Palo Alto Student Was Asked to Leave School Because of His DNA
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The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. 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This exact scenario occurred at a middle school in Palo Alto, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Unless something is done to strengthen legal protections, anyone who is genetically tested could be discriminated against.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And unless something is done to strengthen our legal protections, it could be just the tip of the iceberg. Any of us who learns about our DNA through direct-to-consumer tests like 23andMe, newborn genetic testing or gene sequencing at the doctor’s office could be genetically discriminated against too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>School Boots Out Sixth Grader Over Predisposition to Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Jordan Middle School tried to force 11-year-old Colman Chadam to transfer to another school, not because he did something wrong or had a contagious disease, but because of his DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"RWAfIZvPfGk0QXWSsjL020T1kdGZFuZd\"]Colman had been born with a heart condition. To try to figure out what was wrong, the doctors had performed a lot of genetic tests, one of which found an increased risk for cystic fibrosis, a very severe genetic condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve years later, Colman's parents, as a simple precaution, filled out a medical form telling the school about his genetic results even though he had none of the symptoms of CF. He did not have the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the student population at Jordan Middle School included two siblings who had CF. Because there is a high risk for people with the disease to give each other lung infections, it is important to always keep them at least 6 feet away from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After teachers at the school told the parents of these students about Colman's genetics, the district ordered Colman's transfer, despite the fact that he did not have the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents took the district to court. After Colman missed 11 days of school, a settlement was reached to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/6th-grader-back-in-school-despite-genes-4010983.php\" target=\"_blank\">let him return\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Chadams filed a suit in federal court, alleging unlawful disclosure of Colman's private medical information. The case was dismissed, but last month the Chadams filed an \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2701506/Opening-Brief.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this brouhaha occurred even though Colman did not have CF and posed no risk to anyone. The specific genetic differences he had are in a gray area of genetics known as \u003ca href=\"http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=penetrance\">variable penetrance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people with his DNA end up with CF and some don't. Up to that time, Colman had not developed any symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps it's not surprising that well-meaning people at Jordan Middle School did not understand these subtleties and misinterpreted Colman's results. What is surprising is that there is so little legal protection against this sort of misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108371\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-108371\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-800x510.jpg\" alt=\"In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) . It did not protect a middle school student from being asked to transfer to a new school because of his DNA. \" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-800x510.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-400x255.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-768x489.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-1180x752.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-960x612.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) . It did not protect a middle school student from being asked to transfer to a new school because of his DNA. \u003ccite>(NHGRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surprisingly Weak Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2008 President Bush signed the \u003ca href=\"http://ginahelp.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act\u003c/a> (GINA). Unfortunately for the Chadams, it only covers employment and health insurance discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This oversight needs to be addressed sooner rather than later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day more and more people learn about potential disease risks from their DNA. Many people will have results similar to Colman's that could be used against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Perils of Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is more complicated than a lot of people think. For example, scientists have found over 2000 DNA variants or differences in CFTR, the key gene involved in cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without additional protections in place, CF screening programs like the one described \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/01/stanford-develops-fast-affordable-genetic-test-for-newborns/\">here\u003c/a> could place many more people in Colman Chadam's situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiply these risks by 10, 100, 1000 or even 10,000 for some of the proposed screens where \u003ca href=\"http://genomemag.com/a-newborn-challenge/#.Vrj3vfkrKM8\">every gene of a newborn might be looked at\u003c/a> (exome sequencing), and you begin to see what we're up against. People will be flooded with a lot of hard-to-understand information that is easy to misinterpret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn't mean genetic testing, which can have many benefits, shouldn't be done. We just need to ensure it isn't used to discriminate, as we head toward a world where everyone knows their DNA but doesn’t necessarily understand genetics.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Case shows the perils of knowing someone's DNA without understanding genetics.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1454976972,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":780},"headData":{"title":"Palo Alto Student Was Asked to Leave School Because of His DNA | KQED","description":"Case shows the perils of knowing someone's DNA without understanding genetics.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Palo Alto Student Was Asked to Leave School Because of His DNA","datePublished":"2016-02-08T19:03:59.000Z","dateModified":"2016-02-09T00:16:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"108369 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=108369","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/08/student-was-asked-to-leave-school-because-of-his-dna/","disqusTitle":"Palo Alto Student Was Asked to Leave School Because of His DNA","path":"/futureofyou/108369/student-was-asked-to-leave-school-because-of-his-dna","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To find a society where a student is forced to leave school because of his genes, you might think you’d need to watch \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattaca\">Gattaca\u003c/a>\" or pick up a dystopian novel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, you wouldn't need to immerse yourself in fiction. This exact scenario occurred at a middle school in Palo Alto, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Unless something is done to strengthen legal protections, anyone who is genetically tested could be discriminated against.