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"disqusTitle": "Now's the Time to Consider the Ethics of Brain-Computer Interface Tech",
"title": "Now's the Time to Consider the Ethics of Brain-Computer Interface Tech",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the 1995 film \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112462/\">“Batman Forever\u003c/a>,” the Riddler used 3-D television to secretly access viewers’ most personal thoughts in his hunt for Batman’s true identity. By 2011, the metrics company \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2011/nielsen-acquires-neurofocus.html\">Nielsen had acquired Neurofocus\u003c/a> and had created a “consumer neuroscience” division that uses \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/solutions/capabilities/consumer-neuroscience.html\">integrated conscious and unconscious data\u003c/a> to track customer decision-making habits. What was once a nefarious scheme in a Hollywood blockbuster seems poised to become a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent announcements \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/27/15077864/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-interface-ai-cyborgs\">by Elon Musk\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/19/facebook-brain-interface/\">and Facebook\u003c/a> about \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/melding-mind-and-machine-how-close-are-we-75589\">brain-computer interface (BCI) technology\u003c/a> are just the latest headlines in an ongoing science-fiction-becomes-reality story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BCIs use brain signals to control objects in the outside world. They’re a potentially world-changing innovation – imagine being paralyzed but able to “reach” for something with a prosthetic arm \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/12/21/jan_scheuermann_footage_of_paralyzed_woman_eating_chocolate_with_robotic.html\">just by thinking about it\u003c/a>. But the revolutionary technology also raises concerns. Here at the University of Washington’s Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (\u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/\">CSNE\u003c/a>) we and our colleagues are researching BCI technology – and a crucial part of that includes working on issues such as neuroethics and neural security. Ethicists and engineers are working together to understand and quantify risks and develop ways to protect the public now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-160x111.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-240x167.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-375x261.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-520x361.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of event-related potentials (ERPs), electrical signals produced by the brain in response to a stimulus. \u003ccite>(Tamara Bonaci, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking up on P300 signals\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All BCI technology relies on being able to collect information from a brain that a device can then use or act on in some way. There are numerous places from which signals can be recorded, as well as infinite ways the data can be analyzed, so there are many possibilities for how a BCI can be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some BCI researchers zero in on one particular kind of regularly occurring brain signal that alerts us to important changes in our environment. Neuroscientists call these signals “\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.57865\">event-related potentials\u003c/a>.” In the lab, they help us identify a reaction to a stimulus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, we capitalize on one of these specific signals, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715154/\">called the P300\u003c/a>. It’s a positive peak of electricity that occurs toward the back of the head about 300 milliseconds after the stimulus is shown. The P300 alerts the rest of your brain to an “oddball” that stands out from the rest of what’s around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, you don’t stop and stare at each person’s face when you’re searching for your friend at the park. Instead, if we were recording your brain signals as you scanned the crowd, there would be a detectable P300 response when you saw someone who could be your friend. The P300 carries an unconscious message alerting you to something important that deserves attention. These signals are part of a still unknown brain pathway that aids in detection and focusing attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading your mind using P300s\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>P300s reliably occur any time you notice something rare or disjointed, like when you find the shirt you were looking for in your closet or your car in a parking lot. Researchers can use the P300 in an experimental setting to determine what is important or relevant to you. That’s led to the creation of devices like spellers that allow paralyzed individuals to type using their thoughts, \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(88)90149-6\">one character at a time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also can be used to determine what you know, in what’s called a “\u003ca href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207458808985770\">guilty knowledge test\u003c/a>.” In the lab, subjects are asked to choose an item to “steal” or hide, and are then shown many images repeatedly of both unrelated and related items. For instance, subjects choose between a watch and a necklace, and are then shown typical items from a jewelry box; a P300 appears when the subject is presented with the image of the item he took.