle-class taxpayers. Trump and his Republican colleagues in Congress insist that the $1.5 trillion tax cut will put more money in people's pockets and encourage U.S. corporations to expand and create more jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump may also mention his administration's NAFTA renegotiations with Canada and Mexico. He has long lambasted the massive free trade agreement as a terrible deal for American workers. Although as a candidate, he consistently attacked the agreement and indicated a willingness to withdraw from it altogether, he has more recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/world/2018/1/16/16882662/trump-withdraw-nafta-canada-mexico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suggested\u003c/a> that there may be some possibility of compromise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"infrastructure\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30021\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30021\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/bridge-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brooklyn Bridge \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://unsplash.com/photos/GzV_dXR3MgM\" target=\"_blank\">Hannes Ri on Unsplash\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>Infrastructure\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, Trump consistently drew attention to the crumbling state of U.S. infrastructure, often equating the roads and airports to those of developing nations. As part of his platform, he promised a $1 trillion infrastructure bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just before Christmas, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/18/politics/trump-tweet-seattle-train/index.html\">Trump expressed confidence\u003c/a> that his plans to upgrade the nation's roads, airports and bridges would receive strong bipartisan support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his State of the Union address, Trump is still likely to call for a large infrastructure spending bill, but the scope of it will fall far short of what he originally proposed. His administration is expected to unveil a plan later this month to spend at least $200 billion on infrastructure projects over the next decade, with the hopes of encouraging an additional $800 billion in state and local funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skeptics of the plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/17/carper-trump-infrastructure-money-289342\">say it's not nearly enough money\u003c/a>to adequately address the nation's infrastructure needs, and they argue that the chances of Congress committing to even that lesser amount is pretty unlikely, given the $1.5 trillion tax cuts and growing deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"regulations\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30022\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"824\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30022\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1.png 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-768x352.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-1020x467.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-1180x540.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-960x439.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-240x110.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-375x172.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Mohave_Generating_Station_1-520x238.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mojave Generating Station coal plant in Nevada. \u003ccite>(Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>Cutting regulations\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In his first month in office, Trump signed an executive order requiring agencies to slash \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/30/presidential-executive-order-reducing-regulation-and-controlling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two regulations for every new regulation\u003c/a> put into place. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/14/us/politics/trump-federal-regulations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">December press event\u003c/a>, he claimed to have far exceeded this goal: \"We aimed for 2-for-1 and in 2017, we hit 22-for-1,\" he said.“We have decades of excess regulation to remove,” he added. “To help launch the next phase of growth, prosperity and freedom, I am challenging my cabinet to find and remove every single outdated, unlawful and excessive regulation currently on the books.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the Trump administration has jumped at the opportunity to kill off as many federal regulations as possible, attacking them as harmful to economic growth and a blatant abuse of government power. And while it's doubtful that Trump has overseen the largest regulatory rollback in U.S. history, as he claims, his ongoing efforts to purge the rule books have already had far-reaching impacts, effectively reversing many of the policies introduced by his predecessor. Since taking office, Trump has rolled back a slew of regulations related to environmental protections (particularly related to coal mining), health care, financial services and other industries, many of which were implemented under Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his speech, Trump will likely tout these rollbacks as a necessary step towards bringing back U.S. manufacturing and mining jobs.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "No Comment! Why More News Sites Are Dumping Their Comment Sections",
"title": "No Comment! Why More News Sites Are Dumping Their Comment Sections",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nLetters to the editor have always been a key part of American newspapers, the main channel for readers to respond to the content they consume and publicly debate major political and social issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Using The Lowdown and Above the Noise in the Classroom\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Lesson-Plan_-Internet-Trolls.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Original lesson plan\u003c/a> on trolling and civil dialogue\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Source-List_-Internet-Trolls.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Source list\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when media outlets began publishing their content on the internet, many editors and reporters were cautiously optimistic that providing a space for online commenting would solicit more diverse audience engagement and create stronger connections between content creators and consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, NPR introduced its reader commenting system, an option it embedded through a third-party system at the end of most articles on the site. In the announcement, NPR wrote: \"We are providing a forum for infinite conversations on NPR.org. Our hopes are high. We hope the conversations will be smart and generous of spirit. We hope the adventure is exciting, fun, helpful and informative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an adventure it has been, but not so much a positive one. Eight years and millions of toxic exchanges later, NPR announced the abrupt end of the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"After much experimentation and discussion, we've concluded that the comment sections on NPR.org stories are not providing a useful experience for the vast majority of our users,\" wrote Scott Montgomery, former managing editor for digital news, in his 2016 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-extra/2016/08/17/490208179/beyond-comments-finding-better-ways-to-connect-with-you\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">farewell-to-comments address\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like countless other news outlets, NPR found itself overwhelmed by trolls, anonymous contributors who had too often hijacked comment threads with offensive and inappropriate submissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Simply put, trolls are the loudest voices in the room, the ones who write \"crazy, nasty things just to get people all riled up,\" as this latest \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\">Above the Noise \u003c/a>episode explains in its exploration of trolling psychology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/YLggqoPEfJU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think that public engagement needs to be a key part of a public media organization,\" said \u003c/span>NPR ombudsman Elizabeth Jensen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking for herself, not NPR, Jensen noted the irony of a public media organization removing one of its key public forums. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I think it’s disappointing that the commenting platform didn’t work the way that it could.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The big difference between letters to the editor and online commenting, of course, is the moderation and selectivity factor. Costs generally prohibit adequate oversight of who can comment in most online forums, and what they can say. And more outlets are finding that their comments are falling far short of the goal of encouraging debate and civil discourse among a representative selection of users. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR found that only a very small and wholly unrepresentative slice of NPR's audience was taking advantage of the comments section, Jensen explained, noting the sharp increase in inappropriate content. In one \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/ombudsman/2016/08/17/489516952/npr-website-to-get-rid-of-comments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis\u003c/a> of site activity, just \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.06 percent of all the visitors to NPR.org in a single month actually submitted comments at all. And more than half of all comments submitted came from just a tiny group of shockingly prolific contributors who, it estimated, disproportionately tended to be middle-aged men. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected volume of submissions, Jensen said, also sharply increased how much NPR had to pay external monitors to manage the comments section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We all like to have this ideal that we can engage with readers and reporters,” Jensen said. \"But in reality, that just wasn’t the way it was working. It didn’t seem there was an easy way to fix that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR has since put greater energy into building robust social media forums to pick up the slack, which Jensen said generally seem to attract a more representative population of the NPR audience and encourage civil debate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR's move away from website comments is far from unique. \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2015/10/brief-history-of-the-demise-of-the-comments-timeline/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The trend started in 2013\u003c/a> when Popular Science be\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">came one of the first major publications to ditch its public comment section, citing scientific studies that found that blog comments can have a profound effect on readers' perceptions of science. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A series of subsequent analyses \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/07/opinion/la-oe-daum-comments-nasty-effect-20130307\">found\u003c/a> that when readers are exposed to uncivil, negative comments at the end of articles, they are less trustful of the main content (dubbed the “nasty effect”). \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since Popular Science’s exit from the commenting business, a slew of other media outlets -- from Reuters to Recode -- have followed suit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Those [social media] communities offer vibrant conversation and, importantly, are self-policed by participants to keep on the fringes those who would abuse the privilege of commenting,\" Reuter’s executive editor, Dan Colarusso ,wrote in his company's \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/11/07/editors-note-reader-comments-in-the-age-of-social-media/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">announcement\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vice News is among the most recent large online publications to join the no-comment club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Comments sections are really just a continuation of that age-old tradition of letters to the editor, a cherished part of many publications and a valuable way of creating an open dialogue between magazines and the people to whom they are ultimately accountable,” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vvdjjy/were-getting-rid-of-comments-on-vice\">wrote Jo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vvdjjy/were-getting-rid-of-comments-on-vice\">nathan Smith of Vice News\u003c/a> in announcing his publication's move in late 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"But without moderators or fancy algorithms,\" he added, comments sections \"are prone to anarchy. Too often they devolve into racist, misogynistic maelstroms where the loudest, most offensive, and stupidest opinions get pushed to the top and the more reasoned responses drowned out in the noise.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the vast majority of news sites continue to host loosely moderated comment sections (like this one, for instance). And a number of outlets have even attempted to grow their comment sections, instituting various techniques to encourage civil debate and ward off the ever-present army of trolls at the gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, the New York Times heavily moderated online comments, devoting a significant amount of in-house staff resources to ensuring conversations remained civil. The site also didn't allow commenting on articles dealing with particularly controversial issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/insider/have-a-comment-leave-a-comment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Times site\u003c/a> shifted gears and implemented a new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/insider/have-a-comment-leave-a-comment.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">system called Moderator\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a machine-learning technology developed by Google. Commenting is now available on many more \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">news and opinion articles, but open only for one day after publication. The system rates and prioritizes user comments, assigning them values based on an analysis of more than 16 million previously approved comments going back a decade. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system builds \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">on work the Times has done in partnership with the Washington Post and Knight Foundation in an initiative called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://coralproject.net/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Coral Project\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, an open-source platform geared toward helping news sites accept and manage reader submissions without having to manually scour each individual comment and weed out the bad apples.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nLetters to the editor have always been a key part of American newspapers, the main channel for readers to respond to the content they consume and publicly debate major political and social issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Using The Lowdown and Above the Noise in the Classroom\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Lesson-Plan_-Internet-Trolls.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Original lesson plan\u003c/a> on trolling and civil dialogue\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Source-List_-Internet-Trolls.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Source list\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when media outlets began publishing their content on the internet, many editors and reporters were cautiously optimistic that providing a space for online commenting would solicit more diverse audience engagement and create stronger connections between content creators and consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, NPR introduced its reader commenting system, an option it embedded through a third-party system at the end of most articles on the site. In the announcement, NPR wrote: \"We are providing a forum for infinite conversations on NPR.org. Our hopes are high. We hope the conversations will be smart and generous of spirit. We hope the adventure is exciting, fun, helpful and informative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an adventure it has been, but not so much a positive one. Eight years and millions of toxic exchanges later, NPR announced the abrupt end of the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"After much experimentation and discussion, we've concluded that the comment sections on NPR.org stories are not providing a useful experience for the vast majority of our users,\" wrote Scott Montgomery, former managing editor for digital news, in his 2016 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-extra/2016/08/17/490208179/beyond-comments-finding-better-ways-to-connect-with-you\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">farewell-to-comments address\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like countless other news outlets, NPR found itself overwhelmed by trolls, anonymous contributors who had too often hijacked comment threads with offensive and inappropriate submissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Simply put, trolls are the loudest voices in the room, the ones who write \"crazy, nasty things just to get people all riled up,\" as this latest \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\">Above the Noise \u003c/a>episode explains in its exploration of trolling psychology.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/YLggqoPEfJU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/YLggqoPEfJU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think that public engagement needs to be a key part of a public media organization,\" said \u003c/span>NPR ombudsman Elizabeth Jensen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking for herself, not NPR, Jensen noted the irony of a public media organization removing one of its key public forums. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I think it’s disappointing that the commenting platform didn’t work the way that it could.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The big difference between letters to the editor and online commenting, of course, is the moderation and selectivity factor. Costs generally prohibit adequate oversight of who can comment in most online forums, and what they can say. And more outlets are finding that their comments are falling far short of the goal of encouraging debate and civil discourse among a representative selection of users. