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"content": "\u003cp>Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla was confident in June about the ability of his company’s vaccine to protect against the highly contagious delta variant, as it marched across the globe and filled U.S. hospitals with patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel quite comfortable that we cover it,” Bourla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just weeks later, Pfizer said it would seek authorization for a booster shot, after early trial results showed a third dose potentially increased protection. At the end of July, Pfizer and BioNTech announced findings that four to six months after a second dose, their vaccine’s efficacy dropped to about 84%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bourla was quick to promote a third dose after the discouraging news, saying he was “very, very confident” that a booster would increase immunity levels in the vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one hitch: Pfizer has not yet delivered conclusive proof to back up that confidence. The company lacks late-stage clinical trial results to confirm a booster will work against COVID variants including delta, which now accounts for 93% of new infections across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer announced its \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04955626?term=Pfizer&cond=Covid19&draw=3started\">global phase 3 trial\u003c/a> on a third dose in mid-July. That trial’s completion date is in 2022. Phase 3 results generally are required before regulatory approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are confident in this vaccine and the third dose, but you have to remember the vaccine efficacy study is still going on, so we need all the evidence to back up that,” Jerica Pitts, Pfizer’s director of global media relations, said Monday. The financial stakes are enormous: Pfizer announced in July that it expects \u003ca href=\"https://investors.pfizer.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2021/PFIZER-REPORTS-SECOND-QUARTER-2021-RESULTS/default.aspx\">$33.5 billion \u003c/a>in COVID-19 vaccine revenue this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Pfizer recently said that if a third dose couldn’t combat the delta or other variants, the drugmaker is poised to come up with a “tailor-made” vaccine within 100 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this has sown a sense of confusion about what exactly will work, and when. The pharmaceutical industry’s rush to recommend boosters for the public is “a little frustrating,” said Dr. Paul Offit, director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and an adviser to the National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration. Even if a booster is found to be safe, he said, the U.S. effort should focus on “vaccinating people who are unvaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, decisions about boosters do not rest with vaccine makers, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pharmaceutical companies aren’t public health agencies. It’s really not theirs to determine when or whether there should be booster dosing,” Offit said. “That is the purview of the CDC.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the FDA ― the federal agencies overseeing the authorization of COVID vaccines ― said \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s-07082021.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in July\u003c/a> that fully vaccinated Americans do not need a booster shot. Currently authorized vaccines ― from Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson ― are working as they should: All three lower the risk of COVID severe enough to hospitalize or kill a person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If hospitalization and death rates increase among the vaccinated, then it would be time to talk about boosters, Offit said, but “we’re not there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has added to the mixed messaging: Press Secretary Jen Psaki confirmed that the U.S. will buy an additional 200 million doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for inoculating children under 12 and for possible boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie Dean, a biostatistician at Emory University in Atlanta, said the confusion is not necessarily the fault of any one institution but rather that “there is genuine scientific uncertainty about how well [existing] vaccines work against the new variant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are piecing together information from observational studies, outbreak investigations and analyses of antibody responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many Americans ― especially those who struggled six months ago to find any dose, frantically using \u003ca href=\"https://www.vaccinehunter.org/\">vaccine hunters\u003c/a> and driving hours-long distances for their first jab ― the confusion has set off a feverish search for an illicit third dose just in case it’s necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I snuck in a dose of Pfizer last week,” Angie Melton, a 50-year-old mother of four, shared on Facebook. Melton received the one-dose Johnson & Johnson shot at a mass vaccination site in April and feared the highly contagious delta variant could infect her and, then, her unvaccinated 10-year-old son, who has asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After consulting friends and doctors and seeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/26/delta-people-are-mixing-and-matching-covid-vaccines-over-concerns-about-variant.html\">reports\u003c/a> about mix-and-match approaches in Europe, Melton signed onto a local pharmacy site and made an appointment to get a Pfizer shot. She’s scheduled for a second shot as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m trying to keep my family safe,” Melton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CDC advisory panel was set to meet Friday to consider updates on whether additional vaccine doses are necessary for immunocompromised people. A presentation about boosters is also on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/agenda-archive/agenda-2021-08-13-508.pdf\">agenda\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunocompromised patients like Sarah Keitt, who has multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease, expressed relief that federal regulators planned to recommend a third dose. Keitt, a disability rights activist who lives in Connecticut, said her neurologist told her to get a booster even after she had received two doses of Moderna. On Thursday, she said she was eager to get another dose but still frustrated about a lack of confidence in how much protection it would offer.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Natalie Dean, biostatistician at Emory University in Atlanta\"]'There is genuine scientific uncertainty about how well [existing] vaccines work against the new variant.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone could definitely say there is a 95% chance you are protected” by a booster, Keitt said, “I would love it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite widespread media reports of so-called “breakthrough cases,” a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/policy-watch/covid-19-vaccine-breakthrough-cases-data-from-the-states/\">recent\u003c/a> data analysis by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that hospitalizations and deaths are extremely rare among the fully vaccinated ― well below 1%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit points to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7031e2.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">outbreak\u003c/a> in Provincetown, Massachusetts, in which only four of the 346 fully vaccinated people infected with COVID were hospitalized, two of whom had underlying medical conditions. And no one died. “This vaccine still does an excellent job in the face of the delta variant at protecting people against severe, critical disease,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the effectiveness of the Pfizer vaccine against variants is still under debate. This month a new preprint study by the Mayo Clinic found that the product’s effectiveness against infection dropped to 42% from January to July ― as the delta variant’s prevalence markedly increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer and partner BioNTech announced they \u003ca href=\"https://investors.biontech.de/news-releases/news-release-details/pfizer-and-biontech-provide-update-booster-program-light-delta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are developing\u003c/a> an updated version of their vaccine in Germany to target the genomic features of the delta variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the idea that a new formulation could work better is “mostly hypothetical at this point,” said Vaughn Cooper, a professor of microbiology and molecular genetics at the University of Pittsburgh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Vincent Rajkumar, a hematologist at the Mayo Clinic who closely studies his patients’ immune responses and antibody levels, said trying both strategies of using the current vaccine and testing a new version sounds reasonable.[aside tag=\"vaccines\" label=\"More COVID coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one hypothesis that if “breakthrough” infections are due to a drop in antibody levels, boosting those levels will be enough, Rajkumar said. But the more worrisome hypothesis is that the delta variant, or any other variant, might respond considerably differently to ― and be less threatened ― by the antibodies the current vaccine generates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So unless you boost [antibodies] with a vaccine that is specific to delta, it won’t work,” Rajkumar said. He said testing both hypotheses is the “right thing to do in the interest of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, though, the push for giving booster shots to healthy populations is premature, said Dr. Sadiya Khan, an epidemiologist and cardiologist at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. That’s because even if those already fully vaccinated do get a third dose or booster, the virus is still circulating among millions of unvaccinated people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The overwhelming majority of infections and hospitalizations and deaths are occurring among those who are unvaccinated,” Khan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giving up on that greater strategy of vaccinating the population is going to lead to continued surges,” she said. “The potential for harm is quite large.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kaiser Health News editor Arthur Allen contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/morning-briefing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Subscribe\u003c/a> to KHN's free Morning Briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "'We are confident in this vaccine and the third dose, but you have to remember the vaccine efficacy study is still going on, so we need all the evidence to back up that,' said Jerica Pitts, Pfizer’s director of global media relations.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla was confident in June about the ability of his company’s vaccine to protect against the highly contagious delta variant, as it marched across the globe and filled U.S. hospitals with patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel quite comfortable that we cover it,” Bourla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just weeks later, Pfizer said it would seek authorization for a booster shot, after early trial results showed a third dose potentially increased protection. At the end of July, Pfizer and BioNTech announced findings that four to six months after a second dose, their vaccine’s efficacy dropped to about 84%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bourla was quick to promote a third dose after the discouraging news, saying he was “very, very confident” that a booster would increase immunity levels in the vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one hitch: Pfizer has not yet delivered conclusive proof to back up that confidence. The company lacks late-stage clinical trial results to confirm a booster will work against COVID variants including delta, which now accounts for 93% of new infections across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer announced its \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04955626?term=Pfizer&cond=Covid19&draw=3started\">global phase 3 trial\u003c/a> on a third dose in mid-July. That trial’s completion date is in 2022. Phase 3 results generally are required before regulatory approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are confident in this vaccine and the third dose, but you have to remember the vaccine efficacy study is still going on, so we need all the evidence to back up that,” Jerica Pitts, Pfizer’s director of global media relations, said Monday. The financial stakes are enormous: Pfizer announced in July that it expects \u003ca href=\"https://investors.pfizer.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2021/PFIZER-REPORTS-SECOND-QUARTER-2021-RESULTS/default.aspx\">$33.5 billion \u003c/a>in COVID-19 vaccine revenue this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Pfizer recently said that if a third dose couldn’t combat the delta or other variants, the drugmaker is poised to come up with a “tailor-made” vaccine within 100 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this has sown a sense of confusion about what exactly will work, and when. The pharmaceutical industry’s rush to recommend boosters for the public is “a little frustrating,” said Dr. Paul Offit, director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and an adviser to the National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration. Even if a booster is found to be safe, he said, the U.S. effort should focus on “vaccinating people who are unvaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, decisions about boosters do not rest with vaccine makers, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pharmaceutical companies aren’t public health agencies. It’s really not theirs to determine when or whether there should be booster dosing,” Offit said. “That is the purview of the CDC.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the FDA ― the federal agencies overseeing the authorization of COVID vaccines ― said \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s-07082021.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in July\u003c/a> that fully vaccinated Americans do not need a booster shot. Currently authorized vaccines ― from Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson ― are working as they should: All three lower the risk of COVID severe enough to hospitalize or kill a person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If hospitalization and death rates increase among the vaccinated, then it would be time to talk about boosters, Offit said, but “we’re not there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has added to the mixed messaging: Press Secretary Jen Psaki confirmed that the U.S. will buy an additional 200 million doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for inoculating children under 12 and for possible boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie Dean, a biostatistician at Emory University in Atlanta, said the confusion is not necessarily the fault of any one institution but rather that “there is genuine scientific uncertainty about how well [existing] vaccines work against the new variant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are piecing together information from observational studies, outbreak investigations and analyses of antibody responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many Americans ― especially those who struggled six months ago to find any dose, frantically using \u003ca href=\"https://www.vaccinehunter.org/\">vaccine hunters\u003c/a> and driving hours-long distances for their first jab ― the confusion has set off a feverish search for an illicit third dose just in case it’s necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I snuck in a dose of Pfizer last week,” Angie Melton, a 50-year-old mother of four, shared on Facebook. Melton received the one-dose Johnson & Johnson shot at a mass vaccination site in April and feared the highly contagious delta variant could infect her and, then, her unvaccinated 10-year-old son, who has asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After consulting friends and doctors and seeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/26/delta-people-are-mixing-and-matching-covid-vaccines-over-concerns-about-variant.html\">reports\u003c/a> about mix-and-match approaches in Europe, Melton signed onto a local pharmacy site and made an appointment to get a Pfizer shot. She’s scheduled for a second shot as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m trying to keep my family safe,” Melton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CDC advisory panel was set to meet Friday to consider updates on whether additional vaccine doses are necessary for immunocompromised people. A presentation about boosters is also on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/agenda-archive/agenda-2021-08-13-508.pdf\">agenda\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunocompromised patients like Sarah Keitt, who has multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease, expressed relief that federal regulators planned to recommend a third dose. Keitt, a disability rights activist who lives in Connecticut, said her neurologist told her to get a booster even after she had received two doses of Moderna. On Thursday, she said she was eager to get another dose but still frustrated about a lack of confidence in how much protection it would offer.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone could definitely say there is a 95% chance you are protected” by a booster, Keitt said, “I would love it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite widespread media reports of so-called “breakthrough cases,” a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/policy-watch/covid-19-vaccine-breakthrough-cases-data-from-the-states/\">recent\u003c/a> data analysis by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that hospitalizations and deaths are extremely rare among the fully vaccinated ― well below 1%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit points to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7031e2.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">outbreak\u003c/a> in Provincetown, Massachusetts, in which only four of the 346 fully vaccinated people infected with COVID were hospitalized, two of whom had underlying medical conditions. And no one died. “This vaccine still does an excellent job in the face of the delta variant at protecting people against severe, critical disease,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the effectiveness of the Pfizer vaccine against variants is still under debate. This month a new preprint study by the Mayo Clinic found that the product’s effectiveness against infection dropped to 42% from January to July ― as the delta variant’s prevalence markedly increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer and partner BioNTech announced they \u003ca href=\"https://investors.biontech.de/news-releases/news-release-details/pfizer-and-biontech-provide-update-booster-program-light-delta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are developing\u003c/a> an updated version of their vaccine in Germany to target the genomic features of the delta variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the idea that a new formulation could work better is “mostly hypothetical at this point,” said Vaughn Cooper, a professor of microbiology and molecular genetics at the University of Pittsburgh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Vincent Rajkumar, a hematologist at the Mayo Clinic who closely studies his patients’ immune responses and antibody levels, said trying both strategies of using the current vaccine and testing a new version sounds reasonable.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one hypothesis that if “breakthrough” infections are due to a drop in antibody levels, boosting those levels will be enough, Rajkumar said. But the more worrisome hypothesis is that the delta variant, or any other variant, might respond considerably differently to ― and be less threatened ― by the antibodies the current vaccine generates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So unless you boost [antibodies] with a vaccine that is specific to delta, it won’t work,” Rajkumar said. He said testing both hypotheses is the “right thing to do in the interest of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, though, the push for giving booster shots to healthy populations is premature, said Dr. Sadiya Khan, an epidemiologist and cardiologist at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. That’s because even if those already fully vaccinated do get a third dose or booster, the virus is still circulating among millions of unvaccinated people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The overwhelming majority of infections and hospitalizations and deaths are occurring among those who are unvaccinated,” Khan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giving up on that greater strategy of vaccinating the population is going to lead to continued surges,” she said. “The potential for harm is quite large.