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"content": "\u003cp>Marijuana, it seems, is not a performance-enhancing drug. That is, at least, not among young people, and not when the activity is learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychiatrist.com/JCP/article/Pages/2018/v79/17m11977.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Clinical Psychiatry \u003c/em>finds that when adolescents stop using marijuana — even for just one week — their verbal learning and memory improve. The study contributes to growing\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> evidence that marijuana use in adolescents\u003c/a> is associated with reduced neurocognitive functioning.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gapfFkqeMFkKiddjhmrAPnGjnaQfV5tT\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 14 percent of students in middle school and high school reported using marijuana within the past month, finds a \u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Institutes of Health survey\u003c/a> conducted in 2017. And marijuana use has increased among high-schoolers over the past 10 years, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/substance-use/marijuana/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> U.S. Department of Health & Human Services\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the percentage of teens who believe that regular marijuana use poses a great risk to their health has\u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol2_2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> dropped sharply since the mid-2000s\u003c/a>. And legalization of marijuana may play a part in shaping how young people think about the drug. One study noted that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5365078/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after 2012, when marijuana was legalized\u003c/a> in Washington state, the number of eighth-graders there that believed marijuana posed risks to their health dropped by 14 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are particularly concerned with marijuana use among the young because THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, most sharply affects the parts of the brain that develop during adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The adolescent brain is undergoing significant neurodevelopment well into the 20s, and the regions that are last to develop are those regions that are most populated by cannabis receptors and are also very critical to cognitive functioning,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mghaddictionmedicine.com/about/staff/randi-schuster-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Randi Schuster\u003c/a>. Schuster is the director of neuropsychology at Massachusetts General Hospital's Center for Addiction Medicine and the study's lead author.[contextly_sidebar id=\"lZELc7PUUZvmD5VTorbXygfap5jLk01F\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster and the team of researchers set out to determine if cognitive functions that are potentially harmed by marijuana use in adolescents — particularly attention and memory — improve when they abstain from marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They recruited 88 pot-using teens and young adults, ages 16 to 25, and got some of them to agree to stop smoking (or otherwise consuming) marijuana for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster says the researchers wanted to recruit a range of participants, not just heavy users or those in a treatment program, for example. Some of the young people smoked once per week; some smoked nearly daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers randomly assigned the volunteers into an abstaining group and a nonabstaining group. They delivered the bad news to those chosen to be abstainers at the end of their first visit, and Schuster says, they took it surprisingly well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People were generally fine,\" she says. \"We kind of went through what the next month would look like and helped them come up with strategies for staying abstinent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One motivation for the non-tokers to stick with the program? They received increasing amounts of money each week of the month-long study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers urine-tested both groups on a weekly basis to make sure that the THC levels for the abstinent group were going down, and that the levels for the control group were staying consistent as they continued using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also at each visit, the participants completed a variety of tasks testing their attention and memory through the\u003ca href=\"http://www.cambridgecognition.com/cantab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery\u003c/a>, a validated cognitive assessment tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that after four weeks, there was no noticeable difference in attention scores between the marijuana users and the nonusers. But, the memory scores of the nonusers improved, whereas the users' memories mostly stayed the same.[contextly_sidebar id=\"c4SATwAqatlL4R15kRXVJih13AxNqqVR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The verbal memory test challenged participants to learn and recall new words, which \"lets us look both at their ability to learn information the first time the words were presented, as well as the number of words that they're able to retrieve from long-term memory storage after a delay,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verbal memory is particularly relevant for adolescents and young adults when they're in the classroom, Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For an adolescent sitting in their history class learning new facts for the first time, we're suspecting that active cannabis users might have a difficult time putting that new information into their long-term memory,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study didn't prove that abstaining from cannabis improves adolescents' attention, other studies have found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">marijuana users fare worse in attention tests\u003c/a> than nonusers. Schuster hypothesizes it might take more than four weeks of abstinence for attention levels to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, most of the memory improvement for the abstinent group happened during the first week of the study, which leaves the researchers feeling hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were pleasantly surprised to see that at least some of the deficits that we think may be caused by cannabis appear to be reversible, and at least some of them are quickly reversible, which is good news,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One weakness of this study is its lack of a non-marijuana-using control group, says \u003ca href=\"https://uwm.edu/psychology/people/lisdahl-krista-m/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Krista Lisdahl\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee who was not involved with the study but also researches the neuroscience of addiction. Because of this, it's difficult to conclude whether the improvements in memory brought the participants back to their baseline levels prior to using marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, because the study lasted only four weeks, it's impossible to draw conclusions about the long-term effects of marijuana usage for young people, such as how marijuana directly affects academic performance, sleep patterns or mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl says that longitudinal studies such as the NIH's\u003ca href=\"https://abcdstudy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study\u003c/a> could provide more information about what marijuana does to the adolescent brain. It might also reveal what happens if adolescents stop using marijuana and if their brain functioning can completely recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl is helping with the NIH study, which has, to date, enrolled more than 11,000 children ages 9 and 10 and will follow them into young adulthood. It's the largest long-term research study on child brain development in the U.S., and it assesses how everything from screen time to concussions to drugs affect adolescents' brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Lisdahl says the findings from the new study — that abstinence from marijuana is associated with improvements in adolescents' learning and memory — sends a positive message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remain optimistic that we can show recovery of function with sustained abstinence,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rachel D. Cohen is an intern on NPR's Science Desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Adolescents+Give+Up+Pot%2C+Their+Cognition+Quickly+Improves&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Marijuana, it seems, is not a performance-enhancing drug. That is, at least, not among young people, and not when the activity is learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychiatrist.com/JCP/article/Pages/2018/v79/17m11977.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Clinical Psychiatry \u003c/em>finds that when adolescents stop using marijuana — even for just one week — their verbal learning and memory improve. The study contributes to growing\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> evidence that marijuana use in adolescents\u003c/a> is associated with reduced neurocognitive functioning.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 14 percent of students in middle school and high school reported using marijuana within the past month, finds a \u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Institutes of Health survey\u003c/a> conducted in 2017. And marijuana use has increased among high-schoolers over the past 10 years, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/substance-use/marijuana/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> U.S. Department of Health & Human Services\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the percentage of teens who believe that regular marijuana use poses a great risk to their health has\u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol2_2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> dropped sharply since the mid-2000s\u003c/a>. And legalization of marijuana may play a part in shaping how young people think about the drug. One study noted that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5365078/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after 2012, when marijuana was legalized\u003c/a> in Washington state, the number of eighth-graders there that believed marijuana posed risks to their health dropped by 14 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are particularly concerned with marijuana use among the young because THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, most sharply affects the parts of the brain that develop during adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The adolescent brain is undergoing significant neurodevelopment well into the 20s, and the regions that are last to develop are those regions that are most populated by cannabis receptors and are also very critical to cognitive functioning,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mghaddictionmedicine.com/about/staff/randi-schuster-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Randi Schuster\u003c/a>. Schuster is the director of neuropsychology at Massachusetts General Hospital's Center for Addiction Medicine and the study's lead author.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster and the team of researchers set out to determine if cognitive functions that are potentially harmed by marijuana use in adolescents — particularly attention and memory — improve when they abstain from marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They recruited 88 pot-using teens and young adults, ages 16 to 25, and got some of them to agree to stop smoking (or otherwise consuming) marijuana for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster says the researchers wanted to recruit a range of participants, not just heavy users or those in a treatment program, for example. Some of the young people smoked once per week; some smoked nearly daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers randomly assigned the volunteers into an abstaining group and a nonabstaining group. They delivered the bad news to those chosen to be abstainers at the end of their first visit, and Schuster says, they took it surprisingly well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People were generally fine,\" she says. \"We kind of went through what the next month would look like and helped them come up with strategies for staying abstinent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One motivation for the non-tokers to stick with the program? They received increasing amounts of money each week of the month-long study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers urine-tested both groups on a weekly basis to make sure that the THC levels for the abstinent group were going down, and that the levels for the control group were staying consistent as they continued using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also at each visit, the participants completed a variety of tasks testing their attention and memory through the\u003ca href=\"http://www.cambridgecognition.com/cantab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery\u003c/a>, a validated cognitive assessment tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that after four weeks, there was no noticeable difference in attention scores between the marijuana users and the nonusers. But, the memory scores of the nonusers improved, whereas the users' memories mostly stayed the same.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The verbal memory test challenged participants to learn and recall new words, which \"lets us look both at their ability to learn information the first time the words were presented, as well as the number of words that they're able to retrieve from long-term memory storage after a delay,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verbal memory is particularly relevant for adolescents and young adults when they're in the classroom, Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For an adolescent sitting in their history class learning new facts for the first time, we're suspecting that active cannabis users might have a difficult time putting that new information into their long-term memory,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study didn't prove that abstaining from cannabis improves adolescents' attention, other studies have found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">marijuana users fare worse in attention tests\u003c/a> than nonusers. Schuster hypothesizes it might take more than four weeks of abstinence for attention levels to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, most of the memory improvement for the abstinent group happened during the first week of the study, which leaves the researchers feeling hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were pleasantly surprised to see that at least some of the deficits that we think may be caused by cannabis appear to be reversible, and at least some of them are quickly reversible, which is good news,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One weakness of this study is its lack of a non-marijuana-using control group, says \u003ca href=\"https://uwm.edu/psychology/people/lisdahl-krista-m/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Krista Lisdahl\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee who was not involved with the study but also researches the neuroscience of addiction. Because of this, it's difficult to conclude whether the improvements in memory brought the participants back to their baseline levels prior to using marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, because the study lasted only four weeks, it's impossible to draw conclusions about the long-term effects of marijuana usage for young people, such as how marijuana directly affects academic performance, sleep patterns or mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl says that longitudinal studies such as the NIH's\u003ca href=\"https://abcdstudy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study\u003c/a> could provide more information about what marijuana does to the adolescent brain. It might also reveal what happens if adolescents stop using marijuana and if their brain functioning can completely recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl is helping with the NIH study, which has, to date, enrolled more than 11,000 children ages 9 and 10 and will follow them into young adulthood. It's the largest long-term research study on child brain development in the U.S., and it assesses how everything from screen time to concussions to drugs affect adolescents' brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Lisdahl says the findings from the new study — that abstinence from marijuana is associated with improvements in adolescents' learning and memory — sends a positive message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remain optimistic that we can show recovery of function with sustained abstinence,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rachel D. Cohen is an intern on NPR's Science Desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Adolescents+Give+Up+Pot%2C+Their+Cognition+Quickly+Improves&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Doctors Test Bacterial Smear After C-sections To Bolster Babies' Health",
"title": "Doctors Test Bacterial Smear After C-sections To Bolster Babies' Health",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Danielle Vukadinovich is sitting up in a hospital bed at the Inova Women's Hospital in Falls Church, Va., waiting to give birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel good, I'm excited!\" says Vukadinovich, 35, of Annandale, Va., \"Nervous, but good!\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"FEjJfJVXw64VNWTIkBjmTrT87lKdBgJO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich is getting a \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cesareansection.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cesarean section\u003c/a> today. It's the second time for her — she underwent the surgical procedure 19 months ago when her twins were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time Danielle wants to try something different, something that might sound strange. As soon as her daughter is born, a doctor will wipe bacteria fluid from Danielle's birth canal all over her baby's body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I haven't told many people about this yet,\" Vukadinovich says, laughing. \"I understand why people would be like, 'Oh my gosh. That's so weird.' But I don't think it's yucky. It's normal. It's natural really.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procedure, known as \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/expert-answers/vaginal-seeding/faq-20380881\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vaginal seeding\u003c/a>,\" is designed to help babies develop healthy microbiomes — the collection of friendly bacteria that inhabit every person's body. Some people call it a \"bacterial baptism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little bit like that baby's first dunk,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.inova.org/indirectory/clinicaltrials.aspx?design=true&dirId=1&LoadCategory=ITMI&LoadSubCategory=Microbiome&memberID=280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shira Levy\u003c/a>, the microbiome research manager at the Inova hospital. \"That's their first religious experience. You know, they get the water and that changes their spirituality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In this case, they get the bacteria and that changes their microbiome,\" Levy says. \"This is their first microbiome experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procedure was developed in response to the sharp rise in C-section births in recent years. That increase has been accompanied by \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/30/444746094/missing-microbes-provide-clues-about-asthma-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more cases of asthma\u003c/a>, allergies, eczema, obesity, and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory is that the rise in these diseases might be happening, in part, because babies aren't getting exposed to their mother's microbes the way they would if they were passing naturally through the birth canal.[contextly_sidebar id=\"0AllfLEduBOKAavkhBROexZnBFbtKljt\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think that one of the reasons that babies born by C-section are at increased risk for these diseases is because they don't receive that first beneficial exposure to their mother's vaginal microbiome,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.inova.org/Physician_Directory/Suchitra-K-Hourigan-MD/824530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Suchitra Hourigan\u003c/a>, a pediatric gastroenterologist at Inova.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One very small study \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/02/01/464905786/researchers-test-microbe-wipe-to-promote-babies-health-after-c-sections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicated \u003c/a>that swabbing C-section babies with their mother's microbes immediately after birth could make their microbiomes develop more like those of babies born vaginally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the appeal of vaginal seeding has outpaced evidence that it is safe and effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some couples have started trying vaginal seeding on their own. Vukadinovich jokes that she considered doing it herself. After all, she says, she's a nurse and her husband is a high school biology teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I even told my mom: 'Nobody has to know. My husband would help me out,' \" she says, laughing. \"But I try not to take unnecessary risks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich knows the procedure could be risky. Babies could be inadvertently exposed to disease-causing microbes, such as herpes virus or streptococcus bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, medical groups such as the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Vaginal-Seeding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warn\u003c/a> women against doing this. \"While there are data to suggest that there may be some scientific plausibility to the concept, it is not without significant risks,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.ucla.edu/experts/preview/578561302cfac209100154a4/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neil Silverman\u003c/a>, a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the UCLA School of Medicine, who represents ACOG. The group notes that mothers also transfer microbes to their newborns through skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Vukadinovich was thrilled when she found out she could be part of the first \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03298334?term=vaginal+seeding&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> the Food and Drug Administration is allowing to rigorously test whether the procedure is safe and helps improve babies' health.