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432342\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432342\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For now, most BCI technology relies on somewhat cumbersome EEG hardware that is definitely not stealth. \u003ccite>(Mark Stone, University of Washington, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone’s P300 is unique. In order to know what they’re looking for, researchers need “training” data. These are previously obtained brain signal recordings that researchers are confident contain P300s; they’re then used to calibrate the system. Since the test measures an unconscious neural signal that you don’t even know you have, can you fool it? Maybe, if you \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00158.x\">know that you’re being probed and what the stimuli are\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Techniques like these are still considered unreliable and unproven, and thus U.S. courts have \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.4.460\">resisted admitting P300 data as evidence\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that instead of using a P300 signal to solve the mystery of a “stolen” item in the lab, someone used this technology to extract information about what month you were born or which bank you use – without your telling them. Our research group has \u003ca href=\"https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/33808\">collected data suggesting this is possible\u003c/a>. Just using an individual’s brain activity – specifically, their P300 response – we could determine a subject’s preferences for things like favorite coffee brand or favorite sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we could do it only when subject-specific training data were available. What if we could figure out someone’s preferences without previous knowledge of their brain signal patterns? Without the need for training, users could simply put on a device and go, skipping the step of loading a personal training profile or spending time in calibration. Research on trained and untrained devices is the subject of \u003ca href=\"http://brl.ee.washington.edu/neural-engineering/bci-security/\">continuing experiments at the University of Washington\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://perso.uclouvain.be/fstandae/PUBLIS/190.pdf\">and elsewhere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s when the technology is able to “read” someone’s mind who isn’t actively cooperating that ethical issues become particularly pressing.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s when the technology is able to “read” someone’s mind who isn’t actively cooperating that ethical issues become particularly pressing. After all, we willingly trade bits of our privacy all the time – when we open our mouths to have conversations or use GPS devices that allow companies to collect data about us. But in these cases we consent to sharing what’s in our minds. The difference with next-generation P300 technology under development is that the protection consent gives us may get bypassed altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if it’s possible to decode what you’re thinking or planning without you even knowing? Will you feel violated? Will you feel a loss of control? Privacy implications may be wide-ranging. Maybe advertisers could know your preferred brands and send you personalized ads – which may be convenient or creepy. Or maybe malicious entities could determine where you bank and your account’s PIN – which would be alarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ujENBz5yrLbRLuGEZ0IHfRd4FB2t2l2M\"]\u003cstrong>With great power comes great responsibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential ability to determine individuals’ preferences and personal information using their own brain signals has spawned a number of difficult but pressing questions: Should we be able to keep our neural signals private? That is, should neural security \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1\">be a human right\u003c/a>? How do we \u003ca href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2427564\">adequately protect and store all the neural data\u003c/a> being recorded for research, and soon for leisure? How do consumers know if any protective or anonymization measures are being made with their neural data? As of now, neural data collected for commercial uses are not subject to the same legal protections covering \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/index.html\">biomedical research or health care\u003c/a>. Should neural data be treated differently?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the kinds of conundrums that are best addressed by neural engineers and ethicists working together. Putting ethicists in labs alongside engineers – \u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/research/neuroethics\">as we have done at the CSNE\u003c/a> – is one way to ensure that privacy and security risks of neurotechnology, as well as other ethically important issues, are an active part of the research process instead of an afterthought. For instance, Tim Brown, an ethicist at the CSNE, is “housed” within a neural engineering research lab, allowing him to have daily conversations with researchers about ethical concerns. He’s also easily able to interact with – and, in fact, interview – research subjects about their \u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/engage-enable/post/ethics-cornerstone-neural-engineering-research\">ethical concerns about brain research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are important ethical and legal lessons to be drawn about technology and privacy from other areas, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27561246/privacy-in-genomics\">genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.theneuroethicsblog.com/2011/08/ethical-dimenstions-of-neuromarketing.html\">neuromarketing\u003c/a>. But there seems to be something important and different about reading neural data. They’re more intimately connected to the mind and who we take ourselves to be. As such, ethical issues raised by BCI demand special attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neuroethicists from the UW Philosophy department discuss issues related to neural implants. \u003ccite>(Mark Stone, University of Washington, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Working on ethics while tech’s in its infancy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we wrestle with how to address these privacy and security issues, there are two features of current P300 technology that will buy us time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, most