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Ecoalf, a Spanish Madrid-based firm founded in 2010, has already launched \"a new generation\" of clothes and accessories made from plastic bottles, old fishing nets and used tires found on land.","publishDate":1457740219,"status":"inherit","parent":107604,"modified":1457740374,"caption":"A picture taken on Nov. 3 shows plastic waste collected in the sea by fishermen at a plastic processing plant in Chiva, near Valencia. Ecoalf, a Spanish Madrid-based firm founded in 2010, has already launched \"a new generation\" of clothes and accessories made from plastic bottles, old fishing nets and used tires found on land.","credit":"Pedro Armestre/AFP/Getty Images","description":"A picture taken on Nov. 3 shows plastic waste collected in the sea by fishermen at a plastic processing plant in Chiva, near Valencia. 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land.","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-400x266.jpg","width":400,"height":266,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-800x533.jpg","width":800,"height":533,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-768x511.jpg","width":768,"height":511,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-1440x959.jpg","width":1440,"height":959,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-1920x1279.jpg","width":1920,"height":1279,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-1180x786.jpg","width":1180,"height":786,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-960x639.jpg","width":960,"height":639,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"cat_post_thumb_sizecategory-posts-2":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/03/plasticwaste_enl-8162758a6bcfcf25cba1363416aeb88491f5f863.jpg","width":2000,"height":1332}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"byline_bayareabites_134473":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_bayareabites_134473","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_bayareabites_134473","name":"Christopher 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FM","link":"/"}},"bayareabites_134473":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_134473","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"134473","score":null,"sort":[1566359881000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"u-s-recycling-industry-is-struggling-to-figure-out-a-future-without-china","title":"U.S. Recycling Industry Is Struggling To Figure Out A Future Without China","publishDate":1566359881,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1941477,forum_2010101871721' label='More on Recycling Plastics']\u003cbr>\nThe U.S. used to send a lot of its plastic waste to China to get recycled. But last year, China put the kibosh on imports of the world's waste. The policy, called National Sword, freaked out people in the U.S. — a huge market for plastic waste had just dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where was it all going to go now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, executives from big companies that make or package everything from water to toothpaste in plastic met in Washington, D.C. Recyclers and the people who collect and sort trash were there too. It was the whole chain that makes up the plastic pipeline. It was a time of reckoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Caturano of Nestlé Waters North America, which makes bottled water, said plastic is getting a bad reputation. \"The water bottle has in some ways become the mink coat or the pack of cigarettes. It's socially not very acceptable to the young folks, and that scares me,\" he said during a panel called Life After National Sword.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunil Bagaria, who runs recycling company GDB International, took his colleagues to task. \"Forever, we have depended on shipping our scrap overseas,\" he bemoaned. \"Let's stop that.\" European countries, he added, \"are recycling 35% to 40% [of their plastic waste]. The U.S. only recycles 10%. How tragic is that?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple of days of this, a woman named Kara Pochiro from the Association of Plastic Recyclers stood up and said not to panic. \"Plastic recycling isn't dead, and it works, and it's important to protecting our environment, and it's essential to the circular economy,\" she reassured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Circular economy\" is now a catchphrase that some say is a way out of the plastic mess. The idea is essentially this: Society needs plastic, but people need to recycle a lot more of it and use it again and again and again. That will eliminate a lot of waste and cut down on the avalanche of new plastic made every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does circularity actually work? A good place to find out is at a recycling company called TerraCycle in Trenton, N.J. The company's global vice president for research and development is Ernie Simpson. A cheerful man with a Jamaican accent, he works out of a small lab at TerraCycle's headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-offices_enl-48b0bd89ee7e6ef664f17834e0f408b14e2962a4-e1566359369460.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic bottles surround an employee at a workstation inside recycling company TerraCycle's headquarters in Trenton, N.J., in 2017.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134475\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic bottles surround an employee at a workstation inside recycling company TerraCycle's headquarters in Trenton, N.J., in 2017. \u003ccite>(David Williams/Bloomberg via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He's also a physicist who's part of a collaboration with Procter & Gamble to turn plastic trash into new products. In his lab, Simpson has an array of very sophisticated and expensive equipment — a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer and a calorimeter, which use light or heat, respectively, to determine the chemistry of plastic. What goes into those devices is junk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpson holds up a clear plastic bag. Inside, he says, \"is the famous beach plastic from the ocean\": wrappers, caps, bottles. To recycle any of it, he has to know what kind of plastic each piece is made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many kinds of plastic are there? \"Ohhhh,\" he sighs. \"Indefinite, just about. There are about 20 different categories of material, but there are blends and there are hybrids.\" Almost all possess their own characteristics, some easily recyclable, many not. Some can be melted down; others shredded mechanically or chemically broken down. They end up as pellets the size of small marbles. These go to fabricators that turn the material back into products.\u003cbr>\n[aside postID='news_11714223,news_11768467' align='left' label='More on the Recycling Industry']\u003cbr>\n\"And so that's how the famous Head & Shoulders shampoo bottle was created,\" Simpson says, referring to what P&G calls the \"world's first recyclable shampoo bottle made from beach plastic.\" That's a form of circularity — pouring old plastic into new bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a catch though. \"This particular one,\" Simpson says of the beach plastic, \"is probably three times as expensive as virgin\" — virgin being brand-new plastic made straight from oil and gas out of the ground. This is one of the obstacles to circularity: It costs a lot. There's not a lot of money to be made from recycling to begin with, and it's tough for recycled plastic to compete with virgin plastic made cheap by the boom in U.S. oil and gas production. And there aren't nearly enough recyclers in the U.S. to handle the tsunami of new plastic pouring out of the petrochemical industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1893px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c.jpg\" alt=\"Material collected by TerraCycle is shredded for processing.\" width=\"1893\" height=\"1080\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134476\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c.jpg 1893w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-160x91.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-800x456.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-768x438.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-1020x582.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-1200x685.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1893px) 100vw, 1893px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Material collected by TerraCycle is shredded for processing. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of TerraCycle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a.jpg\" alt=\"Collected material, including plastic, is baled at TerraCycle.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collected material, including plastic, is baled at TerraCycle. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of TerraCycle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Recycling is the underdog,\" says Keefe Harrison, CEO of the Recycling Partnership, a nonprofit that seeks to boost the industry. \"We're fighting an uphill battle to make it cost competitive from day one.\" One problem, she says, is the U.S. outsourced so much of its recycling to Asia that the domestic industry languished. And there's the fact that plastic manufacturers keep making more and more of it, and consumer brands like Procter & Gamble, Nestlé and Walmart keep wrapping more consumer goods in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison explains: \"So we've got these companies producing this new packaging and new materials and new plastics in such a scientific- and business-driven way, and then [they] rely on the disjointed network that is recycling to get it back. And [recycling] is not robust.