[contextly_sidebar id=\"kMHzgUs0dutTuVHV7G0EJpefrLt2hB8h\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who knows what's going to happen with the results? But if it does show something positive, I just think that would be great for kids and parents,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hourigan, who's helping lead the study, agrees. \"Just to be able to reduce one risk factor for obesity, especially when there are such high [C-section rates] in the U.S., would be huge,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, half of the babies will get swabbed with their mother's microbes; half will get swabbed with a sterile solution. All of the mothers will be carefully screened for dangerous infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the babies will then be followed for three years to see if they become obese or develop other health problems. A \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03567707?term=vaginal+seeding&rank=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">similar study\u003c/a> is starting at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich agreed to let an NPR reporter and photographer observe her baby's birth and the swabbing. It's the first time journalists have been allowed to watch a baby go through the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evelyn Marie is Born\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the nurses wheel Vukadinovich into the operating room, Hourigan, Levy and Dr. Varsha Deopujari follow. Deopujari, the study's clinical manager, will do the actual swabbing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the OR, everyone quickly takes their places. As the surgeon starts, Hourigan explains what's happening. It goes very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An incision is being made into mom, and they are getting ready to take out the baby,\" Hourigan says. \"They can see the head. And the head is now coming out of the C-section incision. Baby's head is out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than a minute after the surgery starts, the baby girl is completely out. A nurse rushes the newborn to a nearby table to clear her breathing. After the baby is breathing smoothly, Deopujari starts swabbing with a gauze pad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, she swabs the baby's mouth, cheeks and face. After turning the gauze over to expose more bacteria, Deopujari wipes the baby's hands and arms. Next, she wipes down her chest, goes over her abdomen, up the other arm and then over her back.[contextly_sidebar id=\"umm131VoK2OKqBWygztDrKkMjOgsaGeH\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And the swabbing is now over,\" Hourigan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deopujari hands the baby back to a nurse. Hourigan and her team quickly head out of the OR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That went perfectly,\" she says. \"Baby came out and was crying. We waited until baby was stable, and the swabbing went just as planned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hourigan and her colleagues will swab 50 babies to make sure their procedure is safe. If it is, they plan to expand the study to 800 babies, who would randomly receive either the bacterial swab or a placebo, throughout the Inova hospital system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results could prove important. \"We need more data and we need better data,\" says Silverman, of ACOG. \"If it shows that there is a clear benefit, then this process can be re-evaluated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, Vukadinovich, her husband, Nick, 41, and their new daughter are together in a hospital room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm good — feeling good today,\" she says, cradling her baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple doesn't know if their new daughter, who they would later name Evelyn Marie, was exposed to her mother's microbes or a sterile placebo solution. But they have their fingers crossed she was swabbed with bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I really hope that she was,\" Vukadinovich says. \"If there's a decreased chance of her having any health issues, that would be awesome.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her husband, Nick, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're not terribly religious so we won't baptize with water — holy water,\" Nick says. \"But since we're scientists, we like the idea of a bacterial baptism instead of a holy baptism — because now she's been initiated with bacteria, friendly bacteria, that should protect her down the road.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Doctors+Test+Bacterial+Smear+After+Cesarean+Sections+To+Bolster+Babies%27+Microbiomes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After a C-section, does swabbing a baby with the mother's microbes reduce the risk of obesity and other health problems later in life? An ambitious study to help answer the question is underway.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Danielle Vukadinovich is sitting up in a hospital bed at the Inova Women's Hospital in Falls Church, Va., waiting to give birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel good, I'm excited!\" says Vukadinovich, 35, of Annandale, Va., \"Nervous, but good!\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich is getting a \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cesareansection.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cesarean section\u003c/a> today. It's the second time for her — she underwent the surgical procedure 19 months ago when her twins were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time Danielle wants to try something different, something that might sound strange. As soon as her daughter is born, a doctor will wipe bacteria fluid from Danielle's birth canal all over her baby's body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I haven't told many people about this yet,\" Vukadinovich says, laughing. \"I understand why people would be like, 'Oh my gosh. That's so weird.' But I don't think it's yucky. It's normal. It's natural really.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procedure, known as \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/expert-answers/vaginal-seeding/faq-20380881\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vaginal seeding\u003c/a>,\" is designed to help babies develop healthy microbiomes — the collection of friendly bacteria that inhabit every person's body. Some people call it a \"bacterial baptism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little bit like that baby's first dunk,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.inova.org/indirectory/clinicaltrials.aspx?design=true&dirId=1&LoadCategory=ITMI&LoadSubCategory=Microbiome&memberID=280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shira Levy\u003c/a>, the microbiome research manager at the Inova hospital. \"That's their first religious experience. You know, they get the water and that changes their spirituality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In this case, they get the bacteria and that changes their microbiome,\" Levy says. \"This is their first microbiome experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procedure was developed in response to the sharp rise in C-section births in recent years. That increase has been accompanied by \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/30/444746094/missing-microbes-provide-clues-about-asthma-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more cases of asthma\u003c/a>, allergies, eczema, obesity, and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory is that the rise in these diseases might be happening, in part, because babies aren't getting exposed to their mother's microbes the way they would if they were passing naturally through the birth canal.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think that one of the reasons that babies born by C-section are at increased risk for these diseases is because they don't receive that first beneficial exposure to their mother's vaginal microbiome,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.inova.org/Physician_Directory/Suchitra-K-Hourigan-MD/824530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Suchitra Hourigan\u003c/a>, a pediatric gastroenterologist at Inova.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One very small study \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/02/01/464905786/researchers-test-microbe-wipe-to-promote-babies-health-after-c-sections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicated \u003c/a>that swabbing C-section babies with their mother's microbes immediately after birth could make their microbiomes develop more like those of babies born vaginally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the appeal of vaginal seeding has outpaced evidence that it is safe and effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some couples have started trying vaginal seeding on their own. Vukadinovich jokes that she considered doing it herself. After all, she says, she's a nurse and her husband is a high school biology teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I even told my mom: 'Nobody has to know. My husband would help me out,' \" she says, laughing. \"But I try not to take unnecessary risks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich knows the procedure could be risky. Babies could be inadvertently exposed to disease-causing microbes, such as herpes virus or streptococcus bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, medical groups such as the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Vaginal-Seeding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warn\u003c/a> women against doing this. \"While there are data to suggest that there may be some scientific plausibility to the concept, it is not without significant risks,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.ucla.edu/experts/preview/578561302cfac209100154a4/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neil Silverman\u003c/a>, a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the UCLA School of Medicine, who represents ACOG. The group notes that mothers also transfer microbes to their newborns through skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Vukadinovich was thrilled when she found out she could be part of the first \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03298334?term=vaginal+seeding&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> the Food and Drug Administration is allowing to rigorously test whether the procedure is safe and helps improve babies' health.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who knows what's going to happen with the results? But if it does show something positive, I just think that would be great for kids and parents,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hourigan, who's helping lead the study, agrees. \"Just to be able to reduce one risk factor for obesity, especially when there are such high [C-section rates] in the U.S., would be huge,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, half of the babies will get swabbed with their mother's microbes; half will get swabbed with a sterile solution. All of the mothers will be carefully screened for dangerous infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the babies will then be followed for three years to see if they become obese or develop other health problems. A \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03567707?term=vaginal+seeding&rank=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">similar study\u003c/a> is starting at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich agreed to let an NPR reporter and photographer observe her baby's birth and the swabbing. It's the first time journalists have been allowed to watch a baby go through the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evelyn Marie is Born\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the nurses wheel Vukadinovich into the operating room, Hourigan, Levy and Dr. Varsha Deopujari follow. Deopujari, the study's clinical manager, will do the actual swabbing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the OR, everyone quickly takes their places. As the surgeon starts, Hourigan explains what's happening. It goes very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An incision is being made into mom, and they are getting ready to take out the baby,\" Hourigan says. \"They can see the head. And the head is now coming out of the C-section incision. Baby's head is out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than a minute after the surgery starts, the baby girl is completely out. A nurse rushes the newborn to a nearby table to clear her breathing. After the baby is breathing smoothly, Deopujari starts swabbing with a gauze pad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, she swabs the baby's mouth, cheeks and face. After turning the gauze over to expose more bacteria, Deopujari wipes the baby's hands and arms. Next, she wipes down her chest, goes over her abdomen, up the other arm and then over her back.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And the swabbing is now over,\" Hourigan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deopujari hands the baby back to a nurse. Hourigan and her team quickly head out of the OR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That went perfectly,\" she says. \"Baby came out and was crying. We waited until baby was stable, and the swabbing went just as planned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hourigan and her colleagues will swab 50 babies to make sure their procedure is safe. If it is, they plan to expand the study to 800 babies, who would randomly receive either the bacterial swab or a placebo, throughout the Inova hospital system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results could prove important. \"We need more data and we need better data,\" says Silverman, of ACOG. \"If it shows that there is a clear benefit, then this process can be re-evaluated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, Vukadinovich, her husband, Nick, 41, and their new daughter are together in a hospital room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm good — feeling good today,\" she says, cradling her baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple doesn't know if their new daughter, who they would later name Evelyn Marie, was exposed to her mother's microbes or a sterile placebo solution. But they have their fingers crossed she was swabbed with bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I really hope that she was,\" Vukadinovich says. \"If there's a decreased chance of her having any health issues, that would be awesome.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her husband, Nick, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're not terribly religious so we won't baptize with water — holy water,\" Nick says. \"But since we're scientists, we like the idea of a bacterial baptism instead of a holy baptism — because now she's been initiated with bacteria, friendly bacteria, that should protect her down the road.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Doctors+Test+Bacterial+Smear+After+Cesarean+Sections+To+Bolster+Babies%27+Microbiomes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A New Prescription For Depression: Join A Team And Get Sweaty",
"title": "A New Prescription For Depression: Join A Team And Get Sweaty",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Ryan \"China\" \u003ca href=\"https://adaa.org/living-with-anxiety/personal-stories/becoming-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McCarney\u003c/a> has played sports his entire life, but sometimes he has to force himself to show up on the field to play pick-up soccer with his friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm dreading and I'm anticipating the worst. But I do it anyway. And then, it's a euphoric sensation when you're done with it because you end up having a great time,\" says McCarney.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gwsGwJ2iQLGQmBCouKy4FngfBXYfu4CD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarney was just 22 when he had his first panic attack. As a college and professional baseball player, he says getting help was stigmatized. It took him six years to get professional support. He still struggles with depression and social anxiety, but says exercising helps him — especially when it's with his teammates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows exercise can ease things like panic attacks or mood and sleep disorders, and a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30227-X/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in the journal, Lancet Psychiatry, found that popular team sports may have a slight edge over the other forms of physical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers analyzed CDC survey data from 1.2 million adults and found — across age, gender, education status and income — people who exercised reported fewer days of bad mental health than those who didn't. And those who played team sports reported the fewest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the study's authors, \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/people/search/adam_chekroud-1.profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adam Chekroud\u003c/a>, an assistant adjunct professor at Yale's School of Medicine, thinks team activity could add another layer of relief for sufferers of mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there are biological, cognitive and social aspects to mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some sports might just be hitting on more of those elements than other sports,\" he says. \"If you just run on a treadmill for example, it's clear that you're getting that biological stimulation. But perhaps there are other elements of depression that you're not going to be tapping into.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"AnfCcZtwcDai9A2ip7Imx0DEvkjj5q1n\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this study only shows an association between group exercise and improved mental health, and can't prove that the one causes the other. But, given what is known about depression in particular, it adds up, says Jack Raglin, a professor in the department of kinesiology in the School of Public Health at Indiana University, Bloomington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who are depressed often isolate themselves, he says, so exercising in a group setting, \"can help alleviate symptoms and deal with this very pernicious symptom of depression.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Group exercise or team sports might also have an edge over other forms of exercise because they add an element of accountability, says Raglin. He did a study finding that couples who started an exercise program together had a lower dropout rate than those who started one on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study showed that \"very simple forms of social support can be beneficial,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't know the exact mechanism that makes exercise elevate mood and decrease anxiety, but there is \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/12/exercise.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a body of research\u003c/a> to show that it does work on the short and long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you conceptualize exercise as a pill it means, well it's a rather small pill and easy to take and easy to tolerate,\" says Raglin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One limitation of the \u003cem>Lancet Psychiatry\u003c/em> study is the data is based on patients self-reporting their symptoms. Dr. Antonia Baum, a psychiatrist and the past president of the \u003ca href=\"https://sportspsychiatry.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Society for Sports Psychiatry\u003c/a> says patients don't always give an accurate picture of their mental health. She says the study is an important step in this research field, but the conclusions shouldn't be taken as scientific gospel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are animals. We are meant to move and if we don't, a lot of systems slow down, including our mood and cognition,\" says Baum. \"So it makes intuitive sense that exercise is beneficial, but it's nice to try to start to wrap our arms around being able to quantify and qualify that in some ways.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"niLzEHeKc0OvTkkSZEOcmbbxguEskHkj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baum says she works with each of her patients to incorporate exercise into their lives. And she says this study will be a good jumping off point for more research on team sports and mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Baum and other researchers say getting someone who is depressed to start exercising is easier said than done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's all well and good to conclude that exercise whether it's done as a solo or a group pursuit is beneficial, but to get patients to do it is another matter and when you have a depressed patient motivation is often lacking,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chekroud says getting patients in general to stick to any kind of therapy is challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not just exercises that people stop doing, they also stop taking medications. They stopped showing up for therapy,\" he says. \"Adherence is a big problem in health care right now,\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the study's findings could lead to more tools to help people reduce the overall burden of mental illness, now the leading contributor to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global burden of disability\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The field is really crying out for things that we can do to help people with mental health issues,\" says Chekroud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For McCarney, team sports have helped him get a handle on his symptoms, he says. Before social gatherings, he often feels claustrophobic and panicked, but when he works through the anxiety and gets onto the field, he says it's always worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just gets you around people which I think is another huge thing when you're trying to maybe break out of a depressive cycle,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>How to Get Started\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For some people, the idea of joining a team or any kind of group fitness activity is terrifying. Here are a few tips for getting started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find a sports ambassador. \u003c/strong>Raglin recommends finding a \"sports ambassador,\" a friend who can connect you with a group sport or activity. The friend can get you up to speed on the sport and what's expected of you. Team sports may feel like a leap of faith, says Baum. But, she says the rewards are worth it. \"It's like playing in an orchestra — the sum being greater than the parts — truly thrilling when it all comes together,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Match your skill level.