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"content": "\u003cp>By age 40, about 1 in 10 adults will experience some hearing loss. It happens so slowly and gradually, says audiologist Dina Rollins. \"You don't realize what you're missing.\" And even as it worsens, many people are in denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time someone is convinced they have a hearing problem, age-related memory loss may have already set in. But there's good news. Restoring hearing with hearing aids can help slow down cognitive decline.[contextly_sidebar id=\"6YAV50tRbgqwIJiI86NoTCI17lxry3wy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these findings: Researchers tracked about 2,000 older adults in the U.S. both before and after they started using hearing aids. The adults were participants in a big, national study called the \u003ca href=\"http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Retirement Study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 75 percent following the adoption of hearing aids,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/asri.maharani.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asri Maharani\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Manchester in the division of neuroscience and experimental psychology and an author of the paper. \"It is a surprising result,\" Maharani says. The study was \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15363\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> this spring in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess cognition over time, researchers performed a battery of face-to-face tests with participants. This was done every two years from 1996 to 2014. One test to assess memory required participants to recall a list of 10 words, both immediately after the words were read aloud and then again after the participants had been distracted by other tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We weren't expecting that hearing aid use would eliminate cognitive decline. That's just not going to happen\" because age-related decline is inevitable, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/piers.dawes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piers Dawes\u003c/a>, an experimental psychologist and another author of the study. \"But the reduction in the rate of change is quite substantial. It's a very intriguing finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put the findings in context, consider that the slower rate of decline equates to remembering less than one more word on the 10-word recall test. So it's a small but measurable effect. And it adds to the evidence that hearing loss and cognitive decline are strongly linked.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AfcnhascoCNQ0xP8K2IKX6aiTBhqbp6H\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, says Rollins. Consider what people are getting when their hearing is restored: \"Stimulating your ears stimulates the nerves that stimulate your brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you get hearing aids, \"we're giving your ears back what they're missing, and giving your brain what it needs to make sense of what you're hearing,\" Rollins explains. And this can help you stay more stimulated and socially engaged. Rollins was not involved in the study. She's in practice in Silver Spring, Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins says people who have hearing loss might decline faster than those with normal hearing due to the loss of social stimulation. \"Social isolation is a huge part of hearing loss, and people will notice their loved ones withdrawing from conversation, or not going to family or social functions like they used to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins fits a lot of people with hearing aids, and sometimes they come in only after their loved ones insist on it. \"No one \u003cem>wants \u003c/em>to wear a hearing aid,\" Rollins says. \"Typically, there's convincing that needs to be done.\" There's still a stigma attached to wearing hearing aids. People think: \"I don't want to look old!\" But Rollins says the technology has improved a lot in recent years. And often, hearing aids are a lot less noticeable and are covered up by hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another obstacle. With a price tag of $4,500 and upwards for high-end aids, they're not cheap. Less expensive options are available, but insurance plans typically don't cover the full cost. Some plans offer no benefit for hearing aids, and, in general, Medicare \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/11/600895543/can-you-hear-me-now-senate-bill-may-make-the-answer-yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does not cover the cost\u003c/a>, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when people decide to get fitted with hearing aids, this step can improve quality of life. This is the case with Rollins' patient Lucien Johnson, 92, who was fitted with hearing aids a few weeks back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was tired of screaming,\" his wife, Carrie Johnson, tells us. And it was frustrating for Lucien as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes she thought I was ignoring her,\" Lucien says. But, really, he just didn't hear her speaking.[contextly_sidebar id=\"I4AgglSmwy1bzyUdMoNKByGDxN5TnrXK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnsons say they're communicating better now. Lucien went in to see Rollins for an adjustment recently. \"I need some fine-tuning,\" he told her. \"But so far, so good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another common condition as we age is the deterioration of vision, often because of cataracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New evidence shows that restoring vision by having cataract surgery can also slow cognitive decline. A companion study carried out by the same researchers and \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204833\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em> this month evaluated the outcomes of about 2,000 older adults who had cataract surgery. They were all participants in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Longitudinal Study of Ageing,\u003c/a> which is carried out similarly to the U.S. Health and Retirement Survey. Participants are given periodic cognitive assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 50 percent following cataract surgery,\" explains Maharani. As with the outcome in the hearing aid study, restoring good vision can't eliminate cognitive decline, but this study suggests it can significantly slow the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many factors influence healthy aging, including lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. But Maharani and her co-authors say it's important to know that steps to correct vision and hearing loss can play into the equation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Want+To+Keep+Your+Brain+Sharp%3F+Take+Care+Of+Your+Eyes+And+Ears&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By age 40, about 1 in 10 adults will experience some hearing loss. It happens so slowly and gradually, says audiologist Dina Rollins. \"You don't realize what you're missing.\" And even as it worsens, many people are in denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time someone is convinced they have a hearing problem, age-related memory loss may have already set in. But there's good news. Restoring hearing with hearing aids can help slow down cognitive decline.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these findings: Researchers tracked about 2,000 older adults in the U.S. both before and after they started using hearing aids. The adults were participants in a big, national study called the \u003ca href=\"http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Retirement Study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 75 percent following the adoption of hearing aids,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/asri.maharani.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asri Maharani\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Manchester in the division of neuroscience and experimental psychology and an author of the paper. \"It is a surprising result,\" Maharani says. The study was \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15363\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> this spring in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess cognition over time, researchers performed a battery of face-to-face tests with participants. This was done every two years from 1996 to 2014. One test to assess memory required participants to recall a list of 10 words, both immediately after the words were read aloud and then again after the participants had been distracted by other tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We weren't expecting that hearing aid use would eliminate cognitive decline. That's just not going to happen\" because age-related decline is inevitable, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/piers.dawes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piers Dawes\u003c/a>, an experimental psychologist and another author of the study. \"But the reduction in the rate of change is quite substantial. It's a very intriguing finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put the findings in context, consider that the slower rate of decline equates to remembering less than one more word on the 10-word recall test. So it's a small but measurable effect. And it adds to the evidence that hearing loss and cognitive decline are strongly linked.