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR found that only a very small and wholly unrepresentative slice of NPR's audience was taking advantage of the comments section, Jensen explained, noting the sharp increase in inappropriate content. In one \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/ombudsman/2016/08/17/489516952/npr-website-to-get-rid-of-comments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis\u003c/a> of site activity, just \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.06 percent of all the visitors to NPR.org in a single month actually submitted comments at all. And more than half of all comments submitted came from just a tiny group of shockingly prolific contributors who, it estimated, disproportionately tended to be middle-aged men. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected volume of submissions, Jensen said, also sharply increased how much NPR had to pay external monitors to manage the comments section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We all like to have this ideal that we can engage with readers and reporters,” Jensen said. \"But in reality, that just wasn’t the way it was working. It didn’t seem there was an easy way to fix that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR has since put greater energy into building robust social media forums to pick up the slack, which Jensen said generally seem to attract a more representative population of the NPR audience and encourage civil debate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR's move away from website comments is far from unique. \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2015/10/brief-history-of-the-demise-of-the-comments-timeline/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The trend started in 2013\u003c/a> when Popular Science be\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">came one of the first major publications to ditch its public comment section, citing scientific studies that found that blog comments can have a profound effect on readers' perceptions of science. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A series of subsequent analyses \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/07/opinion/la-oe-daum-comments-nasty-effect-20130307\">found\u003c/a> that when readers are exposed to uncivil, negative comments at the end of articles, they are less trustful of the main content (dubbed the “nasty effect”). \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since Popular Science’s exit from the commenting business, a slew of other media outlets -- from Reuters to Recode -- have followed suit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Those [social media] communities offer vibrant conversation and, importantly, are self-policed by participants to keep on the fringes those who would abuse the privilege of commenting,\" Reuter’s executive editor, Dan Colarusso ,wrote in his company's \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/11/07/editors-note-reader-comments-in-the-age-of-social-media/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">announcement\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vice News is among the most recent large online publications to join the no-comment club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Comments sections are really just a continuation of that age-old tradition of letters to the editor, a cherished part of many publications and a valuable way of creating an open dialogue between magazines and the people to whom they are ultimately accountable,” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vvdjjy/were-getting-rid-of-comments-on-vice\">wrote Jo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vvdjjy/were-getting-rid-of-comments-on-vice\">nathan Smith of Vice News\u003c/a> in announcing his publication's move in late 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"But without moderators or fancy algorithms,\" he added, comments sections \"are prone to anarchy. Too often they devolve into racist, misogynistic maelstroms where the loudest, most offensive, and stupidest opinions get pushed to the top and the more reasoned responses drowned out in the noise.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the vast majority of news sites continue to host loosely moderated comment sections (like this one, for instance). And a number of outlets have even attempted to grow their comment sections, instituting various techniques to encourage civil debate and ward off the ever-present army of trolls at the gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, the New York Times heavily moderated online comments, devoting a significant amount of in-house staff resources to ensuring conversations remained civil. The site also didn't allow commenting on articles dealing with particularly controversial issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/insider/have-a-comment-leave-a-comment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Times site\u003c/a> shifted gears and implemented a new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/insider/have-a-comment-leave-a-comment.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">system called Moderator\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a machine-learning technology developed by Google. Commenting is now available on many more \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">news and opinion articles, but open only for one day after publication. The system rates and prioritizes user comments, assigning them values based on an analysis of more than 16 million previously approved comments going back a decade. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system builds \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">on work the Times has done in partnership with the Washington Post and Knight Foundation in an initiative called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://coralproject.net/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Coral Project\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, an open-source platform geared toward helping news sites accept and manage reader submissions without having to manually scour each individual comment and weed out the bad apples.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Plastic Took Over The World (and Created A Big Mess): A Brief, Disposable History",
"title": "How Plastic Took Over The World (and Created A Big Mess): A Brief, Disposable History",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try to go an hour without touching something plastic. Come on, I dare you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stuff is everywhere. Think about it. Everything from your toilet seat to the electronic devices you constantly use (sometimes, it's safe to assume, while likely sitting on said toilet seat) are made of plastic. In fact, try as you might, there's not much in your day-to-day life that doesn't contain some trace of plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mr. McGuire in \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/eaCHH5D74Fs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Graduate\u003c/a> was on point when he told Ben: \"I just want to say one word to you. Just one word ... Plastics.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this. The mass production of synthetic plastic is actually a fairly modern innovation, only emerging as a mainstream staple within the last 60 some years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Plastic\" simply means \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">pliable and easily shaped. It only recently became the name for a category of materials called polymers (\"\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">of many parts\"), which refer to long chains of molecules arranged in repeating units. There are lots of naturally occurring polymers -- many of which have long been exploited by humans -- including silk, wool, rubber and cellulose, the material that makes up the cell walls of plants. Even DNA is considered a polymer.\u003c/span> The \u003ca href=\"https://www.chemheritage.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">length and shape of the molecular chains\u003c/a> makes them particularly strong, flexible and lightweight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Using The Lowdown and Above the Noise in the Classroom\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> What can you individually do to reduce plastic pollution and consumption? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/ODPTuXbnp7s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Plastic Soup, a short student-produced video\u003c/a> on plastic pollution and what we can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: An \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Lesson-Plan_-Microfibers-2.pdf\">original lesson plan\u003c/a> on plastic pollution and \u003cem>a\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Source-List_-Microfibers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>. Also check out \u003ca href=\"https://teach.kqed.org/lessonplanunit/view/engineering-for-good-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Engineering for Good\u003c/a>, where students develop solutions for the plastic waste problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It wasn't until the early 1900s that chemists began figuring out how to mimic the structures of natural polymers and create entirely synthetic ones in laboratories. Today, plastic broadly refers to any number of commonly used synthetic polymers, most of which are derived from oil or natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://learn.eartheasy.com/2012/05/plastics-by-the-numbers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here\u003c/a> for a good rundown of the seven major types of consumer plastic, and which ones are easily recyclable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic has undoubtedly revolutionized society, introducing a huge amount of convenience and affordability, and allowing for the development of things like computers, cell phones and most modern medical advancements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our obsession with it also comes at a steep cost. Although originally hailed as a miraculous innovation that could reduce a rapidly industrializing society's reliance on scarce natural resources, plastic has also created a monumental environmental mess. Worldwide, \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 400 million tons\u003c/a> o\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">f the stuff are churned out annually, generating a huge amount of waste of which less than 10 percent is recycled. The rest either ends up in landfills, where it will take an average of 500 years to decompose, or in waterways and oceans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as this latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> episode on microfibers makes clear, that has become a mounting environmental crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/toU15Q9MAWQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through this timeline for a brief history of how synthetic plastics emerged and came to dominate our lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%\">\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1sr_v7weqxx2o3kixVYRpBL2VbBUorppCCF2rNqX9PXQ&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=800\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Sources\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.chemheritage.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics\">Chemical Heritage Foundation\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books/about/Plastic.html?id=9LyGHqqIKT4C&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q&f=false\">Susan Freinkel, Plastics: A Toxic Love Story (New York: Henry Holt, 2011)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-75-years-ago-nylon-stockings-changed-world-180955219/\">Smithsonian Magazine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768\">Science Magazine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/how-the-plastic-bag-became-so-popular/381065/\">The Atlantic\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/plastic-production-pollution-9-billion-tons-recycling-639226\">Newsweek\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": " Try to go an hour without touching something plastic. Come on, I dare you. The stuff is everywhere. Think about it. Everything from your toilet seat to the electronic devices you constantly use (sometimes, it’s safe to assume, while likely sitting on said toilet seat) are made of plastic. In fact, try as you",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try to go an hour without touching something plastic. Come on, I dare you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stuff is everywhere. Think about it. Everything from your toilet seat to the electronic devices you constantly use (sometimes, it's safe to assume, while likely sitting on said toilet seat) are made of plastic. In fact, try as you might, there's not much in your day-to-day life that doesn't contain some trace of plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mr. McGuire in \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/eaCHH5D74Fs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Graduate\u003c/a> was on point when he told Ben: \"I just want to say one word to you. Just one word ... Plastics.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this. The mass production of synthetic plastic is actually a fairly modern innovation, only emerging as a mainstream staple within the last 60 some years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Plastic\" simply means \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">pliable and easily shaped. It only recently became the name for a category of materials called polymers (\"\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">of many parts\"), which refer to long chains of molecules arranged in repeating units. There are lots of naturally occurring polymers -- many of which have long been exploited by humans -- including silk, wool, rubber and cellulose, the material that makes up the cell walls of plants. Even DNA is considered a polymer.\u003c/span> The \u003ca href=\"https://www.chemheritage.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">length and shape of the molecular chains\u003c/a> makes them particularly strong, flexible and lightweight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Using The Lowdown and Above the Noise in the Classroom\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> What can you individually do to reduce plastic pollution and consumption? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/ODPTuXbnp7s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Plastic Soup, a short student-produced video\u003c/a> on plastic pollution and what we can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: An \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Lesson-Plan_-Microfibers-2.pdf\">original lesson plan\u003c/a> on plastic pollution and \u003cem>a\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Source-List_-Microfibers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>. Also check out \u003ca href=\"https://teach.kqed.org/lessonplanunit/view/engineering-for-good-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Engineering for Good\u003c/a>, where students develop solutions for the plastic waste problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It wasn't until the early 1900s that chemists began figuring out how to mimic the structures of natural polymers and create entirely synthetic ones in laboratories. Today, plastic broadly refers to any number of commonly used synthetic polymers, most of which are derived from oil or natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://learn.eartheasy.com/2012/05/plastics-by-the-numbers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here\u003c/a> for a good rundown of the seven major types of consumer plastic, and which ones are easily recyclable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic has undoubtedly revolutionized society, introducing a huge amount of convenience and affordability, and allowing for the development of things like computers, cell phones and most modern medical advancements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our obsession with it also comes at a steep cost. Although originally hailed as a miraculous innovation that could reduce a rapidly industrializing society's reliance on scarce natural resources, plastic has also created a monumental environmental mess. Worldwide, \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 400 million tons\u003c/a> o\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">f the stuff are churned out annually, generating a huge amount of waste of which less than 10 percent is recycled. The rest either ends up in landfills, where it will take an average of 500 years to decompose, or in waterways and oceans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as this latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> episode on microfibers makes clear, that has become a mounting environmental crisis.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/toU15Q9MAWQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/toU15Q9MAWQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Scroll through this timeline for a brief history of how synthetic plastics emerged and came to dominate our lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%\">\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1sr_v7weqxx2o3kixVYRpBL2VbBUorppCCF2rNqX9PXQ&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=800\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Sources\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.chemheritage.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics\">Chemical Heritage Foundation\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books/about/Plastic.html?id=9LyGHqqIKT4C&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q&f=false\">Susan Freinkel, Plastics: A Toxic Love Story (New York: Henry Holt, 2011)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-75-years-ago-nylon-stockings-changed-world-180955219/\">Smithsonian Magazine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768\">Science Magazine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/how-the-plastic-bag-became-so-popular/381065/\">The Atlantic\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/plastic-production-pollution-9-billion-tons-recycling-639226\">Newsweek\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Reefer Madness! The Twisted History of America’s Marijuana Laws",