\u003c/strong> It's not hard to find amateur sports teams to join, on sites like meetup.com. A lot of workplaces also have team sport activities, but Raglin says you make sure the skill level is right for you. You're more likely to have a good experience and want to go back. \"There is nothing worse than being on a team where the skill or intensity of the players is way above or below your own level or the level of competition you were looking for,\" Raglin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Join a run or bike club.\u003c/strong> If you're not into team games, go to your local run shop or bike shop to find run communities, bike clubs or community rides to join. Raglin recommends the \u003ca href=\"https://november-project.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">November Project\u003c/a>, which is a free fitness program with chapters in major cities around the world that hosts workouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Put money on the line.\u003c/strong> If you really aren't into team activities, Baum says getting a personal trainer or signing up for a gym can \"help add a social element, and that all important accountability.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Try the obvious thing first.\u003c/strong> Baum says to look at the activities you've done throughout your life and think about which ones worked best for you. She says she sometimes takes her patients running or walking with her for a therapy session to start modeling the types of exercises that could work for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sasa Woodruff is a freelance radio reporter and producer based in Los Angeles.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+New+Prescription+For+Depression%3A+Join+A+Team+And+Get+Sweaty&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ryan \"China\" \u003ca href=\"https://adaa.org/living-with-anxiety/personal-stories/becoming-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McCarney\u003c/a> has played sports his entire life, but sometimes he has to force himself to show up on the field to play pick-up soccer with his friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm dreading and I'm anticipating the worst. But I do it anyway. And then, it's a euphoric sensation when you're done with it because you end up having a great time,\" says McCarney.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarney was just 22 when he had his first panic attack. As a college and professional baseball player, he says getting help was stigmatized. It took him six years to get professional support. He still struggles with depression and social anxiety, but says exercising helps him — especially when it's with his teammates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows exercise can ease things like panic attacks or mood and sleep disorders, and a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30227-X/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in the journal, Lancet Psychiatry, found that popular team sports may have a slight edge over the other forms of physical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers analyzed CDC survey data from 1.2 million adults and found — across age, gender, education status and income — people who exercised reported fewer days of bad mental health than those who didn't. And those who played team sports reported the fewest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the study's authors, \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/people/search/adam_chekroud-1.profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adam Chekroud\u003c/a>, an assistant adjunct professor at Yale's School of Medicine, thinks team activity could add another layer of relief for sufferers of mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there are biological, cognitive and social aspects to mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some sports might just be hitting on more of those elements than other sports,\" he says. \"If you just run on a treadmill for example, it's clear that you're getting that biological stimulation. But perhaps there are other elements of depression that you're not going to be tapping into.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this study only shows an association between group exercise and improved mental health, and can't prove that the one causes the other. But, given what is known about depression in particular, it adds up, says Jack Raglin, a professor in the department of kinesiology in the School of Public Health at Indiana University, Bloomington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who are depressed often isolate themselves, he says, so exercising in a group setting, \"can help alleviate symptoms and deal with this very pernicious symptom of depression.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Group exercise or team sports might also have an edge over other forms of exercise because they add an element of accountability, says Raglin. He did a study finding that couples who started an exercise program together had a lower dropout rate than those who started one on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study showed that \"very simple forms of social support can be beneficial,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't know the exact mechanism that makes exercise elevate mood and decrease anxiety, but there is \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/12/exercise.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a body of research\u003c/a> to show that it does work on the short and long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you conceptualize exercise as a pill it means, well it's a rather small pill and easy to take and easy to tolerate,\" says Raglin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One limitation of the \u003cem>Lancet Psychiatry\u003c/em> study is the data is based on patients self-reporting their symptoms. Dr. Antonia Baum, a psychiatrist and the past president of the \u003ca href=\"https://sportspsychiatry.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Society for Sports Psychiatry\u003c/a> says patients don't always give an accurate picture of their mental health. She says the study is an important step in this research field, but the conclusions shouldn't be taken as scientific gospel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are animals. We are meant to move and if we don't, a lot of systems slow down, including our mood and cognition,\" says Baum. \"So it makes intuitive sense that exercise is beneficial, but it's nice to try to start to wrap our arms around being able to quantify and qualify that in some ways.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baum says she works with each of her patients to incorporate exercise into their lives. And she says this study will be a good jumping off point for more research on team sports and mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Baum and other researchers say getting someone who is depressed to start exercising is easier said than done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's all well and good to conclude that exercise whether it's done as a solo or a group pursuit is beneficial, but to get patients to do it is another matter and when you have a depressed patient motivation is often lacking,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chekroud says getting patients in general to stick to any kind of therapy is challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not just exercises that people stop doing, they also stop taking medications. They stopped showing up for therapy,\" he says. \"Adherence is a big problem in health care right now,\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the study's findings could lead to more tools to help people reduce the overall burden of mental illness, now the leading contributor to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global burden of disability\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The field is really crying out for things that we can do to help people with mental health issues,\" says Chekroud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For McCarney, team sports have helped him get a handle on his symptoms, he says. Before social gatherings, he often feels claustrophobic and panicked, but when he works through the anxiety and gets onto the field, he says it's always worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just gets you around people which I think is another huge thing when you're trying to maybe break out of a depressive cycle,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>How to Get Started\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For some people, the idea of joining a team or any kind of group fitness activity is terrifying. Here are a few tips for getting started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find a sports ambassador. \u003c/strong>Raglin recommends finding a \"sports ambassador,\" a friend who can connect you with a group sport or activity. The friend can get you up to speed on the sport and what's expected of you. Team sports may feel like a leap of faith, says Baum. But, she says the rewards are worth it. \"It's like playing in an orchestra — the sum being greater than the parts — truly thrilling when it all comes together,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Match your skill level.\u003c/strong> It's not hard to find amateur sports teams to join, on sites like meetup.com. A lot of workplaces also have team sport activities, but Raglin says you make sure the skill level is right for you. You're more likely to have a good experience and want to go back. \"There is nothing worse than being on a team where the skill or intensity of the players is way above or below your own level or the level of competition you were looking for,\" Raglin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Join a run or bike club.\u003c/strong> If you're not into team games, go to your local run shop or bike shop to find run communities, bike clubs or community rides to join. Raglin recommends the \u003ca href=\"https://november-project.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">November Project\u003c/a>, which is a free fitness program with chapters in major cities around the world that hosts workouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Put money on the line.\u003c/strong> If you really aren't into team activities, Baum says getting a personal trainer or signing up for a gym can \"help add a social element, and that all important accountability.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Try the obvious thing first.\u003c/strong> Baum says to look at the activities you've done throughout your life and think about which ones worked best for you. She says she sometimes takes her patients running or walking with her for a therapy session to start modeling the types of exercises that could work for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sasa Woodruff is a freelance radio reporter and producer based in Los Angeles.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+New+Prescription+For+Depression%3A+Join+A+Team+And+Get+Sweaty&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Want To Keep Your Brain Sharp? Take Care Of Your Eyes And Ears",
"title": "Want To Keep Your Brain Sharp? Take Care Of Your Eyes And Ears",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>By age 40, about 1 in 10 adults will experience some hearing loss. It happens so slowly and gradually, says audiologist Dina Rollins. \"You don't realize what you're missing.\" And even as it worsens, many people are in denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time someone is convinced they have a hearing problem, age-related memory loss may have already set in. But there's good news. Restoring hearing with hearing aids can help slow down cognitive decline.[contextly_sidebar id=\"6YAV50tRbgqwIJiI86NoTCI17lxry3wy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these findings: Researchers tracked about 2,000 older adults in the U.S. both before and after they started using hearing aids. The adults were participants in a big, national study called the \u003ca href=\"http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Retirement Study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 75 percent following the adoption of hearing aids,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/asri.maharani.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asri Maharani\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Manchester in the division of neuroscience and experimental psychology and an author of the paper. \"It is a surprising result,\" Maharani says. The study was \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15363\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> this spring in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess cognition over time, researchers performed a battery of face-to-face tests with participants. This was done every two years from 1996 to 2014. One test to assess memory required participants to recall a list of 10 words, both immediately after the words were read aloud and then again after the participants had been distracted by other tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We weren't expecting that hearing aid use would eliminate cognitive decline. That's just not going to happen\" because age-related decline is inevitable, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/piers.dawes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piers Dawes\u003c/a>, an experimental psychologist and another author of the study. \"But the reduction in the rate of change is quite substantial. It's a very intriguing finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put the findings in context, consider that the slower rate of decline equates to remembering less than one more word on the 10-word recall test. So it's a small but measurable effect. And it adds to the evidence that hearing loss and cognitive decline are strongly linked.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AfcnhascoCNQ0xP8K2IKX6aiTBhqbp6H\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, says Rollins. Consider what people are getting when their hearing is restored: \"Stimulating your ears stimulates the nerves that stimulate your brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you get hearing aids, \"we're giving your ears back what they're missing, and giving your brain what it needs to make sense of what you're hearing,\" Rollins explains. And this can help you stay more stimulated and socially engaged. Rollins was not involved in the study. She's in practice in Silver Spring, Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins says people who have hearing loss might decline faster than those with normal hearing due to the loss of social stimulation. \"Social isolation is a huge part of hearing loss, and people will notice their loved ones withdrawing from conversation, or not going to family or social functions like they used to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins fits a lot of people with hearing aids, and sometimes they come in only after their loved ones insist on it. \"No one \u003cem>wants \u003c/em>to wear a hearing aid,\" Rollins says. \"Typically, there's convincing that needs to be done.\" There's still a stigma attached to wearing hearing aids. People think: \"I don't want to look old!\" But Rollins says the technology has improved a lot in recent years. And often, hearing aids are a lot less noticeable and are covered up by hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another obstacle. With a price tag of $4,500 and upwards for high-end aids, they're not cheap. Less expensive options are available, but insurance plans typically don't cover the full cost. Some plans offer no benefit for hearing aids, and, in general, Medicare \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/11/600895543/can-you-hear-me-now-senate-bill-may-make-the-answer-yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does not cover the cost\u003c/a>, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when people decide to get fitted with hearing aids, this step can improve quality of life. This is the case with Rollins' patient Lucien Johnson, 92, who was fitted with hearing aids a few weeks back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was tired of screaming,\" his wife, Carrie Johnson, tells us. And it was frustrating for Lucien as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes she thought I was ignoring her,\" Lucien says. But, really, he just didn't hear her speaking.[contextly_sidebar id=\"I4AgglSmwy1bzyUdMoNKByGDxN5TnrXK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnsons say they're communicating better now. Lucien went in to see Rollins for an adjustment recently. \"I need some fine-tuning,\" he told her. \"But so far, so good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another common condition as we age is the deterioration of vision, often because of cataracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New evidence shows that restoring vision by having cataract surgery can also slow cognitive decline. A companion study carried out by the same researchers and \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204833\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em> this month evaluated the outcomes of about 2,000 older adults who had cataract surgery. They were all participants in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Longitudinal Study of Ageing,\u003c/a> which is carried out similarly to the U.S. Health and Retirement Survey. Participants are given periodic cognitive assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 50 percent following cataract surgery,\" explains Maharani. As with the outcome in the hearing aid study, restoring good vision can't eliminate cognitive decline, but this study suggests it can significantly slow the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many factors influence healthy aging, including lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. But Maharani and her co-authors say it's important to know that steps to correct vision and hearing loss can play into the equation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Want+To+Keep+Your+Brain+Sharp%3F+Take+Care+Of+Your+Eyes+And+Ears&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By age 40, about 1 in 10 adults will experience some hearing loss. It happens so slowly and gradually, says audiologist Dina Rollins. \"You don't realize what you're missing.\" And even as it worsens, many people are in denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time someone is convinced they have a hearing problem, age-related memory loss may have already set in. But there's good news. Restoring hearing with hearing aids can help slow down cognitive decline.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these findings: Researchers tracked about 2,000 older adults in the U.S. both before and after they started using hearing aids. The adults were participants in a big, national study called the \u003ca href=\"http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Retirement Study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 75 percent following the adoption of hearing aids,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/asri.maharani.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asri Maharani\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Manchester in the division of neuroscience and experimental psychology and an author of the paper. \"It is a surprising result,\" Maharani says. The study was \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15363\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> this spring in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess cognition over time, researchers performed a battery of face-to-face tests with participants. This was done every two years from 1996 to 2014. One test to assess memory required participants to recall a list of 10 words, both immediately after the words were read aloud and then again after the participants had been distracted by other tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We weren't expecting that hearing aid use would eliminate cognitive decline. That's just not going to happen\" because age-related decline is inevitable, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/piers.dawes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piers Dawes\u003c/a>, an experimental psychologist and another author of the study. \"But the reduction in the rate of change is quite substantial. It's a very intriguing finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put the findings in context, consider that the slower rate of decline equates to remembering less than one more word on the 10-word recall test. So it's a small but measurable effect. And it adds to the evidence that hearing loss and cognitive decline are strongly linked.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, says Rollins. Consider what people are getting when their hearing is restored: \"Stimulating your ears stimulates the nerves that stimulate your brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you get hearing aids, \"we're giving your ears back what they're missing, and giving your brain what it needs to make sense of what you're hearing,\" Rollins explains. And this can help you stay more stimulated and socially engaged. Rollins was not involved in the study. She's in practice in Silver Spring, Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins says people who have hearing loss might decline faster than those with normal hearing due to the loss of social stimulation. \"Social isolation is a huge part of hearing loss, and people will notice their loved ones withdrawing from conversation, or not going to family or social functions like they used to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins fits a lot of people with hearing aids, and sometimes they come in only after their loved ones insist on it. \"No one \u003cem>wants \u003c/em>to wear a hearing aid,\" Rollins says. \"Typically, there's convincing that needs to be done.\" There's still a stigma attached to wearing hearing aids. People think: \"I don't want to look old!\" But Rollins says the technology has improved a lot in recent years. And often, hearing aids are a lot less noticeable and are covered up by hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another obstacle. With a price tag of $4,500 and upwards for high-end aids, they're not cheap. Less expensive options are available, but insurance plans typically don't cover the full cost. Some plans offer no benefit for hearing aids, and, in general, Medicare \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/11/600895543/can-you-hear-me-now-senate-bill-may-make-the-answer-yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does not cover the cost\u003c/a>, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when people decide to get fitted with hearing aids, this step can improve quality of life. This is the case with Rollins' patient Lucien Johnson, 92, who was fitted with hearing aids a few weeks back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was tired of screaming,\" his wife, Carrie Johnson, tells us. And it was frustrating for Lucien as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes she thought I was ignoring her,\" Lucien says. But, really, he just didn't hear her speaking.