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, says Rollins. Consider what people are getting when their hearing is restored: \"Stimulating your ears stimulates the nerves that stimulate your brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you get hearing aids, \"we're giving your ears back what they're missing, and giving your brain what it needs to make sense of what you're hearing,\" Rollins explains. And this can help you stay more stimulated and socially engaged. Rollins was not involved in the study. She's in practice in Silver Spring, Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins says people who have hearing loss might decline faster than those with normal hearing due to the loss of social stimulation. \"Social isolation is a huge part of hearing loss, and people will notice their loved ones withdrawing from conversation, or not going to family or social functions like they used to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins fits a lot of people with hearing aids, and sometimes they come in only after their loved ones insist on it. \"No one \u003cem>wants \u003c/em>to wear a hearing aid,\" Rollins says. \"Typically, there's convincing that needs to be done.\" There's still a stigma attached to wearing hearing aids. People think: \"I don't want to look old!\" But Rollins says the technology has improved a lot in recent years. And often, hearing aids are a lot less noticeable and are covered up by hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another obstacle. With a price tag of $4,500 and upwards for high-end aids, they're not cheap. Less expensive options are available, but insurance plans typically don't cover the full cost. Some plans offer no benefit for hearing aids, and, in general, Medicare \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/11/600895543/can-you-hear-me-now-senate-bill-may-make-the-answer-yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does not cover the cost\u003c/a>, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when people decide to get fitted with hearing aids, this step can improve quality of life. This is the case with Rollins' patient Lucien Johnson, 92, who was fitted with hearing aids a few weeks back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was tired of screaming,\" his wife, Carrie Johnson, tells us. And it was frustrating for Lucien as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes she thought I was ignoring her,\" Lucien says. But, really, he just didn't hear her speaking.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnsons say they're communicating better now. Lucien went in to see Rollins for an adjustment recently. \"I need some fine-tuning,\" he told her. \"But so far, so good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another common condition as we age is the deterioration of vision, often because of cataracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New evidence shows that restoring vision by having cataract surgery can also slow cognitive decline. A companion study carried out by the same researchers and \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204833\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em> this month evaluated the outcomes of about 2,000 older adults who had cataract surgery. They were all participants in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Longitudinal Study of Ageing,\u003c/a> which is carried out similarly to the U.S. Health and Retirement Survey. Participants are given periodic cognitive assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 50 percent following cataract surgery,\" explains Maharani. As with the outcome in the hearing aid study, restoring good vision can't eliminate cognitive decline, but this study suggests it can significantly slow the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many factors influence healthy aging, including lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. But Maharani and her co-authors say it's important to know that steps to correct vision and hearing loss can play into the equation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Want+To+Keep+Your+Brain+Sharp%3F+Take+Care+Of+Your+Eyes+And+Ears&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyu7v7nWzfo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Part 4 of the \u003c/em>TED Radio Hour \u003cem>episode \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/485704159/what-makes-us-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What Makes Us ... Us\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About Anil Seth's TED Talk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we look around, it feels like we're seeing an objective reality. But neuroscientist Anil Seth says everything we perceive, from objects to emotions, is an act of informed guesswork by the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About Anil Seth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.anilseth.com/\">Anil Seth\u003c/a> is a professor of cognitive and computational neuroscience at the University of Sussex, where he studies consciousness and its role in health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He co-directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sackler/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science\u003c/a> and is the Editor-in-Chief of the academic journal \u003cem>Neuroscience of Consciousness\u003c/em>. Seth was also the 2017 President of the British Science Association (Psychology Section). He is the co-author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.anilseth.com/books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>30-Second Brain\u003c/em>,\u003c/a> a best-seller that explores how the brain works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seth is a regular contributor to the \u003cem>New Scientist, The Guardian\u003c/em>, and the BBC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Anil+Seth%3A+How+Does+Your+Brain+Construct+Your+Conscious+Reality%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">In the world of digital health, Silicon Valley-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/07/mindstrong-insel-mental-illness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mindstrong\u003c/a> stands out. It has a star-studded team and tens of millions in venture capital funding, including from Jeff Bezos’ VC firm.[contextly_sidebar id=\"KMLJnak6yPOdRS3TfVoiDTc6a7Cm51Xf\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It also has a captivating idea: that its app, based on cognitive functioning research, can help detect troubling mental health patterns by collecting data on a person’s smartphone usage — how quickly they type or scroll, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The promise of that technology has helped Mindstrong build incredible momentum since it launched last year; already more than a dozen counties in California have agreed to deploy the company’s app to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Does the app live up to its promise? There’s no way to tell. Almost no one outside the company has any idea whether it works. Most of the company’s key promises or claims aren’t yet backed up by published, peer-reviewed data — leading some experts to wonder if the technology is ready for the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“I wouldn’t waste all that time and money in the wild until they get sure that some of those things are as specific as they hope they are,” said Rosalind Picard, a researcher at MIT Media Lab who is familiar with Mindstrong’s work and tries to use data from smartphones and wearables to detect a person’s mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as one of the company’s executives, Dr. Tom Insel, acknowledged to STAT that the app isn’t perfect, the company’s CEO emphasized that Mindstrong could provide unprecedented insight into conditions like depression.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Kw9tNYwAAP3TxDDlzs24FDdim0qufSVP\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindstrong is not alone in pushing the frontiers of smartphone-based digital health. Many companies use so-called digital phenotyping, collecting scientific data on a person’s digital life, to gain insights into his or her physical or mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s app collects information about how people are typing and runs it through a machine learning algorithm to determine which data can predict their emotional state. Mindstrong has already used it in controlled clinical settings and trials — including one run by a company developing new antidepressants and another done in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/24/ketamine-clinics-severe-depression-treatment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ketamine clinic\u003c/a>. The app is available in Apple’s app store, but requires a participant code to access it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve done the validation work against the gold-standard clinical tests for depression, for anxiety, for cognitive decline, whether it’s memory or executive function,” said Dr. Paul Dagum, the company’s founder. “We’re confident, we’re already seeing some really exciting results.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last year, Mindstrong’s footprint and reach have already grown exponentially. The Palo Alto-based company’s workforce has doubled to 42 employees and it made \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/philanthropic-impact-digital-phenotyping/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a sizable gift\u003c/a> to Harvard’s school of public health. In February, it launched a partnership with Takeda to develop new biomarkers that will be able to aid the pharmaceutical giant’s clinical trials for depression treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to use that data to establish a “normal” pattern — so it can be compared against someone’s typing habits on any given day. If the habits look off, slower or more agitated than normal, the app can alert a health care provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abnormal patterns, Mindstrong says, might show up if a person is more depressed or anxious, or if just about anything else about their mental health changes. When asked which disorders Mindstrong might be able to detect, Dagum replied, “all of them.” (Dagum, a data scientist and physician, founded the company in 2017 with Rick Klausner, the founder and director of CAR-T pioneer Juno Therapeutics and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/02/grail-cancer-blood-test-asco/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grail\u003c/a>, a liquid biopsy company.)