"title": "Reefer Madness! The Twisted History of America’s Marijuana Laws",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/The-History-of-Americas-Weed-Laws-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Weed Laws (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Talk about a buzz kill!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, just four days after recreational marijuana became legal to buy and sell in California, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/01/04/u-s-to-end-lenient-policy-that-let-legal-pot-flourish/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nudged federal prosecutors\u003c/a> to \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">aggressively enforce the federal law that strictly prohibits the drug.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In announcing the Justice Department's new stance on the issue, Sessions reversed an Obama-era policy directing federal prosecutors and authorities to generally deprioritize marijuana enforcement, particularly in states that had voted to legalize it for \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">medical or recreational use.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sessions previously served as an Alabama senator and a federal prosecutor at the height of the drug war. He insists that marijuana is \"only slightly less awful\" than heroin, blaming it for spikes in violent crime. In May, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/sessions-issues-sweeping-new-criminal-charging-policy/2017/05/11/4752bd42-3697-11e7-b373-418f6849a004_story.html?utm_term=.c8b76a95c3e7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ordered federal prosecutors\u003c/a> to pursue the most serious charges possible against low-level drug offenders, overriding his predecessor's push for more lenient sentencing guidelines.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New threats of a federal crackdown have been staunchly criticized by liberals who say it will only further the steep human costs of the nation's largely ineffective drug war. Some conservatives also have opposed the action, considering it a states' rights issue. And while some in law enforcement support the tougher approach, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/03/jeff-sessions-marijuana-crackdown-senators-react-235616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bipartisan group of senators\u003c/a> in March even urged Sessions to uphold existing Obama-era marijuana policy of allowing states to implement their own recreational marijuana laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's still unclear if this most recent change in federal enforcement policy will impact the rollout of California's newly relaxed weed laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/CJ6MnrTy-Hc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marijuana advocates argue that legalizing the drug will lower the number of racially skewed drug arrests. Contrary to Sessions' contention, they say it will also likely reduce violence by undercutting the black market and taking the trade away from criminal organizations. A regulated market, they argue, will also ensure that consumers are purchasing a safer, pure product. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sessions and other opponents argue that legalization will lead to increased use of the drug, particularly among children and teens, resulting in an uptick in harder drug use and violent criminal behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Marijuana is not the kind of thing that ought to be legalized,\" said Sessions. \"It ought not to be minimized. It is, in fact, a very real danger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meanwhile, marijuana has long reigned supreme as the nation’s most popular illicit drug. And \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Americans seem to be increasingly open to legalizing it: In a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/221018/record-high-support-legalizing-marijuana.aspx\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">recent Gallup Poll\u003c/span>\u003c/a>,\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 64 percent of respondents said they were for it, the highest (no pun intended) level of public support in the nearly half-century of polling on the issue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll.png 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll-160x83.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll-240x124.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll-375x194.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll-520x269.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California's legal shift, which went into effect on Jan. 1, was set in motion when voters passed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_64,_Marijuana_Legalization_(2016)\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proposition 64\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 2016, a full two decades after it became the first state to legalize medicinal marijuana.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For a place known for its trendsetting ways and love of all things green, California is actually a bit late to the rec room: It’s the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/where-recreational-marijuana-legal-691593\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sixth state\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to hop on board the legal weed train, trailing Colorado, Washington, Alaska, Oregon, Nevada and, yes, even the nation’s capital. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But as the nation’s most populous state, and biggest marijuana producer, California's legal shift is being considered a dramatic step toward mainstreaming what promises to be an incredibly lucrative industry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the state's new rules, people who are 21 and older can legally purchase up to an ounce of weed and grow up to six plants per residence. Smoking in public, however, is still subject to fines (unless permitted by local jurisdiction). \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And because marijuana sales are now taxable, the shift promises to be a huge windfall for the state. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recreational marijuana sales are projected to bring in roughly $5 billion in annual sales, and about 35 percent will go to local and state taxes, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/337788-legal-pot-to-be-5-billion-business-in-california-study\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">according to a study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> commissioned by the state regulatory agency tasked with overseeing the, um, budding new market.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government's most recent backlash against marijuana's latest resurgence is little surprise, given America's long, racially fueled war against the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What follows is a twisted history of a very contentious weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1600s to mid-1800s: Cannabis literally becomes part of the national fabric\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29417 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2-160x93.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2-240x139.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2-375x218.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2-520x302.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the early 1600s, the British government encouraged colonial farmers to produce hemp, a form of cannabis with low levels of the psychoactive ingredient THC. The extremely hardy, fast-growing plant was primarily used for the production of \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">rope, sails, clothing and paper, a fiber critical to the British and Spanish empires. In 1619, the Virginia Assembly passed a law that flat-out \u003ca href=\"http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/1619-laws-enacted-by-the-first-general-assembly-of-virginia\">required farmers\u003c/a> to grow it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the 19th century, as hemp production waned, more potent forms of cannabis were used as ingredients in many medicinal products and sold openly in pharmacies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1900 - 1920s: \"The Marijuana Menace\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29418\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29418\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed.jpg 635w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed-160x153.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed-240x230.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed-375x359.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed-520x498.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Front page of the Ogden Standard (Utah) from Sept. 25, 1915. \u003ccite>(flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the Mexican Revolution of 1910, a wave of Mexican immigrants poured into the southwestern U.S. and helped popularize the recreational use of the drug. Cannabis in Spanish was referred to as “marihuana” or \"mariguana\u003ci>\" (\"marijuana\"\u003c/i> is the Anglicized bastardization).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the drug grew more popular, it was negatively associated with Mexican immigrants. Anti-drug campaigners began to warn against the encroaching \"Marijuana Menace,\" describing the terrible crimes attributed to the drug and the Mexicans who used it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was only referred to as marijuana \"because anti-cannabis factions wanted to underscore the drug's 'Mexican-ness,' meant to play off of anti-immigrant sentiments,\" noted Matt Thompson from NPR's \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/07/14/201981025/the-mysterious-history-of-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Code Switch blog.\u003c/a> (It's also the reason why some cannabis advocates today consider \"marijuana\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.shopharborside.com/learn/the-M-word.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a derogatory term\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rumors quickly spread of Mexicans distributing this \"demon weed,\" or \"locoweed,\" to unsuspecting American schoolchildren, wrote author Eric Schlosser in his 1994 Atlantic article \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/08/reefer-madness/303476/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reefer Madness\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In port cities along the Gulf Coast, the drug also became associated with West Indian immigrants, a connection broadly extended to African-Americans, jazz musicians, prostitutes and lower-class whites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'The Marijuana Menace,' as sketched by anti-drug campaigners, was personified by inferior races and social deviants,\" Schlosser added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1913, California (of all places) \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/009145099902600204?journalCode=cdxa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">passed the first state cannabis prohibition law.\u003c/a> The effort was sponsored by the state Board of Pharmacy as part of a larger anti-narcotics campaign (even though there was at the time still little public concern about cannabis). Proposed by Henry Finger, a powerful member of the board, the law was intended to supposedly prevent the spread of the drug's use by “Hindoo” immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Within the last year we in California have been getting a large influx of Hindoos and they have in turn started quite a demand for cannabis indica,\" wrote Finger \u003ca href=\"http://www.canorml.org/background/caloriginsmjproh.pdf\">in a 1911 letter\u003c/a> (page 18). \"They are a very undesirable lot and the habit is growing in California very fast; the fear is now that it is not being confined to the Hindoos alone but that they are initiating our whites into this habit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>1930s: Reefer Madness\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29419\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 326px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/reefer.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-29419\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/reefer.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"326\" height=\"489\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/reefer.jpeg 326w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/reefer-160x240.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/reefer-240x360.jpeg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 326px) 100vw, 326px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A poster from a later release of the 1936 film. \u003ccite>(Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Widespread unemployment and poverty during the Great Depression furthered resentment and fear of immigrants and minorities, and fueled concerns about the perceived ills of the drug that had become associated with them. A flurry of pseudo-research linked the use of the drug to violence, crime and other socially deviant behaviors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Harry J. Anslinger, the first commissioner of the newly created Federal Bureau of Narcotics, insisted that marijuana led to “insanity, criminality, and death.\" \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By 1931, 29 states had outlawed it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The debut of \"Reefer Madness\" in 1936, one in a series of anti-marijuana propaganda films released at the time, helped fuel hysteria about the drug. Originally titled \"Tell Your Children,\" the film centers on a series of hyperbolic events that ensue when innocent high school students are lured into trying marijuana — from a hit-and-run accident to manslaughter, suicide, attempted rape, hallucinations and a rapid descent into madness. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYHDzrdXHEA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Following a lurid national propaganda campaign against the \"evil weed,\" Congress passed the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, the first time the drug was regulated and taxed by the government. The statute effectively criminalized marijuana, outlawing its possession and sale and restricting it to individuals who paid an excise tax for certain authorized medical and industrial uses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1960s-1970s: The counterculture and the crackdown\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29409\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29409 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-1020x1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"964\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-1020x1536.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-160x241.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-800x1205.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-768x1156.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-1180x1777.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-960x1446.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-240x361.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-375x565.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-520x783.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman smokes a joint at the 1970 \"Honor America Day\" peace rally in Washington, D.C. \u003ccite>(David Fenton/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Widespread adoption of marijuana by both young hippies in the anti-war movement and the white middle class briefly resulted in more relaxed attitudes and enforcement. Reports commissioned by Presidents John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson found that marijuana use did not induce violence or lead to u\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">se of heavier drugs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that high didn't last long. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As part of President Richard Nixon's anti-drug efforts, Congress in 1970 passed the Controlled Substances Act. It created various legal categories, or schedules, for different types of drugs, depending on their perceived public threat. Cannabis was placed alongside heroin and LSD into Schedule 1, the most restrictive category, reserved for drugs deemed to have no medical benefit and the highest potential for abuse. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Including cannabis in this category was more a reflection of \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Nixon’s animus toward the counterculture with which he associated marijuana than scientific, medical, or legal opinion,\" \u003c/span>Scott C. Martin, a history professor at Bowling Green State University, \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/4298038/marijuana-history-in-america/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">wrote \u003c/span>in Time magazine\u003c/a>. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Schedule I designation, he said, made it difficult even for physicians or scientists to procure marijuana for research studies. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the bipartisan Shafer Commission, an investigative committee appointed by Nixon to study drug abuse in America, went on to recommend that possession of small amounts of marijuana be decriminalized. In 1972, a year after Nixon declared his \"war on drugs,\" the commission presented its findings to Congress in a report titled:\"\u003ca href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015015647558;view=1up;seq=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding\u003c/a>\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It noted that most marijuana users were not dangerous at all, but rather more \"timid, drowsy and passive.\" It concluded that cannabis did not pose any widespread danger to society, and recommended using social measures other than criminalization to discourage its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the nation' increasingly restrictive drug laws, the commission stated:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Unless present policy is redirected, we will perpetuate the same problems, tolerate the same social costs, and find ourselves as we do now, no further along the road to a more rational legal and social approach than we were in 1914.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Nixon vehemently rejected his commission's findings, forging ahead with his anti-drug agenda, and the following year Congress\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> created the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), a merger of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNND) and the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement (ODALE).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, though, did significantly influence state governments. A movement spearheaded by the newly established National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) resulted in Oregon passing the first decriminalization statute in 1973. Over the next five years, \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=J4wYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58#v=onepage&q=nebraska&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 other states\u003c/a> followed suit, from California to (astoundingly) Mississippi.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>1986: Mandatory minimum drug sentencing\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-29420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-800x427.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-800x427.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-160x85.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-768x410.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-1020x545.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-1180x630.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-960x513.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-240x128.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-375x200.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-520x278.