\" That's an assessment shared by others, such as global financial analysis company IHS Markit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several petrochemical companies have joined big consumer brands in pledging to make most of their plastic recyclable, reusable or compostable within the next decade or two. Their group, Alliance to End Plastic Waste, has promised to spend $1.5 billion over five years to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as environmental groups like Greenpeace and Break Free From Plastic point out, just because something can technically be recycled doesn't mean it will be. There has to be an industry robust enough to do it — and a profit at the end of the day. And, they say, building up recycling allows plastic producers to keep making 300 million tons of new plastic every year (half of which is for single use) and to put the burden of cleaning up the waste on someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pochiro, of the Association of Plastic Recyclers, says recycling does need help — from consumers, for example. \"We're trying to make consumers understand that recycling isn't just about putting your container in the bin,\" she says. \"You also need to buy recycled,\" meaning products that contain recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a growing market for such products, stuff like bottles, clothing, packaging or bags, for example. But it's tough to compete against cheap virgin plastic. Recycling companies need huge investments, and to get that, they have to show they have a market for their products. And for that, Pochiro says, they need commitments — voluntary or mandated by law — by consumer goods companies to buy recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If a recycler can't be confident enough that they have a market for at least maybe six months to a year,\" she says, \"then they aren't going to want to make that investment in their own facilities\" to make more recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a disconnect underlying all this talk by the plastics industry to help recyclers and the circular economy of plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report from ICIS, a plastics market research company, says the petrochemical industry will likely double its plastic manufacturing capacity from 2016 to 2024. And the American Chemistry Council, which represents, among others, plastics manufacturers, says it expects industry to spend nearly $25 billion to build new plastic manufacturing capacity by 2025. (That compares with the $1.5 billion that the industry plans to spend on cleaning up plastic waste.) The World Economic Forum has issued a report on plastic that predicts a doubling of production in the next two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing driving that growth is the belief that demand for petroleum-based fuels will decline — the oil and gas industry is looking to produce more plastics from petrochemicals to take up the slack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if a new circular plastics economy recycles — that is, reuses — more \u003cem>old\u003c/em> plastic, why is the petrochemical industry spending billions of dollars for a boom in \u003cem>new\u003c/em> plastic? Where is all that new plastic going to go? It seems the industry isn't too worried. The American Chemistry Council's analysis includes this statement about new plastic: \"In a virtuous cycle, as the manufacturing renaissance accelerates, demand for plastic products will be generated, reinforcing resin [raw plastic] demand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, go ahead and make it, and people will find a way to use it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/20/750864036/u-s-recycling-industry-is-struggling-to-figure-out-a-future-without-china\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"China is no longer taking the world's waste. The U.S. recycling industry is overwhelmed — it can't keep up with the plastic being churned out. This doesn't bode well for our plastic waste problem.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1566359881,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1497},"headData":{"title":"U.S. Recycling Industry Is Struggling To Figure Out A Future Without China | KQED","description":"China is no longer taking the world's waste. The U.S. recycling industry is overwhelmed — it can't keep up with the plastic being churned out. This doesn't bode well for our plastic waste problem.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"U.S. Recycling Industry Is Struggling To Figure Out A Future Without China","datePublished":"2019-08-21T03:58:01.000Z","dateModified":"2019-08-21T03:58:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"134473 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=134473","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2019/08/20/u-s-recycling-industry-is-struggling-to-figure-out-a-future-without-china/","disqusTitle":"U.S. Recycling Industry Is Struggling To Figure Out A Future Without China","nprImageCredit":"Saul Loeb","nprByline":"Christopher Joyce, All Things Considered","nprImageAgency":"AFP/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"750864036","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=750864036&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/20/750864036/u-s-recycling-industry-is-struggling-to-figure-out-a-future-without-china?ft=nprml&f=750864036","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 20 Aug 2019 20:10:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 20 Aug 2019 15:27:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 20 Aug 2019 20:14:02 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/08/20190820_atc_us_recycling_industry_is_struggling_to_figure_out_a_future_without_china.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&aggIds=684530164&d=317&p=2&story=750864036&ft=nprml&f=750864036","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1752882698-5f2771.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1007&aggIds=684530164&d=317&p=2&story=750864036&ft=nprml&f=750864036","path":"/bayareabites/134473/u-s-recycling-industry-is-struggling-to-figure-out-a-future-without-china","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/08/20190820_atc_us_recycling_industry_is_struggling_to_figure_out_a_future_without_china.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&aggIds=684530164&d=317&p=2&story=750864036&ft=nprml&f=750864036","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1941477,forum_2010101871721","label":"More on Recycling Plastics "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThe U.S. used to send a lot of its plastic waste to China to get recycled. But last year, China put the kibosh on imports of the world's waste. The policy, called National Sword, freaked out people in the U.S. — a huge market for plastic waste had just dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where was it all going to go now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, executives from big companies that make or package everything from water to toothpaste in plastic met in Washington, D.C. Recyclers and the people who collect and sort trash were there too. It was the whole chain that makes up the plastic pipeline. It was a time of reckoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Caturano of Nestlé Waters North America, which makes bottled water, said plastic is getting a bad reputation. \"The water bottle has in some ways become the mink coat or the pack of cigarettes. It's socially not very acceptable to the young folks, and that scares me,\" he said during a panel called Life After National Sword.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunil Bagaria, who runs recycling company GDB International, took his colleagues to task. \"Forever, we have depended on shipping our scrap overseas,\" he bemoaned. \"Let's stop that.\" European countries, he added, \"are recycling 35% to 40% [of their plastic waste]. The U.S. only recycles 10%. How tragic is that?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple of days of this, a woman named Kara Pochiro from the Association of Plastic Recyclers stood up and said not to panic. \"Plastic recycling isn't dead, and it works, and it's important to protecting our environment, and it's essential to the circular economy,\" she reassured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Circular economy\" is now a catchphrase that some say is a way out of the plastic mess. The idea is essentially this: Society needs plastic, but people need to recycle a lot more of it and use it again and again and again. That will eliminate a lot of waste and cut down on the avalanche of new plastic made every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does circularity actually work? A good place to find out is at a recycling company called TerraCycle in Trenton, N.J. The company's global vice president for research and development is Ernie Simpson. A cheerful man with a Jamaican accent, he works out of a small lab at TerraCycle's headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-offices_enl-48b0bd89ee7e6ef664f17834e0f408b14e2962a4-e1566359369460.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic bottles surround an employee at a workstation inside recycling company TerraCycle's headquarters in Trenton, N.J., in 2017.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134475\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic bottles surround an employee at a workstation inside recycling company TerraCycle's headquarters in Trenton, N.J., in 2017. \u003ccite>(David Williams/Bloomberg via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He's also a physicist who's part of a collaboration with Procter & Gamble to turn plastic trash into new products. In his lab, Simpson has an array of very sophisticated and expensive equipment — a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer and a calorimeter, which use light or heat, respectively, to determine the chemistry of plastic. What goes into those devices is junk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpson holds up a clear plastic bag. Inside, he says, \"is the famous beach plastic from the ocean\": wrappers, caps, bottles. To recycle any of it, he has to know what kind of plastic each piece is made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many kinds of plastic are there? \"Ohhhh,\" he sighs. \"Indefinite, just about. There are about 20 different categories of material, but there are blends and there are hybrids.\" Almost all possess their own characteristics, some easily recyclable, many not. Some can be melted down; others shredded mechanically or chemically broken down. They end up as pellets the size of small marbles. These go to fabricators that turn the material back into products.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11714223,news_11768467","align":"left","label":"More on the Recycling Industry "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\"And so that's how the famous Head & Shoulders shampoo bottle was created,\" Simpson says, referring to what P&G calls the \"world's first recyclable shampoo bottle made from beach plastic.