[contextly_sidebar id=\"XHhLlvPBCoPTlN54jyme2G0wpse1GITN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindstrong officials told STAT that among their most encouraging results is that its app can even predict how a person will feel next week, or at least how a person will perform on the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression — kind of like a weather app for your mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data behind this claim is being published soon, said Insel, who is the former head of the National Institute of Mental Health and came to the company in 2017 after a short stint at \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/28/google-life-sciences-exodus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Verily\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app can detect a seven-point change on the Hamilton scale, Insel said. That kind of difference could indicate a patient who is not normally depressed now shows signs of mild or moderate depression, or that a person with moderate depression is now showing signs of a very severe condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a clinician and for someone taking care of a patient, knowing that, it could be very, very powerful,” Dagum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s momentum has taken it to the cusp of a real-world deployment in California. About 15 counties — including the most populous county in the United States, Los Angeles County — will be spending about $60 million over the next four years to bring companies like Mindstrong and other apps into their health care system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These counties hope apps will help them get better services to people with mental illnesses like depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mindstrong program itself is limited: Patients can choose voluntarily whether to use the app, which will be free to them, and that decision won’t affect the rest of the mental health services they can access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lack of Public Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the Mindstrong app has only been used in controlled clinical settings and trials — including one run by a company developing new antidepressants and another done in a ketamine clinic. The company has also claimed that a “\u003ca href=\"https://mindstronghealth.com/clinical-programs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nationwide employer\u003c/a>” and private substance abuse clinics in D.C. are using the app.[contextly_sidebar id=\"KGoxoWR6m8MUKnLishPvyacpod0HWpt7\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other than the change on the Hamilton scale — which hasn’t yet gone through peer review and was disclosed to STAT in an interview — almost no data about how well Mindstrong’s technology works is available to independent observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s website describes five completed clinical trials, but it has not yet published the results of any. Only a handful of other published works — all from the last year — have hinted at how well it works or its scope with data to back up the claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0018-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> a 27-person pilot study in the journal npj Digital Medicine earlier this year. Dagum is also an author on a poster \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2017265#t122-assessing-anhedonia-with-quantitative-tasks-digital-and-patient-reported-measures-in-a-multicenter-doubleblind-trial-with-btrx246040-for-the-treatment-of-major-depressive-disorder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">presentation\u003c/a> given at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology’s 2017 conference, another \u003ca href=\"https://isctm.org/public_access/Feb2018/PDFs/Smith-poster.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poster\u003c/a> that reported results from a very wide variety of digital phenotyping techniques — not just typing — and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29074231\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> describing a clinical trial protocol — not results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mindstrong steps toward a wider rollout, the scientific studies behind its claims will matter. Federal regulators, for one, have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/blogs/business-blog/2016/01/mind-gap-what-lumosity-promised-vs-what-it-could-prove\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cracked down\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/12/marketers-blood-pressure-app-settle-ftc-charges-regarding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commercial apps\u003c/a>that misleadingly reference a study’s conclusions to market their app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on her own research, at least one expert in digital health and mood said she’s skeptical that Mindstrong can, in a general population, work as well as the company claims. MIT’s Picard said that while there are ways to predict or detect mood changes, you usually need more than just a single type of data to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m suspicious that a single modality like typing is going to be sufficient. It would be like saying there’s a single question [on a screening questionnaire] that a doctor could be using,” said Picard, who is also CEO of a company that works on digital phenotyping, like Mindstrong does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My guess is that their specificity to depression is going to be relatively low,” Picard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her \u003ca href=\"https://www.jmir.org/2018/6/e210/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">own\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/954607\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a>, for example, relies on temperature and skin conductivity as well as calls and the amount of time spent on a phone to predict mood changes. It is about 80 percent accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"quote-inner\">\n\u003cp>Especially in the field of digital mental health, “we need more peer review,” said Dr. Steven Steinhubl, the director of digital medicine at Scripps Research Translational Institute. (Steinhubl is also the co-editor-in-chief of npj Digital Medicine.) Though he said he strongly believes in the potential of apps like Mindstrong, Steinhubl cautioned that peer review has a purpose.[contextly_sidebar id=\"8bFNH4xsL9O8lTSDRHnxnqtYwxOF2Z5k\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Peer review] is a very imperfect system, but there’s really nothing in the peer-reviewed literature. That means that other experts aren’t able to weigh in,” he said. “If you have committees and other people reviewing something who maybe don’t have the same level of expertise, you’ll have people saying, ‘Yeah, that sounds good.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers have also found that neuropsychological tests, more broadly, have relatively low accuracy rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study that examined people who were already being treated for depression, one computerized test could only accurately predict their condition in about 40 percent of cases. Another showed a 44 percent accuracy rate for a similar computerized test used to examine people with major depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A neuropsychological test — if it’s used as a screening test — is “going to miss a lot of people who are depressed,” said Richard Porter, a psychology researcher based at the University of Otago in New Zealand who conducted one of the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if depressed people do show some kind of cognitive impairment, it’s impossible to tell what caused it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many things other than mental illness might cause a person to perform poorly on cognitive tests — like living with another disorder, having a lower baseline performance on cognitive tests, having a drink or taking prescription, over-the-counter, or illegal drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindstrong’s leaders aren’t worried about that kind of noise in their data. Some of those factors are important to note, both for patients and the health care professionals working with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re hungover, you didn’t sleep well, you didn’t take your medication, you have a medication side effects, you’re having stress and challenges at work and at home. Those are things that we want to measure,” Dagum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even Insel admitted that there are plenty of issues that could affect typing speed — and which Mindstrong hasn’t figured out how to sort out yet. Sticky fingers after lunch, full hands at an airport, wearing gloves during winter, or a broken hand might also plausible affect a person’s typing speed — and, therefore, the app’s performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing we’ve thought about is how we factor in those unusual environmental issues,” Insel said. “We’re working on that. But I can’t say that we’ve solved all of those possible issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Looming Launch in the Golden State\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insel and others linked with the company are fond of comparing their app to a smoke detector — something that’s intended to enhance humans’ senses to detect danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But part of the value of a smoke detector is that if it’s functioning properly, we know it isn’t going off at random. It only goes off in certain conditions and carries a specific message: Your house is on fire or about to be. Do something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least for now, that’s where Mindstrong differs from a smoke detector. There’s no way to tell, yet, how specific it is or how sensitive its algorithm is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insel said that information is coming. He said the company has the data about the app’s accuracy — but he declined to provide those figures, citing papers pending publication. “[They] square very well with clinically used biomarkers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California authorities suggest they have been shown some of that data. But they’re nevertheless cautious about how the app will work in their new, different setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One official said there will be “clear writing” included with the state’s version of the app about what it can do, what it cannot do, and what goals the counties hope it will help them achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those goals are pretty lofty. At least some counties eventually plan to use it not only to supplement the existing system, but potentially to bring more people into its fold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We might be able to go to colleges, emergency departments, other places,” said Debbie Innes-Gomberg, a deputy director at the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. “There’s a process of identifying that they’re symptomatic, but [our target population is] people that are in our system and people who maybe need to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even before the app launched in the original five counties that had signed on, the pilot has expanded. Another 11 counties have recently decided to join.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Innes-Gomberg said, it’s going to be rolled out with caution. “We’re not going to oversell this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/04/mindstrong-questions-over-evidence/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">In the world of digital health, Silicon Valley-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/07/mindstrong-insel-mental-illness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mindstrong\u003c/a> stands out. It has a star-studded team and tens of millions in venture capital funding, including from Jeff Bezos’ VC firm.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It also has a captivating idea: that its app, based on cognitive functioning research, can help detect troubling mental health patterns by collecting data on a person’s smartphone usage — how quickly they type or scroll, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The promise of that technology has helped Mindstrong build incredible momentum since it launched last year; already more than a dozen counties in California have agreed to deploy the company’s app to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Does the app live up to its promise? There’s no way to tell. Almost no one outside the company has any idea whether it works. Most of the company’s key promises or claims aren’t yet backed up by published, peer-reviewed data — leading some experts to wonder if the technology is ready for the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“I wouldn’t waste all that time and money in the wild until they get sure that some of those things are as specific as they hope they are,” said Rosalind Picard, a researcher at MIT Media Lab who is familiar with Mindstrong’s work and tries to use data from smartphones and wearables to detect a person’s mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as one of the company’s executives, Dr. Tom Insel, acknowledged to STAT that the app isn’t perfect, the company’s CEO emphasized that Mindstrong could provide unprecedented insight into conditions like depression.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindstrong is not alone in pushing the frontiers of smartphone-based digital health. Many companies use so-called digital phenotyping, collecting scientific data on a person’s digital life, to gain insights into his or her physical or mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s app collects information about how people are typing and runs it through a machine learning algorithm to determine which data can predict their emotional state. Mindstrong has already used it in controlled clinical settings and trials — including one run by a company developing new antidepressants and another done in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/24/ketamine-clinics-severe-depression-treatment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ketamine clinic\u003c/a>. The app is available in Apple’s app store, but requires a participant code to access it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve done the validation work against the gold-standard clinical tests for depression, for anxiety, for cognitive decline, whether it’s memory or executive function,” said Dr. Paul Dagum, the company’s founder. “We’re confident, we’re already seeing some really exciting results.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last year, Mindstrong’s footprint and reach have already grown exponentially. The Palo Alto-based company’s workforce has doubled to 42 employees and it made \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/philanthropic-impact-digital-phenotyping/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a sizable gift\u003c/a> to Harvard’s school of public health. In February, it launched a partnership with Takeda to develop new biomarkers that will be able to aid the pharmaceutical giant’s clinical trials for depression treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to use that data to establish a “normal” pattern — so it can be compared against someone’s typing habits on any given day. If the habits look off, slower or more agitated than normal, the app can alert a health care provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abnormal patterns, Mindstrong says, might show up if a person is more depressed or anxious, or if just about anything else about their mental health changes. When asked which disorders Mindstrong might be able to detect, Dagum replied, “all of them.” (Dagum, a data scientist and physician, founded the company in 2017 with Rick Klausner, the founder and director of CAR-T pioneer Juno Therapeutics and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/02/grail-cancer-blood-test-asco/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grail\u003c/a>, a liquid biopsy company.)\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindstrong officials told STAT that among their most encouraging results is that its app can even predict how a person will feel next week, or at least how a person will perform on the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression — kind of like a weather app for your mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data behind this claim is being published soon, said Insel, who is the former head of the National Institute of Mental Health and came to the company in 2017 after a short stint at \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/28/google-life-sciences-exodus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Verily\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app can detect a seven-point change on the Hamilton scale, Insel said. That kind of difference could indicate a patient who is not normally depressed now shows signs of mild or moderate depression, or that a person with moderate depression is now showing signs of a very severe condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a clinician and for someone taking care of a patient, knowing that, it could be very, very powerful,” Dagum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s momentum has taken it to the cusp of a real-world deployment in California. About 15 counties — including the most populous county in the United States, Los Angeles County — will be spending about $60 million over the next four years to bring companies like Mindstrong and other apps into their health care system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These counties hope apps will help them get better services to people with mental illnesses like depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mindstrong program itself is limited: Patients can choose voluntarily whether to use the app, which will be free to them, and that decision won’t affect the rest of the mental health services they can access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lack of Public Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the Mindstrong app has only been used in controlled clinical settings and trials — including one run by a company developing new antidepressants and another done in a ketamine clinic. The company has also claimed that a “\u003ca href=\"https://mindstronghealth.com/clinical-programs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nationwide employer\u003c/a>” and private substance abuse clinics in D.C. are using the app.