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700.jpg 1311w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">President Reagan in 1986 signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, instituting mandatory sentences for drug-related crimes. The legislation had actually been championed by Democrats, who saw a political opportunity to outdo Republicans by \"getting tough on drugs.\" The shift was in part a response to the nation's shock over the death of Celtics star draft pick Len Bias from a cocaine overdose.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29445\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1429px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29445 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1429\" height=\"914\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737.jpg 1429w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-160x102.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-800x512.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-768x491.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-1020x652.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-1180x755.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-960x614.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-240x154.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-375x240.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-520x333.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1429px) 100vw, 1429px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The astronomical surge in America's state and federal prison population was due in large part to increasingly strict drug laws enacted in the 1970s and 1980s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Sentencing Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The law increased \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">federal penalties for the sale and possession of an array of drugs, including marijuana, with the penalties based on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/snitch/primer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amount of the drug involved\u003c/a>. Under the law, possession of 100 marijuana plants received the same penalty as possession of 100 grams of heroin. A later amendment established a \"three strikes and you're out\" policy, requiring life sentences for repeat drug offenders.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the law, drug-related arrests soared, spurring a massive increase in the state and federal prison populations. At the time of the law's enactment in1986, there were roughly 400,000 inmates in America's prison system. By 2015, the population had nearly quadrupled, to a peak of almost 1.5 million, giving the U.S. the dubious distinction as the largest jailer in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marijuana arrests factored heavily in this increase, accounting for more than half of all drug arrests, mostly for possession. African-Americans were, and still continue to be, arrested at dramatically higher rates than whites, despite similar rates of usage, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/061413-mj-report-rfs-rel4.pdf\">the ACLU\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>1996: Dawn of the medical movement \u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29424\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-29424\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-1180x783.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-960x637.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Card-carrying medical marijuana patients at Los Angeles' first-ever cannabis farmers'market. \u003ccite>(Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the passage of\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_215,_the_Medical_Marijuana_Initiative_(1996)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Proposition 215\u003c/a> by a solid majority of voters, California bypassed federal law and became the first state to legalize the sale and medical use of cannabis for patients with AIDS, cancer and other serious and painful diseases. Twenty-eight \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">other states and Washington, D.C. \u003ca href=\"http://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/medical-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have since passed legislation\u003c/a> authorizing medical use of the drug. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the legalization of marijuana medical use in 29 states, it still remains a Schedule 1 drug under federal law, making it difficult for researchers to study its medical effects, as explained in this Above the Noise video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/WbIauaBdQHE\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>2012 to now: Recreation time!\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-29422\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado voters in 2012 passed the nation's first recreational marijuana law, which went into effect in 2014. \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_Marijuana_Legalization_Initiative,_Amendment_64_(2012)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amendment 64 \u003c/a>(apparently a popular number), regulates and taxes marijuana and allows adults to possess up to an ounce of the drug. Since then, five other states have followed suit.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Massachusetts will also be joining the party in July 2018. And Maine is likely to eventually hop on board, too: In 2016, Maine voters approved recreational marijuana sales, but the statute was initially vetoed by the state's Republican governor.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/The-History-of-Americas-Weed-Laws-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Weed Laws (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Talk about a buzz kill!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, just four days after recreational marijuana became legal to buy and sell in California, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/01/04/u-s-to-end-lenient-policy-that-let-legal-pot-flourish/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nudged federal prosecutors\u003c/a> to \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">aggressively enforce the federal law that strictly prohibits the drug.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In announcing the Justice Department's new stance on the issue, Sessions reversed an Obama-era policy directing federal prosecutors and authorities to generally deprioritize marijuana enforcement, particularly in states that had voted to legalize it for \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">medical or recreational use.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sessions previously served as an Alabama senator and a federal prosecutor at the height of the drug war. He insists that marijuana is \"only slightly less awful\" than heroin, blaming it for spikes in violent crime. In May, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/sessions-issues-sweeping-new-criminal-charging-policy/2017/05/11/4752bd42-3697-11e7-b373-418f6849a004_story.html?utm_term=.c8b76a95c3e7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ordered federal prosecutors\u003c/a> to pursue the most serious charges possible against low-level drug offenders, overriding his predecessor's push for more lenient sentencing guidelines.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New threats of a federal crackdown have been staunchly criticized by liberals who say it will only further the steep human costs of the nation's largely ineffective drug war. Some conservatives also have opposed the action, considering it a states' rights issue. And while some in law enforcement support the tougher approach, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/03/jeff-sessions-marijuana-crackdown-senators-react-235616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bipartisan group of senators\u003c/a> in March even urged Sessions to uphold existing Obama-era marijuana policy of allowing states to implement their own recreational marijuana laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's still unclear if this most recent change in federal enforcement policy will impact the rollout of California's newly relaxed weed laws.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/CJ6MnrTy-Hc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/CJ6MnrTy-Hc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marijuana advocates argue that legalizing the drug will lower the number of racially skewed drug arrests. Contrary to Sessions' contention, they say it will also likely reduce violence by undercutting the black market and taking the trade away from criminal organizations. A regulated market, they argue, will also ensure that consumers are purchasing a safer, pure product. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sessions and other opponents argue that legalization will lead to increased use of the drug, particularly among children and teens, resulting in an uptick in harder drug use and violent criminal behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Marijuana is not the kind of thing that ought to be legalized,\" said Sessions. \"It ought not to be minimized. It is, in fact, a very real danger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meanwhile, marijuana has long reigned supreme as the nation’s most popular illicit drug. And \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Americans seem to be increasingly open to legalizing it: In a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/221018/record-high-support-legalizing-marijuana.aspx\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">recent Gallup Poll\u003c/span>\u003c/a>,\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 64 percent of respondents said they were for it, the highest (no pun intended) level of public support in the nearly half-century of polling on the issue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll.png 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll-160x83.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll-240x124.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll-375x194.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/gallup-poll-520x269.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California's legal shift, which went into effect on Jan. 1, was set in motion when voters passed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_64,_Marijuana_Legalization_(2016)\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proposition 64\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 2016, a full two decades after it became the first state to legalize medicinal marijuana.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For a place known for its trendsetting ways and love of all things green, California is actually a bit late to the rec room: It’s the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/where-recreational-marijuana-legal-691593\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sixth state\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to hop on board the legal weed train, trailing Colorado, Washington, Alaska, Oregon, Nevada and, yes, even the nation’s capital. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But as the nation’s most populous state, and biggest marijuana producer, California's legal shift is being considered a dramatic step toward mainstreaming what promises to be an incredibly lucrative industry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the state's new rules, people who are 21 and older can legally purchase up to an ounce of weed and grow up to six plants per residence. Smoking in public, however, is still subject to fines (unless permitted by local jurisdiction). \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And because marijuana sales are now taxable, the shift promises to be a huge windfall for the state. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recreational marijuana sales are projected to bring in roughly $5 billion in annual sales, and about 35 percent will go to local and state taxes, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/337788-legal-pot-to-be-5-billion-business-in-california-study\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">according to a study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> commissioned by the state regulatory agency tasked with overseeing the, um, budding new market.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government's most recent backlash against marijuana's latest resurgence is little surprise, given America's long, racially fueled war against the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What follows is a twisted history of a very contentious weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1600s to mid-1800s: Cannabis literally becomes part of the national fabric\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29417 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2-160x93.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2-240x139.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2-375x218.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/hemp-farming-begins-taking-root-2-520x302.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the early 1600s, the British government encouraged colonial farmers to produce hemp, a form of cannabis with low levels of the psychoactive ingredient THC. The extremely hardy, fast-growing plant was primarily used for the production of \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">rope, sails, clothing and paper, a fiber critical to the British and Spanish empires. In 1619, the Virginia Assembly passed a law that flat-out \u003ca href=\"http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/1619-laws-enacted-by-the-first-general-assembly-of-virginia\">required farmers\u003c/a> to grow it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the 19th century, as hemp production waned, more potent forms of cannabis were used as ingredients in many medicinal products and sold openly in pharmacies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1900 - 1920s: \"The Marijuana Menace\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29418\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29418\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed.jpg 635w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed-160x153.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed-240x230.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed-375x359.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed-520x498.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/locoed-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Front page of the Ogden Standard (Utah) from Sept. 25, 1915. \u003ccite>(flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the Mexican Revolution of 1910, a wave of Mexican immigrants poured into the southwestern U.S. and helped popularize the recreational use of the drug. Cannabis in Spanish was referred to as “marihuana” or \"mariguana\u003ci>\" (\"marijuana\"\u003c/i> is the Anglicized bastardization).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the drug grew more popular, it was negatively associated with Mexican immigrants. Anti-drug campaigners began to warn against the encroaching \"Marijuana Menace,\" describing the terrible crimes attributed to the drug and the Mexicans who used it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was only referred to as marijuana \"because anti-cannabis factions wanted to underscore the drug's 'Mexican-ness,' meant to play off of anti-immigrant sentiments,\" noted Matt Thompson from NPR's \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/07/14/201981025/the-mysterious-history-of-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Code Switch blog.\u003c/a> (It's also the reason why some cannabis advocates today consider \"marijuana\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.shopharborside.com/learn/the-M-word.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a derogatory term\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rumors quickly spread of Mexicans distributing this \"demon weed,\" or \"locoweed,\" to unsuspecting American schoolchildren, wrote author Eric Schlosser in his 1994 Atlantic article \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/08/reefer-madness/303476/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reefer Madness\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In port cities along the Gulf Coast, the drug also became associated with West Indian immigrants, a connection broadly extended to African-Americans, jazz musicians, prostitutes and lower-class whites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'The Marijuana Menace,' as sketched by anti-drug campaigners, was personified by inferior races and social deviants,\" Schlosser added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1913, California (of all places) \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/009145099902600204?journalCode=cdxa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">passed the first state cannabis prohibition law.\u003c/a> The effort was sponsored by the state Board of Pharmacy as part of a larger anti-narcotics campaign (even though there was at the time still little public concern about cannabis). Proposed by Henry Finger, a powerful member of the board, the law was intended to supposedly prevent the spread of the drug's use by “Hindoo” immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Within the last year we in California have been getting a large influx of Hindoos and they have in turn started quite a demand for cannabis indica,\" wrote Finger \u003ca href=\"http://www.canorml.org/background/caloriginsmjproh.pdf\">in a 1911 letter\u003c/a> (page 18). \"They are a very undesirable lot and the habit is growing in California very fast; the fear is now that it is not being confined to the Hindoos alone but that they are initiating our whites into this habit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>1930s: Reefer Madness\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29419\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 326px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/reefer.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-29419\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/reefer.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"326\" height=\"489\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/reefer.jpeg 326w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/reefer-160x240.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/reefer-240x360.jpeg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 326px) 100vw, 326px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A poster from a later release of the 1936 film. \u003ccite>(Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Widespread unemployment and poverty during the Great Depression furthered resentment and fear of immigrants and minorities, and fueled concerns about the perceived ills of the drug that had become associated with them. A flurry of pseudo-research linked the use of the drug to violence, crime and other socially deviant behaviors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Harry J. Anslinger, the first commissioner of the newly created Federal Bureau of Narcotics, insisted that marijuana led to “insanity, criminality, and death.