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kaiser Health News editor Arthur Allen contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/morning-briefing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Subscribe\u003c/a> to KHN's free Morning Briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"headTitle": "Proof of Vaccination, Please | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11885070\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final.png\" alt=\"A Mark Fiore cartoon that shows a character with a huge digital sign over his head that reads "hell yes I'm vaccinated! You should be too!" A woman to the right says, "I like your spirit, but don't think that's what they mean by "digital vaccine card."\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1292\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final-800x538.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final-1020x686.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final-160x108.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final-1536x1034.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With proof of vaccination requirements on the rise, the era of the digital vaccine card is here. KQED has some \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioredigitalvaccinecard\">handy tips\u003c/a> for how to get yours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ll need to show proof of full vaccination to eat or drink \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioresfvaccinemandate\">inside San Francisco’s bars and restaurants\u003c/a>, and more places in our corner of the world will likely require you to prove you’re vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the sake of public health, I sure hope digital vaccine cards become as common as driver’s licenses, Apple Pay and Venmo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "With proof of vaccination requirements on the rise, the era of the digital vaccine card is here. KQED has some handy tips for how to get yours. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11885070\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final.png\" alt=\"A Mark Fiore cartoon that shows a character with a huge digital sign over his head that reads "hell yes I'm vaccinated! You should be too!" A woman to the right says, "I like your spirit, but don't think that's what they mean by "digital vaccine card."\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1292\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final-800x538.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final-1020x686.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final-160x108.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/vaccinecard_081321_final-1536x1034.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With proof of vaccination requirements on the rise, the era of the digital vaccine card is here. KQED has some \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioredigitalvaccinecard\">handy tips\u003c/a> for how to get yours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ll need to show proof of full vaccination to eat or drink \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioresfvaccinemandate\">inside San Francisco’s bars and restaurants\u003c/a>, and more places in our corner of the world will likely require you to prove you’re vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the sake of public health, I sure hope digital vaccine cards become as common as driver’s licenses, Apple Pay and Venmo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Sept. 9, 2020, the Bay Area sky turned so hazy, it hid the sun from view and glowed an ominous dark orange. In the days that followed, dangerous air pollution in the region skyrocketed as dozens of wildfires burned throughout California, in what became the largest wildfire season recorded in modern state history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like other essential workers, Maribel Villanueva, 46, kept working, caring for children full-time at a day care in East Oakland. She walked and took a 20-minute bus ride to work wearing a cloth mask, which didn’t protect her from the worst of the smoke, said Maribel’s sister, Susana. She developed a loud cough, and on Sept. 17, Maribel was hospitalized with COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before we even knew that she had COVID, she had cold-like symptoms and said, ‘You know, I think it was the smoke that really affected me. And that’s why I have this cough,’” said Susana, 42, who lived with Maribel and other relatives in their home in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susana will never know for certain the extent of the smoke’s harm to her sister’s lungs. But two weeks later, on Oct. 2, Maribel died at a hospital from respiratory failure, pneumonia and COVID-19, according to her death certificate. A single mom, she left behind a son who just turned 11 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two natural disasters — the coronavirus and record-setting Western wildfires spewing air toxins — converged to exacerbate the pandemic’s health toll last year in California, Oregon and Washington, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/33/eabi8789\">study\u003c/a> published Friday in the journal Science Advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire smoke produces high levels of tiny, harmful particulate matter, so-called \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/wildfire/worker-protection-from-wildfire-smoke.html\">PM 2.5\u003c/a>, that can travel suspended in air thousands of miles away.[aside tag=\"wildfires\" label=\"More wildfire coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California alone, between mid-March and mid-December 2020, exposure to high levels of PM 2.5 contributed to about 1,000 COVID-19 deaths and 26,600 cases in counties where the smoke was found to amplify coronavirus cases or mortality. The researchers of the study, from Harvard University and other institutions, provided KQED with \u003ca href=\"https://analysis-1.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/c0df43781aeb4085954676f4e9ca9bf9\">county numbers\u003c/a> in advance of publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County, where Maribel Villanueva lived, faced one of the biggest spikes in COVID-19 deaths linked to wildfire smoke pollution out of the 92 counties the researchers analyzed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Smoke increases risk of lung infections\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Inhaling wildfire smoke can cause inflammation in the lungs and hurt the immune system’s response, making people more prone to severe respiratory tract infections, including from COVID-19, according to medical experts and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/smoke-faq.html\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made perfect sense to me that the bad wildfire smoke season we had in 2020 here in Northern California would lead to increased risk of COVID-19,” said John Balmes, a pulmonologist at UCSF who reviewed the study for KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11884786\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11884786\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susana Villanueva holds a photo of her sister Maribel at her home in Oakland on Aug. 3, 2021. Maribel, a day care worker and single mom, developed a cough after inhaling wildfire smoke in Sept. 2020. She died weeks later from COVID-19. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Previous research has linked air pollution to worse COVID-19 health outcomes, including a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-021-00366-w?utm_medium=affiliate&utm_source=commission_junction&utm_campaign=3_nsn6445_deeplink_PID100107555&utm_content=deeplink\">study\u003c/a> that found that higher PM 2.5 from wildfire smoke led to 18% more COVID-19 cases in Reno, Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is the first investigation that quantifies the extra number of coronavirus cases and deaths due to wildfire pollution in multiple states, said senior author Francesca Dominici, a professor of biostatistics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dominici said the study makes a clear link between climate change and the pandemic. \u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/8/\">Climate experts\u003c/a> have established that the warming climate is a major driver of drought and heat conditions that lead to more frequent and catastrophic blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now know that these wildfires, because of their very high levels of PM 2.5, are making the pandemic worse,” said Dominici. “Wildfire [smoke] exposure and COVID are actually a really dangerous combination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dominici’s research team developed a statistical model that crunched county-level data on the coronavirus, smoke and PM 2.5 to estimate excess COVID-19 cases and deaths up to four weeks after a day of extra air pollution due to the blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While wildfire smoke exacerbated the coronavirus health burden in most counties, the smoke seemed to have a “protective effect” leading to fewer coronavirus cases or deaths in others, including Los Angeles and San Mateo. That’s because there are many other factors at play, such as adherence to mask mandates, said Dominici.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s entirely possible that during wildfire days people stayed indoors more, and this contained … the spread of the disease,” she said. “And so people were actually exposed less to the levels of PM 2.5 during these days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>‘Like he was drowning’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Adrian Sanchez, 72, lived in South Hayward, in a lower-income ZIP code that has suffered one of the highest rates of COVID-19 deaths in Alameda County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former forklift operator died from the coronavirus on Dec. 5, and lived with both Type 2 diabetes and asthma — two conditions that make COVID-19 and smoke more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His wife of 46 years, Eudelia, remembers Adrian struggling to breathe on heavy smoke days last summer and fall. He felt “like he was drowning” because of his asthma, she said in Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be very difficult for us to recover. The pain is always going to be there,” said Eudelia, 68, who believes the smoke pollution harmed her husband’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, if the smoke impacts people who are healthy, can you imagine what it does to those who are already sick?” she asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the worst of last year’s wildfire season, between mid-August and mid-October, 162 people in Alameda County died from the coronavirus, according to an analysis of county records by the \u003ca href=\"https://documentingcovid19.io/\">Documenting COVID-19 project\u003c/a> from the Brown Institute for Media Innovation, a collaboration between Columbia and Stanford universities, in collaboration with KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County medical examiner data, which includes the occupation of those who died, shows that nearly all of the deceased under age 65 were in frontline jobs, including janitors, delivery drivers, caregivers and construction workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11885028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11885028 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1-800x554.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1-1020x706.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1-1536x1063.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susana Villanueva at home in Oakland with Maribel’s son David Lara, 11. After Maribel’s death last fall, Susana and her husband took custody of David. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Air pollution as environmental justice issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>To protect themselves, people should avoid smoke as much as possible and wear N95 masks when they venture outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside buildings, using central air conditioning or \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/list-carb-certified-air-cleaning-devices\">air cleaners\u003c/a> cuts down particulate matter, said Amy MacPherson, a spokesperson with the California Air Resources Board, or CARB, which is tasked with protecting the public from air pollution.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Eudelia Sanchez\"]‘It’s going to be very difficult for us to recover. The pain is always going to be there.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The single most effective way to protect yourself from wildfire smoke is to stay indoors, with windows and doors shut,” said MacPherson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But avoiding smoke is often unrealistic for millions of people who work outside the home and toil outdoors in industries such as construction or agriculture, or who rely on public transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These workers often live in lower-income communities of color, in older homes that lack air purifiers and that smoke can easily penetrate, said Balmes, the UCSF physician who has researched the impacts of air pollution on lung health for nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that those same communities, with less access to medical care or healthy foods, also suffer disproportionately from chronic conditions such as heart disease and diabetes that can worsen COVID-19 symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Exposure to air pollution in general and wildfire smoke in particular, tends to be greater for low-income people of color, but then they’re also at greater risk for COVID-19,” said Balmes. “So it’s an environmental justice issue that our society should be dealing with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments should do more to provide free N95 masks and portable air filters to lower-wage families, especially essential workers, said Balmes, who was first appointed as a member of CARB by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is planning to provide \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/wildfire-smoke-clean-air-center-grant/about\">$5 million\u003c/a> in the next few months to local communities to upgrade ventilation systems and purchase portable air cleaners. The goal is to set up a “network of clean air centers” to help vulnerable populations get relief from the smoke, said CARB spokesperson MacPherson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/news-and-events/page-resources/2021-news/081021-ramp\">announced\u003c/a> it will offer portable air filtration units to about 2,000 lower-income residents diagnosed with asthma, and who are particularly at risk from the pollution expected this wildfire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2419?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Wildfire+smoke+emergency+of+2021%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1\">bill\u003c/a> introduced last month by California and Oregon senators would allow the president to declare a “smoke emergency” and direct funds, equipment, personnel and other resources to set up smoke shelters, air purifiers and air monitors in affected communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families of both Adrian Sanchez and Maribel Villanueva, the day care worker, said they didn’t have an air purifier at home or N95 masks to wear when they went outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Maribel’s funeral, her sister Susana took custody of Maribel’s young son. The family gathered during his 11th birthday celebration at Susana’s home. But as he stared at his red velvet cake, the boy looked like he was going to cry, missing his mom, said Susana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell him, ‘I will never be able to replace your mom, but I’m here. We love you. I want you to know that we care for you,”’ she said. “So just taking it one day at a time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jake Kincaid and Derek Kravitz of the Documenting COVID-19 project contributed data analysis on COVID-19 deaths in Alameda County during wildfire season for this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Sept. 9, 2020, the Bay Area sky turned so hazy, it hid the sun from view and glowed an ominous dark orange. In the days that followed, dangerous air pollution in the region skyrocketed as dozens of wildfires burned throughout California, in what became the largest wildfire season recorded in modern state history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like other essential workers, Maribel Villanueva, 46, kept working, caring for children full-time at a day care in East Oakland. She walked and took a 20-minute bus ride to work wearing a cloth mask, which didn’t protect her from the worst of the smoke, said Maribel’s sister, Susana. She developed a loud cough, and on Sept. 17, Maribel was hospitalized with COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before we even knew that she had COVID, she had cold-like symptoms and said, ‘You know, I think it was the smoke that really affected me. And that’s why I have this cough,’” said Susana, 42, who lived with Maribel and other relatives in their home in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susana will never know for certain the extent of the smoke’s harm to her sister’s lungs. But two weeks later, on Oct. 2, Maribel died at a hospital from respiratory failure, pneumonia and COVID-19, according to her death certificate. A single mom, she left behind a son who just turned 11 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two natural disasters — the coronavirus and record-setting Western wildfires spewing air toxins — converged to exacerbate the pandemic’s health toll last year in California, Oregon and Washington, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/33/eabi8789\">study\u003c/a> published Friday in the journal Science Advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California alone, between mid-March and mid-December 2020, exposure to high levels of PM 2.5 contributed to about 1,000 COVID-19 deaths and 26,600 cases in counties where the smoke was found to amplify coronavirus cases or mortality. The researchers of the study, from Harvard University and other institutions, provided KQED with \u003ca href=\"https://analysis-1.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/c0df43781aeb4085954676f4e9ca9bf9\">county numbers\u003c/a> in advance of publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County, where Maribel Villanueva lived, faced one of the biggest spikes in COVID-19 deaths linked to wildfire smoke pollution out of the 92 counties the researchers analyzed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Smoke increases risk of lung infections\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Inhaling wildfire smoke can cause inflammation in the lungs and hurt the immune system’s response, making people more prone to severe respiratory tract infections, including from COVID-19, according to medical experts and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/smoke-faq.html\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made perfect sense to me that the bad wildfire smoke season we had in 2020 here in Northern California would lead to increased risk of COVID-19,” said John Balmes, a pulmonologist at UCSF who reviewed the study for KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11884786\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11884786\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50615_IMG_3916-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susana Villanueva holds a photo of her sister Maribel at her home in Oakland on Aug. 3, 2021. Maribel, a day care worker and single mom, developed a cough after inhaling wildfire smoke in Sept. 2020. She died weeks later from COVID-19. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Previous research has linked air pollution to worse COVID-19 health outcomes, including a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-021-00366-w?utm_medium=affiliate&utm_source=commission_junction&utm_campaign=3_nsn6445_deeplink_PID100107555&utm_content=deeplink\">study\u003c/a> that found that higher PM 2.5 from wildfire smoke led to 18% more COVID-19 cases in Reno, Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is the first investigation that quantifies the extra number of coronavirus cases and deaths due to wildfire pollution in multiple states, said senior author Francesca Dominici, a professor of biostatistics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dominici said the study makes a clear link between climate change and the pandemic. \u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/8/\">Climate experts\u003c/a> have established that the warming climate is a major driver of drought and heat conditions that lead to more frequent and catastrophic blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now know that these wildfires, because of their very high levels of PM 2.5, are making the pandemic worse,” said Dominici. “Wildfire [smoke] exposure and COVID are actually a really dangerous combination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dominici’s research team developed a statistical model that crunched county-level data on the coronavirus, smoke and PM 2.5 to estimate excess COVID-19 cases and deaths up to four weeks after a day of extra air pollution due to the blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While wildfire smoke exacerbated the coronavirus health burden in most counties, the smoke seemed to have a “protective effect” leading to fewer coronavirus cases or deaths in others, including Los Angeles and San Mateo. That’s because there are many other factors at play, such as adherence to mask mandates, said Dominici.