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnsons say they're communicating better now. Lucien went in to see Rollins for an adjustment recently. \"I need some fine-tuning,\" he told her. \"But so far, so good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another common condition as we age is the deterioration of vision, often because of cataracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New evidence shows that restoring vision by having cataract surgery can also slow cognitive decline. A companion study carried out by the same researchers and \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204833\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em> this month evaluated the outcomes of about 2,000 older adults who had cataract surgery. They were all participants in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Longitudinal Study of Ageing,\u003c/a> which is carried out similarly to the U.S. Health and Retirement Survey. Participants are given periodic cognitive assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 50 percent following cataract surgery,\" explains Maharani. As with the outcome in the hearing aid study, restoring good vision can't eliminate cognitive decline, but this study suggests it can significantly slow the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many factors influence healthy aging, including lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. But Maharani and her co-authors say it's important to know that steps to correct vision and hearing loss can play into the equation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Want+To+Keep+Your+Brain+Sharp%3F+Take+Care+Of+Your+Eyes+And+Ears&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Young adults and teens who smoke Juul brand e-cigarettes are blissfully unaware of the health risks associated with the popular vape kit, according to a new study out of Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger users fail to recognize the addictive potential of Juul e-cigarettes, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2707425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study published Friday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Network Open.[contextly_sidebar id=\"EK9hFqM2yZUTzSOgfHFT52apU2Vgh1xK\"]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they found a \"worrisome disconnect\" between teens’ perceptions of their Juul use and actual addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's troubling since adolescents who use Juul e-cigarettes do so on a more regular basis than adolescents who use other forms of e-cigarettes, according to the study’s senior author and Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/adolescent/research/Research.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">professor Bonnie Halpern-Felsher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Juul said, \"We agree that underage use of JUUL is completely unacceptable and it is directly opposed to our mission of eliminating cigarettes by offering existing adult smokers a true alternative to combustible cigarettes. We stand committed to working with those who want to keep nicotine products out of the hands of young people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing Up With E-Cigs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first phase of the study, researchers interviewed more than 700 students in ninth and 12th grade in 2014 and 2015. Follow-up questionnaires were completed by 445 of the participants, who were by then in the 12th grade or a few years out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants who used e-cigarettes also completed a separate questionnaire assessing their degree of nicotine dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all participants said they had heard of Juul, while about 16 percent said they had used it. Other e-cigarette brands were used by about 30 percent of participants, while conventional cigarettes were smoked by about 24 percent of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two-thirds of users reported using more than one type of product. Among those who had tried Juul, nearly 60 percent reported that they had used the product within the last 30 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, participants who had tried other e-cigarette brands or conventional cigarettes, about 30 percent and 28 percent respectively, reported use within the last 30 days — a striking difference between Juul users and users of other tobacco products.[contextly_sidebar id=\"o8Fym2tNlF7cBkD0KG2bbPnUmKXrgLdI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also found that younger users were showing signs of addiction but not reporting it. In other words, there was a disconnect between what they were actually experiencing and their perception of the product's addiction potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says the findings raise serious concerns about higher rates of addiction among Juul users. Especially since users expressed the view that Juul e-cigarettes are less harmful or addictive than the other products mentioned in the survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul e-cigarettes account for two-thirds of the nation's e-cigarette market. They contain more nicotine than competing brands of e-cigarettes, according to the study. Nicotine \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/tobacco/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been\u003c/a> linked to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not clear on the package how much nicotine is in there and how harmful nicotine can be,\" says Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label says it contains five percent nicotine, but to a young person that may not seem like much, according to Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that Juul products contain 59 mg of nicotine per milliliter, which is comparable to about a pack-and-a-half to two packs of cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forms of e-cigarettes have anywhere between 0 to around 36 mg per milliliter.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yBQAN1uArOrCWBWhXStG5szdMxIJkw7D\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarette use in adolescents is particularly alarming since nicotine can change the brain of an adolescent, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4560573/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making it easier\u003c/a> for the user to be calm while addicted to that substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Halpern-Felsher says there's a higher possibility of addiction during adolescence than if the user had started using the product as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Perception\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers blame marketing and advertisements for the gap between reality and public perception among younger users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul has come under sharp criticism for designing e-cigarettes that appeal to the youth market. Their products use flavored nicotine-containing liquids, such as cool mint and dessert flavors, that are inhaled from colorful pods resembling USB flash drives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/PublicHealthEducation/PublicEducationCampaigns/TheRealCostCampaign/ucm620783.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently launched a\u003c/a> campaign to warn youths about the health risks and to stop Juul sales to young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says that youth are more likely to use tobacco products that come in flavors. She notes that only one of the participants in the study used the plain tobacco flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study emphasizes the need for better public-health campaigns highlighting the health risks of e-cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul users aren't aware of the amount of nicotine in the product,\" says Halpern-Felsher. \"We really need to have a discussion about the amount of nicotine in these products. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also recommends increased regulation of e-cigarette flavors and how they are advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul needs to report more accurately and in plain English,\" she says. \"And in a way that everybody understands how much nicotine is in there.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Young adults and teens who smoke Juul brand e-cigarettes are blissfully unaware of the health risks associated with the popular vape kit, according to a new study out of Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger users fail to recognize the addictive potential of Juul e-cigarettes, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2707425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study published Friday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Network Open.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they found a \"worrisome disconnect\" between teens’ perceptions of their Juul use and actual addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's troubling since adolescents who use Juul e-cigarettes do so on a more regular basis than adolescents who use other forms of e-cigarettes, according to the study’s senior author and Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/adolescent/research/Research.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">professor Bonnie Halpern-Felsher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Juul said, \"We agree that underage use of JUUL is completely unacceptable and it is directly opposed to our mission of eliminating cigarettes by offering existing adult smokers a true alternative to combustible cigarettes. We stand committed to working with those who want to keep nicotine products out of the hands of young people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing Up With E-Cigs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first phase of the study, researchers interviewed more than 700 students in ninth and 12th grade in 2014 and 2015. Follow-up questionnaires were completed by 445 of the participants, who were by then in the 12th grade or a few years out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants who used e-cigarettes also completed a separate questionnaire assessing their degree of nicotine dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all participants said they had heard of Juul, while about 16 percent said they had used it. Other e-cigarette brands were used by about 30 percent of participants, while conventional cigarettes were smoked by about 24 percent of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two-thirds of users reported using more than one type of product. Among those who had tried Juul, nearly 60 percent reported that they had used the product within the last 30 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, participants who had tried other e-cigarette brands or conventional cigarettes, about 30 percent and 28 percent respectively, reported use within the last 30 days — a striking difference between Juul users and users of other tobacco products.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also found that younger users were showing signs of addiction but not reporting it. In other words, there was a disconnect between what they were actually experiencing and their perception of the product's addiction potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says the findings raise serious concerns about higher rates of addiction among Juul users. Especially since users expressed the view that Juul e-cigarettes are less harmful or addictive than the other products mentioned in the survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul e-cigarettes account for two-thirds of the nation's e-cigarette market. They contain more nicotine than competing brands of e-cigarettes, according to the study. Nicotine \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/tobacco/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been\u003c/a> linked to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not clear on the package how much nicotine is in there and how harmful nicotine can be,\" says Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label says it contains five percent nicotine, but to a young person that may not seem like much, according to Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that Juul products contain 59 mg of nicotine per milliliter, which is comparable to about a pack-and-a-half to two packs of cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forms of e-cigarettes have anywhere between 0 to around 36 mg per milliliter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarette use in adolescents is particularly alarming since nicotine can change the brain of an adolescent, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4560573/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making it easier\u003c/a> for the user to be calm while addicted to that substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Halpern-Felsher says there's a higher possibility of addiction during adolescence than if the user had started using the product as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Perception\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers blame marketing and advertisements for the gap between reality and public perception among younger users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul has come under sharp criticism for designing e-cigarettes that appeal to the youth market. Their products use flavored nicotine-containing liquids, such as cool mint and dessert flavors, that are inhaled from colorful pods resembling USB flash drives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/PublicHealthEducation/PublicEducationCampaigns/TheRealCostCampaign/ucm620783.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently launched a\u003c/a> campaign to warn youths about the health risks and to stop Juul sales to young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says that youth are more likely to use tobacco products that come in flavors. She notes that only one of the participants in the study used the plain tobacco flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study emphasizes the need for better public-health campaigns highlighting the health risks of e-cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul users aren't aware of the amount of nicotine in the product,\" says Halpern-Felsher. \"We really need to have a discussion about the amount of nicotine in these products. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also recommends increased regulation of e-cigarette flavors and how they are advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul needs to report more accurately and in plain English,\" she says. \"And in a way that everybody understands how much nicotine is in there.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Open Those Blinds: Sunlight Helps Kill Indoor Bacteria",
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"content": "\u003cp>Even before Florence Nightingale advised that hospitals be designed to let daylight in, people observed that sunshine helps keep you healthy. But there was not much research to explain why that's the case, especially inside buildings.[contextly_sidebar id=\"IjvS3scrk3CCEGum7zZ7aa5YWo6TitWh\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Oregon set up a study of dusty, dollhouse-size rooms to compare what happens in rooms exposed to daylight through regular glass, rooms exposed to only ultraviolet light and those kept dark. They used a mix of dust collected from actual homes in the Portland area and let the miniature rooms sit outdoors while keeping the insides at a normal room temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 90 days (because that's how long dust can hang around, even if you vacuumed), they sampled the dust and analyzed the types of bacteria present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found surprised them and confirmed what your grandmother already knew: Rooms exposed to daylight have fewer germs. In fact, the study showed that the lit rooms had about half the viable bacteria (those that are able to grow), compared with dark rooms. Rooms that were exposed only to UV light had just slightly less viable bacteria than ones exposed to daylight. Their research was \u003ca href=\"https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0559-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Microbiome.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/what-your-dust-says-about-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so much time indoors\u003c/a>, the new research could give insights into the relationship between air quality and light. \"I think it's a novel study because they looked at the effect of visible light, and they were also looking at real bacterial communities and real household dust,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.cee.vt.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linsey Marr\u003c/a>, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech who specializes in indoor air quality and was not involved with this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study's lead author,\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashkaan_Fahimipour\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Ashkaan Fahimipour\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oregon's Biology and the Built Environment Center, says he was surprised that the visible light and the UV light performed so similarly to keep bacteria down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at both types of light because UV is known to be a good disinfectant and is used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/07/27/632393234/which-water-is-best-for-health-hint-dont-discount-the-tap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean drinking water\u003c/a>. Yet typical window glass filters out most UV light.[contextly_sidebar id=\"4QgoB7NXdj3QdtESGYlnpqlI9RBpqxdt\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another surprising thing was the amount of microbes that were viable in dust. Earlier studies didn't suggest it would be as much, says co-author \u003ca href=\"https://archenvironment.uoregon.edu/architecture/kevin-van-den-wymelenberg\">Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg\u003c/a>, co-director of the Biology and the Built Environment Center at the University of Oregon. That's because \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1814/20151139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indoor dust\u003c/a> is like a desert — it's too dry for most bacteria or other things to grow. This study found 12 percent of bacteria in dark rooms were viable compared to 6.8 percent in rooms with daylight and 6.1 percent in rooms exposed to UV light only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it may not sound like much, \"6 percent of millions of cells is still a lot of microbes,\" Van Den Wymelenberg says. \"Until now, daylighting [illuminating a building with natural light] has been about visual comfort or broad health. But now we can say daylighting influences air quality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The daylit rooms in the study also had less of the types of bacteria associated with \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104662183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human skin\u003c/a>, which people shed as they move around indoors, and more closely resembled outdoor bacterial communities. Some of the human-associated bacteria species that didn't survive in the lighted rooms are from a family of bacteria known to cause \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894335/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">respiratory disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their future work, the researchers said they'd like to design studies to determine how much light is necessary to kill microbes so architects can begin to design buildings with that in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, researchers have learned from trying to eradicate all germs in hospital and laboratory clean rooms that it's really hard to get rid of microbes wholesale. \"Sanitizing isn't the best approach,\" Fahimipour says. And some microbes are actually good for us, like the ones in yogurt. Someday, he says, \"it may be better to enrich an indoor setting with microbes that are not harmful or even [with those that are] beneficial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kathleen O'Neil is a freelance science writer who lives in the Washington, D.C., area. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Grandma+Was+Right%3A+Sunshine+Helps+Kill+Germs+Indoors&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Even before Florence Nightingale advised that hospitals be designed to let daylight in, people observed that sunshine helps keep you healthy. But there was not much research to explain why that's the case, especially inside buildings.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Oregon set up a study of dusty, dollhouse-size rooms to compare what happens in rooms exposed to daylight through regular glass, rooms exposed to only ultraviolet light and those kept dark. They used a mix of dust collected from actual homes in the Portland area and let the miniature rooms sit outdoors while keeping the insides at a normal room temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 90 days (because that's how long dust can hang around, even if you vacuumed), they sampled the dust and analyzed the types of bacteria present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found surprised them and confirmed what your grandmother already knew: Rooms exposed to daylight have fewer germs. In fact, the study showed that the lit rooms had about half the viable bacteria (those that are able to grow), compared with dark rooms. Rooms that were exposed only to UV light had just slightly less viable bacteria than ones exposed to daylight. Their research was \u003ca href=\"https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0559-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Microbiome.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/what-your-dust-says-about-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so much time indoors\u003c/a>, the new research could give insights into the relationship between air quality and light. \"I think it's a novel study because they looked at the effect of visible light, and they were also looking at real bacterial communities and real household dust,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.cee.vt.