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And unless something is done to strengthen our legal protections, it could be just the tip of the iceberg. Any of us who learns about our DNA through direct-to-consumer tests like 23andMe, newborn genetic testing or gene sequencing at the doctor’s office could be genetically discriminated against too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>School Boots Out Sixth Grader Over Predisposition to Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Jordan Middle School tried to force 11-year-old Colman Chadam to transfer to another school, not because he did something wrong or had a contagious disease, but because of his DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Colman had been born with a heart condition. To try to figure out what was wrong, the doctors had performed a lot of genetic tests, one of which found an increased risk for cystic fibrosis, a very severe genetic condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve years later, Colman's parents, as a simple precaution, filled out a medical form telling the school about his genetic results even though he had none of the symptoms of CF. He did not have the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the student population at Jordan Middle School included two siblings who had CF. Because there is a high risk for people with the disease to give each other lung infections, it is important to always keep them at least 6 feet away from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After teachers at the school told the parents of these students about Colman's genetics, the district ordered Colman's transfer, despite the fact that he did not have the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents took the district to court. After Colman missed 11 days of school, a settlement was reached to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/6th-grader-back-in-school-despite-genes-4010983.php\" target=\"_blank\">let him return\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Chadams filed a suit in federal court, alleging unlawful disclosure of Colman's private medical information. The case was dismissed, but last month the Chadams filed an \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2701506/Opening-Brief.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this brouhaha occurred even though Colman did not have CF and posed no risk to anyone. The specific genetic differences he had are in a gray area of genetics known as \u003ca href=\"http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=penetrance\">variable penetrance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people with his DNA end up with CF and some don't. Up to that time, Colman had not developed any symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps it's not surprising that well-meaning people at Jordan Middle School did not understand these subtleties and misinterpreted Colman's results. What is surprising is that there is so little legal protection against this sort of misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108371\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-108371\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-800x510.jpg\" alt=\"In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) . It did not protect a middle school student from being asked to transfer to a new school because of his DNA. \" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-800x510.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-400x255.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-768x489.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-1180x752.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-960x612.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) . It did not protect a middle school student from being asked to transfer to a new school because of his DNA. \u003ccite>(NHGRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surprisingly Weak Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2008 President Bush signed the \u003ca href=\"http://ginahelp.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act\u003c/a> (GINA). Unfortunately for the Chadams, it only covers employment and health insurance discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This oversight needs to be addressed sooner rather than later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day more and more people learn about potential disease risks from their DNA. Many people will have results similar to Colman's that could be used against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Perils of Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is more complicated than a lot of people think. For example, scientists have found over 2000 DNA variants or differences in CFTR, the key gene involved in cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without additional protections in place, CF screening programs like the one described \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/01/stanford-develops-fast-affordable-genetic-test-for-newborns/\">here\u003c/a> could place many more people in Colman Chadam's situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiply these risks by 10, 100, 1000 or even 10,000 for some of the proposed screens where \u003ca href=\"http://genomemag.com/a-newborn-challenge/#.Vrj3vfkrKM8\">every gene of a newborn might be looked at\u003c/a> (exome sequencing), and you begin to see what we're up against. People will be flooded with a lot of hard-to-understand information that is easy to misinterpret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn't mean genetic testing, which can have many benefits, shouldn't be done. We just need to ensure it isn't used to discriminate, as we head toward a world where everyone knows their DNA but doesn’t necessarily understand genetics.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/108369/student-was-asked-to-leave-school-because-of-his-dna","authors":["6177"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_733","futureofyou_758","futureofyou_757","futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_51","label":"futureofyou_54"},"futureofyou_104547":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_104547","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"104547","score":null,"sort":[1454342407000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stanford-develops-fast-affordable-genetic-test-for-newborns","title":"New Low-Cost Test For Cystic Fibrosis","publishDate":1454342407,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":54,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>The bad news came on Kirsten McGowan's birthday. She was pregnant with her first child Patrick, and discovered she was a carrier for cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child can only inherit the disease if both parents are carriers, and McGowan's husband also tested positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It hit us out of the blue,\" McGowan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic disease causes mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system. Digestive enzymes are blocked, which inhibits the absorption of food nutrients. It's a chronic illness that can't be cured, but can be treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Patrick was born with the illness, doctors put him on a diet high in protein, fat and salt so he'd maintain a healthy weight. And they outlined a daily breathing regime of two to three hours to prevent mucus build-up in his lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-104549\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image.jpg\" alt=\"cystic fibrosis image\" width=\"336\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image.jpg 493w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\">Mucus builds up because CF makes it more thick and viscous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CF gene controls the movement of chloride ions in and out of cells, which regulates the salt and water balances in the lungs and pancreas. Mutations in this gene rob mucus of water and it builds up in the lungs it can inhibit breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGowan says detecting the illness early in Patrick meant he could get treatment right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Getting a diagnosis early is key,\" says McGowan. \"Knowing sooner helps you process that emotion--to be angry, to be sad--and then say, 'OK, now h\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ow do I help my son or daughter stay healthy.