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other than the change on the Hamilton scale — which hasn’t yet gone through peer review and was disclosed to STAT in an interview — almost no data about how well Mindstrong’s technology works is available to independent observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s website describes five completed clinical trials, but it has not yet published the results of any. Only a handful of other published works — all from the last year — have hinted at how well it works or its scope with data to back up the claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0018-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> a 27-person pilot study in the journal npj Digital Medicine earlier this year. Dagum is also an author on a poster \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2017265#t122-assessing-anhedonia-with-quantitative-tasks-digital-and-patient-reported-measures-in-a-multicenter-doubleblind-trial-with-btrx246040-for-the-treatment-of-major-depressive-disorder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">presentation\u003c/a> given at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology’s 2017 conference, another \u003ca href=\"https://isctm.org/public_access/Feb2018/PDFs/Smith-poster.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poster\u003c/a> that reported results from a very wide variety of digital phenotyping techniques — not just typing — and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29074231\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> describing a clinical trial protocol — not results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mindstrong steps toward a wider rollout, the scientific studies behind its claims will matter. Federal regulators, for one, have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/blogs/business-blog/2016/01/mind-gap-what-lumosity-promised-vs-what-it-could-prove\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cracked down\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/12/marketers-blood-pressure-app-settle-ftc-charges-regarding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commercial apps\u003c/a>that misleadingly reference a study’s conclusions to market their app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on her own research, at least one expert in digital health and mood said she’s skeptical that Mindstrong can, in a general population, work as well as the company claims. MIT’s Picard said that while there are ways to predict or detect mood changes, you usually need more than just a single type of data to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m suspicious that a single modality like typing is going to be sufficient. It would be like saying there’s a single question [on a screening questionnaire] that a doctor could be using,” said Picard, who is also CEO of a company that works on digital phenotyping, like Mindstrong does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My guess is that their specificity to depression is going to be relatively low,” Picard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her \u003ca href=\"https://www.jmir.org/2018/6/e210/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">own\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/954607\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a>, for example, relies on temperature and skin conductivity as well as calls and the amount of time spent on a phone to predict mood changes. It is about 80 percent accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"quote-inner\">\n\u003cp>Especially in the field of digital mental health, “we need more peer review,” said Dr. Steven Steinhubl, the director of digital medicine at Scripps Research Translational Institute. (Steinhubl is also the co-editor-in-chief of npj Digital Medicine.) Though he said he strongly believes in the potential of apps like Mindstrong, Steinhubl cautioned that peer review has a purpose.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Peer review] is a very imperfect system, but there’s really nothing in the peer-reviewed literature. That means that other experts aren’t able to weigh in,” he said. “If you have committees and other people reviewing something who maybe don’t have the same level of expertise, you’ll have people saying, ‘Yeah, that sounds good.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers have also found that neuropsychological tests, more broadly, have relatively low accuracy rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study that examined people who were already being treated for depression, one computerized test could only accurately predict their condition in about 40 percent of cases. Another showed a 44 percent accuracy rate for a similar computerized test used to examine people with major depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A neuropsychological test — if it’s used as a screening test — is “going to miss a lot of people who are depressed,” said Richard Porter, a psychology researcher based at the University of Otago in New Zealand who conducted one of the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if depressed people do show some kind of cognitive impairment, it’s impossible to tell what caused it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many things other than mental illness might cause a person to perform poorly on cognitive tests — like living with another disorder, having a lower baseline performance on cognitive tests, having a drink or taking prescription, over-the-counter, or illegal drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindstrong’s leaders aren’t worried about that kind of noise in their data. Some of those factors are important to note, both for patients and the health care professionals working with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re hungover, you didn’t sleep well, you didn’t take your medication, you have a medication side effects, you’re having stress and challenges at work and at home. Those are things that we want to measure,” Dagum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even Insel admitted that there are plenty of issues that could affect typing speed — and which Mindstrong hasn’t figured out how to sort out yet. Sticky fingers after lunch, full hands at an airport, wearing gloves during winter, or a broken hand might also plausible affect a person’s typing speed — and, therefore, the app’s performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing we’ve thought about is how we factor in those unusual environmental issues,” Insel said. “We’re working on that. But I can’t say that we’ve solved all of those possible issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Looming Launch in the Golden State\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insel and others linked with the company are fond of comparing their app to a smoke detector — something that’s intended to enhance humans’ senses to detect danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But part of the value of a smoke detector is that if it’s functioning properly, we know it isn’t going off at random. It only goes off in certain conditions and carries a specific message: Your house is on fire or about to be. Do something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least for now, that’s where Mindstrong differs from a smoke detector. There’s no way to tell, yet, how specific it is or how sensitive its algorithm is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insel said that information is coming. He said the company has the data about the app’s accuracy — but he declined to provide those figures, citing papers pending publication. “[They] square very well with clinically used biomarkers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California authorities suggest they have been shown some of that data. But they’re nevertheless cautious about how the app will work in their new, different setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One official said there will be “clear writing” included with the state’s version of the app about what it can do, what it cannot do, and what goals the counties hope it will help them achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those goals are pretty lofty. At least some counties eventually plan to use it not only to supplement the existing system, but potentially to bring more people into its fold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We might be able to go to colleges, emergency departments, other places,” said Debbie Innes-Gomberg, a deputy director at the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. “There’s a process of identifying that they’re symptomatic, but [our target population is] people that are in our system and people who maybe need to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even before the app launched in the original five counties that had signed on, the pilot has expanded. Another 11 counties have recently decided to join.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Innes-Gomberg said, it’s going to be rolled out with caution. “We’re not going to oversell this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/04/mindstrong-questions-over-evidence/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In her testimony to a Senate committee, the woman who accused Brett Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her when they were teenagers dipped briefly into the mechanics of memory. Experts say she got it pretty much right.