commercial devices available use dry electrodes, which rely solely on skin contact to conduct electrical signals. This technology is prone to a low signal-to-noise ratio, meaning that we can extract only relatively basic forms of information from users. The brain signals we record are known to be highly variable (even for the same person) due to things like electrode movement and the constantly changing nature of brain signals themselves. Second, electrodes are not always in ideal locations to record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, this inherent lack of reliability means that BCI devices are not nearly as ubiquitous today as they may be in the future. As electrode hardware and signal processing continue to improve, it will be easier to continuously use devices like these, and make it easier to extract personal information from an unknowing individual as well. The safest advice would be to not use these devices at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal should be that the ethical standards and the technology will mature together to ensure future BCI users are confident their privacy is being protected as they use these kinds of devices. It’s a rare opportunity for scientists, engineers, ethicists and eventually regulators to work together to create even better products than were originally dreamed of in science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/helping-or-hacking-engineers-and-ethicists-must-work-together-on-brain-computer-interface-technology-77759\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Our lives could be improved by BCI devices that read minds and act on intentions. Will they also be put to nefarious use? Now's the time to hammer out the ethics.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the 1995 film \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112462/\">“Batman Forever\u003c/a>,” the Riddler used 3-D television to secretly access viewers’ most personal thoughts in his hunt for Batman’s true identity. By 2011, the metrics company \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2011/nielsen-acquires-neurofocus.html\">Nielsen had acquired Neurofocus\u003c/a> and had created a “consumer neuroscience” division that uses \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/solutions/capabilities/consumer-neuroscience.html\">integrated conscious and unconscious data\u003c/a> to track customer decision-making habits. What was once a nefarious scheme in a Hollywood blockbuster seems poised to become a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent announcements \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/27/15077864/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-interface-ai-cyborgs\">by Elon Musk\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/19/facebook-brain-interface/\">and Facebook\u003c/a> about \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/melding-mind-and-machine-how-close-are-we-75589\">brain-computer interface (BCI) technology\u003c/a> are just the latest headlines in an ongoing science-fiction-becomes-reality story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BCIs use brain signals to control objects in the outside world. They’re a potentially world-changing innovation – imagine being paralyzed but able to “reach” for something with a prosthetic arm \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/12/21/jan_scheuermann_footage_of_paralyzed_woman_eating_chocolate_with_robotic.html\">just by thinking about it\u003c/a>. But the revolutionary technology also raises concerns. Here at the University of Washington’s Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (\u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/\">CSNE\u003c/a>) we and our colleagues are researching BCI technology – and a crucial part of that includes working on issues such as neuroethics and neural security. Ethicists and engineers are working together to understand and quantify risks and develop ways to protect the public now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-160x111.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-240x167.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-375x261.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-520x361.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of event-related potentials (ERPs), electrical signals produced by the brain in response to a stimulus. \u003ccite>(Tamara Bonaci, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking up on P300 signals\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All BCI technology relies on being able to collect information from a brain that a device can then use or act on in some way. There are numerous places from which signals can be recorded, as well as infinite ways the data can be analyzed, so there are many possibilities for how a BCI can be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some BCI researchers zero in on one particular kind of regularly occurring brain signal that alerts us to important changes in our environment. Neuroscientists call these signals “\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.57865\">event-related potentials\u003c/a>.” In the lab, they help us identify a reaction to a stimulus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, we capitalize on one of these specific signals, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715154/\">called the P300\u003c/a>. It’s a positive peak of electricity that occurs toward the back of the head about 300 milliseconds after the stimulus is shown. The P300 alerts the rest of your brain to an “oddball” that stands out from the rest of what’s around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, you don’t stop and stare at each person’s face when you’re searching for your friend at the park. Instead, if we were recording your brain signals as you scanned the crowd, there would be a detectable P300 response when you saw someone who could be your friend. The P300 carries an unconscious message alerting you to something important that deserves attention. These signals are part of a still unknown brain pathway that aids in detection and focusing attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading your mind using P300s\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>P300s reliably