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CF is the most common fatal genetic disease in the United States. It takes just two CF gene mutation to cause cystic fibrosis and more than 2,000 changes are known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Rapid and Affordable New Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty different genetic mutations account for most types of cystic fibrosis in California. The state tests for these common mutations but there are more than 2,000 possible changes, and more are discovered each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Current tests are not comprehensive,\" says Stanford geneticist Curt Scharfe. \u003c/span>\"They can miss newborns with two rare mutations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scharfe compares the CF gene mutations to typos in a novel. But imagine a really big novel, like \"War and Peace,\" with really unusual typos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Imagine changes in a letter in a word somewhere in a book,\" says Scharfe. \"It doesn't help if you read one page very well, you need to read all these pages--or genetic changes--well. We're talking about rare typos and they happen once, not many times.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the state has a tiered testing method for CF; it\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>tests once for common mutations and send all positive results to Stanford for further testing. Stanford does about 9,000 tests a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at Stanford have figured out how to do \u003ca href=\"http://jmd.amjpathol.org/article/S1525-1578(15)00275-5/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">one test for CF \u003c/a>using genome sequencing. The scientists were able to sequence the entire CF gene which means they can spot any and all abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104686\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-104686\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-800x443.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford researchers were able to take enough DNA from dried blood spots to test newborns for cystic fibrosis.\" width=\"800\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-800x443.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-400x221.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-768x425.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-960x532.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-672x372.jpg 672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford researchers were able to take enough DNA from dried blood to sequence the CF gene for cystic fibrosis. \u003ccite>(Eric T. Sheler/US Air Force)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At birth, all infants get a heel pin-prick to test their blood for a range of diseases. Stanford researchers used blood from the test to map\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the CF gene. Now when they test babies, the results show whether or not a baby has a mutation on that gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit of Stanford's new test is that researchers can sequence DNA from nearly 100 babies at once in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.illumina.com/systems/miseq.html\">Illumina genome sequencing machine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process takes only a few days and Scharfe hopes eventually it will only take a few hours. Current tests take longer than a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because the process sequences the entire CF genome it won't miss mutations, even if they are extremely rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future for Stanford's CF Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford's new test is about one-fifth the cost of current CF tests. That's partially because genome sequencing has become much less expensive. Analyzing the CF gene is possible in a way that it wasn't fifty years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_105112\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-105112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/IMG_7115-338x600.png\" alt=\"At age six, Patrick McGowan is extremely active and shows few outward signs of cystic fibrosis.\" width=\"338\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At age six, Patrick McGowan is extremely active and shows few outward signs of cystic fibrosis. \u003ccite>(Kirsten McGowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Scharfe hopes that, eventually, the test will be used throughout the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"California has the most comprehensive cystic fibrosis testing program and it would be very beneficial to have this new test available in many states.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before California's statewide newborn screening program started in 1966, many kids with genetic disorders would go undiagnosed and symptoms would show up later.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut this hasn't been a problem for Kirsten's son Patrick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Outwardly he looks like any other kid walking down the sidewalk,\" says McGowan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said early detection of genetic diseases is crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The sooner you get that news, the sooner you stop thinking ‘what if’. And then can get to that good place of living with the disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Stanford University has developed a low-cost diagnostic tool for cystic fibrosis.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476936903,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":858},"headData":{"title":"New Low-Cost Test For Cystic Fibrosis | KQED","description":"Stanford University has developed a low-cost diagnostic tool for cystic fibrosis.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Low-Cost Test For Cystic Fibrosis","datePublished":"2016-02-01T16:00:07.