\" \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By 1931, 29 states had outlawed it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The debut of \"Reefer Madness\" in 1936, one in a series of anti-marijuana propaganda films released at the time, helped fuel hysteria about the drug. Originally titled \"Tell Your Children,\" the film centers on a series of hyperbolic events that ensue when innocent high school students are lured into trying marijuana — from a hit-and-run accident to manslaughter, suicide, attempted rape, hallucinations and a rapid descent into madness. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/aYHDzrdXHEA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/aYHDzrdXHEA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Following a lurid national propaganda campaign against the \"evil weed,\" Congress passed the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, the first time the drug was regulated and taxed by the government. The statute effectively criminalized marijuana, outlawing its possession and sale and restricting it to individuals who paid an excise tax for certain authorized medical and industrial uses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1960s-1970s: The counterculture and the crackdown\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29409\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29409 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-1020x1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"964\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-1020x1536.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-160x241.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-800x1205.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-768x1156.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-1180x1777.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-960x1446.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-240x361.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-375x565.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out-520x783.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/smoke-out.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman smokes a joint at the 1970 \"Honor America Day\" peace rally in Washington, D.C. \u003ccite>(David Fenton/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Widespread adoption of marijuana by both young hippies in the anti-war movement and the white middle class briefly resulted in more relaxed attitudes and enforcement. Reports commissioned by Presidents John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson found that marijuana use did not induce violence or lead to u\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">se of heavier drugs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that high didn't last long. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As part of President Richard Nixon's anti-drug efforts, Congress in 1970 passed the Controlled Substances Act. It created various legal categories, or schedules, for different types of drugs, depending on their perceived public threat. Cannabis was placed alongside heroin and LSD into Schedule 1, the most restrictive category, reserved for drugs deemed to have no medical benefit and the highest potential for abuse. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Including cannabis in this category was more a reflection of \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Nixon’s animus toward the counterculture with which he associated marijuana than scientific, medical, or legal opinion,\" \u003c/span>Scott C. Martin, a history professor at Bowling Green State University, \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/4298038/marijuana-history-in-america/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">wrote \u003c/span>in Time magazine\u003c/a>. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Schedule I designation, he said, made it difficult even for physicians or scientists to procure marijuana for research studies. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the bipartisan Shafer Commission, an investigative committee appointed by Nixon to study drug abuse in America, went on to recommend that possession of small amounts of marijuana be decriminalized. In 1972, a year after Nixon declared his \"war on drugs,\" the commission presented its findings to Congress in a report titled:\"\u003ca href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015015647558;view=1up;seq=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding\u003c/a>\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It noted that most marijuana users were not dangerous at all, but rather more \"timid, drowsy and passive.\" It concluded that cannabis did not pose any widespread danger to society, and recommended using social measures other than criminalization to discourage its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the nation' increasingly restrictive drug laws, the commission stated:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Unless present policy is redirected, we will perpetuate the same problems, tolerate the same social costs, and find ourselves as we do now, no further along the road to a more rational legal and social approach than we were in 1914.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Nixon vehemently rejected his commission's findings, forging ahead with his anti-drug agenda, and the following year Congress\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> created the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), a merger of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNND) and the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement (ODALE).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, though, did significantly influence state governments. A movement spearheaded by the newly established National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) resulted in Oregon passing the first decriminalization statute in 1973. Over the next five years, \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=J4wYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58#v=onepage&q=nebraska&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 other states\u003c/a> followed suit, from California to (astoundingly) Mississippi.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>1986: Mandatory minimum drug sentencing\u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-29420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-800x427.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-800x427.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-160x85.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-768x410.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-1020x545.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-1180x630.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-960x513.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-240x128.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-375x200.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700-520x278.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/crack-war-1-1311x700.jpg 1311w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">President Reagan in 1986 signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, instituting mandatory sentences for drug-related crimes. The legislation had actually been championed by Democrats, who saw a political opportunity to outdo Republicans by \"getting tough on drugs.\" The shift was in part a response to the nation's shock over the death of Celtics star draft pick Len Bias from a cocaine overdose.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29445\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1429px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29445 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1429\" height=\"914\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737.jpg 1429w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-160x102.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-800x512.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-768x491.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-1020x652.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-1180x755.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-960x614.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-240x154.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-375x240.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections-e1515448755737-520x333.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1429px) 100vw, 1429px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The astronomical surge in America's state and federal prison population was due in large part to increasingly strict drug laws enacted in the 1970s and 1980s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Sentencing Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The law increased \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">federal penalties for the sale and possession of an array of drugs, including marijuana, with the penalties based on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/snitch/primer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amount of the drug involved\u003c/a>. Under the law, possession of 100 marijuana plants received the same penalty as possession of 100 grams of heroin. A later amendment established a \"three strikes and you're out\" policy, requiring life sentences for repeat drug offenders.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the law, drug-related arrests soared, spurring a massive increase in the state and federal prison populations. At the time of the law's enactment in1986, there were roughly 400,000 inmates in America's prison system. By 2015, the population had nearly quadrupled, to a peak of almost 1.5 million, giving the U.S. the dubious distinction as the largest jailer in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marijuana arrests factored heavily in this increase, accounting for more than half of all drug arrests, mostly for possession. African-Americans were, and still continue to be, arrested at dramatically higher rates than whites, despite similar rates of usage, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/061413-mj-report-rfs-rel4.pdf\">the ACLU\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cb>1996: Dawn of the medical movement \u003c/b>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29424\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-29424\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-1180x783.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-960x637.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS24080_GettyImages-451708374-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Card-carrying medical marijuana patients at Los Angeles' first-ever cannabis farmers'market. \u003ccite>(Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the passage of\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_215,_the_Medical_Marijuana_Initiative_(1996)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Proposition 215\u003c/a> by a solid majority of voters, California bypassed federal law and became the first state to legalize the sale and medical use of cannabis for patients with AIDS, cancer and other serious and painful diseases. Twenty-eight \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">other states and Washington, D.C. \u003ca href=\"http://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/medical-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have since passed legislation\u003c/a> authorizing medical use of the drug. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the legalization of marijuana medical use in 29 states, it still remains a Schedule 1 drug under federal law, making it difficult for researchers to study its medical effects, as explained in this Above the Noise video.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbIauaBdQHE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbIauaBdQHE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>2012 to now: Recreation time!\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-29422\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/RS4903_marajuanasales-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado voters in 2012 passed the nation's first recreational marijuana law, which went into effect in 2014. \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_Marijuana_Legalization_Initiative,_Amendment_64_(2012)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amendment 64 \u003c/a>(apparently a popular number), regulates and taxes marijuana and allows adults to possess up to an ounce of the drug. Since then, five other states have followed suit.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Massachusetts will also be joining the party in July 2018. And Maine is likely to eventually hop on board, too: In 2016, Maine voters approved recreational marijuana sales, but the statute was initially vetoed by the state's Republican governor.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5775",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 15",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5776",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 16",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5777",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 17",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5778",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 18",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5779",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 19",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5780",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 20",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5781",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 21",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5783",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 23",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5784",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 24",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5786",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 25",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5787",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 26",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5789",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 28",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "6855",
"raceName": "SF Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "8514",
"raceName": "U.S. House of Representatives, District 10",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "8619",
"raceName": "U.S. Senate full term",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "82961",
"raceName": "U.S. Senate unexpired term",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "83019",
"raceName": "Oakland Mayor recall",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83020",
"raceName": "Alameda DA recall",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83060",
"raceName": "Proposition 2",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83061",
"raceName": "Proposition 3",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83062",
"raceName": "Proposition 4",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83063",
"raceName": "Proposition 5",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83064",
"raceName": "Proposition 6",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83065",
"raceName": "Proposition 32",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83066",
"raceName": "Proposition 33",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83067",
"raceName": "Proposition 34",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83068",
"raceName": "Proposition 35",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83069",
"raceName": "Proposition 36",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
}
],
"AlamedaChabotLasPositasCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaChabotLasPositasCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Chabot – Las Positas Community College District, Trustee Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27259,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Hector Garcia",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20320
},
{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso \r",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6939
}
]
},
"AlamedaChabotLasPositasCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea4": {
"id": "AlamedaChabotLasPositasCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Chabot - Las Positas Community College District, Trustee Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 38723,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Maria L Heredia ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 26158
},
{
"candidateName": "Joseph Grcar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12565
}
]
},
"AlamedaPeraltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "AlamedaPeraltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Peralta Community College District, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 21696,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Paulina Gonzalez",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14071
},
{
"candidateName": "Sinead Geneva Anderson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7625
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Joaquin Delta Community College District, Trustee Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 68,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ralph Lee White",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 36
},
{
"candidateName": "Shelly Stoll Swanson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 32
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Joaquin Delta Community College District, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 68,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Samuel Anderson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27
},
{
"candidateName": "Julie D. Kay",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23
},
{
"candidateName": "Dan Wright",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18
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]
},
"AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea6": {
"id": "AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Joaquin Delta Community College District, Trustee Area 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 64,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Catalina Piña",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41
},
{
"candidateName": "Rosario Patrick",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23
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]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "To three candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 76453,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Heather Little",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 21965
},
{
"candidateName": "Meleah Hall",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 21464
},
{
"candidateName": "Joyce Boyd",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11245
},
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Williams",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 21779
}
]
},
"AlamedaCastroValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5": {
"id": "AlamedaCastroValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Castro Valley Unified School District Governing Board, Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4666,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John Chung",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1270
},
{
"candidateName": "Mike Kusiak",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3396