[contextly_sidebar id=\"MgBzvQhdBHjEstqurrr3K1yckpneYUdI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked Thursday how she could be sure it was Kavanaugh who put a hand over her mouth to keep her quiet, psychologist Christine Blasey Ford cited levels of chemical messengers called norepinephrine and epinephrine in her brain at the time of the alleged attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said those chemicals helped encode memories in a brain region called the hippocampus, so that the main memory was “locked there” while other details “kind of drift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, she said a memory of Kavanaugh and another teen laughing during the assault was “indelible in the hippocampus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memories are not highly detailed recordings of events retrieved with perfect accuracy. They are shaped by beliefs and expectations. For that reason, experts told The Associated Press last week that both Ford and Kavanaugh, who denies that any assault happened, may both firmly believe what they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which one believes his or her version more strongly is no tipoff to what really happened, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Confidence is not a good guide to whether or not someone is telling the truth,” said Nora Newcombe, a psychology professor at Temple University in Philadelphia. “If they think they’re telling the truth, they could plausibly both be confident about it.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"amJ6lQEUSDSPlTWgnGoBA7CSFAZGM5RJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a situation where a woman fears being raped by a man, her memories might be shaped by that fear into a recollection that overestimates the threat, whereas the man might consider it “just playing around” and forget it, said David Rubin, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And both people could be completely honest about their recollections, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rubin noted the obvious fact that people can forget things they did while drunk. But he said the man in that scenario could forget about the event even if he had been sober.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts in memory and the brain said Ford’s quick tour of memory machinery was generally correct. Levels of the brain substances she cited go up when a person is alarmed, and they help memories become laid down more strongly in the hippocampus, said Elizabeth Phelps, a Harvard University psychologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That helps people vividly recall central parts of an emotional experience, while details are typically lost, said Lila Davachi of Columbia University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s clear the hippocampus is key to the initial laying down of memory, there’s some debate about its role in long-term memory, Phelps said. Various pieces of an experience — sounds, sights and thoughts — are perceived in different parts of the brain. And initially the hippocampus serves as sort of the center of a web that holds those perceptions together as a memory, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years pass and the memory becomes consolidated, it’s not clear whether the hippocampus continues to play that central role, or whether the various parts of a memory are connected by other means, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which one believes his or her version more strongly is no tipoff to what really happened, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Confidence is not a good guide to whether or not someone is telling the truth,” said Nora Newcombe, a psychology professor at Temple University in Philadelphia. “If they think they’re telling the truth, they could plausibly both be confident about it.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a situation where a woman fears being raped by a man, her memories might be shaped by that fear into a recollection that overestimates the threat, whereas the man might consider it “just playing around” and forget it, said David Rubin, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And both people could be completely honest about their recollections, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rubin noted the obvious fact that people can forget things they did while drunk. But he said the man in that scenario could forget about the event even if he had been sober.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts in memory and the brain said Ford’s quick tour of memory machinery was generally correct. Levels of the brain substances she cited go up when a person is alarmed, and they help memories become laid down more strongly in the hippocampus, said Elizabeth Phelps, a Harvard University psychologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That helps people vividly recall central parts of an emotional experience, while details are typically lost, said Lila Davachi of Columbia University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s clear the hippocampus is key to the initial laying down of memory, there’s some debate about its role in long-term memory, Phelps said. Various pieces of an experience — sounds, sights and thoughts — are perceived in different parts of the brain. And initially the hippocampus serves as sort of the center of a web that holds those perceptions together as a memory, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years pass and the memory becomes consolidated, it’s not clear whether the hippocampus continues to play that central role, or whether the various parts of a memory are connected by other means, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>She says he sexually assaulted her; he denies it. Is somebody deliberately lying?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not necessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that because of how memory works, it’s possible that both Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford — the woman who says a drunken Kavanaugh pinned her to a bed and groped her at a party when they were teenagers in the early 1980s — believe what they say.[contextly_sidebar id=\"aGFI2U13RVFON4GWTLLls7lLOiR2jou1\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And which one of them believes his or her version more strongly is no tipoff to what really happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Confidence is not a good guide to whether or not someone is telling the truth,” said Nora Newcombe, a psychology professor at Temple University in Philadelphia. “If they think they’re telling the truth, they could plausibly both be confident about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the nation ponders the accusations from Ford that could derail Kavanaugh’s nomination, the possibility that one of them simply got it wrong has been floated on Capitol Hill. Ford’s lawyers have said some senators appear to have made up their mind that she is “mistaken” and confused. Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah told CNN, “Somebody’s mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say a person’s memory is not like a video recorder, perfectly capturing an objective record of everything that happens for later retrieval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Memory is mostly true but sometimes unreliable,” said psychologist Jennifer Talarico of Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. Generally, “we get the gist mostly right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your beliefs and expectations shape what you perceive in your life and how you later remember those events, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are constructing the reality out there as it happens, and therefore you get stuck with that ... as the most accurate you can have for your memory,” said David Rubin, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University. “That’s all you have to base your memory on.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"whv9WgAL0RAIu9Kk3FDpIVBBXEXkxLjZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in a situation where a woman fears being raped by a man, her memories might be shaped by that fear into a recollection that overestimates the threat, whereas the man might consider it “just playing around” and simply forget it later on, Rubin said. And both could be completely honest about their recollections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, when people make mistakes in recalling an event, they unknowingly slip in details that would be typical on such occasions, Talarico said. (She would not speculate on particular memories at issue in the Kavanaugh matter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to emotionally charged events, it’s typical to remember a central person or an item such as a gun but forget the context and details, Newcombe said. “You have this vivid central thing and everything else is fuzzy,” she said. “Emotion makes one thing go up and the other go down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it would be wrong to challenge Ford’s memory of the alleged incident over inability to recall details, Newcombe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford, a 51-year-old California psychology professor, told The Washington Post that she told nobody about the alleged incident in any detail until 2012, while in couples therapy. Her husband said he recalled her using Kavanaugh’s last name at that time.[contextly_sidebar id=\"JPgu1jHhQDzw6C74gfXRYE1kGCDVjvC4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts cited a classic case of how memory can fail: the 1973 Senate committee testimony of John Dean, former counsel to President Richard Nixon, regarding the Watergate affair. He testified about conversations that, it later turned out, had been recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1981, a psychologist published a comparison of his testimony to the tapes and found that even though Dean was basically right about the existence of a cover-up, his accounts of conversations were often wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Kavanaugh matter, Rubin said, “We don’t have the tapes for what happened at the party.