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linsey Marr\u003c/a>, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech who specializes in indoor air quality and was not involved with this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study's lead author,\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashkaan_Fahimipour\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Ashkaan Fahimipour\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oregon's Biology and the Built Environment Center, says he was surprised that the visible light and the UV light performed so similarly to keep bacteria down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at both types of light because UV is known to be a good disinfectant and is used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/07/27/632393234/which-water-is-best-for-health-hint-dont-discount-the-tap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean drinking water\u003c/a>. Yet typical window glass filters out most UV light.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another surprising thing was the amount of microbes that were viable in dust. Earlier studies didn't suggest it would be as much, says co-author \u003ca href=\"https://archenvironment.uoregon.edu/architecture/kevin-van-den-wymelenberg\">Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg\u003c/a>, co-director of the Biology and the Built Environment Center at the University of Oregon. That's because \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1814/20151139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indoor dust\u003c/a> is like a desert — it's too dry for most bacteria or other things to grow. This study found 12 percent of bacteria in dark rooms were viable compared to 6.8 percent in rooms with daylight and 6.1 percent in rooms exposed to UV light only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it may not sound like much, \"6 percent of millions of cells is still a lot of microbes,\" Van Den Wymelenberg says. \"Until now, daylighting [illuminating a building with natural light] has been about visual comfort or broad health. But now we can say daylighting influences air quality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The daylit rooms in the study also had less of the types of bacteria associated with \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104662183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human skin\u003c/a>, which people shed as they move around indoors, and more closely resembled outdoor bacterial communities. Some of the human-associated bacteria species that didn't survive in the lighted rooms are from a family of bacteria known to cause \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894335/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">respiratory disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their future work, the researchers said they'd like to design studies to determine how much light is necessary to kill microbes so architects can begin to design buildings with that in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, researchers have learned from trying to eradicate all germs in hospital and laboratory clean rooms that it's really hard to get rid of microbes wholesale. \"Sanitizing isn't the best approach,\" Fahimipour says. And some microbes are actually good for us, like the ones in yogurt. Someday, he says, \"it may be better to enrich an indoor setting with microbes that are not harmful or even [with those that are] beneficial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kathleen O'Neil is a freelance science writer who lives in the Washington, D.C., area. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Grandma+Was+Right%3A+Sunshine+Helps+Kill+Germs+Indoors&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Human Retinas Grown In a Dish Reveal Origin Of Color Vision",
"title": "Human Retinas Grown In a Dish Reveal Origin Of Color Vision",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>In order to see the red of a sunset or the green of spring leaves, developing human eyes need to get the right hormone at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the finding of a team of scientists who studied how color vision develops using hundreds of human retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery, \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aau6348\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, could help accelerate current efforts to cure colorblindness. It could also lead to new treatments for diseases including macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important that we understand how nature controls the development of the retina so we can understand better why things go wrong in disease and how we can treat them,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/smbeck2000/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Becker\u003c/a>, a scientist at the National Eye Institute. The newly published findings are a step in that direction, says Becker, who has no connection to the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of color vision in people has been difficult to study because it usually occurs in the womb — and out of sight. But two scientists at Johns Hopkins University thought they might find some answers using retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CHvLNjg6nI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">retinal organoids\u003c/a>\" have been around for a few years but are difficult and tedious to grow, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/kiara-eldred-984b1513/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kiara Eldred\u003c/a>, a graduate student at Hopkins who is the paper's first author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes up to a year to turn a batch of immature retinal cells into a functioning organoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For the first week of their life, I take care of them every day,\" Eldred says. After a couple of weeks, she says, the cells become \"a little bit more independent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with luck, these clusters of immature cells develop into a 3D structure that \"looks and acts like a developing retina that you would see in a baby,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/johnstonlab/people/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bob Johnston\u003c/a>, Eldred's boss and an assistant professor in the biology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston's lab had been studying vision in flies. But he and Eldred saw a chance to try something much more ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We discussed this crazy idea of: Could we use these human retinal organoids to study how we get the different color-sensing cells in our eyes?\" Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using human cells was key because you can't study how humans see color in a fly, or even a mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mice don't sense red,\" Johnston says. \"They don't have these red-detecting cells. So we really have to study this in human tissue to get any insight into how it works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston and Eldred knew that in a human fetus, cells that detect blue light appear first. Then come cells that respond to red and green light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And research on animals suggested that the thyroid hormone was involved in the development of these color-sensing cells, called cones. So Johnston had Eldred conduct an experiment with immature retinal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I added thyroid hormone to the dish during their development, and we got more red-green cones developing in those organoids,\" she says. \"We got really excited because we were on to something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take years and many more experiments to confirm that the thyroid hormone was actually triggering the emergence of color vision. And the team still hasn't figured out what causes some cones to go on to become even more specialized by detecting only red or only green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Johnston says his lab is now preparing to take on two new goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One is to restore color vision to people that are colorblind,\" he says. What his lab is learning, he says, could help speed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/25/395303785/university-and-biotech-firm-team-up-on-colorblindness-therapy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing effort\u003c/a> to use gene therapy to cure colorblindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab's second goal is to use retinal organoids to better understand diseases including glaucoma and \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/maculardegeneration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">macular degeneration\u003c/a>, a leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macular degeneration affects the macula, an area of the retina that provides high-resolution vision. The condition has been hard to study, though, because mice don't have a macula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Johnston hopes to learn more by having his lab create macular organoids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's growing optimism among scientists that new treatments for retinal diseases will emerge from such efforts, Becker says. Initially, he says, researchers had doubts about whether a retina grown in a dish could mimic the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies like this one on color vision, he says, \"show that the similarity is quite high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To encourage scientists to develop more retinal organoids, the National Eye Institute is sponsoring a \u003ca href=\"https://nei.nih.gov/content/nih-solicits-next-generation-retina-organoids-prize-competition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific competition\u003c/a> with $1 million in prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Human+Retinas+Grown+In+A+Dish+Reveal+Origin+Of+Color+Vision&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In order to see the red of a sunset or the green of spring leaves, developing human eyes need to get the right hormone at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the finding of a team of scientists who studied how color vision develops using hundreds of human retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery, \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aau6348\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, could help accelerate current efforts to cure colorblindness. It could also lead to new treatments for diseases including macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important that we understand how nature controls the development of the retina so we can understand better why things go wrong in disease and how we can treat them,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/smbeck2000/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Becker\u003c/a>, a scientist at the National Eye Institute. The newly published findings are a step in that direction, says Becker, who has no connection to the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of color vision in people has been difficult to study because it usually occurs in the womb — and out of sight. But two scientists at Johns Hopkins University thought they might find some answers using retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CHvLNjg6nI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">retinal organoids\u003c/a>\" have been around for a few years but are difficult and tedious to grow, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/kiara-eldred-984b1513/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kiara Eldred\u003c/a>, a graduate student at Hopkins who is the paper's first author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes up to a year to turn a batch of immature retinal cells into a functioning organoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For the first week of their life, I take care of them every day,\" Eldred says. After a couple of weeks, she says, the cells become \"a little bit more independent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with luck, these clusters of immature cells develop into a 3D structure that \"looks and acts like a developing retina that you would see in a baby,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/johnstonlab/people/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bob Johnston\u003c/a>, Eldred's boss and an assistant professor in the biology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston's lab had been studying vision in flies. But he and Eldred saw a chance to try something much more ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We discussed this crazy idea of: Could we use these human retinal organoids to study how we get the different color-sensing cells in our eyes?\" Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using human cells was key because you can't study how humans see color in a fly, or even a mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mice don't sense red,\" Johnston says. \"They don't have these red-detecting cells. So we really have to study this in human tissue to get any insight into how it works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston and Eldred knew that in a human fetus, cells that detect blue light appear first. Then come cells that respond to red and green light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And research on animals suggested that the thyroid hormone was involved in the development of these color-sensing cells, called cones. So Johnston had Eldred conduct an experiment with immature retinal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I added thyroid hormone to the dish during their development, and we got more red-green cones developing in those organoids,\" she says. \"We got really excited because we were on to something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take years and many more experiments to confirm that the thyroid hormone was actually triggering the emergence of color vision. And the team still hasn't figured out what causes some cones to go on to become even more specialized by detecting only red or only green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Johnston says his lab is now preparing to take on two new goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One is to restore color vision to people that are colorblind,\" he says. What his lab is learning, he says, could help speed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/25/395303785/university-and-biotech-firm-team-up-on-colorblindness-therapy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing effort\u003c/a> to use gene therapy to cure colorblindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab's second goal is to use retinal organoids to better understand diseases including glaucoma and \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/maculardegeneration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">macular degeneration\u003c/a>, a leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macular degeneration affects the macula, an area of the retina that provides high-resolution vision. The condition has been hard to study, though, because mice don't have a macula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Johnston hopes to learn more by having his lab create macular organoids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's growing optimism among scientists that new treatments for retinal diseases will emerge from such efforts, Becker says. Initially, he says, researchers had doubts about whether a retina grown in a dish could mimic the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies like this one on color vision, he says, \"show that the similarity is quite high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To encourage scientists to develop more retinal organoids, the National Eye Institute is sponsoring a \u003ca href=\"https://nei.nih.gov/content/nih-solicits-next-generation-retina-organoids-prize-competition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific competition\u003c/a> with $1 million in prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Human+Retinas+Grown+In+A+Dish+Reveal+Origin+Of+Color+Vision&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns",
"title": "Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns",
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"content": "\u003cp>Police in California \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made headlines\u003c/a> this spring when they charged a former police officer with being the Golden State Killer, a man who allegedly committed a series of notorious rapes and murders in the 1970s and '80s.[contextly_sidebar id=\"wnxqjWPunPnkNxirmoKmxB8OyxTBzMuy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities revealed they used DNA from a publicly available genealogy website to crack the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, police around the country have started doing the same sort of thing to solve other cold cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/management/yaniv_erlich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yaniv Erlich, \u003c/a>the chief science officer at the Israeli company \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MyHeritage\u003c/a>, to investigate just how easy it is to use public genealogy databases to track down people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to quantify how powerful this technique is to identify individuals,\" Erlich says. So he and his colleagues analyzed the genomes of 1.28 million people in the company's database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aau4832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, the researchers projected that they could identify third cousins and more closely related relatives in more than 60 percent of people of European descent. (They chose this group because most people in their database have that ancestry.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of like each person in this database is a beacon that illuminates hundreds of distant relatives,\" Erlich says. \"So it's enough to have your third cousin or your second cousin once-removed in these databases to actually identify you.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"B44UUm4fmJ0qJhwetu8JjvUYBxbNVQtq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers combined their strategy with other information, such a specific geographic area or the approximate age of a person, they could quickly reduce a list of possibilities to just a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, you need the genealogical records. You need to do the work. But you have enough power to to get very close,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's not all. Erlich estimates that as his and other databases grow, investigators will essentially be able to identify anyone in the United States within that ethnic background within a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems that very quickly we can get virtually to nearly everyone,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another part of the study, the researchers went even further to see if they could do the same thing with other DNA databases. They were able to use their techniques to identify a supposedly anonymous woman whose DNA was stored in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,000 Genomes Project\u003c/a>, a National Institutes of Health research database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This technique doesn't only get you criminals,\" Erlich says. \"You can also use this technique for other purposes — maybe purposes that could be illegitimate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, he says, raises serious questions about privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The police currently [are] using these techniques to find ... [murderers] and bad people,\" Erlich says. \"But are we OK with using this technique to identify people in a political demonstration who left their DNA behind? There are many scenarios that you can think about misuse.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"EdtIiFNqDOAH81r6zsse3iX6ZCM6PiDN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some people involved in genealogical forensics defend the use of the techniques to help solves serious crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was excited to see this demonstration that genetic genealogy is so powerful,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.parabon-nanolabs.com/nanolabs/news-events/2015/10/snapshot-ishi-presentation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ellen Greytak\u003c/a>, director of bioinformatics at \u003ca href=\"https://parabon-nanolabs.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parabon Nanolabs, Inc.\u003c/a>, which helps police solve crimes this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're working on these cases that haven't been able to be solved for decades. They are all either homicide or sexual assault. And some of these are horrific,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Greytak and her colleagues caution that this study suggests the process is easier than it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a number of problematic assumptions made in the study that do not reflect the reality of the work I am doing,\" writes \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/p/about-me.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CeCe Moore\u003c/a>, who works with Parabon, in an e-mail. \"The study demonstrates the power of genetic genealogy in a theoretical way, but does not fully capture the challenges of the work in practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others argue that the findings underscore the need to make sure people know what they're getting into when they provide their genetic information to genealogy services and other databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you make those decisions to put the genome out in the world it's really hard to dial it back,\" \u003ca href=\"https://its.law.nyu.edu/facultyprofiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=profile.overview&personid=31567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erin Murphy\u003c/a>, a professor at the New York University School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And more importantly,\" she says, \"you've made a decision not just for yourself but for your siblings, for your distant cousins, people you don't even know you're related to, for your children, for your children's children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31180-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em> found that it could be possible to link ancestry databases to older law enforcement DNA databases, giving police yet another potential tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were trying to pose the question of whether a newer, more modern system of genetic markers could be tested against the old system and still get matches and find relatives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/noah-rosenberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Rosenberg\u003c/a>, a biology professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking these studies together, some bioethicists and legal experts say they show that it's important to take steps to protect genetic information and make sure people providing DNA samples are aware of the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can tell people that we can de-identify their data,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bioethics.nih.gov/people/berkman-bio.