occur any time you notice something rare or disjointed, like when you find the shirt you were looking for in your closet or your car in a parking lot. Researchers can use the P300 in an experimental setting to determine what is important or relevant to you. That’s led to the creation of devices like spellers that allow paralyzed individuals to type using their thoughts, \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(88)90149-6\">one character at a time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also can be used to determine what you know, in what’s called a “\u003ca href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207458808985770\">guilty knowledge test\u003c/a>.” In the lab, subjects are asked to choose an item to “steal” or hide, and are then shown many images repeatedly of both unrelated and related items. For instance, subjects choose between a watch and a necklace, and are then shown typical items from a jewelry box; a P300 appears when the subject is presented with the image of the item he took.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432342\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432342\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For now, most BCI technology relies on somewhat cumbersome EEG hardware that is definitely not stealth. \u003ccite>(Mark Stone, University of Washington, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone’s P300 is unique. In order to know what they’re looking for, researchers need “training” data. These are previously obtained brain signal recordings that researchers are confident contain P300s; they’re then used to calibrate the system. Since the test measures an unconscious neural signal that you don’t even know you have, can you fool it? Maybe, if you \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00158.x\">know that you’re being probed and what the stimuli are\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Techniques like these are still considered unreliable and unproven, and thus U.S. courts have \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.4.460\">resisted admitting P300 data as evidence\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that instead of using a P300 signal to solve the mystery of a “stolen” item in the lab, someone used this technology to extract information about what month you were born or which bank you use – without your telling them. Our research group has \u003ca href=\"https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/33808\">collected data suggesting this is possible\u003c/a>. Just using an individual’s brain activity – specifically, their P300 response – we could determine a subject’s preferences for things like favorite coffee brand or favorite sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we could do it only when subject-specific training data were available. What if we could figure out someone’s preferences without previous knowledge of their brain signal patterns? Without the need for training, users could simply put on a device and go, skipping the step of loading a personal training profile or spending time in calibration. Research on trained and untrained devices is the subject of \u003ca href=\"http://brl.ee.washington.edu/neural-engineering/bci-security/\">continuing experiments at the University of Washington\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://perso.uclouvain.be/fstandae/PUBLIS/190.pdf\">and elsewhere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s when the technology is able to “read” someone’s mind who isn’t actively cooperating that ethical issues become particularly pressing.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s when the technology is able to “read” someone’s mind who isn’t actively cooperating that ethical issues become particularly pressing. After all, we willingly trade bits of our privacy all the time – when we open our mouths to have conversations or use GPS devices that allow companies to collect data about us. But in these cases we consent to sharing what’s in our minds. The difference with next-generation P300 technology under development is that the protection consent gives us may get bypassed altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if it’s possible to decode what you’re thinking or planning without you even knowing? Will you feel violated? Will you feel a loss of control? Privacy implications may be wide-ranging. Maybe advertisers could know your preferred brands and send you personalized ads – which may be convenient or creepy. Or maybe malicious entities could determine where you bank and your account’s PIN – which would be alarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>With great power comes great responsibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential ability to determine individuals’ preferences and personal information using their own brain signals has spawned a number of difficult but pressing questions: Should we be able to keep our neural signals private? That is, should neural security \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1\">be a human right\u003c/a>? How do we \u003ca href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2427564\">adequately protect and store all the neural data\u003c/a> being recorded for research, and soon for leisure? How do consumers know if any protective or anonymization measures are being made with their neural data? As of now, neural data collected for commercial uses are not subject to the same legal protections covering \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/index.html\">biomedical research or health care\u003c/a>. Should neural data be treated differently?