\" That's a form of circularity — pouring old plastic into new bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a catch though. \"This particular one,\" Simpson says of the beach plastic, \"is probably three times as expensive as virgin\" — virgin being brand-new plastic made straight from oil and gas out of the ground. This is one of the obstacles to circularity: It costs a lot. There's not a lot of money to be made from recycling to begin with, and it's tough for recycled plastic to compete with virgin plastic made cheap by the boom in U.S. oil and gas production. And there aren't nearly enough recyclers in the U.S. to handle the tsunami of new plastic pouring out of the petrochemical industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1893px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c.jpg\" alt=\"Material collected by TerraCycle is shredded for processing.\" width=\"1893\" height=\"1080\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134476\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c.jpg 1893w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-160x91.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-800x456.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-768x438.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-1020x582.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-1200x685.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1893px) 100vw, 1893px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Material collected by TerraCycle is shredded for processing. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of TerraCycle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a.jpg\" alt=\"Collected material, including plastic, is baled at TerraCycle.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collected material, including plastic, is baled at TerraCycle. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of TerraCycle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Recycling is the underdog,\" says Keefe Harrison, CEO of the Recycling Partnership, a nonprofit that seeks to boost the industry. \"We're fighting an uphill battle to make it cost competitive from day one.\" One problem, she says, is the U.S. outsourced so much of its recycling to Asia that the domestic industry languished. And there's the fact that plastic manufacturers keep making more and more of it, and consumer brands like Procter & Gamble, Nestlé and Walmart keep wrapping more consumer goods in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison explains: \"So we've got these companies producing this new packaging and new materials and new plastics in such a scientific- and business-driven way, and then [they] rely on the disjointed network that is recycling to get it back. And [recycling] is not robust.\" That's an assessment shared by others, such as global financial analysis company IHS Markit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several petrochemical companies have joined big consumer brands in pledging to make most of their plastic recyclable, reusable or compostable within the next decade or two. Their group, Alliance to End Plastic Waste, has promised to spend $1.5 billion over five years to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as environmental groups like Greenpeace and Break Free From Plastic point out, just because something can technically be recycled doesn't mean it will be. There has to be an industry robust enough to do it — and a profit at the end of the day. And, they say, building up recycling allows plastic producers to keep making 300 million tons of new plastic every year (half of which is for single use) and to put the burden of cleaning up the waste on someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pochiro, of the Association of Plastic Recyclers, says recycling does need help — from consumers, for example. \"We're trying to make consumers understand that recycling isn't just about putting your container in the bin,\" she says. \"You also need to buy recycled,\" meaning products that contain recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a growing market for such products, stuff like bottles, clothing, packaging or bags, for example. But it's tough to compete against cheap virgin plastic. Recycling companies need huge investments, and to get that, they have to show they have a market for their products. And for that, Pochiro says, they need commitments — voluntary or mandated by law — by consumer goods companies to buy recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If a recycler can't be confident enough that they have a market for at least maybe six months to a year,\" she says, \"then they aren't going to want to make that investment in their own facilities\" to make more recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a disconnect underlying all this talk by the plastics industry to help recyclers and the circular economy of plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report from ICIS, a plastics market research company, says the petrochemical industry will likely double its plastic manufacturing capacity from 2016 to 2024. And the American Chemistry Council, which represents, among others, plastics manufacturers, says it expects industry to spend nearly $25 billion to build new plastic manufacturing capacity by 2025. (That compares with the $1.5 billion that the industry plans to spend on cleaning up plastic waste.) The World Economic Forum has issued a report on plastic that predicts a doubling of production in the next two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing driving that growth is the belief that demand for petroleum-based fuels will decline — the oil and gas industry is looking to produce more plastics from petrochemicals to take up the slack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if a new circular plastics economy recycles — that is, reuses — more \u003cem>old\u003c/em> plastic, why is the petrochemical industry spending billions of dollars for a boom in \u003cem>new\u003c/em> plastic? Where is all that new plastic going to go? It seems the industry isn't too worried. The American Chemistry Council's analysis includes this statement about new plastic: \"In a virtuous cycle, as the manufacturing renaissance accelerates, demand for plastic products will be generated, reinforcing resin [raw plastic] demand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, go ahead and make it, and people will find a way to use it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/20/750864036/u-s-recycling-industry-is-struggling-to-figure-out-a-future-without-china\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/134473/u-s-recycling-industry-is-struggling-to-figure-out-a-future-without-china","authors":["byline_bayareabites_134473"],"categories":["bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_16430","bayareabites_16272","bayareabites_15351","bayareabites_14756"],"featImg":"bayareabites_134474","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_125519":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_125519","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"125519","score":null,"sort":[1520689830000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-the-recycling-world-why-are-some-cartons-such-a-problem","title":"In The Recycling World, Why Are Some Cartons Such A Problem?","publishDate":1520689830,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_125520\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88.jpg\" alt=\"Because of layers of material that can be difficult to separate, many containers for juices and broths have traditionally been destined for landfills. But recycling them is getting easier.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1125\" class=\"size-full wp-image-125520\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Because of layers of material that can be difficult to separate, many containers for juices and broths have traditionally been destined for landfills. But recycling them is getting easier. \u003ccite>(KidStock/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scoot over, cans; cartons are moving in on your shelf space. Specifically, the soft, light rectangular containers commonly associated with juice boxes — \"aseptic cartons\" to the carton literati.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're growing in popularity,\" says Jason Pelz, vice president of recycling projects for the Carton Council, an industry group. \"Broth is predominantly in aseptic packaging now, and you see a lot of coconut water in it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aseptic cartons pack several environmental upsides, with one big catch: Traditionally, these containers have been quite difficult to recycle. To take stock of the promises and challenges of this supermarket sensation, I talked to experts on all things carton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any enigmatic celebrity, the aseptic carton has layers. Though lightweight, the exterior is composed of multiple coats of paperboard, plastic and aluminum. This type of carton has been around since the 1950s, according to Pelz, but for a long time was limited primarily to milk cartons in countries without refrigerated shipping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aseptic carton \"has lots of environmental advantages,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/darby-hoover\">Darby Hoover\u003c/a>, a senior resource specialist with the Natural Resources Defense Council. \"It's lightweight, and it typically doesn't need to be refrigerated [until opened].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lightweight packaging requires less energy to ship than heavier material. The packaging versus product ratio — seemingly the packaging industry's analog of dress measurements — is a dainty 7 percent packaging to 93 percent product by weight. By comparison, a steel can's ratio is 13 percent packaging to 87 percent product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carton's rectangular shape allows for close packing in transport, according to Pelz, which makes shipping more efficient. The shelf-stable cartons can also prevent food spoilage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alas, the aseptic carton has a tragic flaw. \"There's a real challenge in trying to recycle it, because you have all these materials that are essentially glued together,\" explains Hoover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aseptic cartons aren't the only type to face such challenges. The \"gable-top\" milk carton — a paper-based container plenteous in elementary school cafeterias — also has paper and plastic layers that are difficult for many recycling plants to separate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recognition of these difficulties, the Carton Council formed in 2009 to increase recycling capabilities for both aseptic and gable-top cartons in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some countries that have already widely adopted aseptic cartons can offer examples of how to recycle the containers. Pelz says that in Mexico and Brazil, cartons are sometimes turned into pellets for building materials ranging from tiles to flower pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States, many recycling centers have begun to accept the cartons. In most cases, the plants strip the fiber from cartons and recycle it, but they do not necessarily recycle the plastic or aluminum components. That said, at least one company is offering a more complete recycling package. The Iowa-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.rewallsolutions.com/\">ReWall Co.