}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin Unified School District Governing Board, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5100,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kristian Reyes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3067
},
{
"candidateName": "Ramnath “Ram” Shanbhogue",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2033
}
]
},
"AlamedaEmeryUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaEmeryUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Emery Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6072,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Elsie Joyce Lee",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2642
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian Donahue",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 829
},
{
"candidateName": "Walter Pizarro",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 704
},
{
"candidateName": "John T. Van Geffen",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1897
}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont Unified School District Governing Board, Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13133,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ganesh Balamitran",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6551
},
{
"candidateName": "Rinu Nair",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6582
}
]
},
"AlamedaHaywardUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaHaywardUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Hayward Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 127212,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sophia Jauregui",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17182
},
{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28316
},
{
"candidateName": "Sara Prada",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19805
},
{
"candidateName": "Austin Bruckner Carrillo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18739
},
{
"candidateName": "Simon “Peter” Gutierrez Bufete",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 21389
},
{
"candidateName": "Calyn Kelley",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12860
},
{
"candidateName": "Tom Wong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8921
}
]
},
"AlamedaLammersvilleJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaLammersvilleJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Lammersville Joint Unified School District Governing Board, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 76,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "David A. Pombo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 60
},
{
"candidateName": "Surekha Shekar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16
}
]
},
"AlamedaLivermoreValleyJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaLivermoreValleyJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. Includes votes from Alameda and Contra Costa counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 65820,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Maggie Tufts",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14885
},
{
"candidateName": "Amanda Pepper",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4176
},
{
"candidateName": "Jean Paulsen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2533
},
{
"candidateName": "Tara Boyce",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13210
},
{
"candidateName": "Christiaan Vandenheuvel",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15213
},
{
"candidateName": "Deena Kaplanis",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15803
}
]
},
"AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "New Haven Unified School District Governing Board, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4544,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Midji Kuo-Rovetta",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1213
},
{
"candidateName": "Patricio R. Urbi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2092
},
{
"candidateName": "Jatinder (JP) K. Sahi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1239
}
]
},
"AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea2": {
"id": "AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "New Haven Unified School District Governing Board, Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4442,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Melanie Freeberg",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2923
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle Parnala",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1519
}
]
},
"AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3": {
"id": "AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "New Haven Unified School District Governing Board, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5221,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Lydia Idem",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1955
},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Gonzales",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3266
}
]
},
"AlamedaNewarkUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaNewarkUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Newark Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32709,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Aiden Hill",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7719
},
{
"candidateName": "Vikas Minglani",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3722
},
{
"candidateName": "Gabriel Anguiano Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7424
},
{
"candidateName": "Austin Block",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7607
},
{
"candidateName": "Phuong Nguyen",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6237
}
]
},
"AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3": {
"id": "AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Pleasanton Unified School District Governing Board, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7090,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Donalyn Harris",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3135
},
{
"candidateName": "Kelly Mokashi",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3955
}
]
},
"AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4": {
"id": "AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Pleasanton Unified School District Governing Board, Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6942,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jen Flynn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3306
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlie Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3636
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Lorenzo Unified School District Governing Board, Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 3695,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Alicia Gonzalez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2360
},
{
"candidateName": "Penny Peck",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1335
}
]
},
"AlamedaSunolGlenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaSunolGlenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Sunol Glen Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 633,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Jergensen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 264
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Choin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 369
}
]
},
"AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 141857,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John J. Bauters",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 70721
},
{
"candidateName": "Nikki Fortunato Bas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 71136
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 61690,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Trish Herrera Spencer",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12071
},
{
"candidateName": "Thushan Amarasiriwardena",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13041
},
{
"candidateName": "Michele Pryor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16381
},
{
"candidateName": "Greg Boller",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14193
},
{
"candidateName": "Steve Slauson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6004
}
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},
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"location": "Alameda",
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat. ",
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Carole Marasovic",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Andy Kelley",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Adbur Sikder",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Sherry Hu",
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{
"candidateName": "Jean Josey",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Shawn Costello",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea1",
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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]
},
"AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea3": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "John Morada",
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]
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Mia Esperanza Brown",
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{
"candidateName": "Sukhdeep Kaur",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Courtney Welch",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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{
"candidateName": "Matthew Solomon",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Vinnie Bacon",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Hiu Ng",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Raj Salwan",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict1",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Ranvir Sandhu",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict5",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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{
"candidateName": "Chandra Wagh",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Yajing Zhang",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict6",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Raymond Liu",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Teresa Cox",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tom Wong",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Goldstein",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Angela Andrews",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Joe O. Ramos",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Ray Bonilla Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Tom Ferreira",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Francisco Zermeño",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John Marchand",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaLivermoreCityCouncilDistrict3",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "David Farley",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Steven Dunbar",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jeff Kaskey",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaLivermoreCityCouncilDistrict4",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Thomas Soules",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michael Hannon",
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{
"candidateName": "Jason Miguel",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Elisa Martinez",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaNewarkCityCouncilFullTerm",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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{
"candidateName": "Hitendra Gupta",
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{
"candidateName": "Jacinta Arteaga",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Julie Del Catancio",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Vinod Kumar",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaNewarkCityCouncilShortTerm",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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{
"candidateName": "Renu Malhotra",
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{
"candidateName": "Sean Mahanay",
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{
"candidateName": "Lucia Gutierrez",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Phil Bloxom",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Conna McCarthy",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "James Green",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Lorrel Plimier",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "N. Sunny Bostrom-Fleming",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaPiedmontBoardofEducation",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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{
"candidateName": "Max Roman",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Victoria Rosenbaum",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Susy Struble",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jack Balch",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Karla Brown",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaPleasantonCityCouncilDistrict2",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8803,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Craig Eicher",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Valerie Arkin",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaPleasantonCityCouncilDistrict4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Pleasanton City Council, District 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Vivek Mohan",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew B. Gaidos",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"AlamedaUnionCityMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaUnionCityMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Union City Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25024,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Marcus Bourlard",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1940
},
{
"candidateName": "Gary Singh",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaUnionCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaUnionCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Union City Council, District 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5796,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Huang",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Robertson",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Lance Nishihira",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaACTransitDistrictDirectorWard6": {
"id": "AlamedaACTransitDistrictDirectorWard6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "AC Transit District Director, Ward 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 59443,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jesse Lee Gunn",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Shonda Goward",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11017
},
{
"candidateName": "A. Curtis Silva",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30665
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaCountyWaterDistrictDirectorWard5": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaCountyWaterDistrictDirectorWard5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda County Water District Director, Ward 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 21366,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Aziz Akbari",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15817
},
{
"candidateName": "Raymond Ojeda",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5549
}
]
},
"AlamedaBARTDirectorDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBARTDirectorDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Director, District 5",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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{
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Joseph Grcar",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Alex Spehr",
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{
"candidateName": "Richard De Vera",
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Jacob Vital",
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{
"candidateName": "Moira “Mimi” Dean",
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{
"candidateName": "Bob Glaze",
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{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8959,
"candidates": [
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{
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure R",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8849,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8268,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8164,
"candidates": [
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{
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"id": "AlamedaMeasureU",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7953,
"candidates": [
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{
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"AlamedaMeasureV": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure V",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8760,
"candidates": [
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{
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure W",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51584,
"candidates": [
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{
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure X",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 53196,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41788
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Y",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52490,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureZ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureZ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Z",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52885,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 42252
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10633
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureAA": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureAA",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure AA",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52237,
"candidates": [
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureBB": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureBB",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure BB",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Affordable housing programs. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52834,
"candidates": [
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{
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureCC": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureCC",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure CC",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Affordable housing programs. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51587,
"candidates": [
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{
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureDD": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureDD",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure DD",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. CAFO prohibition. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49656,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30736