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the kinds of conundrums that are best addressed by neural engineers and ethicists working together. Putting ethicists in labs alongside engineers – \u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/research/neuroethics\">as we have done at the CSNE\u003c/a> – is one way to ensure that privacy and security risks of neurotechnology, as well as other ethically important issues, are an active part of the research process instead of an afterthought. For instance, Tim Brown, an ethicist at the CSNE, is “housed” within a neural engineering research lab, allowing him to have daily conversations with researchers about ethical concerns. He’s also easily able to interact with – and, in fact, interview – research subjects about their \u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/engage-enable/post/ethics-cornerstone-neural-engineering-research\">ethical concerns about brain research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are important ethical and legal lessons to be drawn about technology and privacy from other areas, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27561246/privacy-in-genomics\">genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.theneuroethicsblog.com/2011/08/ethical-dimenstions-of-neuromarketing.html\">neuromarketing\u003c/a>. But there seems to be something important and different about reading neural data. They’re more intimately connected to the mind and who we take ourselves to be. As such, ethical issues raised by BCI demand special attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neuroethicists from the UW Philosophy department discuss issues related to neural implants. \u003ccite>(Mark Stone, University of Washington, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Working on ethics while tech’s in its infancy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we wrestle with how to address these privacy and security issues, there are two features of current P300 technology that will buy us time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, most commercial devices available use dry electrodes, which rely solely on skin contact to conduct electrical signals. This technology is prone to a low signal-to-noise ratio, meaning that we can extract only relatively basic forms of information from users. The brain signals we record are known to be highly variable (even for the same person) due to things like electrode movement and the constantly changing nature of brain signals themselves. Second, electrodes are not always in ideal locations to record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, this inherent lack of reliability means that BCI devices are not nearly as ubiquitous today as they may be in the future. As electrode hardware and signal processing continue to improve, it will be easier to continuously use devices like these, and make it easier to extract personal information from an unknowing individual as well. The safest advice would be to not use these devices at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal should be that the ethical standards and the technology will mature together to ensure future BCI users are confident their privacy is being protected as they use these kinds of devices. It’s a rare opportunity for scientists, engineers, ethicists and eventually regulators to work together to create even better products than were originally dreamed of in science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/helping-or-hacking-engineers-and-ethicists-must-work-together-on-brain-computer-interface-technology-77759\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Check out this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxD2KDq18_E\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so it has the look and feel of a circa-1980 video game—maybe something they let high school English students play in an attempt to foster an appreciation of Shakespeare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not so fast. It's a lot more interesting when you know the action, such as it is, is being driven by the \u003cem>thoughts\u003c/em> of monkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This system can work for a person as well.'\u003ccite>Stanford researcher Paul Nuyujukian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a paper published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/bionics/monkeys-type-12-words-per-minute-with-braintokeyboard-communication\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>\u003c/a> Monday, Stanford University researchers say they have achieved the equivalent of a \"typing\" rate of up to 12 words per minute in monkeys. The monkeys moved a cursor to a green dot with their minds by thinking about the green dot. (The primates, alas, were not thinking about actual letters of the alphabet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monkeys' cerebral cortexes had been implanted with electrode arrays, which read their brain signals and translated them into cursor movements. The animals received a reward in the form of a beverage, delivered electronically, after each successful trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments outlined in the paper were primarily conducted in 2011 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope the system could eventually be used by patients with \u003ca href=\"http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/locked-in-syndrome/\" target=\"_blank\">locked-in syndrome\u003c/a> and other illnesses that render people incapable of moving or speaking, in order to help them communicate more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We put the word \"typing\" in quotes because, first off, the monkeys were doing it virtually, and secondly, the keyboard you see in the video was actually overlaid in post-production, according to Paul Nuyujukian, a Stanford bioengineering department faculty member, who along with engineering professor Krishna Shenoy developed the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trained to Select the Dots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the monkeys were actually trained to do was navigate the cursor to the green dots as they appeared on a screen, selecting each dot by mentally dwelling on it for about a half-second, or by mentally intending to select it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In human trials taking place now, Nuyujukian says, participants see the actual letters, as in a keyboard. \"We don’t have these results published, but this system can work for a person as well,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 795px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-244040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian.\" width=\"795\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg 795w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian. \u003ccite>(L.A. Cicero)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The words-per-minute results the monkeys achieved do not account for the actual time it might take a human, who is not simply responding to colored lights, to type similar passages, the researchers acknowledge. \"However, for a copy typing task as is commonly used for measuring typing performance, this may be a close approximation,\" they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trials achieved a typing rate up to three times as fast as recorded in other brain-computer interface studies, Nuyujukian says. However, the comparison was calculated using a measure called bit rate, and then converted into words per minute. That was necessary in order to compare these results with those recorded in previous studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Systems Available\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've seen the film \"The Diving Bell and the Butterfly,\" you know that other systems of communication have long been used by severely disabled patients to communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ss0QiJUlXE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most famous method was used by physicist Stephen Hawking, who communicated using a sensor on his glasses to detect movement in his cheek muscle. (That has since been \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2015/01/intel-gave-stephen-hawking-voice/\" target=\"_blank\">upgraded\u003c/a>.) There are also eye-gaze systems that scroll letters across a screen and sense when patients fix their gaze on particular characters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those systems can be fatiguing, says Nuyujukian. Another problem, he says: You can’t look away without throwing the system off. And there can be reflection-related problems for those who wear eyeglasses. Though using an eye-gaze system is fast, he says, \"It’s not gotten as much adoption as we’d hope from a technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of brain-computer interface reads brain signals using sensors arrayed across the scalp. The interfaces are less accurate than an invasive system like the one from Stanford, says Melanie Fried-Oken, a professor of neurology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You sneeze, you yawn, you blink, they affect the system more than if you have a circuit board on your brain,\" says Fried-Oken, who works with locked-in patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she welcomed the system described in \u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>, she thought the researchers' claim of comparative speediness with other systems was a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re looking at bit rate and humans are looking at words per minute,\" Fried-Oken said. \"That translation from bit rate to words per minute is very difficult. The monkeys are not conceptualizing words as they type.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also said locked-in patients with whom she has worked think efficiency is more important than speed. \"They are happy to communicate slowly,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fried-Oken said that although some implanted systems have the best signal quality, \"you look like a tree's coming out of your head,\" although this is beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every system is difficult,\" she said. \"There will never be a system that’s not difficult.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eduardo Miranda, who has developed brain-computer interface technology related to music, gave this assessment of the study in an email:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though the work does not address the actual cognitive processing required to form words and sentences, this certainly is a significant development. The great challenge of this invasive approach to BCI research is to translate what we learn from experiments with macaques to real-world applications for humans: using implanted electrodes is not practical, as it involves surgical procedures and the risk of infection is extremely high. Nevertheless the results are exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The significance of this research will probably become more apparent, and indeed useful, when far more sophisticated non-invasive technology to read the EEG becomes available.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Check out this video.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nxD2KDq18_E'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nxD2KDq18_E'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Okay, so it has the look and feel of a circa-1980 video game—maybe something they let high school English students play in an attempt to foster an appreciation of Shakespeare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not so fast. It's a lot more interesting when you know the action, such as it is, is being driven by the \u003cem>thoughts\u003c/em> of monkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This system can work for a person as well.'\u003ccite>Stanford researcher Paul Nuyujukian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a paper published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/bionics/monkeys-type-12-words-per-minute-with-braintokeyboard-communication\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>\u003c/a> Monday, Stanford University researchers say they have achieved the equivalent of a \"typing\" rate of up to 12 words per minute in monkeys. The monkeys moved a cursor to a green dot with their minds by thinking about the green dot. (The primates, alas, were not thinking about actual letters of the alphabet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monkeys' cerebral cortexes had been implanted with electrode arrays, which read their brain signals and translated them into cursor movements. The animals received a reward in the form of a beverage, delivered electronically, after each successful trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments outlined in the paper were primarily conducted in 2011 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope the system could eventually be used by patients with \u003ca