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benjamin Berkman\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the National Institutes of Health, who was speaking for himself, not NIH. \"We can tell them about all the procedural and technical safeguards that we've put in place to protect the confidentiality of their data. But I don't think we can promise people anonymity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Berkman says, \"it's incumbent on anyone collecting and aggregating and sharing genomic data to be clear exactly how the data will be treated and whether there are any risks to genomic privacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Erlich proposes that all genetic information be encrypted to protect the information and enable people to explicitly provide consent for using their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It sounds geeky and complicated, but it's very simple in practice,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Easy+DNA+Identifications+With+Genealogy+Databases+Raise+Privacy+Concerns&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Police in California \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made headlines\u003c/a> this spring when they charged a former police officer with being the Golden State Killer, a man who allegedly committed a series of notorious rapes and murders in the 1970s and '80s.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities revealed they used DNA from a publicly available genealogy website to crack the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, police around the country have started doing the same sort of thing to solve other cold cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/management/yaniv_erlich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yaniv Erlich, \u003c/a>the chief science officer at the Israeli company \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MyHeritage\u003c/a>, to investigate just how easy it is to use public genealogy databases to track down people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to quantify how powerful this technique is to identify individuals,\" Erlich says. So he and his colleagues analyzed the genomes of 1.28 million people in the company's database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aau4832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, the researchers projected that they could identify third cousins and more closely related relatives in more than 60 percent of people of European descent. (They chose this group because most people in their database have that ancestry.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of like each person in this database is a beacon that illuminates hundreds of distant relatives,\" Erlich says. \"So it's enough to have your third cousin or your second cousin once-removed in these databases to actually identify you.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers combined their strategy with other information, such a specific geographic area or the approximate age of a person, they could quickly reduce a list of possibilities to just a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, you need the genealogical records. You need to do the work. But you have enough power to to get very close,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's not all. Erlich estimates that as his and other databases grow, investigators will essentially be able to identify anyone in the United States within that ethnic background within a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems that very quickly we can get virtually to nearly everyone,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another part of the study, the researchers went even further to see if they could do the same thing with other DNA databases. They were able to use their techniques to identify a supposedly anonymous woman whose DNA was stored in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,000 Genomes Project\u003c/a>, a National Institutes of Health research database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This technique doesn't only get you criminals,\" Erlich says. \"You can also use this technique for other purposes — maybe purposes that could be illegitimate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, he says, raises serious questions about privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The police currently [are] using these techniques to find ... [murderers] and bad people,\" Erlich says. \"But are we OK with using this technique to identify people in a political demonstration who left their DNA behind? There are many scenarios that you can think about misuse.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some people involved in genealogical forensics defend the use of the techniques to help solves serious crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was excited to see this demonstration that genetic genealogy is so powerful,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.parabon-nanolabs.com/nanolabs/news-events/2015/10/snapshot-ishi-presentation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ellen Greytak\u003c/a>, director of bioinformatics at \u003ca href=\"https://parabon-nanolabs.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parabon Nanolabs, Inc.\u003c/a>, which helps police solve crimes this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're working on these cases that haven't been able to be solved for decades. They are all either homicide or sexual assault. And some of these are horrific,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Greytak and her colleagues caution that this study suggests the process is easier than it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a number of problematic assumptions made in the study that do not reflect the reality of the work I am doing,\" writes \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/p/about-me.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CeCe Moore\u003c/a>, who works with Parabon, in an e-mail. \"The study demonstrates the power of genetic genealogy in a theoretical way, but does not fully capture the challenges of the work in practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others argue that the findings underscore the need to make sure people know what they're getting into when they provide their genetic information to genealogy services and other databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you make those decisions to put the genome out in the world it's really hard to dial it back,\" \u003ca href=\"https://its.law.nyu.edu/facultyprofiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=profile.overview&personid=31567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erin Murphy\u003c/a>, a professor at the New York University School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And more importantly,\" she says, \"you've made a decision not just for yourself but for your siblings, for your distant cousins, people you don't even know you're related to, for your children, for your children's children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31180-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em> found that it could be possible to link ancestry databases to older law enforcement DNA databases, giving police yet another potential tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were trying to pose the question of whether a newer, more modern system of genetic markers could be tested against the old system and still get matches and find relatives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/noah-rosenberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Rosenberg\u003c/a>, a biology professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking these studies together, some bioethicists and legal experts say they show that it's important to take steps to protect genetic information and make sure people providing DNA samples are aware of the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can tell people that we can de-identify their data,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bioethics.nih.gov/people/berkman-bio.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benjamin Berkman\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the National Institutes of Health, who was speaking for himself, not NIH. \"We can tell them about all the procedural and technical safeguards that we've put in place to protect the confidentiality of their data. But I don't think we can promise people anonymity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Berkman says, \"it's incumbent on anyone collecting and aggregating and sharing genomic data to be clear exactly how the data will be treated and whether there are any risks to genomic privacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Erlich proposes that all genetic information be encrypted to protect the information and enable people to explicitly provide consent for using their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It sounds geeky and complicated, but it's very simple in practice,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Easy+DNA+Identifications+With+Genealogy+Databases+Raise+Privacy+Concerns&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Jewelry Laced With Toxic Metal Showing Up On Shelves of National Retailers",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jewelry with the toxic metal cadmium is showing up on the shelves of national retailers including Ross, Nordstrom Rack and Papaya, according to newly released test results.[contextly_sidebar id=”ALDsOv55bDFULA2So32zIuna6vUPT8ZY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis done for the nonprofit Center for Environmental Health revealed some jewelry sold with women’s dresses and shirts was nearly pure cadmium, which can cause cancer and reproductive harm after prolonged exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumer advocates were hopeful cadmium had disappeared from the U.S. jewelry market following changes prompted by a 2010 Associated Press investigation that found Chinese manufacturers were using the metal to make kids’ jewelry. States including California outlawed cadmium in children’s jewelry, and testing by the center found the chemical had virtually disappeared from jewelry by 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No laws address cadmium in adult jewelry, however, and last year the center decided to check those products. Lab testing found 31 adult jewelry items purchased from retail stores were at least 40 percent cadmium, and most were more than 90 percent, according to results shared exclusively with the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s law allows no more than 0.03 percent cadmium in children’s jewelry. The precise health risk from the tested jewelry is unclear because researchers did not assess whether small amounts shed when the jewelry is handled and worn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, cadmium accumulates in the body and can damage the kidneys and bones. Most exposure happens by ingesting small amounts or by breathing it, most commonly through tobacco, which can contain cadmium. Researchers also have documented some absorption through skin contact, though the phenomenon is not well-studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Harbut, a practicing doctor who as a university professor has researched cadmium’s cancer-causing properties, noted that contact can trigger skin rashes including psoriasis.[contextly_sidebar id=”9G8nAOWjWB7rKBq3G09Isa3CXvUagJIr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cadmium is bad,” said Harbut, who teaches at Michigan State University’s College of Human Medicine. “Given a choice between wearing something with cadmium in it, or wearing something without cadmium in it, I would take the product without cadmium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland-based nonprofit bought all the test samples in the San Francisco Bay Area this year or last. The extent to which contaminated jewelry is in stores elsewhere isn’t clear, though a national retailer would not typically limit a product to just one region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center said the problem should not be underestimated because of the limited market sampling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re the person that buys and is wearing that jewelry, you don’t really care whether it’s a common problem or a rare problem,” said Caroline Cox, senior scientist at the center. “You have a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brent Cleaveland, executive director of the Fashion Jewelry and Accessories Trade Association, said he does not believe the test results suggest a larger problem. Most major retailers have a stringent system for testing and analyzing what they sell, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the tainted items were sold at Ross, which operates more than 1,400 stores in 38 states. One pendant from a necklace chain was 100 percent cadmium, according to the testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, Ross said it is committed to protecting its customers and has “addressed this issue with our supplier.” The retailer would not say whether it pulled suspect jewelry from stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brands found with high cadmium levels in Ross stores include Tacera and Vibe Sportswear.[contextly_sidebar id=”2hYrwgIWmBjwxEyj6CkS5HFRDE3kS5EJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Xinwei Xie, chief executive officer at Trend Textile Inc., which owns Tacera, declined to comment when reached by phone. The Skate Group Inc., which owns Vibe Sportswear, did not respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Papaya said it considers cadmium in its products a serious problem. It operates more than 100 retail locations nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Kim, an attorney representing Papaya, said the company has recalled the products where contamination was found and stopped buying from the manufacturer in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our manufacturers are required to represent and warrant that their products are in legal compliance,” Kim said. “Papaya is very strict and stops doing business with any manufacturer which fails to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordstrom spokeswoman Emily Sterken said the company is “reaching out to these vendors to make them aware of the situation and get more information on these items.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center for Environmental Health has long used California law to force companies to reduce levels of harmful materials in consumer products, including cadmium and lead in jewelry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the state’s Proposition 65, businesses must inform consumers about significant exposures to chemicals that cause cancer or other reproductive harm. The nonprofit has settled Proposition 65 claims against 36 companies, including Gap Inc. and Target Corp., which agreed to not sell jewelry with more than 0.03 percent cadmium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That limit for children’s jewelry took effect after the AP reported in 2010 that some Chinese jewelry manufacturers were substituting cadmium for lead, the use of which Congress clamped down on following a string of imported-product safety scandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jewelry industry helped write voluntary U.S. standards following the AP investigation, but the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission did not mandate any cadmium limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writer Justin Pritchard contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jewelry with the toxic metal cadmium is showing up on the shelves of national retailers including Ross, Nordstrom Rack and Papaya, according to newly released test results.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis done for the nonprofit Center for Environmental Health revealed some jewelry sold with women’s dresses and shirts was nearly pure cadmium, which can cause cancer and reproductive harm after prolonged exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumer advocates were hopeful cadmium had disappeared from the U.S. jewelry market following changes prompted by a 2010 Associated Press investigation that found Chinese manufacturers were using the metal to make kids’ jewelry. States including California outlawed cadmium in children’s jewelry, and testing by the center found the chemical had virtually disappeared from jewelry by 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No laws address cadmium in adult jewelry, however, and last year the center decided to check those products. Lab testing found 31 adult jewelry items purchased from retail stores were at least 40 percent cadmium, and most were more than 90 percent, according to results shared exclusively with the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s law allows no more than 0.03 percent cadmium in children’s jewelry. The precise health risk from the tested jewelry is unclear because researchers did not assess whether small amounts shed when the jewelry is handled and worn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, cadmium accumulates in the body and can damage the kidneys and bones. Most exposure happens by ingesting small amounts or by breathing it, most commonly through tobacco, which can contain cadmium. Researchers also have documented some absorption through skin contact, though the phenomenon is not well-studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Harbut, a practicing doctor who as a university professor has researched cadmium’s cancer-causing properties, noted that contact can trigger skin rashes including psoriasis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cadmium is bad,” said Harbut, who teaches at Michigan State University’s College of Human Medicine. “Given a choice between wearing something with cadmium in it, or wearing something without cadmium in it, I would take the product without cadmium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland-based nonprofit bought all the test samples in the San Francisco Bay Area this year or last. The extent to which contaminated jewelry is in stores elsewhere isn’t clear, though a national retailer would not typically limit a product to just one region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center said the problem should not be underestimated because of the limited market sampling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re the person that buys and is wearing that jewelry, you don’t really care whether it’s a common problem or a rare problem,” said Caroline Cox, senior scientist at the center. “You have a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brent Cleaveland, executive director of the Fashion Jewelry and Accessories Trade Association, said he does not believe the test results suggest a larger problem. Most major retailers have a stringent system for testing and analyzing what they sell, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the tainted items were sold at Ross, which operates more than 1,400 stores in 38 states. One pendant from a necklace chain was 100 percent cadmium, according to the testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, Ross said it is committed to protecting its customers and has “addressed this issue with our supplier.” The retailer would not say whether it pulled suspect jewelry from stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brands found with high cadmium levels in Ross stores include Tacera and Vibe Sportswear.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Xinwei Xie, chief executive officer at Trend Textile Inc., which owns Tacera, declined to comment when reached by phone. The Skate Group Inc., which owns Vibe Sportswear, did not respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Papaya said it considers cadmium in its products a serious problem. It operates more than 100 retail locations nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Kim, an attorney representing Papaya, said the company has recalled the products where contamination was found and stopped buying from the manufacturer in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our manufacturers are required to represent and warrant that their products are in legal compliance,” Kim said. “Papaya is very strict and stops doing business with any manufacturer which fails to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordstrom spokeswoman Emily Sterken said the company is “reaching out to these vendors to make them aware of the situation and get more information on these items.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center for Environmental Health has long used California law to force companies to reduce levels of harmful materials in consumer products, including cadmium and lead in jewelry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the state’s Proposition 65, businesses must inform consumers about significant exposures to chemicals that cause cancer or other reproductive harm. The nonprofit has settled Proposition 65 claims against 36 companies, including Gap Inc. and Target Corp., which agreed to not sell jewelry with more than 0.03 percent cadmium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That limit for children’s jewelry took effect after the AP reported in 2010 that some Chinese jewelry manufacturers were substituting cadmium for lead, the use of which Congress clamped down on following a string of imported-product safety scandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jewelry industry helped write voluntary U.S. standards following the AP investigation, but the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission did not mandate any cadmium limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writer Justin Pritchard contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "big-data-gives-a-boost-to-immunology-research-and-potentially-treatments",