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s entirely possible that during wildfire days people stayed indoors more, and this contained … the spread of the disease,” she said. “And so people were actually exposed less to the levels of PM 2.5 during these days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>‘Like he was drowning’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Adrian Sanchez, 72, lived in South Hayward, in a lower-income ZIP code that has suffered one of the highest rates of COVID-19 deaths in Alameda County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former forklift operator died from the coronavirus on Dec. 5, and lived with both Type 2 diabetes and asthma — two conditions that make COVID-19 and smoke more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His wife of 46 years, Eudelia, remembers Adrian struggling to breathe on heavy smoke days last summer and fall. He felt “like he was drowning” because of his asthma, she said in Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be very difficult for us to recover. The pain is always going to be there,” said Eudelia, 68, who believes the smoke pollution harmed her husband’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, if the smoke impacts people who are healthy, can you imagine what it does to those who are already sick?” she asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the worst of last year’s wildfire season, between mid-August and mid-October, 162 people in Alameda County died from the coronavirus, according to an analysis of county records by the \u003ca href=\"https://documentingcovid19.io/\">Documenting COVID-19 project\u003c/a> from the Brown Institute for Media Innovation, a collaboration between Columbia and Stanford universities, in collaboration with KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County medical examiner data, which includes the occupation of those who died, shows that nearly all of the deceased under age 65 were in frontline jobs, including janitors, delivery drivers, caregivers and construction workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11885028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11885028 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1-800x554.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1-1020x706.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS49775_018_Oakland_MaribelVillanueva_06102021-1-1536x1063.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susana Villanueva at home in Oakland with Maribel’s son David Lara, 11. After Maribel’s death last fall, Susana and her husband took custody of David. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Air pollution as environmental justice issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>To protect themselves, people should avoid smoke as much as possible and wear N95 masks when they venture outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside buildings, using central air conditioning or \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/list-carb-certified-air-cleaning-devices\">air cleaners\u003c/a> cuts down particulate matter, said Amy MacPherson, a spokesperson with the California Air Resources Board, or CARB, which is tasked with protecting the public from air pollution.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The single most effective way to protect yourself from wildfire smoke is to stay indoors, with windows and doors shut,” said MacPherson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But avoiding smoke is often unrealistic for millions of people who work outside the home and toil outdoors in industries such as construction or agriculture, or who rely on public transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These workers often live in lower-income communities of color, in older homes that lack air purifiers and that smoke can easily penetrate, said Balmes, the UCSF physician who has researched the impacts of air pollution on lung health for nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that those same communities, with less access to medical care or healthy foods, also suffer disproportionately from chronic conditions such as heart disease and diabetes that can worsen COVID-19 symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Exposure to air pollution in general and wildfire smoke in particular, tends to be greater for low-income people of color, but then they’re also at greater risk for COVID-19,” said Balmes. “So it’s an environmental justice issue that our society should be dealing with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments should do more to provide free N95 masks and portable air filters to lower-wage families, especially essential workers, said Balmes, who was first appointed as a member of CARB by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is planning to provide \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/wildfire-smoke-clean-air-center-grant/about\">$5 million\u003c/a> in the next few months to local communities to upgrade ventilation systems and purchase portable air cleaners. The goal is to set up a “network of clean air centers” to help vulnerable populations get relief from the smoke, said CARB spokesperson MacPherson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/news-and-events/page-resources/2021-news/081021-ramp\">announced\u003c/a> it will offer portable air filtration units to about 2,000 lower-income residents diagnosed with asthma, and who are particularly at risk from the pollution expected this wildfire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2419?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Wildfire+smoke+emergency+of+2021%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1\">bill\u003c/a> introduced last month by California and Oregon senators would allow the president to declare a “smoke emergency” and direct funds, equipment, personnel and other resources to set up smoke shelters, air purifiers and air monitors in affected communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families of both Adrian Sanchez and Maribel Villanueva, the day care worker, said they didn’t have an air purifier at home or N95 masks to wear when they went outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Maribel’s funeral, her sister Susana took custody of Maribel’s young son. The family gathered during his 11th birthday celebration at Susana’s home. But as he stared at his red velvet cake, the boy looked like he was going to cry, missing his mom, said Susana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell him, ‘I will never be able to replace your mom, but I’m here. We love you. I want you to know that we care for you,”’ she said. “So just taking it one day at a time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jake Kincaid and Derek Kravitz of the Documenting COVID-19 project contributed data analysis on COVID-19 deaths in Alameda County during wildfire season for this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Glimmer of Hope as Rising Bay Area COVID Cases Slow",
"title": "A Glimmer of Hope as Rising Bay Area COVID Cases Slow",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">The highly transmissible delta variant continues to drive up COVID-19 cases across the Bay Area, but there are hints in some counties that cases may not be multiplying quite as fast. \u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The most promising metrics are positivity rates. While a community’s case tally can fluctuate dramatically based on how many tests are completed each day, a low positivity rate suggests transmission is slowing.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In recent days the rate has decreased ever so slightly in \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.marinhhs.org/surveillance#keyindicators\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Marin\u003c/span>\u003c/a> county, while flattening in counties like \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/data/covid-19-testing-overview#test-positivity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Francisco\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">, \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.sccgov.org/dashboard-testing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Santa Clara\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/span> and \u003ca href=\"https://covid-19.acgov.org/data.page#measures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Alameda\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Our 14-day total for reported \u003ca href=\"https://covid-19.acgov.org/covid19/data.page?#cases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">cases\u003c/span>\u003c/a> has declined slightly and we are not seeing increases in our daily average,” said Dr. Nicholas Moss, Alameda County’s health officer. “We recommend being cautious in drawing firm conclusions because we have seen lulls followed by increases in past surges.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-08-10/l-a-covid-surge-slowing-but-school-may-spark-more-cases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is reporting a similar trend. Over the past week Los Angeles County’s positivity rate fell by more than two points. And today’s statewide \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Immunization/nCOV2019.aspx\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">positivity rate\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is 6.6%. Last week it hovered above 7%.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">A few factors could be at play. The virus may have already reached the most susceptible people currently at high risk. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11883397/indoor-mask-mandate-reinstated-in-most-bay-area-counties-regardless-of-vaccination-status\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Indoor mask mandates\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and growing public awareness may be slowing transmission. People may be erring on the side of caution and changing their behavior. Suddenly the beach or an outdoor patio is more appealing than the movie theater or a packed dance club. \u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Past surges here and elsewhere often peak after around 2 months,” said Moss. “We don’t believe vaccine uptake has increased enough in the last few weeks to drive a big change, but it is difficult to know for certain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Overall the current wave of cases is comparable to the 2020 summer surge, but not nearly as dire as last winter. Relatively high vaccine rates are insulating the Bay Area. In all nine Bay Area counties at least 60% of residents have at least one shot, in most counties the rate is above 70%.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The people who weren't vaccinated are getting COVID at a much higher rate,” said Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, an UCSF infectious disease expert. “And then that leads to a combination of natural immunity plus vaccination, which really increases the force field against any new infections coming into the community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">However Chin-Hong warns this phenomenon could be a temporary reprieve because doctors do not know how long natural immunity from an infection will last.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“We don't know how durable or how reliable that immunity will be on an individual level compared to a vaccination,” he said. “And it may not work against future variants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Yet clouds loom over this potential good news. Across the state 7,063 patients are\u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/state-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> hospitalized\u003c/a> with a confirmed case of COVID-19. That tally has nearly doubled in the past two weeks, and still appears to be rising. \u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Cases are not increasing as rapidly as we saw were earlier on,” said Chin-Hong. “Yet in the [UCSF] hospitals, we're still seeing about 8 times as many patients compared to the time of [the economy’s] reopening in June.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a best case scenario Chin-Hong predicts case counts will begin decreasing by the end of August, and then hospitalizations will follow in mid September.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The wild card is opening schools. Even if outbreaks are not sparked within the classroom, both students and parents will be traveling around a lot more as they come and go from campuses and after-school activities. More interactions could lead to increased transmission. Plus many schools and universities are ramping up testing, which could lead to an uptick in asymptomatic cases in people who would not otherwise be tested.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">It’s a bit of a wait and see situation. COVID-19 is \u003ci>reliably\u003c/i> unpredictable.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Chin-Hong hopes delta is both humbling and motivating for those who are still not vaccinated. He says the thought of a super variant like delta or worse keeps him up at night.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“These are not the end of the story because COVID is still raging,” said Chin-Hong. There's still a lot of susceptible noses and mouths that the virus is trying to exploit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003ci>Unvaccinated Californians can go to \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://myturn.ca.gov/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>myturn.ca.gov\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> or call (833) 422-4255 to schedule their appointment or go to \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://myturn.ca.gov/clinic.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>myturn.ca.gov/clinic\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to find a walk-in clinic in their county.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">The highly transmissible delta variant continues to drive up COVID-19 cases across the Bay Area, but there are hints in some counties that cases may not be multiplying quite as fast. \u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The most promising metrics are positivity rates. While a community’s case tally can fluctuate dramatically based on how many tests are completed each day, a low positivity rate suggests transmission is slowing.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In recent days the rate has decreased ever so slightly in \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.marinhhs.org/surveillance#keyindicators\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Marin\u003c/span>\u003c/a> county, while flattening in counties like \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/data/covid-19-testing-overview#test-positivity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Francisco\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">, \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.sccgov.org/dashboard-testing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Santa Clara\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/span> and \u003ca href=\"https://covid-19.acgov.org/data.page#measures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Alameda\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Our 14-day total for reported \u003ca href=\"https://covid-19.acgov.org/covid19/data.page?#cases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">cases\u003c/span>\u003c/a> has declined slightly and we are not seeing increases in our daily average,” said Dr. Nicholas Moss, Alameda County’s health officer. “We recommend being cautious in drawing firm conclusions because we have seen lulls followed by increases in past surges.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-08-10/l-a-covid-surge-slowing-but-school-may-spark-more-cases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is reporting a similar trend. Over the past week Los Angeles County’s positivity rate fell by more than two points. And today’s statewide \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Immunization/nCOV2019.aspx\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">positivity rate\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is 6.6%. Last week it hovered above 7%.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">A few factors could be at play. The virus may have already reached the most susceptible people currently at high risk. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11883397/indoor-mask-mandate-reinstated-in-most-bay-area-counties-regardless-of-vaccination-status\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Indoor mask mandates\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and growing public awareness may be slowing transmission. People may be erring on the side of caution and changing their behavior. Suddenly the beach or an outdoor patio is more appealing than the movie theater or a packed dance club. \u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Past surges here and elsewhere often peak after around 2 months,” said Moss. “We don’t believe vaccine uptake has increased enough in the last few weeks to drive a big change, but it is difficult to know for certain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Overall the current wave of cases is comparable to the 2020 summer surge, but not nearly as dire as last winter. Relatively high vaccine rates are insulating the Bay Area. In all nine Bay Area counties at least 60% of residents have at least one shot, in most counties the rate is above 70%.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The people who weren't vaccinated are getting COVID at a much higher rate,” said Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, an UCSF infectious disease expert. “And then that leads to a combination of natural immunity plus vaccination, which really increases the force field against any new infections coming into the community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">However Chin-Hong warns this phenomenon could be a temporary reprieve because doctors do not know how long natural immunity from an infection will last.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“We don't know how durable or how reliable that immunity will be on an individual level compared to a vaccination,” he said. “And it may not work against future variants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Yet clouds loom over this potential good news. Across the state 7,063 patients are\u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/state-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> hospitalized\u003c/a> with a confirmed case of COVID-19. That tally has nearly doubled in the past two weeks, and still appears to be rising. \u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Cases are not increasing as rapidly as we saw were earlier on,” said Chin-Hong. “Yet in the [UCSF] hospitals, we're still seeing about 8 times as many patients compared to the time of [the economy’s] reopening in June.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a best case scenario Chin-Hong predicts case counts will begin decreasing by the end of August, and then hospitalizations will follow in mid September.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The wild card is opening schools. Even if outbreaks are not sparked within the classroom, both students and parents will be traveling around a lot more as they come and go from campuses and after-school activities. More interactions could lead to increased transmission. Plus many schools and universities are ramping up testing, which could lead to an uptick in asymptomatic cases in people who would not otherwise be tested.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">It’s a bit of a wait and see situation. COVID-19 is \u003ci>reliably\u003c/i> unpredictable.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Chin-Hong hopes delta is both humbling and motivating for those who are still not vaccinated. He says the thought of a super variant like delta or worse keeps him up at night.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“These are not the end of the story because COVID is still raging,” said Chin-Hong. There's still a lot of susceptible noses and mouths that the virus is trying to exploit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003ci>Unvaccinated Californians can go to \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://myturn.ca.gov/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>myturn.ca.gov\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> or call (833) 422-4255 to schedule their appointment or go to \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://myturn.ca.gov/clinic.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>myturn.ca.gov/clinic\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to find a walk-in clinic in their county.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Double-Masking to Adding Filters: Here's How to Up Your Mask Game",
"title": "From Double-Masking to Adding Filters: Here's How to Up Your Mask Game",