\u003c/a> shreds whole cartons at a paper mill and smashes the carton scraps in what Pelz describes as a \"giant panini press\" into boards that can be used for roofing, siding and other building projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Carton Council was founded, only 18 percent of households in the U.S. had access to carton recycling. That number has jumped to about 62 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick is learning what the recycling rules are in one's own community. \"I live in Oakland, and I work in San Francisco,\" says Hoover. \"The things you can put in the recycling bins in those two adjacent cities are not the same.\" In general, Hoover recommends looking at city or public works websites for recycling guidance. For cartons, the council has created a \u003ca href=\"https://www.recyclecartons.com/learn/\">website\u003c/a> that allows searching for carton recycling capability by city or ZIP code, and reporting areas that do not yet have service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Pelz and Hoover say they hope that progress continues to be made in recycling cartons. That will help process additional aseptic carton products that may be on the way. Boxed \u003ca href=\"http://banditwines.com/eco-smart\">wine\u003c/a>, anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Natalie Jacewicz is a science writer based in New York City. You can find more of her work \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://nataliejacewicz.com/\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/524730163/gnawing-questions\">\u003cem>Gnawing Questions\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a semi-regular column answering the food mysteries puzzling us and our readers. Got a question you want us to explore? \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Let NPR's The Salt know via their \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://help.npr.org/customer/portal/emails/new?i=1&s=The%20Salt\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>contact form\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Because of layers of material that can be difficult to separate, many containers for juices and broths have traditionally been destined for landfills. But recycling them is getting easier.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520690003,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":739},"headData":{"title":"In The Recycling World, Why Are Some Cartons Such A Problem? | KQED","description":"Because of layers of material that can be difficult to separate, many containers for juices and broths have traditionally been destined for landfills. But recycling them is getting easier.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In The Recycling World, Why Are Some Cartons Such A Problem?","datePublished":"2018-03-10T13:50:30.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-10T13:53:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"125519 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=125519","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2018/03/10/in-the-recycling-world-why-are-some-cartons-such-a-problem/","disqusTitle":"In The Recycling World, Why Are Some Cartons Such A Problem?","source":"Sustainability, Environment, Climate Change","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/category/sustainability","nprByline":"Natalie Jacewicz, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"KidStock/Getty Images ","nprStoryId":"591568093","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=591568093&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/03/09/591568093/in-the-recycling-world-why-are-some-cartons-such-a-problem?ft=nprml&f=591568093","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 09 Mar 2018 12:58:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 09 Mar 2018 08:00:05 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 09 Mar 2018 12:58:32 -0500","path":"/bayareabites/125519/in-the-recycling-world-why-are-some-cartons-such-a-problem","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_125520\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88.jpg\" alt=\"Because of layers of material that can be difficult to separate, many containers for juices and broths have traditionally been destined for landfills. But recycling them is getting easier.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1125\" class=\"size-full wp-image-125520\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/03/girl-juicebox_wide-4eff0c88df284307072a9da33247352693ffef88-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Because of layers of material that can be difficult to separate, many containers for juices and broths have traditionally been destined for landfills. But recycling them is getting easier. \u003ccite>(KidStock/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scoot over, cans; cartons are moving in on your shelf space. Specifically, the soft, light rectangular containers commonly associated with juice boxes — \"aseptic cartons\" to the carton literati.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're growing in popularity,\" says Jason Pelz, vice president of recycling projects for the Carton Council, an industry group. \"Broth is predominantly in aseptic packaging now, and you see a lot of coconut water in it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aseptic cartons pack several environmental upsides, with one big catch: Traditionally, these containers have been quite difficult to recycle. To take stock of the promises and challenges of this supermarket sensation, I talked to experts on all things carton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any enigmatic celebrity, the aseptic carton has layers. Though lightweight, the exterior is composed of multiple coats of paperboard, plastic and aluminum. This type of carton has been around since the 1950s, according to Pelz, but for a long time was limited primarily to milk cartons in countries without refrigerated shipping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aseptic carton \"has lots of environmental advantages,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/darby-hoover\">Darby Hoover\u003c/a>, a senior resource specialist with the Natural Resources Defense Council. \"It's lightweight, and it typically doesn't need to be refrigerated [until opened].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lightweight packaging requires less energy to ship than heavier material. The packaging versus product ratio — seemingly the packaging industry's analog of dress measurements — is a dainty 7 percent packaging to 93 percent product by weight. By comparison, a steel can's ratio is 13 percent packaging to 87 percent product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carton's rectangular shape allows for close packing in transport, according to Pelz, which makes shipping more efficient. The shelf-stable cartons can also prevent food spoilage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alas, the aseptic carton has a tragic flaw. \"There's a real challenge in trying to recycle it, because you have all these materials that are essentially glued together,\" explains Hoover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aseptic cartons aren't the only type to face such challenges. The \"gable-top\" milk carton — a paper-based container plenteous in elementary school cafeterias — also has paper and plastic layers that are difficult for many recycling plants to separate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recognition of these difficulties, the Carton Council formed in 2009 to increase recycling capabilities for both aseptic and gable-top cartons in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some countries that have already widely adopted aseptic cartons can offer examples of how to recycle the containers. Pelz says that in Mexico and Brazil, cartons are sometimes turned into pellets for building materials ranging from tiles to flower pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States, many recycling centers have begun to accept the cartons. In most cases, the plants strip the fiber from cartons and recycle it, but they do not necessarily recycle the plastic or aluminum components. That said, at least one company is offering a more complete recycling package. The Iowa-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.rewallsolutions.com/\">ReWall Co.\u003c/a> shreds whole cartons at a paper mill and smashes the carton scraps in what Pelz describes as a \"giant panini press\" into boards that can be used for roofing, siding and other building projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Carton Council was founded, only 18 percent of households in the U.S. had access to carton recycling. That number has jumped to about 62 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick is learning what the recycling rules are in one's own community. \"I live in Oakland, and I work in San Francisco,\" says Hoover. \"The things you can put in the recycling bins in those two adjacent cities are not the same.