"title": "Big Data Gives a Boost to Immunology Research and Potentially, Treatments",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers at UC San Francisco have unveiled the largest \u003ca href=\"http://10kimmunomes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">searchable database\u003c/a> of immunology data, gathered from 10,000 people of various ages, ethnicity, and backgrounds. It could lead to more effective treatments for a wide range of immune disorders.[contextly_sidebar id=”lms9rSPdk5pG72xqgRdVMiGv0hv7IpdH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new data pool represents the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31451-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">largest control group\u003c/a> ever compiled on the human immune system, according to the study published on Tuesday in the journal, \u003cem>Cell Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called the \u003ca href=\"http://10kimmunomes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10,000 Immunomes Project\u003c/a> (10KIP), it’s the culmination of four years of work and provides an instant comparison group for researchers studying the immune system and immune dysfunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF researchers created the tool using immunology data from 83 studies representing 10,000 healthy subjects, according to senior author Atul Butte, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://bakarinstitute.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute\u003c/a> at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If the field of genetics is able to compile large collections consisting of millions of people, why does immunology lag behind?’\u003ccite>Atul Butte, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The data comes from studies on organ transplants, autoimmune disease trials, vaccine studies and other research funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>“We have sub-populations in the U.S. that don’t really participate in studies so why not just gather all this massive data on the immune system in one central place,” says Butte. “We can turn to this data to see what is going on in a healthy immune system spanning different populations in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte says the ability to manipulate immune system activity will benefit a wide range of patients, including transplant recipients, cancer and AIDS patients, and those suffering from some form of immune dysfunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autoimmune Disease (AD) in particular, an historically underfunded field, could benefit greatly from the availability of a large and diverse control group, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Autoimmine Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AD is one of the fastest growing illnesses in the U.S., with 20 percent of the population or one in five people, suffering from the disorder.[contextly_sidebar id=”KPqEb6LD9ky4mDsIDJAEnoEvgzkEna45″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite AD being \u003ca href=\"https://www.aarda.org/who-we-are/our-mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the top 10 leading causes\u003c/a> of death in females up to 64 years of age, research has continued to lag behind, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Institutes of Health\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/10/09/voting-on-daylight-saving-time-animal-confinement-and-water-propositions-3-7-and-12-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> has spent\u003c/a> $591 million dollars on AD research compared to the $6.1 billion spent on cancer. Current treatments consist of risky immunosuppressants that can lead to devastating long-term side effects.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZbtYikLAiggPmeNWkxr4kKECzkkjZf4Z”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF researchers developed the new searchable database in part to boost AD research. Typically, studies done on immune systems are smaller and it’s rare to get 10,000 participants, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, the human immune system is a moving target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a difficult field to study because unlike DNA for example, your immune system changes from morning to night. So which aspect of the immune system scientists focus on, and \u003cem>when\u003c/em> they study it, these are all problems we are getting better at. We just need more studies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test their new tool, researchers created a custom control group comprised of women between 18 and 40 years of age and compared it to 56 pregnant women who participated in a prior study tracking immune changes during pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this control group, researchers were able to detect how various immune cells and cell signaling proteins, called cytokines, changed from pre-pregnancy levels— measurements that the original study failed to pick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also used the new tool to compare immunity in people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds. The findings showed both known differences as well as new information that could only be seen by combining data from dozens of different studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, researchers found that regulatory T cells, which suppress the immune response, are present at higher levels in African Americans, compared to all other groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shareable Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte sees the searchable database as part of a broader trend in science, promoting open access where more scientists are willing to share their raw data with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really hundreds of people who have essentially contributed to this work,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte says he hopes his work will bring immunology to the forefront and inspire others to rethink their approach to the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the field of genetics is able to compile large collections consisting of millions of people,” he wonders, “why does immunology lag behind? I want to get people in the field thinking about larger collections of samples that cut across race, age and gender.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers at UC San Francisco have unveiled the largest \u003ca href=\"http://10kimmunomes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">searchable database\u003c/a> of immunology data, gathered from 10,000 people of various ages, ethnicity, and backgrounds. It could lead to more effective treatments for a wide range of immune disorders.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new data pool represents the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31451-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">largest control group\u003c/a> ever compiled on the human immune system, according to the study published on Tuesday in the journal, \u003cem>Cell Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called the \u003ca href=\"http://10kimmunomes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10,000 Immunomes Project\u003c/a> (10KIP), it’s the culmination of four years of work and provides an instant comparison group for researchers studying the immune system and immune dysfunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF researchers created the tool using immunology data from 83 studies representing 10,000 healthy subjects, according to senior author Atul Butte, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://bakarinstitute.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute\u003c/a> at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If the field of genetics is able to compile large collections consisting of millions of people, why does immunology lag behind?’\u003ccite>Atul Butte, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The data comes from studies on organ transplants, autoimmune disease trials, vaccine studies and other research funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>“We have sub-populations in the U.S. that don’t really participate in studies so why not just gather all this massive data on the immune system in one central place,” says Butte. “We can turn to this data to see what is going on in a healthy immune system spanning different populations in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte says the ability to manipulate immune system activity will benefit a wide range of patients, including transplant recipients, cancer and AIDS patients, and those suffering from some form of immune dysfunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autoimmune Disease (AD) in particular, an historically underfunded field, could benefit greatly from the availability of a large and diverse control group, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Autoimmine Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AD is one of the fastest growing illnesses in the U.S., with 20 percent of the population or one in five people, suffering from the disorder.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite AD being \u003ca href=\"https://www.aarda.org/who-we-are/our-mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the top 10 leading causes\u003c/a> of death in females up to 64 years of age, research has continued to lag behind, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Institutes of Health\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/10/09/voting-on-daylight-saving-time-animal-confinement-and-water-propositions-3-7-and-12-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> has spent\u003c/a> $591 million dollars on AD research compared to the $6.1 billion spent on cancer. Current treatments consist of risky immunosuppressants that can lead to devastating long-term side effects.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF researchers developed the new searchable database in part to boost AD research. Typically, studies done on immune systems are smaller and it’s rare to get 10,000 participants, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, the human immune system is a moving target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a difficult field to study because unlike DNA for example, your immune system changes from morning to night. So which aspect of the immune system scientists focus on, and \u003cem>when\u003c/em> they study it, these are all problems we are getting better at. We just need more studies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test their new tool, researchers created a custom control group comprised of women between 18 and 40 years of age and compared it to 56 pregnant women who participated in a prior study tracking immune changes during pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this control group, researchers were able to detect how various immune cells and cell signaling proteins, called cytokines, changed from pre-pregnancy levels— measurements that the original study failed to pick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also used the new tool to compare immunity in people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds. The findings showed both known differences as well as new information that could only be seen by combining data from dozens of different studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, researchers found that regulatory T cells, which suppress the immune response, are present at higher levels in African Americans, compared to all other groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shareable Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte sees the searchable database as part of a broader trend in science, promoting open access where more scientists are willing to share their raw data with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really hundreds of people who have essentially contributed to this work,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte says he hopes his work will bring immunology to the forefront and inspire others to rethink their approach to the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the field of genetics is able to compile large collections consisting of millions of people,” he wonders, “why does immunology lag behind? I want to get people in the field thinking about larger collections of samples that cut across race, age and gender.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The length of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/26/cdc-us-flu-deaths-winter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flu season\u003c/a> may vary depending on where you live, with large cities enduring longer periods of transmission and smaller cities experiencing shorter, but more explosive, spread, a new study suggests.[contextly_sidebar id=\"x5n5Lo7fgVHdWAKOVx3fr6K7JZjGLMsB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/04/flu-season-may-stretch-longer-in-big-cities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study \u003c/a>doesn’t assert that one’s risk of contracting influenza varies depending on the size of any given community. Rather, it argues that in less populous places, flu needs the right atmospheric conditions to spread effectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In large cities, those conditions don’t matter quite as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s lots of people and transportation patterns frequently bring them together, it helps the virus find new hosts even when climate conditions aren’t at their most favorable,” explained lead author Benjamin Dalziel, an assistant professor in the department of integrative biology at Oregon State University in Corvallis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding suggests a one-size-fits-all approach to flu season preparedness won’t work. If the study is correct, small centers should work on surge capacity — their ability to handle a lot of sick people over a short period of time — while larger cities should find ways to reduce transmission, said Jacco Wallinga, an expert on infectious diseases modeling at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is important for policymakers because it indicates that metropolitan areas should focus on reducing influenza spread, whereas small towns should focus on reducing harm,” Wallinga wrote in a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6410/29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary \u003c/a>on the paper, which was published alongside it Thursday in the journal Science.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Gn9g9r2BXGVHmmbiJ9A2DrWrh8ktrDcE\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza is famously unpredictable. It’s not uncommon to hear people who have studied it for decades describe the virus as “humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts know there will be a surge of influenza infections at some point in the year; in the Northern Hemisphere that period typically falls in the stretch from late autumn through late winter or early spring. But some years the peak of infections will occur over Christmas and other times the sickest point in the season will come in late February or even March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not fully understood why flu behaves this way. Time spent indoors during the winter, when their immune systems may not be as robust, is thought to be a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dalziel and his co-authors set out to look at the role specific humidity levels — how much moisture there is in the air — play in flu transmission. They used a large amount of data: weekly health insurance claims from people who sought care for influenza-like illness. The researchers had data by ZIP code for six years, from 2002 to 2008, for roughly 603 cities in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they saw was that in small cities, the curve of a flu season was sharp. Regardless of whether a lot of people got sick in a flu season or whether fewer were struck in a particular year, most of the infections occurred over a short period of time, making for a “spiky” epidemic curve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pattern in large cities was different. The curve was lower and longer — more diffuse. It didn’t mean that fewer people got sick, but that infections were spread out over a longer period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It meant that flu viruses were still able to spread from person to person in large cities even when climatic conditions weren’t ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dalziel, who admitted the big-city pattern wasn’t what he and his colleagues were expecting, said the small city outbreaks were “explosive” while the big city epidemics “smoldered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their conclusion was that specific humidity didn’t matter as much in places where large numbers of people live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flu is able to spread under a wider envelop of climatic conditions in the metropolises, because of highly organized movement patterns that put people into such close proximity that the specific humidity starts to matter less,” Dalziel said. “In metropolises, flu is able to eke out a living because there’s more highly organized close contact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seema Lakdawala, who studies influenza transmission, described the finding as fascinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they’re showing is that the transmission dynamics within intense urban areas is more perpetual,” said Lakdawala, an assistant professor in the department of microbiology and molecular genetics at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lakdawala studies how the flu virus is transmitted — through droplets of saliva or mucus that can only travel short distances, or through aerosols, which can hang in the air longer. Her read of this study suggested to her that in smaller places, aerosolized viruses may play more of a role in transmission, and those may be more dependent on climatic conditions. But in large centers where people are more densely packed, transmission over short distances — which is less climate-dependent — can get the job done.[contextly_sidebar id=\"eYd72fXTu5jD6vzseb6AQMPC5fhHGdol\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since I’ve been thinking about the importance and the contribution of short-range versus long-range transmission for so long, to me it really fits,” said Lakdawala, who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In intense urban areas, we’re indoors more often. So this idea that there is transmission occurring universally, constantly, in these environments that isn’t necessarily driven by seasonality of humidity is really fascinating,” she said. “And it really fits with what we think is happening — that these long-range transmission events may be more sensitive to humidity conditions, and they may be happening more in less populated areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/04/flu-season-may-stretch-longer-in-big-cities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The length of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/26/cdc-us-flu-deaths-winter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flu season\u003c/a> may vary depending on where you live, with large cities enduring longer periods of transmission and smaller cities experiencing shorter, but more explosive, spread, a new study suggests.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/04/flu-season-may-stretch-longer-in-big-cities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study \u003c/a>doesn’t assert that one’s risk of contracting influenza varies depending on the size of any given community. Rather, it argues that in less populous places, flu needs the right atmospheric conditions to spread effectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In large cities, those conditions don’t matter quite as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s lots of people and transportation patterns frequently bring them together, it helps the virus find new hosts even when climate conditions aren’t at their most favorable,” explained lead author Benjamin Dalziel, an assistant professor in the department of integrative biology at Oregon State University in Corvallis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding suggests a one-size-fits-all approach to flu season preparedness won’t work. If the study is correct, small centers should work on surge capacity — their ability to handle a lot of sick people over a short period of time — while larger cities should find ways to reduce transmission, said Jacco Wallinga, an expert on infectious diseases modeling at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is important for policymakers because it indicates that metropolitan areas should focus on reducing influenza spread, whereas small towns should focus on reducing harm,” Wallinga wrote in a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6410/29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary \u003c/a>on the paper, which was published alongside it Thursday in the journal Science.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza is famously unpredictable. It’s not uncommon to hear people who have studied it for decades describe the virus as “humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts know there will be a surge of influenza infections at some point in the year; in the Northern Hemisphere that period typically falls in the stretch from late autumn through late winter or early spring. But some years the peak of infections will occur over Christmas and other times the sickest point in the season will come in late February or even March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not fully understood why flu behaves this way. Time spent indoors during the winter, when their immune systems may not be as robust, is thought to be a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dalziel and his co-authors set out to look at the role specific humidity levels — how much moisture there is in the air — play in flu transmission. They used a large amount of data: weekly health insurance claims from people who sought care for influenza-like illness. The researchers had data by ZIP code for six years, from 2002 to 2008, for roughly 603 cities in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they saw was that in small cities, the curve of a flu season was sharp. Regardless of whether a lot of people got sick in a flu season or whether fewer were struck in a particular year, most of the infections occurred over a short period of time, making for a “spiky” epidemic curve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pattern in large cities was different. The curve was lower and longer — more diffuse. It didn’t mean that fewer people got sick, but that infections were spread out over a longer period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It meant that flu viruses were still able to spread from person to person in large cities even when climatic conditions weren’t ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dalziel, who admitted the big-city pattern wasn’t what he and his colleagues were expecting, said the small city outbreaks were “explosive” while the big city epidemics “smoldered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their conclusion was that specific humidity didn’t matter as much in places where large numbers of people live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flu is able to spread under a wider envelop of climatic conditions in the metropolises, because of highly organized movement patterns that put people into such close proximity that the specific humidity starts to matter less,” Dalziel said. “In metropolises, flu is able to eke out a living because there’s more highly organized close contact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seema Lakdawala, who studies influenza transmission, described the finding as fascinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they’re showing is that the transmission dynamics within intense urban areas is more perpetual,” said Lakdawala, an assistant professor in the department of microbiology and molecular genetics at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lakdawala studies how the flu virus is transmitted — through droplets of saliva or mucus that can only travel short distances, or through aerosols, which can hang in the air longer. Her read of this study suggested to her that in smaller places, aerosolized viruses may play more of a role in transmission, and those may be more dependent on climatic conditions. But in large centers where people are more densely packed, transmission over short distances — which is less climate-dependent — can get the job done.