"headTitle": "KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>With the delta variant surging and health officials urging indoor mask use — and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11884778/san-franciscos-new-vaccine-mandate-when-it-starts-what-it-covers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">requiring masks indoors\u003c/a> for many Bay Area locations — you've likely pulled out your old cloth masks. But it may be time for an upgrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Masks still work, but with delta, we need better-performing masks,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.air.cee.vt.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Linsey Marr\u003c/a>, a researcher at Virginia Tech who studies airborne virus transmission.[aside postID=news_11884778]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The delta variant transmits more than twice as easily as the original strain of the coronavirus. It's now \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/08/11/1026190062/covid-delta-variant-transmission-cdc-chickenpox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one of the most contagious respiratory viruses\u003c/a> we know of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also replicates quickly in the noses and throats of infected people, so they could be walking around with 1,000 times more virus in their bodies than if they had the original strain. All of that means it's imperative that you make sure your mask is protective, and not simply a bedazzled decoration for your face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what makes a high-performing mask? Marr says a mask's filtration efficiency is a function of both what material it's made of and how well it seals to your face. So whatever you do, make sure there are no gaps under cheeks or chin where the virus could sneak in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read on for more tips on how to seriously boost the protection your face mask offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>1. Consider N95s and KN95s.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Some public health experts \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-dr-scott-gottlieb-on-face-the-nation-july-25-2021/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have suggested \u003c/a>that the spread of delta calls for donning more seriously protective masks like the gold standard of protection, N95 respirators, which block out at least 95% of particles when worn correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is N95s are plentiful these days. However, they do have a downside: Because they seal so tightly to your face (that's why they work so well), N95s aren't exactly fun to wear, notes \u003ca href=\"https://dcasip.medicine.duke.edu/staff/ibukun-c-kalu-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Ibukun Kalu\u003c/a>, a pediatric infectious disease physician at Duke University Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one wants to wear an N95 for eight hours,\" Kalu says. She says they're great protection when you are in a high-risk situation such as caring for a COVID-19 patient, \"but it can be quite uncomfortable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you decide to opt for an N95 anyway, watch out for fakes. Check the CDC's site for advice on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/usernotices/counterfeitResp.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to spot a counterfeit\u003c/a> and a list (last updated in June) of\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/respsource3surgicaln95.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> trusted sources for surgical N95s\u003c/a>. You can also find more guidance on choosing a good fit among different N95 styles, and buy a NIOSH-approved mask at companies like \u003ca href=\"https://aiden.health/pages/fitkit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aiden\u003c/a> and the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://shop.projectn95.org/find-the-right-mask\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Project N95.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people have a harder time with the straps that N95s use to attach to your head. In that case, you can also consider KN95 respirators, which often attach with more comfortable ear loops. KN95s are regulated by the Chinese government, and, like N95s, they're supposed to filter out at least 95% of small airborne particles, although the testing standards differ in each country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, counterfeits have also been a problem with KN95s. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-brief-fda-revokes-emergency-use-authorizations-certain-respirators-and-decontamination-systems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FDA recently revoked the emergency use authorization\u003c/a> it had granted to KN95s, which allowed them to be used in health care settings. However, you can still search the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices/revoked-euas-non-niosh-approved-disposable-filtering-facepiece-respirators\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FDA's list of formerly approved KN95s\u003c/a>. You may also want to check NIOSH's \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/respirators/testing/NonNIOSHresults.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of foreign-made respirators it tested\u003c/a> for filtration efficiency in the past, though the agency has now stopped doing those tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you opt for one of these respirators, make sure they also fit tightly to your face. And remember, no matter what you choose, the best mask is ultimately the one you will wear consistently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11884968\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11884968\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Layering a cloth mask on top of a surgical mask helps achieve a tighter fit while also adding an extra layer of filtration. Double-masking like this increases protection against the coronavirus.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Layering a cloth mask on top of a surgical mask helps achieve a tighter fit while also adding an extra layer of filtration. Double-masking like this increases protection against the coronavirus. \u003ccite>(Michele Abercrombie/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>2. Wear two masks.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One good way to get a better mask is to double up, says Marr, the researcher at Virginia Tech. Start with a surgical mask closest to your face, she says, and then add a cloth one on top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The downside of surgical masks is that many of them fit loosely — and a mask's ability to filter out particles depends partly on how well it seals to your face. By layering a cloth mask on top, you can achieve a tighter fit while also adding an extra layer of filtration, says Marr, who\u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/med/pdf/S2666-6340(20)30072-6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> co-wrote a commentary earlier this year \u003c/a>recommending double-masking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choose a surgical mask made out of a nonwoven material called polypropylene, because that material holds an electrostatic charge that allows it to trap particles. (Some surgical masks are made of paper.) Then add a good-quality cloth mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't keep piling on masks, Marr warns; just one additional mask is plenty. If your masks become too hard to breathe through, air will leak in and out through the sides instead. \"Then it's like you have a hole in your mask,\" Marr told NPR earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11884970\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11884970\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/mask_diptych_hacks_wide-8e3f48f24fa8e66af92ad2817e7a082645af6320-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Tie the ear loops close to the edges of the mask and tuck in the side pleats to minimizes gaps (left). Or use a hair clip to hold the ear loops tightly at the back of the head to achieve a tighter seal.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/mask_diptych_hacks_wide-8e3f48f24fa8e66af92ad2817e7a082645af6320-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/mask_diptych_hacks_wide-8e3f48f24fa8e66af92ad2817e7a082645af6320-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/mask_diptych_hacks_wide-8e3f48f24fa8e66af92ad2817e7a082645af6320-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/mask_diptych_hacks_wide-8e3f48f24fa8e66af92ad2817e7a082645af6320.jpg 1149w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tie the ear loops close to the edges of the mask and tuck in the side pleats to minimize gaps (left). Or use a hair clip to hold the ear loops tightly at the back of the head to achieve a tighter seal (right). \u003ccite>(Michele Abercrombie/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>3. Make your mask fit tighter.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Even at this late stage in the pandemic, it still bears repeating: Don't let your nose hang over your mask — that defeats the purpose! And to get the best protection, you also need to make sure that your mask fits as snugly as possible over your mouth and nostrils, up to your nose bridge, and that you don't see any gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mask's filtration efficiency varies depending on how well it conforms to your face, as a\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2774266?alert=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> in JAMA Internal Medicine illustrates. Researchers found that the surgical masks they tested blocked out just 38.5% of small particles on average when worn normally. But filtration efficiency jumped when they tried various hacks to make the mask seal better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One trick they tested: Tie the ear loops into a knot as close to the edges of the mask as possible, then tuck the side pleats in to minimize any gaps that appear along the edges, as in the left photo, above. This boosted the surgical mask's filtration efficiency to 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another simple hack is to use a hair clip, as in the photo above at right, to hold the ear loops tightly at the back of the head. That raises the mask's filtration efficiency to nearly 65%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could also try a mask fitter or brace — an elastic frame that fits over a mask to make it seal more tightly to the wearer's nose, mouth and face. \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.20249101v1.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">One study\u003c/a> from researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that using a mask fitter enhanced a surgical mask's filtration efficiency from under 20% to over 90%. [aside tag=\"coronavirus\" label=\"More Related Stories\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That shows you how important the fit is and how good a surgical mask can be if you are able to eliminate the leaks,\" notes Marr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test whether your mask fits well, try wearing it with glasses, suggests \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/jamie-weaver\">Jamie Weaver\u003c/a>, a research chemist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology who has been studying the filtration efficiencies of mask materials. \"If you start fogging up your glasses, that's a sign of a leak. I've also seen people put little hand mirrors next to the edge of their masks and breathe and see if they fog up mirrors.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>4. Add a filter.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You can boost filtration efficiency by wearing a two-layer mask with a pocket where you can insert a filter. The outer layers should be made of a tight-weave fabric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marr suggests using a surgical mask in the filter pocket. (You can cut the surgical mask to fit the pocket if need be.) She says HEPA filters cut out from the filters used in portable air cleaners work very well (\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBIaWCO6iFs&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here's her how-to video\u003c/a>). You can also buy fabric masks with a filter layer permanently attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another filter option: a material available at fabric stores called spunbond, also sold under the brand name Oly Fun. It's made out of polypropylene, so it also uses the power of static electricity to trap particles. Adding a filter made out of two layers of polypropylene could boost a cotton mask's filtration efficiency by as much as 35%, Stanford University researcher Yi Cui\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/01/880621610/a-users-guide-to-masks-what-s-best-at-protecting-others-and-yourself\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> told NPR\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to mask filters, \"the size of the filter seems to matter,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/jamie-weaver\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Weaver\u003c/a>, who co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c05182#.YOzeMdJ1iFM.twitter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent study\u003c/a> on the topic in the journal ACS Nano. Choose a filter that spans the material of your cloth mask, Weaver says — and make sure it's breathable.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>5. Choose a better cloth mask.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you're sticking with a cloth mask, make sure the one you wear is as protective as it can be. Opt for at least two layers in your mask — three layers are even better: Studies have shown that a three-layer mask made from tightly woven cotton fabric works well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look for fabrics that don't let light pass through when held up to a light source. (Think slightly stiffer dress-shirt cotton rather than thin T-shirt cotton.)\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One excellent choice: cotton flannel, says Weaver. She and her colleagues have found that a two-layer cotton flannel mask's filtration efficiency \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsanm.0c03319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">jumped by an average of 33% \u003c/a>when it becomes humid — the kind of conditions created when you're breathing into the mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synthetic fibers didn't perform as well, and they saw no boost from humidity. Perhaps not surprisingly given these findings, Weaver says her go-to mask of choice is a homemade multilayer cotton flannel mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/christopher-d-zangmeister\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christopher Zangmeister\u003c/a>, a researcher at NIST, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/01/880621610/a-users-guide-to-masks-what-s-best-at-protecting-others-and-yourself\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explained to NPR\u003c/a> last year, tightly woven natural cotton fibers with a raised nap, like flannel, tend to have more three-dimensional structure than synthetic fibers. That can create more roadblocks to stop an incoming particle. That said, filtration tests have shown that some masks made of other fabrics, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/07/06/881504418/want-to-create-a-better-mask-its-harder-than-it-seams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">like an engineered knit\u003c/a>, can be highly effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Rob Stein contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=It%27s+Time+To+Up+Your+Mask+Game&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With the delta variant surging and health officials urging indoor mask use — and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11884778/san-franciscos-new-vaccine-mandate-when-it-starts-what-it-covers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">requiring masks indoors\u003c/a> for many Bay Area locations — you've likely pulled out your old cloth masks. But it may be time for an upgrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Masks still work, but with delta, we need better-performing masks,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.air.cee.vt.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Linsey Marr\u003c/a>, a researcher at Virginia Tech who studies airborne virus transmission.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The delta variant transmits more than twice as easily as the original strain of the coronavirus. It's now \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/08/11/1026190062/covid-delta-variant-transmission-cdc-chickenpox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one of the most contagious respiratory viruses\u003c/a> we know of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also replicates quickly in the noses and throats of infected people, so they could be walking around with 1,000 times more virus in their bodies than if they had the original strain. All of that means it's imperative that you make sure your mask is protective, and not simply a bedazzled decoration for your face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what makes a high-performing mask? Marr says a mask's filtration efficiency is a function of both what material it's made of and how well it seals to your face. So whatever you do, make sure there are no gaps under cheeks or chin where the virus could sneak in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read on for more tips on how to seriously boost the protection your face mask offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>1. Consider N95s and KN95s.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Some public health experts \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-dr-scott-gottlieb-on-face-the-nation-july-25-2021/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have suggested \u003c/a>that the spread of delta calls for donning more seriously protective masks like the gold standard of protection, N95 respirators, which block out at least 95% of particles when worn correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is N95s are plentiful these days. However, they do have a downside: Because they seal so tightly to your face (that's why they work so well), N95s aren't exactly fun to wear, notes \u003ca href=\"https://dcasip.medicine.duke.edu/staff/ibukun-c-kalu-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Ibukun Kalu\u003c/a>, a pediatric infectious disease physician at Duke University Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one wants to wear an N95 for eight hours,\" Kalu says. She says they're great protection when you are in a high-risk situation such as caring for a COVID-19 patient, \"but it can be quite uncomfortable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you decide to opt for an N95 anyway, watch out for fakes. Check the CDC's site for advice on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/usernotices/counterfeitResp.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to spot a counterfeit\u003c/a> and a list (last updated in June) of\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/respsource3surgicaln95.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> trusted sources for surgical N95s\u003c/a>. You can also find more guidance on choosing a good fit among different N95 styles, and buy a NIOSH-approved mask at companies like \u003ca href=\"https://aiden.health/pages/fitkit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aiden\u003c/a> and the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://shop.projectn95.org/find-the-right-mask\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Project N95.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people have a harder time with the straps that N95s use to attach to your head. In that case, you can also consider KN95 respirators, which often attach with more comfortable ear loops. KN95s are regulated by the Chinese government, and, like N95s, they're supposed to filter out at least 95% of small airborne particles, although the testing standards differ in each country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, counterfeits have also been a problem with KN95s. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-brief-fda-revokes-emergency-use-authorizations-certain-respirators-and-decontamination-systems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FDA recently revoked the emergency use authorization\u003c/a> it had granted to KN95s, which allowed them to be used in health care settings. However, you can still search the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices/revoked-euas-non-niosh-approved-disposable-filtering-facepiece-respirators\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FDA's list of formerly approved KN95s\u003c/a>. You may also want to check NIOSH's \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/respirators/testing/NonNIOSHresults.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of foreign-made respirators it tested\u003c/a> for filtration efficiency in the past, though the agency has now stopped doing those tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you opt for one of these respirators, make sure they also fit tightly to your face. And remember, no matter what you choose, the best mask is ultimately the one you will wear consistently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11884968\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11884968\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Layering a cloth mask on top of a surgical mask helps achieve a tighter fit while also adding an extra layer of filtration. Double-masking like this increases protection against the coronavirus.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/double_mask_custom-15044e62df8e964c3a1de85eaa63887b12034dc3-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Layering a cloth mask on top of a surgical mask helps achieve a tighter fit while also adding an extra layer of filtration. Double-masking like this increases protection against the coronavirus. \u003ccite>(Michele Abercrombie/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>2. Wear two masks.