\" In general, Hoover recommends looking at city or public works websites for recycling guidance. For cartons, the council has created a \u003ca href=\"https://www.recyclecartons.com/learn/\">website\u003c/a> that allows searching for carton recycling capability by city or ZIP code, and reporting areas that do not yet have service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Pelz and Hoover say they hope that progress continues to be made in recycling cartons. That will help process additional aseptic carton products that may be on the way. Boxed \u003ca href=\"http://banditwines.com/eco-smart\">wine\u003c/a>, anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Natalie Jacewicz is a science writer based in New York City. You can find more of her work \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://nataliejacewicz.com/\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/524730163/gnawing-questions\">\u003cem>Gnawing Questions\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a semi-regular column answering the food mysteries puzzling us and our readers. Got a question you want us to explore? \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Let NPR's The Salt know via their \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://help.npr.org/customer/portal/emails/new?i=1&s=The%20Salt\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>contact form\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/125519/in-the-recycling-world-why-are-some-cartons-such-a-problem","authors":["byline_bayareabites_125519"],"categories":["bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_15351"],"featImg":"bayareabites_125520","label":"source_bayareabites_125519"},"bayareabites_124531":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_124531","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"124531","score":null,"sort":[1516722732000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"confused-about-composting-nine-common-questions-answered","title":"Confused About Composting? Nine Common Questions Answered","publishDate":1516722732,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>Composting can be thought of as recycling’s smellier and more complex kin. But as important as it is, it can also create a lot of confusion. Approximately \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/article/12-tips-reducing-food-waste\">40 percent\u003c/a> of food in the U.S. gets thrown away every year. Although \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/article/12-tips-reducing-food-waste\">reducing food waste\u003c/a> should always be your first goal, composting is a last-ditch effort to put inedible food scraps to good use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is composting important? When food scraps are sent to the landfill, not only are their valuable soil nutrients wasted, but they can actually cause environmental harm. In the landfill, organic materials decompose anaerobically (without oxygen), releasing methane, a greenhouse gas that is 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Landfills account for 34 percent of methane emissions in the U.S., so composting can help to \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/article/can-soil-save-us-climate-change\">mitigate climate change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, most of what ended up in the garbage cans at the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market was compostable. Since then, \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/learn/waste-wise\">90 percent of that waste has changed course\u003c/a> as CUESA, along with the city of San Francisco, embarked on a journey to get to \u003ca href=\"https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/dining/food-waste/2017/08/03/san-francisco-mandatory-composting-law-turns-food-waste-money/440879001/\">zero waste\u003c/a> by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today in the Bay Area, you can find three waste bins: a black one for trash, a blue one for recyclables, and a green one for compost. Composting doesn’t have to be smelly or complicated. Here are a few top questions and myths people have about composting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s start with the basics. What is compost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/learn/waste-wise/composting-recycling-our-food\">Compost\u003c/a> is formed when organic matter (material that comes from plants or animals) decomposes aerobically (with oxygen). The resulting nitrogen- and carbon-rich substance can be added to soil for nutrients, to prevent erosion, and encourage the growth of beneficial insects and microorganisms. On farms, compost is an essential ingredient to creating healthy soil and plants, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can I actually compost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually this is summed up to “organic matter,” but the lines can get blurry for what you can and can not compost. If it is food or a food-soiled paper product, it can go in the green compost bin. Compostable plastics — which usually say “compostable” or have a green stripe, like Greenware — can go in the compost bin, while biodegradable plastics that aren’t labeled as compostable must go to the landfill. Styrofoam of any sort is not biodegradable and therefore not compostable. Find a \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/recology-san-francisco/your-three-carts/\">complete list of what’s compostable here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do I do with my coffee cup?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the food serviceware you find in CUESA’s farmers markets is compostable or recyclable. But coffee cups have been moved to the recyclable category,\u003cem> even \u003c/em>if the coffee cup says that it is compostable. Recology \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/recology_news/sf-accepts-new-recyclable-items/\">recommends\u003c/a> that you put cup, sleeve, and plastic lid in the blue bin, only after dumping out any remaining liquids. Coffee cups that come from other coffee shops outside of the farmers market or Ferry Building might not be recyclable at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about straws?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are considered to be the worst of the worst from an environmental standpoint. Americans use over \u003ca href=\"https://www.strawlessocean.org/faq/\">500 million\u003c/a> of them every day! Unfortunately, plastic straws aren’t recyclable because most of them are too lightweight to make it through the mechanical recycling sorter, and they are most definitely not compostable. Restaurants such as \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/seller/tacolicious\">Tacolicious\u003c/a> (at the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market on Thursdays) have taken a stand against this environmental abomination and recently transitioned from plastic straws to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfweekly.com/dining/fresh-eats/tacolicious-has-two-cannabis-crab-dinners-this-month/\">paper straws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can I compost my meat scraps and dairy?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, meat scraps, bones, eggs, dairy, and seafood can go in the green bin, though be aware that adding any animal products to your compost can make your bin smelly and spawn critters. If you are unsure about which bin a certain item goes into, visit Recology’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/recology-san-francisco/what-bin/\">WhatBin\u003c/a>” page, type in the item you want to dispose of, and they will tell you which bin it goes into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where does my compost go after I put it in the building’s green bin?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After your compost bins are collected, the contents are transported to one of two Recology composting facilities, either outside Vacaville or Tracy. Your composted food waste will go to good use after it is sorted through and treated for any contaminants. It is then sold to farms, vineyards, and home gardeners as soil amendments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I created my own compost pile at home and it’s starting to smell bad. What do I do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/composting-home\">resources\u003c/a> out there, but the general rule is a healthy compost should have much more carbon than nitrogen. If this balance is off, it can cause a sour odor to arise. To ensure that your compost stays healthy and odor-free, consider this ratio: two-thirds brown and one-third green materials. Brown materials, or carbon-rich materials, include twigs, dry leaves, egg shells, straw, fruit peels, and yard debris. Green, or nitrogen-rich materials, include food waste and fresh lawn clippings. For indoor compost bins, using a container with a charcoal filter can help to reduce odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I live in an apartment and don’t have a backyard. Can I compost indoors?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes! Apartment buildings sometimes offer bins and biodegradable bags for your composting needs, so be sure to ask your management office first. If they don’t, you can purchase a plastic or ceramic bin at most stores. San Francisco residents can also \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/recology-san-francisco/contact/\">request\u003c/a> one from Recology. The key to composting indoors is ventilation and keeping an optimal wet-dry ratio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do I do now with what I’ve composted?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most popular use for compost is using it as a natural fertilizer. Use your compost to add rich nutrients to your indoor potted plants or lawn. If you want to be eco-friendly by composting but don’t have a place for your compost or if you simply have too much of it at one time, you can always donate it to your nearest community garden. If none of these options work for you, it’s time to head to your apartment building’s green bin to dispose of your compost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Get more tips about composting and recycling through \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/learn/waste-wise\">CUESA’s Waste Wise Initiative\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/article/confused-about-composting-9-common-questions-answered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CUESA\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Composting doesn’t have to be smelly or complicated. Here are a few top questions and myths people have about composting.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1516670963,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1111},"headData":{"title":"Confused About Composting? Nine Common Questions Answered | KQED","description":"Composting doesn’t have to be smelly or complicated. Here are a few top questions and myths people have about composting.