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18920
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureEE": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureEE",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure EE",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52264,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23850
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28414
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureFF": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureFF",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure FF",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52442,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 31922
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20520
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureGG": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureGG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure GG",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Fossil fuel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52182,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16161
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 36021
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureHH": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureHH",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure HH",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Indoor air quality. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51064,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22175
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28889
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureII": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureII",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure II",
"raceDescription": "Dublin. Open Space Initiative. Passes with 50% vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25675,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13635
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12040
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureJJ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureJJ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure JJ",
"raceDescription": "Dublin. Government accountability. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25420,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19334
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6086
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureK1": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureK1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure K1",
"raceDescription": "Hayward. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 46657,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 38785
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7872
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureLL": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureLL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure LL",
"raceDescription": "Newark. Transient occupancy tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15792,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12702
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3090
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureMM": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureMM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure MM",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Wildfire protection zone. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35248,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25105
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10143
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureNN": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureNN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure NN",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Parking tax. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 159424,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 112874
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 46550
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureOO": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureOO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure OO",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Public ethics comission. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 150368,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 110226
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 40142
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasurePP": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasurePP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure PP",
"raceDescription": "Pleasanton. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34840,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15963
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18877
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureQQ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureQQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure QQ",
"raceDescription": "Union City. Gross receipts tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 24778,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20223
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4555
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7963,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2070
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2150
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 392
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1488
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1863
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7859.9238,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2001
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2001
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1821.944
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2035.9798
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7091,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1631
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1970
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 717
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2773
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6944.475,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1995.305
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2568.17
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2381
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52448,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19960
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19623
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11841
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 498
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 526
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49223,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25131
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24092
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6865,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Terry Taplin",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4782
},
{
"candidateName": "Jenny Guarino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2083
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6342,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1526
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1458
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3358
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6095,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1833
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4262
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8579,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1063
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1719
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5797
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8256,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1993
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6263
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7326,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brent Blackaby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4403
},
{
"candidateName": "Andy Katz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2923
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 143482,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5400
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30461
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4830
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41842
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2254
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 39223
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2790
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9687
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5623
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1372
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 126987,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 72260
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 54727
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29595,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2579
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22628
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4388
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29234,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24336
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4898
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 20538,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1598
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9860
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1456
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6216
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 607
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 801
}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19485,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11423
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8062
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12285,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6476
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1928
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3881
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12044,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7114
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4930
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13074,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Merika Goolsby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2061
},
{
"candidateName": "Ken Houston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4423
},
{
"candidateName": "Iris Merriouns",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4127
},
{
"candidateName": "Marcie Hodge",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2463
}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12090,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Merika Goolsby (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ken Houston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6295
},
{
"candidateName": "Iris Merriouns",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5795
},
{
"candidateName": "Marcie Hodge (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityAttorney": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityAttorney",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Attorney",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 137482,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brenda Harbin-Forte",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 56700
},
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Richardson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 80782
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 1 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28778,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Rachel Latta",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22397
},
{
"candidateName": "Benjamin Salop",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6381
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 3 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19752,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Dwayne Aikens Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8835
},
{
"candidateName": "VanCedric Williams",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10917
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 5 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12029,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sasha Ritzie-Hernandez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5574
},
{
"candidateName": "Patrice Berry",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6455
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict7": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 7 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12352,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Clifford Thompson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7764
},
{
"candidateName": "Domonic Ware",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4588
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Leandro City Council, District 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 22472,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sbeydeh Viveros Walton",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22472
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Leandro City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28711,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ed Hernandez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14132
},
{
"candidateName": "Bryan Azevedo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14579
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict4": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Leandro City Council, District 4 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 22333,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Fred Simon",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22333
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict6": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Leandro City Council, District 6 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27116,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Robert Aguilar Bulatao",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10437
},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Boldt",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16679
}
]
},
"CCContraCostaCountyBoardofEducationGoverningBoardArea1": {
"id": "CCContraCostaCountyBoardofEducationGoverningBoardArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Contra Costa County Board of Education Governing Board, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:32 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 71147,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Anthony Edward Caro",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28944
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Nathan-Heiss",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 42203
}
]
},
"CCContraCostaCountyBoardofEducationGoverningBoardArea3": {
"id": "CCContraCostaCountyBoardofEducationGoverningBoardArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Contra Costa County Board of Education Governing Board, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:32 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 79794,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yazmin Llamas",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 50315
},
{
"candidateName": "Vicki Gordon",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 29479
}
]
},
"CCContraCostaCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardWard2": {
"id": "CCContraCostaCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardWard2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Contra Costa Community College District Governing Board, Ward 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:32 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 104982,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Diana J. Honig",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 77118
},
{
"candidateName": "Kofi Opong-Mensah",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27864
}
]
},
"CCContraCostaCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardWard5": {
"id": "CCContraCostaCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardWard5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Contra Costa Community College District Governing Board, Ward 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:32 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 70061,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Debra Vinson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25577
},
{
"candidateName": "Fernando Sandoval",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 44484
}
]
},
"CCAcalanesUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "CCAcalanesUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Acalanes Union High School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:32 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 94208,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Andrew Fontan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11781
},
{
"candidateName": "Sibyl Minighini",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10578
},
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Reicher",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28509
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Chopra",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23695
},
{
"candidateName": "Peter Catalano",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4986
},
{
"candidateName": "Stacey Schweppe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14659
}
]
},
"CCAntiochUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3": {
"id": "CCAntiochUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Antioch Unified School District Governing Board, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:32 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 9019,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Scott Bergerhouse",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4190
},
{
"candidateName": "Dee Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4829
}
]
},
"CCAntiochUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4": {
"id": "CCAntiochUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Antioch Unified School District Governing Board, Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:32 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7986,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Gary Hack",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Olga Cobos-Smith",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4829
}
]
},
"CCLivermoreValleyJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "CCLivermoreValleyJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. Includes votes from Contra Costa and Alameda counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:32 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 65820,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Maggie Tufts",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Amanda Pepper",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jean Paulsen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2533