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the nation ponders the accusations from Ford that could derail Kavanaugh’s nomination, the possibility that one of them simply got it wrong has been floated on Capitol Hill. Ford’s lawyers have said some senators appear to have made up their mind that she is “mistaken” and confused. Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah told CNN, “Somebody’s mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say a person’s memory is not like a video recorder, perfectly capturing an objective record of everything that happens for later retrieval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Memory is mostly true but sometimes unreliable,” said psychologist Jennifer Talarico of Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. Generally, “we get the gist mostly right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your beliefs and expectations shape what you perceive in your life and how you later remember those events, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are constructing the reality out there as it happens, and therefore you get stuck with that ... as the most accurate you can have for your memory,” said David Rubin, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University. “That’s all you have to base your memory on.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in a situation where a woman fears being raped by a man, her memories might be shaped by that fear into a recollection that overestimates the threat, whereas the man might consider it “just playing around” and simply forget it later on, Rubin said. And both could be completely honest about their recollections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, when people make mistakes in recalling an event, they unknowingly slip in details that would be typical on such occasions, Talarico said. (She would not speculate on particular memories at issue in the Kavanaugh matter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to emotionally charged events, it’s typical to remember a central person or an item such as a gun but forget the context and details, Newcombe said. “You have this vivid central thing and everything else is fuzzy,” she said. “Emotion makes one thing go up and the other go down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it would be wrong to challenge Ford’s memory of the alleged incident over inability to recall details, Newcombe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford, a 51-year-old California psychology professor, told The Washington Post that she told nobody about the alleged incident in any detail until 2012, while in couples therapy. Her husband said he recalled her using Kavanaugh’s last name at that time.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts cited a classic case of how memory can fail: the 1973 Senate committee testimony of John Dean, former counsel to President Richard Nixon, regarding the Watergate affair. He testified about conversations that, it later turned out, had been recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1981, a psychologist published a comparison of his testimony to the tapes and found that even though Dean was basically right about the existence of a cover-up, his accounts of conversations were often wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Kavanaugh matter, Rubin said, “We don’t have the tapes for what happened at the party.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "WATCH: This Rapper Used Neuroscience To Get Over Her Ex",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/_zptWlAxYk0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a relationship ends but love remains, it can be both frustrating and embarrassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dessa, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doomtree.net/dessa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a well-known rapper, singer and writer from Minneapolis,\u003c/a> knows the feeling well. She'd spent years trying to get over an ex-boyfriend, but she was still stuck on him.[contextly_sidebar id=\"mlbMdLIlSsXEMYXBPWlqFIXoZNq8obvy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're not only suffering,\" she says, \"you're just sort of ridiculous. Discipline and dedication are my strong suits — it really bothered me that, no matter how much effort I tried to expend in trying to solve this problem, I was stuck.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things changed when Dessa turned to the frontiers of neuroscience for help. She came across a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_studies_the_brain_in_love\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TED Talk by Helen Fisher\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist and visiting research associate at Rutgers University. Using a type of brain scan called functional MRI, or fMRI, Fisher had looked into the brains of love-struck people and noticed that certain parts of their brains were unusually active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you could objectively measure and observe 'love' — that had never occurred to me before,\" Dessa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wondered: If science could map the sources of love in her brain, could it somehow make that love go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question led her to a controversial therapy technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892319/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurofeedback\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is simple: If you want to learn to lower your heart rate, it helps to be able to hear your pulse. And if you want to change patterns of brain activity, it might be helpful to be able to see what your brain is up to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One flavor of neurofeedback therapy uses a technology called electroencephalography (EEG). A cap full of electrical leads picks up brain waves and translates them into visual or audio cues — like shifting colors on a screen or a series of dings.[contextly_sidebar id=\"1fHutBtcW68QYfMP3EG9cUp4qyVAiRXb\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that people can use this feedback to retrain those brain waves, changing underlying patterns in the process — turning down unwanted brain activity or turning up regions that are too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinicians have used neurofeedback to try and treat all kinds of mental health issues: anxiety, depression, autism, and ADHD. And they say they've \u003ca href=\"https://www.isnr.org/in-defense-of-neurofeedback\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seen some positive results\u003c/a>. Patients say they feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing popularity of EEG-neurofeedback has been met with skepticism. Some scientists say the power of this therapy \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_AMP_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may stem from the placebo effect\u003c/a>. (They also point out that a lot of neurofeedback research is done by \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_Brain_Climate_2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">people who have a financial stake in the industry\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more rigorous research from the past couple of years supports the idea that, at least in some cases, neurofeedback can be used to train the brain. Most of this research uses fMRI brain scans — not EEG — to peek inside the skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)00095-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one study\u003c/a>, participants learned to turn up a brain region linked to motivation and focus. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28407727\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>, patients with depression were able to alleviate some of their symptoms. But scientists doing this research say there's a lot of work to be done before it can be applied clinically.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZTOJcPBkTbqiXR1MSox5O57wZuSuzU4T\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could neurofeedback provide a balm for broken hearts? No research has been done in this area. But that didn't stop Dessa from trying a sort of experiment on herself: nine EEG-neurofeedback sessions aimed at helping her brain escape the rut of romantic obsession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she felt different when she was done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before, I felt that I was really under the thumb of a fixation and a compulsion,\" she says. \"And now it feels like those feelings have been scaled down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, maybe the neurofeedback had worked as practitioners suggest it does. Or maybe, alternatively, Dessa got the therapy she wanted in other ways — by talking through her experiment, by writing about it, by composing songs for her new album.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe, her neurofeedback sessions helped her via the placebo effect. They suggested that her emotions are grounded in a physical organ \u003cem> — \u003c/em>one that she might be able to influence. Maybe simply believing that she wasn't helpless helped her change her mind and heal her heartbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, Dessa is happy to begin to move on and to start a new chapter with her music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've written a bunch of sad rap bangers — I'd like to write other kinds of songs,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Rapper+Tried+To+Use+Neuroscience+To+Get+Over+Her+Ex&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Dessa is a singer and writer from Minneapolis who spent years trying to fall out of love and get over her ex. Nothing seemed to help — until she visited a research lab for a brain scan.