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One good way to get a better mask is to double up, says Marr, the researcher at Virginia Tech. Start with a surgical mask closest to your face, she says, and then add a cloth one on top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The downside of surgical masks is that many of them fit loosely — and a mask's ability to filter out particles depends partly on how well it seals to your face. By layering a cloth mask on top, you can achieve a tighter fit while also adding an extra layer of filtration, says Marr, who\u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/med/pdf/S2666-6340(20)30072-6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> co-wrote a commentary earlier this year \u003c/a>recommending double-masking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choose a surgical mask made out of a nonwoven material called polypropylene, because that material holds an electrostatic charge that allows it to trap particles. (Some surgical masks are made of paper.) Then add a good-quality cloth mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't keep piling on masks, Marr warns; just one additional mask is plenty. If your masks become too hard to breathe through, air will leak in and out through the sides instead. \"Then it's like you have a hole in your mask,\" Marr told NPR earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11884970\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11884970\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/mask_diptych_hacks_wide-8e3f48f24fa8e66af92ad2817e7a082645af6320-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Tie the ear loops close to the edges of the mask and tuck in the side pleats to minimizes gaps (left). Or use a hair clip to hold the ear loops tightly at the back of the head to achieve a tighter seal.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/mask_diptych_hacks_wide-8e3f48f24fa8e66af92ad2817e7a082645af6320-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/mask_diptych_hacks_wide-8e3f48f24fa8e66af92ad2817e7a082645af6320-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/mask_diptych_hacks_wide-8e3f48f24fa8e66af92ad2817e7a082645af6320-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/mask_diptych_hacks_wide-8e3f48f24fa8e66af92ad2817e7a082645af6320.jpg 1149w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tie the ear loops close to the edges of the mask and tuck in the side pleats to minimize gaps (left). Or use a hair clip to hold the ear loops tightly at the back of the head to achieve a tighter seal (right). \u003ccite>(Michele Abercrombie/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>3. Make your mask fit tighter.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Even at this late stage in the pandemic, it still bears repeating: Don't let your nose hang over your mask — that defeats the purpose! And to get the best protection, you also need to make sure that your mask fits as snugly as possible over your mouth and nostrils, up to your nose bridge, and that you don't see any gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mask's filtration efficiency varies depending on how well it conforms to your face, as a\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2774266?alert=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> in JAMA Internal Medicine illustrates. Researchers found that the surgical masks they tested blocked out just 38.5% of small particles on average when worn normally. But filtration efficiency jumped when they tried various hacks to make the mask seal better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One trick they tested: Tie the ear loops into a knot as close to the edges of the mask as possible, then tuck the side pleats in to minimize any gaps that appear along the edges, as in the left photo, above. This boosted the surgical mask's filtration efficiency to 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another simple hack is to use a hair clip, as in the photo above at right, to hold the ear loops tightly at the back of the head. That raises the mask's filtration efficiency to nearly 65%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could also try a mask fitter or brace — an elastic frame that fits over a mask to make it seal more tightly to the wearer's nose, mouth and face. \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.20249101v1.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">One study\u003c/a> from researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that using a mask fitter enhanced a surgical mask's filtration efficiency from under 20% to over 90%. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That shows you how important the fit is and how good a surgical mask can be if you are able to eliminate the leaks,\" notes Marr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test whether your mask fits well, try wearing it with glasses, suggests \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/jamie-weaver\">Jamie Weaver\u003c/a>, a research chemist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology who has been studying the filtration efficiencies of mask materials. \"If you start fogging up your glasses, that's a sign of a leak. I've also seen people put little hand mirrors next to the edge of their masks and breathe and see if they fog up mirrors.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>4. Add a filter.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You can boost filtration efficiency by wearing a two-layer mask with a pocket where you can insert a filter. The outer layers should be made of a tight-weave fabric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marr suggests using a surgical mask in the filter pocket. (You can cut the surgical mask to fit the pocket if need be.) She says HEPA filters cut out from the filters used in portable air cleaners work very well (\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBIaWCO6iFs&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here's her how-to video\u003c/a>). You can also buy fabric masks with a filter layer permanently attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another filter option: a material available at fabric stores called spunbond, also sold under the brand name Oly Fun. It's made out of polypropylene, so it also uses the power of static electricity to trap particles. Adding a filter made out of two layers of polypropylene could boost a cotton mask's filtration efficiency by as much as 35%, Stanford University researcher Yi Cui\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/01/880621610/a-users-guide-to-masks-what-s-best-at-protecting-others-and-yourself\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> told NPR\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to mask filters, \"the size of the filter seems to matter,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/jamie-weaver\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Weaver\u003c/a>, who co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c05182#.YOzeMdJ1iFM.twitter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent study\u003c/a> on the topic in the journal ACS Nano. Choose a filter that spans the material of your cloth mask, Weaver says — and make sure it's breathable.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>5. Choose a better cloth mask.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you're sticking with a cloth mask, make sure the one you wear is as protective as it can be. Opt for at least two layers in your mask — three layers are even better: Studies have shown that a three-layer mask made from tightly woven cotton fabric works well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look for fabrics that don't let light pass through when held up to a light source. (Think slightly stiffer dress-shirt cotton rather than thin T-shirt cotton.)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One excellent choice: cotton flannel, says Weaver. She and her colleagues have found that a two-layer cotton flannel mask's filtration efficiency \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsanm.0c03319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">jumped by an average of 33% \u003c/a>when it becomes humid — the kind of conditions created when you're breathing into the mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synthetic fibers didn't perform as well, and they saw no boost from humidity. Perhaps not surprisingly given these findings, Weaver says her go-to mask of choice is a homemade multilayer cotton flannel mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/christopher-d-zangmeister\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christopher Zangmeister\u003c/a>, a researcher at NIST, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/01/880621610/a-users-guide-to-masks-what-s-best-at-protecting-others-and-yourself\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explained to NPR\u003c/a> last year, tightly woven natural cotton fibers with a raised nap, like flannel, tend to have more three-dimensional structure than synthetic fibers. That can create more roadblocks to stop an incoming particle. That said, filtration tests have shown that some masks made of other fabrics, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/07/06/881504418/want-to-create-a-better-mask-its-harder-than-it-seams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">like an engineered knit\u003c/a>, can be highly effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Rob Stein contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=It%27s+Time+To+Up+Your+Mask+Game&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>With the dual dangers of COVID-19 and raging wildfires, clean air has rarely been more top of mind in California. But many have struggled with an unhealthy breathing environment for years, like those living close to freeways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some of the Bay Area's most vulnerable may be in for a breath of fresh air with a bit of help from local health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District, through a partnership with\u003ca href=\"http://www.rampasthma.org/\"> Regional Asthma Management and Prevention\u003c/a>, or RAMP, will provide home air purifiers to 2,000 lower-income residents in six Bay Area counties who have been diagnosed with asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf, speaking Wednesday at the Roots Community Health Center in East Oakland, said the program will help lower-income communities and communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These air filters will not only address air quality, which is being challenged by the wildfire season, but also will lessen the spread of COVID-19, a double benefit for those who have been most impacted,\" Schaaf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven Bay Area nonprofits and health organizations that were awarded funds through the Asthma Mitigation Project will distribute the HEPA-grade filters — key to filtering wildfire smoke. Participating counties include Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara and Sonoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don't have time to read our full guide on how to sign up to get a filter, here's the quick version:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The program focuses on Medi-Cal patients and undocumented people without Medi-Cal. To qualify, eligible clients should have \"moderate to severe\" or \"poorly controlled\" asthma, according to a statement from a BAAQMD spokesperson. The program is for people enrolled in the state's Asthma Mitigation Project.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Officials say interested people who meet those qualifications should contact their health provider and ask about BAAQMD's \"Home Air Filtration Program.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you don't have a primary health care provider, contact one of the organizations participating in the program,\u003ca href=\"http://www.rampasthma.org/\"> or RAMP itself\u003c/a>. A full list of those participating organizations \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/publications/fact-sheets/asthma-mitigation-FAQ_final_080521r_web%20pdf\">can be found here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>How Does the Program Work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11884337/investigators-probing-pges-possible-link-to-fateful-dixie-fire-drone-flight\">With wildfire season already underway\u003c/a>, nonprofit organizations have been given these air filtration units to distribute to qualifying households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aim is to improve breathing conditions at home — especially since wildfire smoke can trigger wheezing and other health impacts in those who experience asthma, emphysema or other respiratory conditions. A clean room with an air filtration unit can offer wildfire smoke relief, health officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wildfires are increasing in the region and residents with asthma are some of the most vulnerable to the related smoke impacts,” BAAQMD CEO Jack Broadbent said in a statement. The program, Broadbent said, \"can help reduce emergency room visits when air quality becomes unhealthy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone signs up for the program and qualifies, the Asthma Mitigation Project will provide in-home visits by community health workers to educate people on asthma self-management and on setting up air filtration units. The program has guides available in English, Spanish, Tagalog, Chinese, Vietnamese and Arabic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Who Qualifies?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This program is focused on Medi-Cal patients, particularly children and adults with asthma. You can also qualify if you're an undocumented adult who is not otherwise qualified for Medi-Cal and who has asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_1972725\" label=\"Wildfire and Air Quality\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The severity classification of asthma, says the Air District, should be \"moderate to severe or poorly controlled.\" That's determined by an asthma-related emergency department visit or a hospitalization, or having had two sick or urgent care asthma-related visits in the past 12 months, or a score of 19 or lower on the Asthma Control Test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, you can obtain a recommendation from a licensed physician, nurse practitioner or physician assistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Can I Sign Up?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>First and foremost, reach out to your personal physician or health care provider to ask about the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if that's not an option for you, not to worry: A number of organizations are participating in the program and you can reach out to them directly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a list of organizations broken down by county:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Alameda\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://acphd.org/contact-acphd/\">The Alameda County Public Health Department\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://rootsclinic.org/locations/\">Roots Community Health Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Contra Costa\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/contactcchs/telephone.php\">Contra Costa Health Services\u003c/a>,\u003ca href=\"https://lifelongmedical.org/contact-us/\"> LifeLong Medical Care\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://www.breathecalifornia.org/affiliates.html\">Breathe California \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Mateo\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://www.smchealth.org/contact-us\">San Mateo County Family Health Services\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://www.breathecalifornia.org/affiliates.html\">Breathe California\u003c/a> (based in San José)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sonoma\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://srhealth.org/about-us/contact-us/\">Santa Rosa Community Health\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>People can \u003ca href=\"http://www.rampasthma.org/\">also contact RAMP directly if they think they qualify\u003c/a>. The air filtration units are certified by the California Air Resources Board, are Energy Star-efficient and are sized for 155-, 230-, 310- and 360-square-foot rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Peter Arcuni contributed reporting to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With the dual dangers of COVID-19 and raging wildfires, clean air has rarely been more top of mind in California. But many have struggled with an unhealthy breathing environment for years, like those living close to freeways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some of the Bay Area's most vulnerable may be in for a breath of fresh air with a bit of help from local health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District, through a partnership with\u003ca href=\"http://www.rampasthma.org/\"> Regional Asthma Management and Prevention\u003c/a>, or RAMP, will provide home air purifiers to 2,000 lower-income residents in six Bay Area counties who have been diagnosed with asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf, speaking Wednesday at the Roots Community Health Center in East Oakland, said the program will help lower-income communities and communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These air filters will not only address air quality, which is being challenged by the wildfire season, but also will lessen the spread of COVID-19, a double benefit for those who have been most impacted,\" Schaaf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven Bay Area nonprofits and health organizations that were awarded funds through the Asthma Mitigation Project will distribute the HEPA-grade filters — key to filtering wildfire smoke. Participating counties include Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara and Sonoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don't have time to read our full guide on how to sign up to get a filter, here's the quick version:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The program focuses on Medi-Cal patients and undocumented people without Medi-Cal. To qualify, eligible clients should have \"moderate to severe\" or \"poorly controlled\" asthma, according to a statement from a BAAQMD spokesperson. The program is for people enrolled in the state's Asthma Mitigation Project.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Officials say interested people who meet those qualifications should contact their health provider and ask about BAAQMD's \"Home Air Filtration Program.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you don't have a primary health care provider, contact one of the organizations participating in the program,\u003ca href=\"http://www.rampasthma.org/\"> or RAMP itself\u003c/a>. A full list of those participating organizations \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/publications/fact-sheets/asthma-mitigation-FAQ_final_080521r_web%20pdf\">can be found here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>How Does the Program Work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11884337/investigators-probing-pges-possible-link-to-fateful-dixie-fire-drone-flight\">With wildfire season already underway\u003c/a>, nonprofit organizations have been given these air filtration units to distribute to qualifying households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aim is to improve breathing conditions at home — especially since wildfire smoke can trigger wheezing and other health impacts in those who experience asthma, emphysema or other respiratory conditions. A clean room with an air filtration unit can offer wildfire smoke relief, health officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wildfires are increasing in the region and residents with asthma are some of the most vulnerable to the related smoke impacts,” BAAQMD CEO Jack Broadbent said in a statement. The program, Broadbent said, \"can help reduce emergency room visits when air quality becomes unhealthy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone signs up for the program and qualifies, the Asthma Mitigation Project will provide in-home visits by community health workers to educate people on asthma self-management and on setting up air filtration units. The program has guides available in English, Spanish, Tagalog, Chinese, Vietnamese and Arabic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Who Qualifies?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This program is focused on Medi-Cal patients, particularly children and adults with asthma. You can also qualify if you're an undocumented adult who is not otherwise qualified for Medi-Cal and who has asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The severity classification of asthma, says the Air District, should be \"moderate to severe or poorly controlled.\" That's determined by an asthma-related emergency department visit or a hospitalization, or having had two sick or urgent care asthma-related visits in the past 12 months, or a score of 19 or lower on the Asthma Control Test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, you can obtain a recommendation from a licensed physician, nurse practitioner or physician assistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Can I Sign Up?