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-20T04:15:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"104547 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=104547","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/01/stanford-develops-fast-affordable-genetic-test-for-newborns/","disqusTitle":"New Low-Cost Test For Cystic Fibrosis","path":"/futureofyou/104547/stanford-develops-fast-affordable-genetic-test-for-newborns","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The bad news came on Kirsten McGowan's birthday. She was pregnant with her first child Patrick, and discovered she was a carrier for cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child can only inherit the disease if both parents are carriers, and McGowan's husband also tested positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It hit us out of the blue,\" McGowan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic disease causes mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system. Digestive enzymes are blocked, which inhibits the absorption of food nutrients. It's a chronic illness that can't be cured, but can be treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Patrick was born with the illness, doctors put him on a diet high in protein, fat and salt so he'd maintain a healthy weight. And they outlined a daily breathing regime of two to three hours to prevent mucus build-up in his lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-104549\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image.jpg\" alt=\"cystic fibrosis image\" width=\"336\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image.jpg 493w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\">Mucus builds up because CF makes it more thick and viscous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CF gene controls the movement of chloride ions in and out of cells, which regulates the salt and water balances in the lungs and pancreas. Mutations in this gene rob mucus of water and it builds up in the lungs it can inhibit breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGowan says detecting the illness early in Patrick meant he could get treatment right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Getting a diagnosis early is key,\" says McGowan. \"Knowing sooner helps you process that emotion--to be angry, to be sad--and then say, 'OK, now h\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ow do I help my son or daughter stay healthy.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CF is the most common fatal genetic disease in the United States. It takes just two CF gene mutation to cause cystic fibrosis and more than 2,000 changes are known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Rapid and Affordable New Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty different genetic mutations account for most types of cystic fibrosis in California. The state tests for these common mutations but there are more than 2,000 possible changes, and more are discovered each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Current tests are not comprehensive,\" says Stanford geneticist Curt Scharfe. \u003c/span>\"They can miss newborns with two rare mutations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scharfe compares the CF gene mutations to typos in a novel. But imagine a really big novel, like \"War and Peace,\" with really unusual typos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Imagine changes in a letter in a word somewhere in a book,\" says Scharfe. \"It doesn't help if you read one page very well, you need to read all these pages--or genetic changes--well. We're talking about rare typos and they happen once, not many times.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the state has a tiered testing method for CF; it\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>tests once for common mutations and send all positive results to Stanford for further testing. Stanford does about 9,000 tests a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at Stanford have figured out how to do \u003ca href=\"http://jmd.amjpathol.org/article/S1525-1578(15)00275-5/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">one test for CF \u003c/a>using genome sequencing. The scientists were able to sequence the entire CF gene which means they can spot any and all abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104686\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-104686\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-800x443.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford researchers were able to take enough DNA from dried blood spots to test newborns for cystic fibrosis.\" width=\"800\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-800x443.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-400x221.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-768x425.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-960x532.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-672x372.jpg 672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford researchers were able to take enough DNA from dried blood to sequence the CF gene for cystic fibrosis. \u003ccite>(Eric T. Sheler/US Air Force)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At birth, all infants get a heel pin-prick to test their blood for a range of diseases. Stanford researchers used blood from the test to map\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the CF gene. Now when they test babies, the results show whether or not a baby has a mutation on that gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit of Stanford's new test is that researchers can sequence DNA from nearly 100 babies at once in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.illumina.com/systems/miseq.html\">Illumina genome sequencing machine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process takes only a few days and Scharfe hopes eventually it will only take a few hours. Current tests take longer than a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because the process sequences the entire CF genome it won't miss mutations, even if they are extremely rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future for Stanford's CF Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford's new test is about one-fifth the cost of current CF tests. That's partially because genome sequencing has become much less expensive. Analyzing the CF gene is possible in a way that it wasn't fifty years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_105112\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-105112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/IMG_7115-338x600.png\" alt=\"At age six, Patrick McGowan is extremely active and shows few outward signs of cystic fibrosis.\" width=\"338\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At age six, Patrick McGowan is extremely active and shows few outward signs of cystic fibrosis. \u003ccite>(Kirsten McGowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Scharfe hopes that, eventually, the test will be used throughout the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"California has the most comprehensive cystic fibrosis testing program and it would be very beneficial to have this new test available in many states.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before California's statewide newborn screening program started in 1966, many kids with genetic disorders would go undiagnosed and symptoms would show up later.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut this hasn't been a problem for Kirsten's son Patrick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Outwardly he looks like any other kid walking down the sidewalk,\" says McGowan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said early detection of genetic diseases is crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The sooner you get that news, the sooner you stop thinking ‘what if’. And then can get to that good place of living with the disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/104547/stanford-develops-fast-affordable-genetic-test-for-newborns","authors":["5432"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_733","futureofyou_734","futureofyou_735","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_732"],"featImg":"futureofyou_104599","label":"futureofyou_54"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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