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since I’ve been thinking about the importance and the contribution of short-range versus long-range transmission for so long, to me it really fits,” said Lakdawala, who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In intense urban areas, we’re indoors more often. So this idea that there is transmission occurring universally, constantly, in these environments that isn’t necessarily driven by seasonality of humidity is really fascinating,” she said. “And it really fits with what we think is happening — that these long-range transmission events may be more sensitive to humidity conditions, and they may be happening more in less populated areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/04/flu-season-may-stretch-longer-in-big-cities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Paige Thesing has struggled with insomnia since high school. “It takes me a really long time to fall asleep — about four hours,” she says. For years, her mornings were groggy and involved a “lot of coffee.”[contextly_sidebar id=”SWkBBNCnUWhPf7KOuvUyV7If0Ca3ug47”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year of trying sleep medication prescribed by her doctor, she turned to the internet for alternate solutions. About four months ago, she settled on a mobile phone meditation app called \u003ca href=\"https://www.inscape.life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">INSCAPE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about a 30-minute soundtrack, and it starts with a woman kind of telling you to relax and instructing your breathing,” explains Thesing. “Then it goes into sounds — relaxing noises. There’s wind chimes, some atmospheric music playing…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She uses the app every night and falls asleep within 15 or 20 minutes. “So, definitely a big improvement from four hours,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thesing is not alone. Chronic insomnia affects an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2006/2006-05-vol12-n8suppl/may06-2307ps214-s220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10-15 percent of adults\u003c/a>, and another 25-35 percent struggle with sleep issues occasionally. And like Thesing, a growing number of insomniacs are turning to mobile phone apps to lull them to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NPRHealth/status/1046884648167624711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a> and Facebook, NPR asked its audience if they have used a mobile phone app to help manage insomnia. Nearly 100 people wrote back suggesting a range of apps, including podcasts created to put a listener to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are usually relaxation strategies, white noise, meditation,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/faculty-profiles/az/profile.html?xid=35378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jason Ong\u003c/a>, an associate professor of neurology specializing in sleep at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. He studies non-pharmacological treatments for various sleep disorders and treats patients at the university’s Sleep Medicine clinic. “It’s not that there’s something wrong with those apps. It’s a reasonable first thing to try.”[contextly_sidebar id=”ljN7S8LuvqENw8QrvBPFbhASn6EIv1oE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, these kinds of apps aren’t based on scientifically-proven solutions, and they don’t really fix the problem of why someone is not sleeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ong wanted to do something about that, so a few years ago, he consulted for a team that developed an app that uses a science-based approach to address insomnia called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sleepio.com/cbt-for-insomnia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sleepio\u003c/a>. (However, he doesn’t have any ongoing financial interest in the product, he says.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleepio and a few other apps like \u003ca href=\"http://www.myshuti.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SHUT-i\u003c/a> and a free one developed by the Veterans Administration use the most sustainable and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15451764\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence-based\u003c/a> solution for insomnia. It’s a kind of therapy called Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia — \u003ca href=\"https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CBT-I\u003c/a> for short, he says. It helps the patient understand the biology of sleep and gives them a bag of tools and tricks to change their own thought patterns and behaviors to treat their underlying sleep issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CBT for insomnia is a specific package … [that] includes different techniques like spending less time in bed [and] what to do if you are in bed and can’t sleep,” says Ong. “It’s teaching you how to change your behavior to better work with your brain to give you confidence that you’re going to be able to sleep on a regular basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be surprising to us, but our own thought patterns and sleep habits \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3621793/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">affect our biology\u003c/a>, in this case how our brains regulate sleep. “If you modify some of your behaviors, you can work better with how your brain regulates sleep and wake,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American College of Physicians \u003ca href=\"https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/acp-recommends-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-as-initial-treatment-for-chronic-insomnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first recommended\u003c/a> Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia as the first-line treatment for insomnia in 2016. “The evidence is quite strong to support the effectiveness of CBT-I treatment and there really aren’t a lot of side effects,” says Ong. And, because it changes behavior, “in the long run CBT-I tends to perform quite well in maintaining the benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past the only way for people to get Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia was to see a therapist, now they can access the therapy on their mobile phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Sleepio, it’s like an avatar of a real therapist that’s walking the patient through that process,” explains Ong. Sleepio also allows users to keep a sleep diary so the app can use its algorithm to suggest a better bedtime schedule. It also reminds people to get up when they’ve spent too much time in bed trying to fall asleep, for example.[contextly_sidebar id=”wEwpbDeWifEPnKULBpzGtSdpZ0ZUBzcu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a real therapist, the apps that use Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia also provide practical tools to help the user worry less about their sleep and over time, be less anxious and more confident about their ability get a good night’s rest. “It’s very similar to what we do face-to-face with patients,” adds Ong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427093/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies show\u003c/a> that CBT-I delivered digitally through mobile phone apps is effective in treating insomnia. And a \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2704019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> of Sleepio by Ong and the team that developed the product found that participants who used the product reported an improvement in insomnia symptoms and overall wellbeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an impressive study in size and scope,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.johntorousmd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Torous\u003c/a>, the director of digital psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. “But like any study, we have to interpret it within reason.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants in the study were mostly white and female, he notes, and so it’s hard to generalize the findings to the larger population. And, he adds that the study was designed and funded by Big Health, the company that created the app and is now marketing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sleepio is only available on a limited basis. You can get it through employers, health insurance and national health systems at the moment, says Mike Radocchia, the marketing and business development lead at Big Health. Although the company does give it to researchers and charities for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while apps that use Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia cost less than in-person therapy, they can be pricey. A 26-week subscription of SHUTi \u003ca href=\"http://www.myshuti.com/shuti-pricing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">costs $149\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Torous often directs his patients with insomnia to a free app developed by the Veterans Administration called \u003ca href=\"https://mobile.va.gov/app/cbt-i-coach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CBT-I Coach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone can access it. You don’t have to be a veteran,” Torous says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextbreathcounseling.com/credentials/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jake Hanks\u003c/a>, a mental health counselor based in Glenwood Springs, Colorado, agrees. “CBT-I Coach would be my absolute favorite,” he says. “It includes a lot of the cognitive restructuring, the true things about sleep that we want patients to keep in mind.” And so, he too, recommends the free app to his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Torous notes that these apps don’t work for everyone. The recent study by Ong and his colleagues hints at why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even in this clinical study, less than 50 percent [of people who were assigned to use the app in a randomized controlled trial] are able to make it through the entire course of CBT delivered through digital platforms,” he notes. “For some people it may be hard to make it through all the sessions of CBT.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is true of most health and wellness apps, he says. Torous \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2616170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has studied\u003c/a> this and found that of the 10,000 mental health apps out there, very few are actually being used. “I don’t think we really understand how people are using technology towards their health and recovery,” he notes.[contextly_sidebar id=”LqkvTN1dfENdC3n50jRUdIl6PSPHOHGb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in some ways, he says, people with insomnia may be ahead of scientists in figuring out what works well for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you find something that works [for you], I think that’s always a good first step,” he says. “Quick fixes or simple solutions may get you feeling better right away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he notes, insomnia is a complex disorder with many underlying causes. Sometimes it can be caused by a medical condition that’s easily treatable, like a thyroid problem, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no matter what app you are considering, always talk to your doctor about your sleep issues, he advises. “Until you know the diagnosis or what you’re working with, you don’t want to start treating something that’s not what you think it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Apps+May+Help+Curb+Insomnia%2C+Others+Just+Put+You+To+Sleep&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Paige Thesing has struggled with insomnia since high school. “It takes me a really long time to fall asleep — about four hours,” she says. For years, her mornings were groggy and involved a “lot of coffee.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year of trying sleep medication prescribed by her doctor, she turned to the internet for alternate solutions. About four months ago, she settled on a mobile phone meditation app called \u003ca href=\"https://www.inscape.life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">INSCAPE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about a 30-minute soundtrack, and it starts with a woman kind of telling you to relax and instructing your breathing,” explains Thesing. “Then it goes into sounds — relaxing noises. There’s wind chimes, some atmospheric music playing…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She uses the app every night and falls asleep within 15 or 20 minutes. “So, definitely a big improvement from four hours,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thesing is not alone. Chronic insomnia affects an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2006/2006-05-vol12-n8suppl/may06-2307ps214-s220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10-15 percent of adults\u003c/a>, and another 25-35 percent struggle with sleep issues occasionally. And like Thesing, a growing number of insomniacs are turning to mobile phone apps to lull them to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NPRHealth/status/1046884648167624711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a> and Facebook, NPR asked its audience if they have used a mobile phone app to help manage insomnia. Nearly 100 people wrote back suggesting a range of apps, including podcasts created to put a listener to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are usually relaxation strategies, white noise, meditation,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/faculty-profiles/az/profile.html?xid=35378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jason Ong\u003c/a>, an associate professor of neurology specializing in sleep at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. He studies non-pharmacological treatments for various sleep disorders and treats patients at the university’s Sleep Medicine clinic. “It’s not that there’s something wrong with those apps. It’s a reasonable first thing to try.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, these kinds of apps aren’t based on scientifically-proven solutions, and they don’t really fix the problem of why someone is not sleeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ong wanted to do something about that, so a few years ago, he consulted for a team that developed an app that uses a science-based approach to address insomnia called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sleepio.com/cbt-for-insomnia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sleepio\u003c/a>. (However, he doesn’t have any ongoing financial interest in the product, he says.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleepio and a few other apps like \u003ca href=\"http://www.myshuti.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SHUT-i\u003c/a> and a free one developed by the Veterans Administration use the most sustainable and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15451764\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence-based\u003c/a> solution for insomnia. It’s a kind of therapy called Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia — \u003ca href=\"https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CBT-I\u003c/a> for short, he says. It helps the patient understand the biology of sleep and gives them a bag of tools and tricks to change their own thought patterns and behaviors to treat their underlying sleep issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CBT for insomnia is a specific package … [that] includes different techniques like spending less time in bed [and] what to do if you are in bed and can’t sleep,” says Ong. “It’s teaching you how to change your behavior to better work with your brain to give you confidence that you’re going to be able to sleep on a regular basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be surprising to us, but our own thought patterns and sleep habits \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3621793/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">affect our biology\u003c/a>, in this case how our brains regulate sleep. “If you modify some of your behaviors, you can work better with how your brain regulates sleep and wake,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American College of Physicians \u003ca href=\"https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/acp-recommends-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-as-initial-treatment-for-chronic-insomnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first recommended\u003c/a> Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia as the first-line treatment for insomnia in 2016. “The evidence is quite strong to support the effectiveness of CBT-I treatment and there really aren’t a lot of side effects,” says Ong. And, because it changes behavior, “in the long run CBT-I tends to perform quite well in maintaining the benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past the only way for people to get Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia was to see a therapist, now they can access the therapy on their mobile phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Sleepio, it’s like an avatar of a real therapist that’s walking the patient through that process,” explains Ong. Sleepio also allows users to keep a sleep diary so the app can use its algorithm to suggest a better bedtime schedule. It also reminds people to get up when they’ve spent too much time in bed trying to fall asleep, for example.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a real therapist, the apps that use Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia also provide practical tools to help the user worry less about their sleep and over time, be less anxious and more confident about their ability get a good night’s rest. “It’s very similar to what we do face-to-face with patients,” adds Ong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427093/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies show\u003c/a> that CBT-I delivered digitally through mobile phone apps is effective in treating insomnia. And a \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2704019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> of Sleepio by Ong and the team that developed the product found that participants who used the product reported an improvement in insomnia symptoms and overall wellbeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an impressive study in size and scope,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.johntorousmd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Torous\u003c/a>, the director of digital psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. “But like any study, we have to interpret it within reason.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants in the study were mostly white and female, he notes, and so it’s hard to generalize the findings to the larger population. And, he adds that the study was designed and funded by Big Health, the company that created the app and is now marketing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sleepio is only available on a limited basis. You can get it through employers, health insurance and national health systems at the moment, says Mike Radocchia, the marketing and business development lead at Big Health. Although the company does give it to researchers and charities for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while apps that use Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia cost less than in-person therapy, they can be pricey. A 26-week subscription of SHUTi \u003ca href=\"http://www.myshuti.com/shuti-pricing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">costs $149\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Torous often directs his patients with insomnia to a free app developed by the Veterans Administration called \u003ca href=\"https://mobile.va.gov/app/cbt-i-coach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CBT-I Coach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone can access it. You don’t have to be a veteran,” Torous says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextbreathcounseling.com/credentials/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jake Hanks\u003c/a>, a mental health counselor based in Glenwood Springs, Colorado, agrees. “CBT-I Coach would be my absolute favorite,” he says. “It includes a lot of the cognitive restructuring, the true things about sleep that we want patients to keep in mind.” And so, he too, recommends the free app to his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Torous notes that these apps don’t work for everyone. The recent study by Ong and his colleagues hints at why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even in this clinical study, less than 50 percent [of people who were assigned to use the app in a randomized controlled trial] are able to make it through the entire course of CBT delivered through digital platforms,” he notes. “For some people it may be hard to make it through all the sessions of CBT.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is true of most health and wellness apps, he says. Torous \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2616170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has studied\u003c/a> this and found that of the 10,000 mental health apps out there, very few are actually being used. “I don’t think we really understand how people are using technology towards their health and recovery,” he notes.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in some ways, he says, people with insomnia may be ahead of scientists in figuring out what works well for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you find something that works [for you], I think that’s always a good first step,” he says. “Quick fixes or simple solutions may get you feeling better right away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he notes, insomnia is a complex disorder with many underlying causes. Sometimes it can be caused by a medical condition that’s easily treatable, like a thyroid problem, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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