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Confused About Composting? Nine Common Questions Answered","datePublished":"2018-01-23T15:52:12.000Z","dateModified":"2018-01-23T01:29:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"124531 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=124531","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2018/01/23/confused-about-composting-nine-common-questions-answered/","disqusTitle":"Confused About Composting? Nine Common Questions Answered","nprByline":"Daisy Prado, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/article/confused-about-composting-9-common-questions-answered\">CUESA\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>","path":"/bayareabites/124531/confused-about-composting-nine-common-questions-answered","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Composting can be thought of as recycling’s smellier and more complex kin. But as important as it is, it can also create a lot of confusion. Approximately \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/article/12-tips-reducing-food-waste\">40 percent\u003c/a> of food in the U.S. gets thrown away every year. Although \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/article/12-tips-reducing-food-waste\">reducing food waste\u003c/a> should always be your first goal, composting is a last-ditch effort to put inedible food scraps to good use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is composting important? When food scraps are sent to the landfill, not only are their valuable soil nutrients wasted, but they can actually cause environmental harm. In the landfill, organic materials decompose anaerobically (without oxygen), releasing methane, a greenhouse gas that is 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Landfills account for 34 percent of methane emissions in the U.S., so composting can help to \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/article/can-soil-save-us-climate-change\">mitigate climate change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, most of what ended up in the garbage cans at the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market was compostable. Since then, \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/learn/waste-wise\">90 percent of that waste has changed course\u003c/a> as CUESA, along with the city of San Francisco, embarked on a journey to get to \u003ca href=\"https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/dining/food-waste/2017/08/03/san-francisco-mandatory-composting-law-turns-food-waste-money/440879001/\">zero waste\u003c/a> by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today in the Bay Area, you can find three waste bins: a black one for trash, a blue one for recyclables, and a green one for compost. Composting doesn’t have to be smelly or complicated. Here are a few top questions and myths people have about composting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s start with the basics. What is compost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/learn/waste-wise/composting-recycling-our-food\">Compost\u003c/a> is formed when organic matter (material that comes from plants or animals) decomposes aerobically (with oxygen). The resulting nitrogen- and carbon-rich substance can be added to soil for nutrients, to prevent erosion, and encourage the growth of beneficial insects and microorganisms. On farms, compost is an essential ingredient to creating healthy soil and plants, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can I actually compost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually this is summed up to “organic matter,” but the lines can get blurry for what you can and can not compost. If it is food or a food-soiled paper product, it can go in the green compost bin. Compostable plastics — which usually say “compostable” or have a green stripe, like Greenware — can go in the compost bin, while biodegradable plastics that aren’t labeled as compostable must go to the landfill. Styrofoam of any sort is not biodegradable and therefore not compostable. Find a \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/recology-san-francisco/your-three-carts/\">complete list of what’s compostable here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do I do with my coffee cup?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the food serviceware you find in CUESA’s farmers markets is compostable or recyclable. But coffee cups have been moved to the recyclable category,\u003cem> even \u003c/em>if the coffee cup says that it is compostable. Recology \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/recology_news/sf-accepts-new-recyclable-items/\">recommends\u003c/a> that you put cup, sleeve, and plastic lid in the blue bin, only after dumping out any remaining liquids. Coffee cups that come from other coffee shops outside of the farmers market or Ferry Building might not be recyclable at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about straws?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are considered to be the worst of the worst from an environmental standpoint. Americans use over \u003ca href=\"https://www.strawlessocean.org/faq/\">500 million\u003c/a> of them every day! Unfortunately, plastic straws aren’t recyclable because most of them are too lightweight to make it through the mechanical recycling sorter, and they are most definitely not compostable. Restaurants such as \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/seller/tacolicious\">Tacolicious\u003c/a> (at the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market on Thursdays) have taken a stand against this environmental abomination and recently transitioned from plastic straws to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfweekly.com/dining/fresh-eats/tacolicious-has-two-cannabis-crab-dinners-this-month/\">paper straws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can I compost my meat scraps and dairy?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, meat scraps, bones, eggs, dairy, and seafood can go in the green bin, though be aware that adding any animal products to your compost can make your bin smelly and spawn critters. If you are unsure about which bin a certain item goes into, visit Recology’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/recology-san-francisco/what-bin/\">WhatBin\u003c/a>” page, type in the item you want to dispose of, and they will tell you which bin it goes into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where does my compost go after I put it in the building’s green bin?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After your compost bins are collected, the contents are transported to one of two Recology composting facilities, either outside Vacaville or Tracy. Your composted food waste will go to good use after it is sorted through and treated for any contaminants. It is then sold to farms, vineyards, and home gardeners as soil amendments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I created my own compost pile at home and it’s starting to smell bad. What do I do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/composting-home\">resources\u003c/a> out there, but the general rule is a healthy compost should have much more carbon than nitrogen. If this balance is off, it can cause a sour odor to arise. To ensure that your compost stays healthy and odor-free, consider this ratio: two-thirds brown and one-third green materials. Brown materials, or carbon-rich materials, include twigs, dry leaves, egg shells, straw, fruit peels, and yard debris. Green, or nitrogen-rich materials, include food waste and fresh lawn clippings. For indoor compost bins, using a container with a charcoal filter can help to reduce odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I live in an apartment and don’t have a backyard. Can I compost indoors?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes! Apartment buildings sometimes offer bins and biodegradable bags for your composting needs, so be sure to ask your management office first. If they don’t, you can purchase a plastic or ceramic bin at most stores. San Francisco residents can also \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/recology-san-francisco/contact/\">request\u003c/a> one from Recology. The key to composting indoors is ventilation and keeping an optimal wet-dry ratio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do I do now with what I’ve composted?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most popular use for compost is using it as a natural fertilizer. Use your compost to add rich nutrients to your indoor potted plants or lawn. If you want to be eco-friendly by composting but don’t have a place for your compost or if you simply have too much of it at one time, you can always donate it to your nearest community garden. If none of these options work for you, it’s time to head to your apartment building’s green bin to dispose of your compost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Get more tips about composting and recycling through \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/learn/waste-wise\">CUESA’s Waste Wise Initiative\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on \u003ca href=\"https://cuesa.org/article/confused-about-composting-9-common-questions-answered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CUESA\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/124531/confused-about-composting-nine-common-questions-answered","authors":["byline_bayareabites_124531"],"categories":["bayareabites_12276","bayareabites_2554","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_2524","bayareabites_3707","bayareabites_15351"],"featImg":"bayareabites_124532","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_124447":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_124447","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"124447","score":null,"sort":[1516229425000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"u-k-lawmakers-want-to-battle-waste-with-a-latte-levy-on-disposable-cups","title":"U.K. Lawmakers Want to Battle Waste with a 'Latte Levy' on Disposable Cups","publishDate":1516229425,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>Lawmakers in the United Kingdom are debating a new tax on disposable cups in an effort to cut down on waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the so-called \"latte levy\" is controversial, the goal is to replicate the success of Britain's \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/world/europe/uk-coffee-cup-tax.html?_r=0\">tax on plastic bags\u003c/a>; their use has declined by 80 percent since the tax was introduced in 2015. Proponents of the tax say it would encourage people to carry around their own reusable cups rather than use disposable ones, which in their current form are difficult to recycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon Ellin, chief executive of \u003ca href=\"http://www.therecyclingassociation.com/\">The Recycling Association\u003c/a>, tells \u003cem>Here & Now's\u003c/em> Jeremy Hobson that the law is designed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/01/17/uk-latte-levy-disposable-cups\">shift consumer behavior\u003c/a> towards the cheaper, more environmentally friendly option, though he admits the proposal does have its limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Human nature says if it's going to cost you more, then you would take the cheaper option and that would be for you to bring your own mug,\" he says. \"I'm probably as guilty as anybody when I'm catching a train or on the road, I probably would always have a [disposable] coffee cup with me.