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>First and foremost, reach out to your personal physician or health care provider to ask about the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if that's not an option for you, not to worry: A number of organizations are participating in the program and you can reach out to them directly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a list of organizations broken down by county:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Alameda\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://acphd.org/contact-acphd/\">The Alameda County Public Health Department\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://rootsclinic.org/locations/\">Roots Community Health Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Contra Costa\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/contactcchs/telephone.php\">Contra Costa Health Services\u003c/a>,\u003ca href=\"https://lifelongmedical.org/contact-us/\"> LifeLong Medical Care\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://www.breathecalifornia.org/affiliates.html\">Breathe California \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Mateo\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://www.smchealth.org/contact-us\">San Mateo County Family Health Services\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://www.breathecalifornia.org/affiliates.html\">Breathe California\u003c/a> (based in San José)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sonoma\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://srhealth.org/about-us/contact-us/\">Santa Rosa Community Health\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>People can \u003ca href=\"http://www.rampasthma.org/\">also contact RAMP directly if they think they qualify\u003c/a>. The air filtration units are certified by the California Air Resources Board, are Energy Star-efficient and are sized for 155-, 230-, 310- and 360-square-foot rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Peter Arcuni contributed reporting to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/noshoes_081221_final.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11884839\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/noshoes_081221_final.png\" alt=\"A Mark Fiore cartoon that looks like a sign you'd see at a restaurant or bar that reads, "no shoes, no shirt, no shot, no service." The generic sign-person wears a mask, has a band-aid on their arm and is giving the thumbs up sign.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1183\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/noshoes_081221_final.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/noshoes_081221_final-800x493.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/noshoes_081221_final-1020x628.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/noshoes_081221_final-160x99.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/noshoes_081221_final-1536x946.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayor London Breed announced that San Francisco will \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioresfvaccinemandate\">require proof of COVID-19 vaccination\u003c/a> for people who want to enter public indoor spaces like bars, restaurants and gyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, with nearly 80% of the city’s residents fully vaccinated, Breed’s mandate won’t be an issue for most people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order comes one day after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11884606/newsom-mandates-covid-vaccines-or-regular-tests-for-all-california-teachers\">Gov. Gavin Newsom declared \u003c/a>that all teachers and staff who work on California school campuses must be vaccinated for the coronavirus or be tested weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are two steps in the right direction: We need to make it easier for people to go through life \u003cem>with\u003c/em> the vaccine than without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now if we can just replicate these orders in all 50 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11884628\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final.png\" alt=\"A Mark Fiore cartoon showing two school children in a classroom before a list of school supplies that range from "pencils" and "paper" and then list numerous covid-related items like face masks, vaccines, testing kit, etc. One of the kids says, "I'm just happy Zoom isn't on the list!"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1289\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final-800x537.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final-1020x685.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final-1536x1031.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, the delta variant is troubling and students will be wearing face masks as they \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioreschooldelta\">return to in-person schooling\u003c/a>, but for many, it sure beats online distance learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't take it from me, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sunitha Kaiser, a UCSF pediatrician says, “We know now that the benefits of being in school for children far outweigh the risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My two elementary school-age children who cringe when they hear the word \"Zoom\" concur with the good doctor's assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, Gov. Gavin Newsom mandated that all California teachers and staff working on school campuses \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11884606/newsom-mandates-covid-vaccines-or-regular-tests-for-all-california-teachers\">must be vaccinated\u003c/a> for COVID-19 or submit to weekly testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11884628\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final.png\" alt=\"A Mark Fiore cartoon showing two school children in a classroom before a list of school supplies that range from "pencils" and "paper" and then list numerous covid-related items like face masks, vaccines, testing kit, etc. One of the kids says, "I'm just happy Zoom isn't on the list!"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1289\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final-800x537.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final-1020x685.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/schoolsupplies_081121_final-1536x1031.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, the delta variant is troubling and students will be wearing face masks as they \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioreschooldelta\">return to in-person schooling\u003c/a>, but for many, it sure beats online distance learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't take it from me, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sunitha Kaiser, a UCSF pediatrician says, “We know now that the benefits of being in school for children far outweigh the risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My two elementary school-age children who cringe when they hear the word \"Zoom\" concur with the good doctor's assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, Gov. Gavin Newsom mandated that all California teachers and staff working on school campuses \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11884606/newsom-mandates-covid-vaccines-or-regular-tests-for-all-california-teachers\">must be vaccinated\u003c/a> for COVID-19 or submit to weekly testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The San Francisco Unified School District will require all of its employees to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 or get tested for the coronavirus at least weekly, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfusd.edu/announcements/2021-08-10-new-vaccination-requirement-all-sfusd-employees\">district officials announced Tuesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new policy, which takes effect on Sept. 7, affects approximately 10,000 workers, but does not apply to students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFUSD is giving its employees until Aug. 31 to submit their vaccination verification. More than half of SFUSD staff has been vaccinated to date, according to the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The union representing city teachers, United Educators of San Francisco, has advocated for a vaccine mandate, and supported the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we all return to school buildings in person, we are glad that we can move forward welcoming students and families with excitement and ensuring the safety conditions possible in the midst of this continuing pandemic,\" UESF President Cassondra Curiel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiel acknowledged there would be disagreement over the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But ultimately, I believe that the majority of educators are in line with this kind of policy and also wanting to do what’s best for a great number of our population, which is students that aren’t yet eligible for the vaccine and also for people in our population who might be medically vulnerable and cannot obtain that vaccine yet or ever,\" Curiel told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday marked the first day back to work for SFUSD staff, while students return to class Monday, Aug. 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All students and staff will continue to have access to COVID-19 testing through SFUSD’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.color.com/sfusd\">partnership with Color\u003c/a>, district officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As cases continue to climb throughout the city and the nation, district leaders said the move is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we move to a full return to in-person learning on August 16, we are doing so with all of the current health and safety requirements in place,\" SFUSD Superintendent Vincent Matthews said in a statement. \"Given that we are in the midst of rising cases and new variants in our community, a vaccine requirement is a necessary step to keeping our students, staff and families safe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"coronavirus, COVID-19\" label=\"Related Posts\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the vaccination requirement for staff, students and staff will also have to adhere to indoor mask mandates — regardless of vaccination status — in alignment with the citywide health order that went into effect last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San José and Long Beach unified school districts have issued similar requirements in recent days. Los Angeles Unified, the state’s largest district, is requiring all students and employees to undergo weekly COVID-19 testing, regardless of vaccination status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few weeks, Gov. Gavin Newsom has mandated that state employees and health care workers must be fully vaccinated for employment. For schools, Newsom has issued a mandatory mask mandate for indoor classes that applies to teachers and students but has left the decision of whether to require vaccines up to local districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and President Biden's chief medical adviser on COVID-19, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/08/10/1026384528/fauci-teachers-vaccination-mandates-schools-students-covid\">said on Tuesday that COVID-19 vaccines should be mandatory for school teachers\u003c/a>, citing the need to protect children who are too young to be vaccinated during a pandemic that has grown worse with the spread of the delta variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm going to upset some people on this, but I think we should [require teacher vaccinations],\" Fauci said in an interview on MSNBC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story includes reporting from KQED's Don Clyde and Kaushikee Nayudu, NPR, The Associated Press and Bay City News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The San Francisco Unified School District will require all of its employees to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 or get tested for the coronavirus at least weekly, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfusd.edu/announcements/2021-08-10-new-vaccination-requirement-all-sfusd-employees\">district officials announced Tuesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new policy, which takes effect on Sept. 7, affects approximately 10,000 workers, but does not apply to students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFUSD is giving its employees until Aug. 31 to submit their vaccination verification. More than half of SFUSD staff has been vaccinated to date, according to the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The union representing city teachers, United Educators of San Francisco, has advocated for a vaccine mandate, and supported the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we all return to school buildings in person, we are glad that we can move forward welcoming students and families with excitement and ensuring the safety conditions possible in the midst of this continuing pandemic,\" UESF President Cassondra Curiel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiel acknowledged there would be disagreement over the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But ultimately, I believe that the majority of educators are in line with this kind of policy and also wanting to do what’s best for a great number of our population, which is students that aren’t yet eligible for the vaccine and also for people in our population who might be medically vulnerable and cannot obtain that vaccine yet or ever,\" Curiel told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday marked the first day back to work for SFUSD staff, while students return to class Monday, Aug. 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All students and staff will continue to have access to COVID-19 testing through SFUSD’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.color.com/sfusd\">partnership with Color\u003c/a>, district officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As cases continue to climb throughout the city and the nation, district leaders said the move is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we move to a full return to in-person learning on August 16, we are doing so with all of the current health and safety requirements in place,\" SFUSD Superintendent Vincent Matthews said in a statement. \"Given that we are in the midst of rising cases and new variants in our community, a vaccine requirement is a necessary step to keeping our students, staff and families safe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the vaccination requirement for staff, students and staff will also have to adhere to indoor mask mandates — regardless of vaccination status — in alignment with the citywide health order that went into effect last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San José and Long Beach unified school districts have issued similar requirements in recent days. Los Angeles Unified, the state’s largest district, is requiring all students and employees to undergo weekly COVID-19 testing, regardless of vaccination status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few weeks, Gov. Gavin Newsom has mandated that state employees and health care workers must be fully vaccinated for employment. For schools, Newsom has issued a mandatory mask mandate for indoor classes that applies to teachers and students but has left the decision of whether to require vaccines up to local districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and President Biden's chief medical adviser on COVID-19, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/08/10/1026384528/fauci-teachers-vaccination-mandates-schools-students-covid\">said on Tuesday that COVID-19 vaccines should be mandatory for school teachers\u003c/a>, citing the need to protect children who are too young to be vaccinated during a pandemic that has grown worse with the spread of the delta variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm going to upset some people on this, but I think we should [require teacher vaccinations],\" Fauci said in an interview on MSNBC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story includes reporting from KQED's Don Clyde and Kaushikee Nayudu, NPR, The Associated Press and Bay City News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Maribel Ahumada says she lost her sister and nephew to COVID-19 last December. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when the vaccine became available this spring, she took her 16-year-old triplet sons to the grand opening of a vaccination center at San Pedro High School in Los Angeles so they could all get their shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, as California confronts another wave of the pandemic, she’s frustrated that school districts aren’t acting with the same urgency. She said vaccinations should “100%” be required for teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way things are going with COVID and now the delta (variant), it should not be an option,” Ahumada said. “I lost two members of my family. I know COVID is real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers, however, have yet to issue a vaccine mandate for public school teachers, arguing that a mask mandate, increased ventilation and other existing safety measures are enough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislators have put the decision in the hands of local officials, but most school districts haven’t made vaccination a requirement for teachers either because they’re still exploring the legality of a mandate or there isn’t enough support from local teacher unions. The California Teachers Association is strongly supporting vaccines, but has so far stopped short of endorsing a vaccination mandate for all public school teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some school districts have settled for the softer alternative of a weekly COVID-19 test, as some are facing advocacy groups that are actively fighting against a vaccination requirement for teachers until the FDA fully authorizes the vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"covid-19, coronavirus\" label=\"Related Posts\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-four percent of eligible Californians have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-08-04/california-sees-significant-rise-in-vaccinations-as-employers-issue-mandates\">fully vaccinated\u003c/a>. Coronavirus positivity rates are skewing toward younger, healthier people resulting in lower rates of hospitalization and death. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, however, the delta variant is breathing new life into what has become a pandemic of the unvaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children under 12 are not yet eligible for the vaccine. Public health experts say students, especially \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7012e3.htm\">younger children\u003c/a>, should be safe from getting COVID-19 at school even if their teachers aren’t vaccinated, as long as everyone on campus \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7004e3.htm\">wears masks\u003c/a> and follows hygiene protocols. In rare instances, young children were diagnosed with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mis/cases/index.html\">multisystem inflammatory syndrome \u003c/a>after contracting COVID-19. So far, California has had more than 300 cases of the syndrome and 37 have died nationwide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But spread among unvaccinated adults at schools could threaten a return to distance learning, which devastated students’ mental health and worsened the academic achievement gap along the lines of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/28/us/covid-schools-at-home-learning-study.html\">race, income and disability\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The need for children to be back in in-person learning has been well demonstrated,” said Dr. Monica Gandhi, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco. “We should do everything we can to keep students in classrooms, including mandating teacher vaccinations.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Best Defense\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan Bacigalupi, executive director of Open School California (OpenSchoolsCA), says school districts should take all precautions to ensure in-classroom instruction all year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccination is the way out of this,” she said. “Getting everyone vaccinated protects everyone, including kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacigalupi has two kids, a third grader and kindergartener, in the Oakland Unified School District. She said she’s not too worried about her kids’ safety because younger children are less likely to catch or fall seriously ill from COVID-19. But she is worried that high case numbers among teachers would force the district to revert to distance learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most public health experts share Bacigalupi’s concern. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Andrew Noymer, UC Irvine public health professor\"]'If we end up with a bunch of sick teachers, we might end up back on Zoom.