href=\"http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/locked-in-syndrome/\" target=\"_blank\">locked-in syndrome\u003c/a> and other illnesses that render people incapable of moving or speaking, in order to help them communicate more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We put the word \"typing\" in quotes because, first off, the monkeys were doing it virtually, and secondly, the keyboard you see in the video was actually overlaid in post-production, according to Paul Nuyujukian, a Stanford bioengineering department faculty member, who along with engineering professor Krishna Shenoy developed the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trained to Select the Dots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the monkeys were actually trained to do was navigate the cursor to the green dots as they appeared on a screen, selecting each dot by mentally dwelling on it for about a half-second, or by mentally intending to select it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In human trials taking place now, Nuyujukian says, participants see the actual letters, as in a keyboard. \"We don’t have these results published, but this system can work for a person as well,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 795px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-244040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian.\" width=\"795\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg 795w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian. \u003ccite>(L.A. Cicero)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The words-per-minute results the monkeys achieved do not account for the actual time it might take a human, who is not simply responding to colored lights, to type similar passages, the researchers acknowledge. \"However, for a copy typing task as is commonly used for measuring typing performance, this may be a close approximation,\" they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trials achieved a typing rate up to three times as fast as recorded in other brain-computer interface studies, Nuyujukian says. However, the comparison was calculated using a measure called bit rate, and then converted into words per minute. That was necessary in order to compare these results with those recorded in previous studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Systems Available\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've seen the film \"The Diving Bell and the Butterfly,\" you know that other systems of communication have long been used by severely disabled patients to communicate.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4Ss0QiJUlXE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4Ss0QiJUlXE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Perhaps the most famous method was used by physicist Stephen Hawking, who communicated using a sensor on his glasses to detect movement in his cheek muscle. (That has since been \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2015/01/intel-gave-stephen-hawking-voice/\" target=\"_blank\">upgraded\u003c/a>.) There are also eye-gaze systems that scroll letters across a screen and sense when patients fix their gaze on particular characters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those systems can be fatiguing, says Nuyujukian. Another problem, he says: You can’t look away without throwing the system off. And there can be reflection-related problems for those who wear eyeglasses. Though using an eye-gaze system is fast, he says, \"It’s not gotten as much adoption as we’d hope from a technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of brain-computer interface reads brain signals using sensors arrayed across the scalp. The interfaces are less accurate than an invasive system like the one from Stanford, says Melanie Fried-Oken, a professor of neurology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You sneeze, you yawn, you blink, they affect the system more than if you have a circuit board on your brain,\" says Fried-Oken, who works with locked-in patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she welcomed the system described in \u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>, she thought the researchers' claim of comparative speediness with other systems was a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re looking at bit rate and humans are looking at words per minute,\" Fried-Oken said. \"That translation from bit rate to words per minute is very difficult. The monkeys are not conceptualizing words as they type.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also said locked-in patients with whom she has worked think efficiency is more important than speed. \"They are happy to communicate slowly,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fried-Oken said that although some implanted systems have the best signal quality, \"you look like a tree's coming out of your head,\" although this is beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every system is difficult,\" she said. \"There will never be a system that’s not difficult.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eduardo Miranda, who has developed brain-computer interface technology related to music, gave this assessment of the study in an email:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though the work does not address the actual cognitive processing required to form words and sentences, this certainly is a significant development. The great challenge of this invasive approach to BCI research is to translate what we learn from experiments with macaques to real-world applications for humans: using implanted electrodes is not practical, as it involves surgical procedures and the risk of infection is extremely high. Nevertheless the results are exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The significance of this research will probably become more apparent, and indeed useful, when far more sophisticated non-invasive technology to read the EEG becomes available.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"latino-usa": {
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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},
"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"soldout": {
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