\" But the point of the tax, he says, is \"changing the way that the general public [perceives] waste and recycling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The British Parliament \u003ca href=\"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmenvaud/657/657.pdf\">issued a report\u003c/a> earlier this month proposing a 34-cent (25-pence) tax, which would amount to about 10 percent on every cup sold. By comparison, the British tax on plastic bags is 7 cents (5 pence) per bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, 2.5 billion disposable cups are tossed out each year in Britain alone, and that number is expected to rise given the growth of coffee shops in the U.K. in recent years. (There are more than four times as many coffee shops today as there were in 2000.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disposable cups have a plastic lining that makes them waterproof, which means they cannot be processed by most recycling facilities, the report notes. As a result, most of them end up in landfills or are incinerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also points out that many people mistakenly think coffee cups \u003cem>are\u003c/em> recycled when they are disposed of in recycling bins. As \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/world/europe/uk-coffee-cup-tax.html?_r=0\">notes\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"A 2011 consumer survey cited by the lawmakers found that eight in 10 consumers were laboring under the misconception that disposable cups were being recycled, and that most consumers tried to discard their cups in recycling bins. The report found that fewer than one cup in 400, or 0.25 percent, gets recycled.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Right now, Britain is home to just two facilities capable of recycling disposable cups by stripping the plastic from the paper, Ellin says. He says many to-go cups contain drink residue that \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/how-to-recycle-basics_us_578d7e8ce4b0c53d5cfab03d\">makes them difficult\u003c/a> to recycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just because you design a recyclable coffee cup doesn't necessarily mean that it will be recycled,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if drink residue in a disposable cup spills over onto other containers in a recycling bin, it can make them harder to recycle, too, Ellin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Starbucks said it would experiment with a \u003ca href=\"https://news.starbucks.com/emea/starbucks-reusable-cup\">5-pence paper cup charge\u003c/a> in 25 London stores starting in February. The company already offers a discount for customers who use reusable cups, as do other coffee chains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And McDonald's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/01/17/mcdonalds-packaging-recycled-materials\">recently announced\u003c/a> it will produce all of its packaging from recycled or sustainable materials by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the things we're looking at is cups,\" says Francesca DeBiase, the fast-food giant's chief sustainability officer. \"There's been a lot of work in the industry related to cups and finding a cup for cold drinks that lasts as long as our customers may want to keep their cup in their car throughout the day. That's been a challenge for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The British Parliament is considering a 34-cent tax on to-go cups to encourage diners to bring their own reusable containers. The goal is to replicate the success of Britain's tax on plastic bags.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1516229425,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":631},"headData":{"title":"U.K. Lawmakers Want to Battle Waste with a 'Latte Levy' on Disposable Cups | KQED","description":"The British Parliament is considering a 34-cent tax on to-go cups to encourage diners to bring their own reusable containers. The goal is to replicate the success of Britain's tax on plastic bags.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"U.K. Lawmakers Want to Battle Waste with a 'Latte Levy' on Disposable Cups","datePublished":"2018-01-17T22:50:25.000Z","dateModified":"2018-01-17T22:50:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"124447 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=124447","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2018/01/17/u-k-lawmakers-want-to-battle-waste-with-a-latte-levy-on-disposable-cups/","disqusTitle":"U.K. Lawmakers Want to Battle Waste with a 'Latte Levy' on Disposable Cups","nprImageCredit":"Ben Pruchnie","nprByline":"Samantha Raphelson, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/01/17/578655161/u-k-lawmakers-want-to-battle-waste-with-a-latte-levy-on-disposable-cups\">NPR Food\u003c/a>\u003c/strong","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"578655161","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=578655161&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/01/17/578655161/u-k-lawmakers-want-to-battle-waste-with-a-latte-levy-on-disposable-cups?ft=nprml&f=578655161","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 17 Jan 2018 17:16:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 17 Jan 2018 17:16:23 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 17 Jan 2018 17:16:23 -0500","path":"/bayareabites/124447/u-k-lawmakers-want-to-battle-waste-with-a-latte-levy-on-disposable-cups","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lawmakers in the United Kingdom are debating a new tax on disposable cups in an effort to cut down on waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the so-called \"latte levy\" is controversial, the goal is to replicate the success of Britain's \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/world/europe/uk-coffee-cup-tax.html?_r=0\">tax on plastic bags\u003c/a>; their use has declined by 80 percent since the tax was introduced in 2015. Proponents of the tax say it would encourage people to carry around their own reusable cups rather than use disposable ones, which in their current form are difficult to recycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon Ellin, chief executive of \u003ca href=\"http://www.therecyclingassociation.com/\">The Recycling Association\u003c/a>, tells \u003cem>Here & Now's\u003c/em> Jeremy Hobson that the law is designed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/01/17/uk-latte-levy-disposable-cups\">shift consumer behavior\u003c/a> towards the cheaper, more environmentally friendly option, though he admits the proposal does have its limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Human nature says if it's going to cost you more, then you would take the cheaper option and that would be for you to bring your own mug,\" he says. \"I'm probably as guilty as anybody when I'm catching a train or on the road, I probably would always have a [disposable] coffee cup with me.\" But the point of the tax, he says, is \"changing the way that the general public [perceives] waste and recycling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The British Parliament \u003ca href=\"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmenvaud/657/657.pdf\">issued a report\u003c/a> earlier this month proposing a 34-cent (25-pence) tax, which would amount to about 10 percent on every cup sold. By comparison, the British tax on plastic bags is 7 cents (5 pence) per bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, 2.5 billion disposable cups are tossed out each year in Britain alone, and that number is expected to rise given the growth of coffee shops in the U.K. in recent years. (There are more than four times as many coffee shops today as there were in 2000.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disposable cups have a plastic lining that makes them waterproof, which means they cannot be processed by most recycling facilities, the report notes. As a result, most of them end up in landfills or are incinerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also points out that many people mistakenly think coffee cups \u003cem>are\u003c/em> recycled when they are disposed of in recycling bins. As \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/world/europe/uk-coffee-cup-tax.html?_r=0\">notes\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"A 2011 consumer survey cited by the lawmakers found that eight in 10 consumers were laboring under the misconception that disposable cups were being recycled, and that most consumers tried to discard their cups in recycling bins. The report found that fewer than one cup in 400, or 0.25 percent, gets recycled.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Right now, Britain is home to just two facilities capable of recycling disposable cups by stripping the plastic from the paper, Ellin says. He says many to-go cups contain drink residue that \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/how-to-recycle-basics_us_578d7e8ce4b0c53d5cfab03d\">makes them difficult\u003c/a> to recycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just because you design a recyclable coffee cup doesn't necessarily mean that it will be recycled,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if drink residue in a disposable cup spills over onto other containers in a recycling bin, it can make them harder to recycle, too, Ellin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Starbucks said it would experiment with a \u003ca href=\"https://news.starbucks.com/emea/starbucks-reusable-cup\">5-pence paper cup charge\u003c/a> in 25 London stores starting in February. The company already offers a discount for customers who use reusable cups, as do other coffee chains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And McDonald's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/01/17/mcdonalds-packaging-recycled-materials\">recently announced\u003c/a> it will produce all of its packaging from recycled or sustainable materials by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the things we're looking at is cups,\" says Francesca DeBiase, the fast-food giant's chief sustainability officer. \"There's been a lot of work in the industry related to cups and finding a cup for cold drinks that lasts as long as our customers may want to keep their cup in their car throughout the day. That's been a challenge