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those who are vaccinated are much less infectious even with the delta variant,” said Gandhi. “It seems paramount for teachers to be vaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In vaccinated individuals who do get infected with COVID-19, Gandhi said, their immune systems are able to greatly reduce the amount of virus in their throats, making it far less likely to spread to others. Considering children are less likely to get seriously ill from COVID-19, unvaccinated adults will be most at risk at schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we end up with a bunch of sick teachers, we might end up back on Zoom,” said Andrew Noymer, a public health professor at UC Irvine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these experts urging \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Bob_Wachter/status/1422765489474863104\">universal teacher vaccinations\u003c/a>, there has been little momentum among state lawmakers. State Sen. Josh Becker, a Democrat who represents sections of San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, has been one of the few calling on districts to require teachers to be fully vaccinated before returning to campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re at a tipping point,” Becker said. “The delta variant in many ways puts our mindsets back to March 2020. But back then, we did not have the defense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom on July 26 said that state employees and health care workers must be fully vaccinated or be tested for COVID-19 at least once a week. On Thursday, the California Department of Public Health went a step further and ordered \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/health/coronavirus/2021/08/california-healthcare-vaccinations-mandate/\">all indoor health care workers to be vaccinated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to school employees, however, the governor is also leaving the decision up to local districts. At a Friday press conference at Juanita B. Jones Elementary School in San Bernardino, Newsom said he’s confident that the masking mandate, increased ventilation and other existing safety measures will be enough to keep schools open all year long. But he urged all school employees to get vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take these masks off once and for all,” he said. “That way we can keep our kids back in-person without any stress or anxiety for the rest of the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Teachers Association is strongly supporting vaccines but has so far stopped short of endorsing a vaccination mandate for all public school teachers. Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers, the second largest teachers union in the country, said she would \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/us/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/us-teachers-union-shifts-stance-back-vaccine-mandate-covid-surges-2021-08-08/\">support a vaccination requirement\u003c/a> for teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The circumstances have changed,” she told NBC News. “It weighs really heavily on me that kids under 12 can’t get vaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Approaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified, San Diego Unified and San Jose Unified school districts are requiring teachers to either show proof of vaccination or be tested at least once a week. San Francisco Unified will not require teachers to be vaccinated, but is asking its employees to provide their vaccination status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweetwater Union High School District in southern San Diego County, which is not requiring teachers to be vaccinated, has had 75 positive cases since its school year started on July 21, mostly among its 37,000 students. Students and staff who came into contact with anyone who tested positive can remain on campus as long as they’re vaccinated and asymptomatic. Unvaccinated students or staff who come into contact can remain on campus as long as they agree to a series of COVID-19 tests over a 10-day period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Walker, local teachers union president, said no serious illness or hospitalizations have been reported to her or the district. She said a vaccine mandate would require negotiations with the district administration. Considering that some teachers do not want to be vaccinated, Walker said it’s unlikely the union would support a mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have some very adamant members who don’t want it,” Walker said. “I encourage, but I don’t mandate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Dr. Monica Gandhi, UC San Francisco professor of medicine\"]'Testing is simply not as good as being vaccinated. Your exposure could have been in between the two times of testing.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she doesn’t think a requirement is necessary considering the district’s masking rules, contact tracing and testing sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts, however, say there’s no substitute for full vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Testing is simply not as good as being vaccinated,” Gandhi said. “Your exposure could have been in between the two times of testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legal Obstacles to Requiring Teacher Vaccination\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many lawmakers, school district officials and teachers unions are all strongly urging school employees to get vaccinated, making it a requirement could open up legal challenges against the state and local districts because none of the COVID-19 vaccines have been fully approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the vaccines’ current status of “emergency use authorization,” a mandate could be susceptible to legal challenges from employees who refuse, according to Dorit Reiss, a law professor at UC Hasting College of the Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have a lot of cases on this because we’re in a new situation,” said Reiss. “There’s never been a vaccine for the whole population under emergency use authorization.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, lawsuits related to vaccine mandates at schools and universities have been unsuccessful. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Aug. 2, a panel of federal judges \u003ca href=\"https://www.skepticalraptor.com/skepticalraptorblog.php/vaccine-mandates-court-decisions-indiana-university-and-los-angeles-unified-school-district/\">threw out a lawsuit\u003c/a> filed by a group of students against Indiana University’s vaccine mandate. On July 27, a court \u003ca href=\"https://www.skepticalraptor.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Educators-Medical-Freedom-v-LAUSD.pdf\">dismissed a lawsuit\u003c/a> against Los Angeles Unified and its requirement that teachers either be vaccinated or undergo weekly testing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there’s already precedent for a COVID-19 vaccine mandate in California public higher education. Both the University of California and the California State University systems are requiring faculty, staff and students to be fully vaccinated before they return to campus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am one of thousands of UC and Cal State teaching faculty who are under a vaccine requirement as terms of our employment,” said Noymer, the UC Irvine public health professor. “So it doesn’t seem particularly oppressive to me to require K-12 teachers to vaccinate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local district officials are reluctant to take that step before the vaccines receive full FDA approval. At the very least, district administrators and teachers unions alike want to negotiate what a vaccine mandate might entail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re certainly in conversation with our unions on how to encourage vaccinations,” said Richard Barrera, president of the San Diego Unified School Board. “It’s an evolving conversation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon FDA approval, Reiss says, the state could mandate vaccines, and teachers and their unions would have to comply without bargaining because the order isn’t coming from their employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacigalupi, the Oakland Unified parent and director of OpenSchoolsCA, said districts should absolutely mandate the vaccine once it gets full approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It strikes people as contradictory that there are individuals who would oppose a vaccine mandate, but are completely fine with a mask mandate,” she said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Return to Distance Learning Unlikely\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts and school district officials do agree that even without a vaccine mandate for school staff, the current spread of COVID-19 and the delta variant will probably not threaten school reopenings in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gandhi said as long as schools enforce masking and routine testing, students should be safe on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even despite not having any vaccines around, we’ve been able to keep schools open,” she said. “I think the data has shown us that we can reopen safely even during high community spread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Borba, superintendent of Le Grand Union Elementary School District in Merced County, said close to 70% of his staff were vaccinated as of the spring. He said he won’t be requiring his staff to submit proof of vaccination. Besides the masking rule, he expects classrooms will feel relatively normal when students return on Aug. 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m praying and hoping that we can start the year off normal,” Borba said. “It feels good to be doing education again after a year and a half of being a public health coordinator for my school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahumada, however, said she’ll pull her sons out of school and into distance learning if she sees too many positive cases among students or staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My sons are desperate to go back,” she said. “But people are still dying. COVID is not gone yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Even as the delta variant causes spikes in COVID-19 case numbers just weeks before the new school year, state lawmakers have yet to issue a vaccine mandate for public school teachers.",
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"description": "Even as the delta variant causes spikes in COVID-19 case numbers just weeks before the new school year, state lawmakers have yet to issue a vaccine mandate for public school teachers.",
"title": "California Lawmakers and Teachers Unions Stop Short of a Vaccine Mandate | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Maribel Ahumada says she lost her sister and nephew to COVID-19 last December. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when the vaccine became available this spring, she took her 16-year-old triplet sons to the grand opening of a vaccination center at San Pedro High School in Los Angeles so they could all get their shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, as California confronts another wave of the pandemic, she’s frustrated that school districts aren’t acting with the same urgency. She said vaccinations should “100%” be required for teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way things are going with COVID and now the delta (variant), it should not be an option,” Ahumada said. “I lost two members of my family. I know COVID is real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers, however, have yet to issue a vaccine mandate for public school teachers, arguing that a mask mandate, increased ventilation and other existing safety measures are enough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislators have put the decision in the hands of local officials, but most school districts haven’t made vaccination a requirement for teachers either because they’re still exploring the legality of a mandate or there isn’t enough support from local teacher unions. The California Teachers Association is strongly supporting vaccines, but has so far stopped short of endorsing a vaccination mandate for all public school teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some school districts have settled for the softer alternative of a weekly COVID-19 test, as some are facing advocacy groups that are actively fighting against a vaccination requirement for teachers until the FDA fully authorizes the vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-four percent of eligible Californians have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-08-04/california-sees-significant-rise-in-vaccinations-as-employers-issue-mandates\">fully vaccinated\u003c/a>. Coronavirus positivity rates are skewing toward younger, healthier people resulting in lower rates of hospitalization and death. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, however, the delta variant is breathing new life into what has become a pandemic of the unvaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children under 12 are not yet eligible for the vaccine. Public health experts say students, especially \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7012e3.htm\">younger children\u003c/a>, should be safe from getting COVID-19 at school even if their teachers aren’t vaccinated, as long as everyone on campus \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7004e3.htm\">wears masks\u003c/a> and follows hygiene protocols. In rare instances, young children were diagnosed with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mis/cases/index.html\">multisystem inflammatory syndrome \u003c/a>after contracting COVID-19. So far, California has had more than 300 cases of the syndrome and 37 have died nationwide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But spread among unvaccinated adults at schools could threaten a return to distance learning, which devastated students’ mental health and worsened the academic achievement gap along the lines of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/28/us/covid-schools-at-home-learning-study.html\">race, income and disability\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The need for children to be back in in-person learning has been well demonstrated,” said Dr. Monica Gandhi, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco. “We should do everything we can to keep students in classrooms, including mandating teacher vaccinations.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Best Defense\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan Bacigalupi, executive director of Open School California (OpenSchoolsCA), says school districts should take all precautions to ensure in-classroom instruction all year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccination is the way out of this,” she said. “Getting everyone vaccinated protects everyone, including kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacigalupi has two kids, a third grader and kindergartener, in the Oakland Unified School District. She said she’s not too worried about her kids’ safety because younger children are less likely to catch or fall seriously ill from COVID-19. But she is worried that high case numbers among teachers would force the district to revert to distance learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most public health experts share Bacigalupi’s concern. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "'If we end up with a bunch of sick teachers, we might end up back on Zoom.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those who are vaccinated are much less infectious even with the delta variant,” said Gandhi. “It seems paramount for teachers to be vaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In vaccinated individuals who do get infected with COVID-19, Gandhi said, their immune systems are able to greatly reduce the amount of virus in their throats, making it far less likely to spread to others. Considering children are less likely to get seriously ill from COVID-19, unvaccinated adults will be most at risk at schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we end up with a bunch of sick teachers, we might end up back on Zoom,” said Andrew Noymer, a public health professor at UC Irvine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these experts urging \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Bob_Wachter/status/1422765489474863104\">universal teacher vaccinations\u003c/a>, there has been little momentum among state lawmakers. State Sen. Josh Becker, a Democrat who represents sections of San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, has been one of the few calling on districts to require teachers to be fully vaccinated before returning to campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re at a tipping point,” Becker said. “The delta variant in many ways puts our mindsets back to March 2020. But back then, we did not have the defense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom on July 26 said that state employees and health care workers must be fully vaccinated or be tested for COVID-19 at least once a week. On Thursday, the California Department of Public Health went a step further and ordered \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/health/coronavirus/2021/08/california-healthcare-vaccinations-mandate/\">all indoor health care workers to be vaccinated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to school employees, however, the governor is also leaving the decision up to local districts. At a Friday press conference at Juanita B. Jones Elementary School in San Bernardino, Newsom said he’s confident that the masking mandate, increased ventilation and other existing safety measures will be enough to keep schools open all year long. But he urged all school employees to get vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take these masks off once and for all,” he said. “That way we can keep our kids back in-person without any stress or anxiety for the rest of the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Teachers Association is strongly supporting vaccines but has so far stopped short of endorsing a vaccination mandate for all public school teachers. Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers, the second largest teachers union in the country, said she would \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/us/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/us-teachers-union-shifts-stance-back-vaccine-mandate-covid-surges-2021-08-08/\">support a vaccination requirement\u003c/a> for teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The circumstances have changed,” she told NBC News. “It weighs really heavily on me that kids under 12 can’t get vaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Approaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified, San Diego Unified and San Jose Unified school districts are requiring teachers to either show proof of vaccination or be tested at least once a week. San Francisco Unified will not require teachers to be vaccinated, but is asking its employees to provide their vaccination status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweetwater Union High School District in southern San Diego County, which is not requiring teachers to be vaccinated, has had 75 positive cases since its school year started on July 21, mostly among its 37,000 students. Students and staff who came into contact with anyone who tested positive can remain on campus as long as they’re vaccinated and asymptomatic. Unvaccinated students or staff who come into contact can remain on campus as long as they agree to a series of COVID-19 tests over a 10-day period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Walker, local teachers union president, said no serious illness or hospitalizations have been reported to her or the district. She said a vaccine mandate would require negotiations with the district administration. Considering that some teachers do not want to be vaccinated, Walker said it’s unlikely the union would support a mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have some very adamant members who don’t want it,” Walker said. “I encourage, but I don’t mandate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "'Testing is simply not as good as being vaccinated. Your exposure could have been in between the two times of testing.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she doesn’t think a requirement is necessary considering the district’s masking rules, contact tracing and testing sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts, however, say there’s no substitute for full vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Testing is simply not as good as being vaccinated,” Gandhi said. “Your exposure could have been in between the two times of testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legal Obstacles to Requiring Teacher Vaccination\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many lawmakers, school district officials and teachers unions are all strongly urging school employees to get vaccinated, making it a requirement could open up legal challenges against the state and local districts because none of the COVID-19 vaccines have been fully approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the vaccines’ current status of “emergency use authorization,” a mandate could be susceptible to legal challenges from employees who refuse, according to Dorit Reiss, a law professor at UC Hasting College of the Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have a lot of cases on this because we’re in a new situation,” said Reiss. “There’s never been a vaccine for the whole population under emergency use authorization.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, lawsuits related to vaccine mandates at schools and universities have been unsuccessful. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Aug. 2, a panel of federal judges \u003ca href=\"https://www.skepticalraptor.com/skepticalraptorblog.php/vaccine-mandates-court-decisions-indiana-university-and-los-angeles-unified-school-district/\">threw out a lawsuit\u003c/a> filed by a group of students against Indiana University’s vaccine mandate. On July 27, a court \u003ca href=\"https://www.skepticalraptor.