},
{
"candidateName": "Tara Boyce",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13210
},
{
"candidateName": "Christiaan Vandenheuvel",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15213
},
{
"candidateName": "Deena Kaplanis",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15803
}
]
},
"CCMartinezUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1": {
"id": "CCMartinezUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Martinez Unified School District Governing Board, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:32 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2828,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Carlos M. Melendez",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1331
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Campbell",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1497
}
]
},
"CCMtDiabloUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5": {
"id": "CCMtDiabloUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Mt Diablo Unified School District Governing Board, Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:32 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 22646,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Thomas “Frugal” McDougall",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11753
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Larry L. Russell",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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{
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "North Marin Water District Director, Division 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6344,
"candidates": [
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"candidateName": "Francis Drouillard",
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{
"candidateName": "Michael H. Joly",
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"location": "Marin",
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"location": "Marin",
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 66753,
"candidates": [
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{
"candidateName": "No",
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 806
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6973,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5876,
"candidates": [
{
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"MarinMeasureH": {
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"location": "Marin",
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4401,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1762
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2639
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]
},
"MarinMeasureI": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4731,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2990
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1741
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},
"MarinMeasureJ": {
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"location": "Marin",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4778,
"candidates": [
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"MarinMeasureK": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7136,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2708
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
"MarinMeasureL": {
"id": "MarinMeasureL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure L",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8556,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6616
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1940
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]
},
"MarinMeasureM": {
"id": "MarinMeasureM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure M",
"raceDescription": "Novato. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 26127,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15133
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10994
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]
},
"MarinMeasureN": {
"id": "MarinMeasureN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure N",
"raceDescription": "San Anselmo. Rent increase limit. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7462,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2754
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4708
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]
},
"MarinMeasureO": {
"id": "MarinMeasureO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure O",
"raceDescription": "San Anselmo. Tenant benefits. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7553,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2555
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4998
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]
},
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"id": "MarinMeasureP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure P",
"raceDescription": "San Rafael. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 23772,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12367
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
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"id": "MarinMeasureQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure Q",
"raceDescription": "Stinson Beach Fire Protection District. Spending limit. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 332,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 309
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23
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]
},
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"id": "MarinMeasureR",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure R",
"raceDescription": "Stinson Beach Fire Protection District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 335,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 274
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "NapaNapaCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa County Board of Education, Trustee Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7504,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2163
},
{
"candidateName": "Gerald Parrott \r",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5341
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]
},
"NapaSolanoCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "NapaSolanoCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Solano County Board of Education, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. Includes votes from Napa and Solano counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28961,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10120
},
{
"candidateName": "Carol J. Kalamaras",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5434
},
{
"candidateName": "Amy Sharp",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13407
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyCollegeTrusteeArea6": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyCollegeTrusteeArea6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley College, Trustee Area 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8020,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4838
},
{
"candidateName": "Scott Owens",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3182
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6551,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4602
},
{
"candidateName": "Kevin “KDub” West",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1949
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea4": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5961,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2087
},
{
"candidateName": "Eve Ryser",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3874
}
]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea5": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5272,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3094
},
{
"candidateName": "David T. Gracia",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2178
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea7": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 7",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7113,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Marie Dennett",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3199
},
{
"candidateName": "Julianna Hart",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3914
}
]
},
"NapaFairfieldSuisunUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea3": {
"id": "NapaFairfieldSuisunUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Fairfield-Suisun Unified School District, Trustee Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. Includes votes from Napa and Solano Counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7980,
"candidates": [
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"candidateName": "Brigette Hunley",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4144
},
{
"candidateName": "Judi Honeychurch",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3836
}
]
},
"NapaAmericanCanyonMayor": {
"id": "NapaAmericanCanyonMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "American Canyon Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8997,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4342
},
{
"candidateName": "Pierre Washington",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4655
}
]
},
"NapaAmericanCanyonCityCouncil": {
"id": "NapaAmericanCanyonCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "American Canyon City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13688,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4311
},
{
"candidateName": "Elmer Andrei Manaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2796
},
{
"candidateName": "Davet Mohammed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3043
},
{
"candidateName": "Brando R. Cruz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3538
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]
},
"NapaCalistogaMayor": {
"id": "NapaCalistogaMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Calistoga Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 1509,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Donald Williams",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1509
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]
},
"NapaCalistogaCityCouncil": {
"id": "NapaCalistogaCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Calistoga City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2676,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Lisa Gift",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 843
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{
"candidateName": "Marion Villalba",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 745
},
{
"candidateName": "Irais Lopez-Ortega",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1088
}
]
},
"NapaNapaMayor": {
"id": "NapaNapaMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 33264,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tuesday D. Allison",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6596
},
{
"candidateName": "Scott Sedgley",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 26668
}
]
},
"NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7264,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Beth Painter",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7264
}
]
},
"NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict4": {
"id": "NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa City Council, District 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5211,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Bernardo “Bernie” Narvaez",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5211
}
]
},
"NapaStHelenaMayor": {
"id": "NapaStHelenaMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "St Helena Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2662,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Paul J. Dohring",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1836
},
{
"candidateName": "Billy Summers",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 826
}
]
},
"NapaStHelenaCityCouncil": {
"id": "NapaStHelenaCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "St Helena City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4172,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michelle Deasy",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1580
},
{
"candidateName": "Hector R. Marroquin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1076
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Barak",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1516
}
]
},
"NapaYountvilleTownCouncil": {
"id": "NapaYountvilleTownCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Yountville Town Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2115,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Joe Tagliaboschi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 483
},
{
"candidateName": "Robert Moore",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 234
},
{
"candidateName": "Pam Reeves",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 650
},
{
"candidateName": "Eric E. Knight",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 748
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureBSchool": {
"id": "NapaMeasureBSchool",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Measure B",
"raceDescription": "Napa Valley Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 42260,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23279
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18981
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureU": {
"id": "NapaMeasureU",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure U",
"raceDescription": "Napa Valley Transportation Authority. Transporation sales tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 60773,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 44224
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16549
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureG": {
"id": "NapaMeasureG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure G",
"raceDescription": "Napa. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34716,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19956
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14760
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureA1": {
"id": "NapaMeasureA1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure A1",
"raceDescription": "St. Helena. Establishing charter city. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2719,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1191
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1528
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureA2": {
"id": "NapaMeasureA2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure A2",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2741,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1123
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1618
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureBStHelena": {
"id": "NapaMeasureBStHelena",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
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"raceDescription": "St. Helena. Winery and planned agritourism overlay. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:51 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 25, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2764,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1366
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1398
}
]
},
"SFBoardofEducation": {
"id": "SFBoardofEducation",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Education",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:05 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 21, 2024",
"totalVotes": 1012483,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Laurance Lem Lee",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 45716
},
{
"candidateName": "Lefteris Eleftheriou",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22270
},
{
"candidateName": "Jaime Huling",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 168620
},
{
"candidateName": "Ann Hsu",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 81011
},
{
"candidateName": "John Jersin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 122416
},
{
"candidateName": "Parag Gupta",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 139306
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Alexander",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 122670
},
{
"candidateName": "Supryia Marie Ray",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 127806
},
{
"candidateName": "Virginia Cheung",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 100987
},
{
"candidateName": "Min Chang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 48532
},
{
"candidateName": "Maddy Krantz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 33149
}
]
},
"SFCommunityCollegeBoard": {
"id": "SFCommunityCollegeBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Community College Board",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:05 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 21, 2024",
"totalVotes": 823050,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ruth Ferguson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 114101
},
{
"candidateName": "Leanna C. Louie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 50335
},
{
"candidateName": "Heather McCarty",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 162432
},
{
"candidateName": "Julio J. Ramos",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 38724
},
{
"candidateName": "Aliya Chisti",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 149593
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Kaplan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 49302
},
{
"candidateName": "Alan Wong",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 140911
},
{
"candidateName": "Luis Zamora",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 117652
}
]
},
"SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict7": {
"id": "SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Director, District 7",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:05 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 21, 2024",
"totalVotes": 161112,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Victor E. Flores",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 92646
},
{
"candidateName": "Dana Lang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 68466
}
]
},
"SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict9": {
"id": "SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict9",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Director, District 9",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:05 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 21, 2024",
"totalVotes": 137833,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward Wright",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 86944
},
{
"candidateName": "Joe Sangirardi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 50889
}
]
},
"SFMeasureA": {
"id": "SFMeasureA",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure A",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:05 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 21, 2024",
"totalVotes": 377175,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"voteCount": 282886
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 94289
}
]
},
"SFMeasureB": {