for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/124447/u-k-lawmakers-want-to-battle-waste-with-a-latte-levy-on-disposable-cups","authors":["byline_bayareabites_124447"],"categories":["bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_60","bayareabites_1248"],"tags":["bayareabites_125","bayareabites_15351","bayareabites_12867"],"featImg":"bayareabites_124448","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_107604":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_107604","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"107604","score":null,"sort":[1457742680000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-plastic-eating-bacterium-might-help-deal-with-waste-one-day","title":"A Plastic-Eating Bacterium Might Help Deal With Waste One Day","publishDate":1457742680,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>Plastic makes great food packaging. It's waterproof and flexible. And best of all, it's impervious to all known bacteria — until now. Researchers have found a bacterium in the debris fields around a recycling plant in Japan that can feed off a common type of plastic used in clothing, plastic bottles and food packaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacterium is a new species called \u003cem>Ideonella sakaiensis\u003c/em>, named for the Japanese city Sakai where it was found growing on plastic debris made from a type of plastic called PET or polyethylene terephthalate. \"It's the most unique thing. This bacterium can degrade PET and then make their body from PET,\" says Shosuke Yoshida, a microbiologist at Kyoto University and lead author on the study published in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6278/1196\">Science\u003c/a> on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most plastics are insurmountable obstacles for microbes because plastics are large chains of repeating molecules called polymers. The entire chain is far larger than the individual microbe. \"So the organism can't take it inside the cell to metabolize it,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://coateslab.berkeley.edu/\">John Coates\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at the University of California, Berkeley who was not involved with the work. Imagine a baby trying to eat an enormous pizza from the middle. It can't do it. The pie is too big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003cem>Ideonella sakaiensis\u003c/em>, which we here at NPR have decided to call \"the polymer chomper,\" has two enzymes that can slice and dice the plastic polymer into smaller pieces. In other words, the baby gets a pizza cutter. The bacterium can then take the pieces and eat them, eventually converting the plastic into carbon dioxide and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Yoshida and his colleagues isolated the polymer chomper, they were able to watch it disintegrate a plastic film in about six weeks. It would be great if we could culture the bacteria, spray landfills down with them and let them deal with our mountains of plastic refuse. But alas, that may never happen. \"It grows very fast,\" Yoshida explains, \"but it's likely not so useful in the field\" because it chomps very slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if getting rid of our plastic waste were so easy, Coates notes, the bacterium would likely have already been found in landfills and anywhere you find mounds of plastic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with more research, Coates thinks that the bacterium might be engineered for such a purpose. \"It's certainly a move in the right direction. Having an organism that seems to be capable of biodegrading these components directly will help us develop a bioremediation technology,\" he says. Certain species of fungi have been found to be able to degrade plastics before, though none have been converted to landfill-munching purposes. The polymer chomper offers new hope, Coates says, because bacteria are easier to work with and engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn't mean we'll ever be able to toss our plastic without care. Recycling will likely remain a better option anyway, Coates adds. \"Environmentally, I would prefer recycling if it can be optimized and improved,\" he says. Biodegrading materials still releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which would contribute to global warming. But in cases where recycling is not feasible, he says, maybe this little bacterium could one day prove a useful alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists found a new species of bacteria in the debris around a Japanese recycling plant. With the help of two plastic-digesting enzymes, it can eat plastic and use it as a main food source.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457742680,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":537},"headData":{"title":"A Plastic-Eating Bacterium Might Help Deal With Waste One Day | KQED","description":"Scientists found a new species of bacteria in the debris around a Japanese recycling plant. With the help of two plastic-digesting enzymes, it can eat plastic and use it as a main food source.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Plastic-Eating Bacterium Might Help Deal With Waste One Day","datePublished":"2016-03-12T00:31:20.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T00:31:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"107604 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=107604","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2016/03/11/a-plastic-eating-bacterium-might-help-deal-with-waste-one-day/","disqusTitle":"A Plastic-Eating Bacterium Might Help Deal With Waste One Day","nprImageCredit":"Pedro Armestre","nprByline":"Angus Chen, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/nprfood/\">NPR Food\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"AFP/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"469972237","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=469972237&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/03/10/469972237/this-plastic-eating-bacterium-might-help-deal-with-waste-one-day?ft=nprml&f=469972237","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 10 Mar 2016 19:46:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 10 Mar 2016 16:35:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 10 Mar 2016 19:46:09 -0500","path":"/bayareabites/107604/a-plastic-eating-bacterium-might-help-deal-with-waste-one-day","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Plastic makes great food packaging. It's waterproof and flexible. And best of all, it's impervious to all known bacteria — until now. Researchers have found a bacterium in the debris fields around a recycling plant in Japan that can feed off a common type of plastic used in clothing, plastic bottles and food packaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacterium is a new species called \u003cem>Ideonella sakaiensis\u003c/em>, named for the Japanese city Sakai where it was found growing on plastic debris made from a type of plastic called PET or polyethylene terephthalate. \"It's the most unique thing. This bacterium can degrade PET and then make their body from PET,\" says Shosuke Yoshida, a microbiologist at Kyoto University and lead author on the study published in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6278/1196\">Science\u003c/a> on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most plastics are insurmountable obstacles for microbes because plastics are large chains of repeating molecules called polymers. The entire chain is far larger than the individual microbe. \"So the organism can't take it inside the cell to metabolize it,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://coateslab.berkeley.edu/\">John Coates\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at the University of California, Berkeley who was not involved with the work. Imagine a baby trying to eat an enormous pizza from the middle. It can't do it. The pie is too big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003cem>Ideonella sakaiensis\u003c/em>, which we here at NPR have decided to call \"the polymer chomper,\" has two enzymes that can slice and dice the plastic polymer into smaller pieces. In other words, the baby gets a pizza cutter. The bacterium can then take the pieces and eat them, eventually converting the plastic into carbon dioxide and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Yoshida and his colleagues isolated the polymer chomper, they were able to watch it disintegrate a plastic film in about six weeks. It would be great if we could culture the bacteria, spray landfills down with them and let them deal with our mountains of plastic refuse. But alas, that may never happen. \"It grows very fast,\" Yoshida explains, \"but it's likely not so useful in the field\" because it chomps very slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if getting rid of our plastic waste were so easy, Coates notes, the bacterium would likely have already been found in landfills and anywhere you find mounds of plastic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with more research, Coates thinks that the bacterium might be engineered for such a purpose. \"It's certainly a move in the right direction. Having an organism that seems to be capable of biodegrading these components directly will help us develop a bioremediation technology,\" he says. Certain species of fungi have been found to be able to degrade plastics before, though none have been converted to landfill-munching purposes. The polymer chomper offers new hope, Coates says, because bacteria are easier to work with and engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn't mean we'll ever be able to toss our plastic without care. Recycling will likely remain a better option anyway, Coates adds. \"Environmentally, I would prefer recycling if it can be optimized and improved,\" he says. Biodegrading materials still releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which would contribute to global warming. But in cases where recycling is not feasible, he says, maybe this little bacterium could one day prove a useful alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/107604/a-plastic-eating-bacterium-might-help-deal-with-waste-one-day","authors":["byline_bayareabites_107604"],"categories":["bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_15350","bayareabites_15349","bayareabites_15347","bayareabites_9720","bayareabites_15348","bayareabites_15346","bayareabites_15351","bayareabites_12867"],"featImg":"bayareabites_107605","label":"bayareabites"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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