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Educators-Medical-Freedom-v-LAUSD.pdf\">dismissed a lawsuit\u003c/a> against Los Angeles Unified and its requirement that teachers either be vaccinated or undergo weekly testing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there’s already precedent for a COVID-19 vaccine mandate in California public higher education. Both the University of California and the California State University systems are requiring faculty, staff and students to be fully vaccinated before they return to campus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am one of thousands of UC and Cal State teaching faculty who are under a vaccine requirement as terms of our employment,” said Noymer, the UC Irvine public health professor. “So it doesn’t seem particularly oppressive to me to require K-12 teachers to vaccinate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local district officials are reluctant to take that step before the vaccines receive full FDA approval. At the very least, district administrators and teachers unions alike want to negotiate what a vaccine mandate might entail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re certainly in conversation with our unions on how to encourage vaccinations,” said Richard Barrera, president of the San Diego Unified School Board. “It’s an evolving conversation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon FDA approval, Reiss says, the state could mandate vaccines, and teachers and their unions would have to comply without bargaining because the order isn’t coming from their employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacigalupi, the Oakland Unified parent and director of OpenSchoolsCA, said districts should absolutely mandate the vaccine once it gets full approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It strikes people as contradictory that there are individuals who would oppose a vaccine mandate, but are completely fine with a mask mandate,” she said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Return to Distance Learning Unlikely\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts and school district officials do agree that even without a vaccine mandate for school staff, the current spread of COVID-19 and the delta variant will probably not threaten school reopenings in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gandhi said as long as schools enforce masking and routine testing, students should be safe on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even despite not having any vaccines around, we’ve been able to keep schools open,” she said. “I think the data has shown us that we can reopen safely even during high community spread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Borba, superintendent of Le Grand Union Elementary School District in Merced County, said close to 70% of his staff were vaccinated as of the spring. He said he won’t be requiring his staff to submit proof of vaccination. Besides the masking rule, he expects classrooms will feel relatively normal when students return on Aug. 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m praying and hoping that we can start the year off normal,” Borba said. “It feels good to be doing education again after a year and a half of being a public health coordinator for my school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahumada, however, said she’ll pull her sons out of school and into distance learning if she sees too many positive cases among students or staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My sons are desperate to go back,” she said. “But people are still dying. COVID is not gone yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bay Area students are beginning to head back to school for the start of the fall semester, with some seeing the inside of a classroom for the first time in 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a big moment, but the timing couldn’t be worse.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Dr. Sunitha Kaiser, UCSF pediatrician\"]‘We know now that the benefits of being in school for children far outweigh the risks.’[/pullquote]COVID-19 cases are spiking across the region, fueled by the highly transmissible delta variant. California is now averaging \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/projects/california-coronavirus-cases-tracking-outbreak/\">more than 10,000\u003c/a> new cases a day, about a \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/state-dashboard/\">10-fold increase\u003c/a> from a month ago. In several Bay Area counties, hundreds of people are testing positive daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has a lot of parents, teachers and school officials worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Rough Start\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Just three days after classes resumed in Brentwood, on the eastern edge of Contra Costa County, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/08/02/brentwood-district-schools-reporting-covid-19-cases-days-after-they-reopen/\">dozens of students and staff\u003c/a> had to quarantine. The Brentwood school district’s \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/10OvTLUaGCBgwRr7_nusso70lUSwRHskZU0-P_el5MWk/edit\">dashboard\u003c/a> Monday showed 17 students and two staff members from eight of its 11 schools had contracted the virus. School leaders say the outbreak originated in the surrounding community, not inside classrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“School districts merely represent the communities they live in,” said Brentwood Union School District Superintendent Dana Eaton. “We expect to have a similar percentage of students and staff members in our school that are COVID-positive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cases Vary Dramatically for Kids\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Most young kids who catch the virus are asymptomatic. Some battle symptoms like those of the common cold — maybe a runny nose and cough. For older kids, COVID-19 can feel more like the flu. And although it’s rarely very serious for children, there are exceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]Across the country, at least 44,000 kids, from newborns to 17-year-olds, have been hospitalized over the past year, and \u003ca href=\"https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Deaths-by-Sex-Ages-0-18-years/xa4b-4pzv\">416\u003c/a> have died since the beginning of the pandemic last March, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t predict who’s going to get a bad case,” said Dr. Ann Petru, an infection control officer at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland. She stresses that vaccinations are the best protection against serious disease for those eligible to receive a shot, and also the best way to protect children under 12 who can’t yet get one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current surge is especially stressful for people with vulnerable family members. Susana Villanueva Torres \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11877103/an-oakland-moms-death-from-covid-how-two-women-are-trying-to-fill-her-shoes\">lost her sister to COVID-19\u003c/a> last October. Now she’s caring for her sister’s 11-year-old son, David, in addition to her own teenage son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently she received additional painful news: Her husband was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer that weakens the immune system. She worries her boys may catch COVID at their Oakland schools and bring the virus home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“’You guys need to be aware, you need to wear your mask at all times. You know we need to take care of dad [and] tio [uncle],’” Torres says she frequently tells her son and nephew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Torres is scared. But she knows her boys are counting on seeing their friends and teachers, and she says in-person school also helps distract David from dwelling on the loss of his mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Bad Is Delta?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The delta variant is much more contagious than the original strain of the virus. It \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions\">appears\u003c/a> to be spreading two to three times faster, and early \u003ca href=\"https://virological.org/t/viral-infection-and-transmission-in-a-large-well-traced-outbreak-caused-by-the-delta-sars-cov-2-variant/724\">research\u003c/a> from China shows that people who catch it have, on average, about 1,000 times more copies of the virus in their respiratory tracts than those who contracted the original bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason the delta variant could potentially be more virulent or more deadly, more disease-causing, is that it reaches much higher levels of virus in the body,” Dr. Celine Gounder, an epidemiologist at NYU’s medical school, said recently on \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/06/opinion/ezra-klein-podcast-celine-gounder.html?showTranscript=1\">The Ezra Klein Show\u003c/a>. “It’s replicating so quickly. There’s so much of the virus in the nose, in the throat, in the lungs. And so this may be why the delta variant could be causing more severe disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, more than 93,824 children tested positive for the virus in the last week of July alone, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/children-and-covid-19-state-level-data-report/\">report\u003c/a> from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children’s Hospital Association. That’s about 15% of the total number of new cases across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are definitely seeing a big surge,” said Petru from Children’s Hospital Oakland. “We have around 10% of our kids testing positive now, which is compared to 1 to 2% at the end of May and early June. We also have a significant jump in the number of patients who are hospitalized with COVID.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\": tag=\"delta-variant\"]Petru says there are currently a handful of teenagers connected to ventilators in her hospital’s intensive care unit, fighting for their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re very, very sick,” said Petru. “And it doesn’t have to be that way. They’re old enough that they could have gotten the vaccines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Petru fears her hospital will be overwhelmed in the near future because the emergency department is already backlogged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make matters worse, the delta variant is spiking just as common respiratory viruses like the rhinovirus and enterovirus are also starting to take hold in California. Common bugs that cause runny noses and colds are only likely to get worse as summer turns to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Benefits of School Still Outweigh Risks\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>However, public health officials and school leaders are not considering closing schools. They learned a lot of hard lessons during the pandemic. Isolation is not good for any of us, especially children — a fact underscored by the spike in \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945a3.htm\">emergency room visits among kids\u003c/a> for mental health issues over the last 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know now that the benefits of being in school for children far outweigh the risks,” said Dr. Sunitha Kaiser, a UCSF pediatric hospitalist and professor. Most students have a stronger academic experience in person — \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-04-04/how-covid-distance-learning-hurt-california-english-learners\">many fell behind during distance learning\u003c/a> last year. And at school, many also have access to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11808968/coronavirus-is-impacting-the-bay-areas-mental-health-where-can-you-find-help\">mental health support\u003c/a> to help them recover from pandemic-related trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kaiser recommends a multilayered approach to keep everyone safe inside schools. That includes vaccinating, masking, social distancing, ventilation, testing, contact tracing and ensuring anyone who has symptoms stays home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that most kids are getting COVID at home and from close household contacts and family members,” Kaiser said. “The best way to boost safety for kids is for their close household contacts and family members to get vaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Unvaccinated Californians can go to \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://myturn.ca.gov/\">\u003cem>myturn.ca.gov\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> or call (833) 422-4255 to schedule their appointment or go to \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://myturn.ca.gov/clinic.html\">\u003cem>myturn.ca.gov/clinic\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to find a walk-in clinic in their county.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>COVID-19 cases are spiking across the region, fueled by the highly transmissible delta variant. California is now averaging \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/projects/california-coronavirus-cases-tracking-outbreak/\">more than 10,000\u003c/a> new cases a day, about a \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/state-dashboard/\">10-fold increase\u003c/a> from a month ago. In several Bay Area counties, hundreds of people are testing positive daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has a lot of parents, teachers and school officials worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Rough Start\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Just three days after classes resumed in Brentwood, on the eastern edge of Contra Costa County, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/08/02/brentwood-district-schools-reporting-covid-19-cases-days-after-they-reopen/\">dozens of students and staff\u003c/a> had to quarantine. The Brentwood school district’s \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/10OvTLUaGCBgwRr7_nusso70lUSwRHskZU0-P_el5MWk/edit\">dashboard\u003c/a> Monday showed 17 students and two staff members from eight of its 11 schools had contracted the virus. School leaders say the outbreak originated in the surrounding community, not inside classrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“School districts merely represent the communities they live in,” said Brentwood Union School District Superintendent Dana Eaton. “We expect to have a similar percentage of students and staff members in our school that are COVID-positive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cases Vary Dramatically for Kids\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Most young kids who catch the virus are asymptomatic. Some battle symptoms like those of the common cold — maybe a runny nose and cough. For older kids, COVID-19 can feel more like the flu. And although it’s rarely very serious for children, there are exceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Across the country, at least 44,000 kids, from newborns to 17-year-olds, have been hospitalized over the past year, and \u003ca href=\"https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Deaths-by-Sex-Ages-0-18-years/xa4b-4pzv\">416\u003c/a> have died since the beginning of the pandemic last March, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t predict who’s going to get a bad case,” said Dr. Ann Petru, an infection control officer at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland. She stresses that vaccinations are the best protection against serious disease for those eligible to receive a shot, and also the best way to protect children under 12 who can’t yet get one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current surge is especially stressful for people with vulnerable family members. Susana Villanueva Torres \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11877103/an-oakland-moms-death-from-covid-how-two-women-are-trying-to-fill-her-shoes\">lost her sister to COVID-19\u003c/a> last October. Now she’s caring for her sister’s 11-year-old son, David, in addition to her own teenage son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently she received additional painful news: Her husband was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer that weakens the immune system. She worries her boys may catch COVID at their Oakland schools and bring the virus home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“’You guys need to be aware, you need to wear your mask at all times. You know we need to take care of dad [and] tio [uncle],’” Torres says she frequently tells her son and nephew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Torres is scared. But she knows her boys are counting on seeing their friends and teachers, and she says in-person school also helps distract David from dwelling on the loss of his mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Bad Is Delta?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The delta variant is much more contagious than the original strain of the virus. It \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions\">appears\u003c/a> to be spreading two to three times faster, and early \u003ca href=\"https://virological.org/t/viral-infection-and-transmission-in-a-large-well-traced-outbreak-caused-by-the-delta-sars-cov-2-variant/724\">research\u003c/a> from China shows that people who catch it have, on average, about 1,000 times more copies of the virus in their respiratory tracts than those who contracted the original bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason the delta variant could potentially be more virulent or more deadly, more disease-causing, is that it reaches much higher levels of virus in the body,” Dr. Celine Gounder, an epidemiologist at NYU’s medical school, said recently on \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/06/opinion/ezra-klein-podcast-celine-gounder.html?showTranscript=1\">The Ezra Klein Show\u003c/a>. “It’s replicating so quickly. There’s so much of the virus in the nose, in the throat, in the lungs. And so this may be why the delta variant could be causing more severe disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, more than 93,824 children tested positive for the virus in the last week of July alone, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/children-and-covid-19-state-level-data-report/\">report\u003c/a> from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children’s Hospital Association. That’s about 15% of the total number of new cases across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are definitely seeing a big surge,” said Petru from Children’s Hospital Oakland. “We have around 10% of our kids testing positive now, which is compared to 1 to 2% at the end of May and early June. We also have a significant jump in the number of patients who are hospitalized with COVID.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Petru says there are currently a handful of teenagers connected to ventilators in her hospital’s intensive care unit, fighting for their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re very, very sick,” said Petru. “And it doesn’t have to be that way. They’re old enough that they could have gotten the vaccines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Petru fears her hospital will be overwhelmed in the near future because the emergency department is already backlogged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make matters worse, the delta variant is spiking just as common respiratory viruses like the rhinovirus and enterovirus are also starting to take hold in California. Common bugs that cause runny noses and colds are only likely to get worse as summer turns to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Benefits of School Still Outweigh Risks\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>However, public health officials and school leaders are not considering closing schools. They learned a lot of hard lessons during the pandemic. Isolation is not good for any of us, especially children — a fact underscored by the spike in \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945a3.htm\">emergency room visits among kids\u003c/a> for mental health issues over the last 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know now that the benefits of being in school for children far outweigh the risks,” said Dr. Sunitha Kaiser, a UCSF pediatric hospitalist and professor. Most students have a stronger academic experience in person — \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-04-04/how-covid-distance-learning-hurt-california-english-learners\">many fell behind during distance learning\u003c/a> last year. And at school, many also have access to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11808968/coronavirus-is-impacting-the-bay-areas-mental-health-where-can-you-find-help\">mental health support\u003c/a> to help them recover from pandemic-related trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kaiser recommends a multilayered approach to keep everyone safe inside schools. That includes vaccinating, masking, social distancing, ventilation, testing, contact tracing and ensuring anyone who has symptoms stays home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that most kids are getting COVID at home and from close household contacts and family members,” Kaiser said. “The best way to boost safety for kids is for their close household contacts and family members to get vaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Unvaccinated Californians can go to \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://myturn.ca.gov/\">\u003cem>myturn.ca.gov\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> or call (833) 422-4255 to schedule their appointment or go to \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://myturn.ca.gov/clinic.html\">\u003cem>myturn.ca.gov/clinic\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to find a walk-in clinic in their county.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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