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_zptWlAxYk0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_zptWlAxYk0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>When a relationship ends but love remains, it can be both frustrating and embarrassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dessa, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doomtree.net/dessa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a well-known rapper, singer and writer from Minneapolis,\u003c/a> knows the feeling well. She'd spent years trying to get over an ex-boyfriend, but she was still stuck on him.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're not only suffering,\" she says, \"you're just sort of ridiculous. Discipline and dedication are my strong suits — it really bothered me that, no matter how much effort I tried to expend in trying to solve this problem, I was stuck.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things changed when Dessa turned to the frontiers of neuroscience for help. She came across a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_studies_the_brain_in_love\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TED Talk by Helen Fisher\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist and visiting research associate at Rutgers University. Using a type of brain scan called functional MRI, or fMRI, Fisher had looked into the brains of love-struck people and noticed that certain parts of their brains were unusually active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you could objectively measure and observe 'love' — that had never occurred to me before,\" Dessa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wondered: If science could map the sources of love in her brain, could it somehow make that love go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question led her to a controversial therapy technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892319/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurofeedback\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is simple: If you want to learn to lower your heart rate, it helps to be able to hear your pulse. And if you want to change patterns of brain activity, it might be helpful to be able to see what your brain is up to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One flavor of neurofeedback therapy uses a technology called electroencephalography (EEG). A cap full of electrical leads picks up brain waves and translates them into visual or audio cues — like shifting colors on a screen or a series of dings.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that people can use this feedback to retrain those brain waves, changing underlying patterns in the process — turning down unwanted brain activity or turning up regions that are too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinicians have used neurofeedback to try and treat all kinds of mental health issues: anxiety, depression, autism, and ADHD. And they say they've \u003ca href=\"https://www.isnr.org/in-defense-of-neurofeedback\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seen some positive results\u003c/a>. Patients say they feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing popularity of EEG-neurofeedback has been met with skepticism. Some scientists say the power of this therapy \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_AMP_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may stem from the placebo effect\u003c/a>. (They also point out that a lot of neurofeedback research is done by \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_Brain_Climate_2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">people who have a financial stake in the industry\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more rigorous research from the past couple of years supports the idea that, at least in some cases, neurofeedback can be used to train the brain. Most of this research uses fMRI brain scans — not EEG — to peek inside the skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)00095-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one study\u003c/a>, participants learned to turn up a brain region linked to motivation and focus. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28407727\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>, patients with depression were able to alleviate some of their symptoms. But scientists doing this research say there's a lot of work to be done before it can be applied clinically.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could neurofeedback provide a balm for broken hearts? No research has been done in this area. But that didn't stop Dessa from trying a sort of experiment on herself: nine EEG-neurofeedback sessions aimed at helping her brain escape the rut of romantic obsession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she felt different when she was done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before, I felt that I was really under the thumb of a fixation and a compulsion,\" she says. \"And now it feels like those feelings have been scaled down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, maybe the neurofeedback had worked as practitioners suggest it does. Or maybe, alternatively, Dessa got the therapy she wanted in other ways — by talking through her experiment, by writing about it, by composing songs for her new album.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe, her neurofeedback sessions helped her via the placebo effect. They suggested that her emotions are grounded in a physical organ \u003cem> — \u003c/em>one that she might be able to influence. Maybe simply believing that she wasn't helpless helped her change her mind and heal her heartbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, Dessa is happy to begin to move on and to start a new chapter with her music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've written a bunch of sad rap bangers — I'd like to write other kinds of songs,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Rapper+Tried+To+Use+Neuroscience+To+Get+Over+Her+Ex&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have taken another step toward understanding what makes the human brain unique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team has identified a kind of brain cell that exists in people but not mice, the team \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-018-0205-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This particular type of cell had properties that had never actually been described in another species,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/about/team/staff-profiles/ed-lein/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ed Lein\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and an investigator at the \u003cem>Allen Institute for Brain Science \u003c/em>in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding could help explain why many experimental treatments for brain disorders have worked in mice, but failed in people. It could also provide new clues to scientists who study human brain disorders ranging from autism to Alzheimer's disease to schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may be that in order to fully understand psychiatric disorders, we need to get access to these special types of neurons that exist only in humans,\" says \u003ca href=\"National%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health,%20which%20helped%20fund%20the%20research.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Gordon\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have suggested several other brain cells that might be unique to humans. But these cells have either been \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17441195\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found in other species\u003c/a>, or the evidence for them has been less convincing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is still possible that these newly identified neurons will also be found the brains of primates like monkeys or chimps, Lein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain cells have been named \"rose hip neurons\" by a team at the University of Szeged in Hungary, which played a key role in the discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scientist named \u003ca href=\"http://tamaslab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gábor Tamás\u003c/a> and members of his lab were studying brain cells called inhibitory neurons, which act like the brakes in a car. They tell other brain cells when to slow down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamas was recording electrical signals from inhibitory neurons taken from the cortex of two men who had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the course of doing these recordings, he started to notice a very distinctive type of cell that, to him, had the shape of a rose after the petals have fallen off,\" Lein says. \"So he called them the rose hip cell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By chance, scientists at the Allen Institute had also identified these cells using an entirely different approach, a new technique that allowed them to detect the genes that are switched on in human brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the researchers combined what they had learned and confirmed that rose hip cells were a distinct subtype of inhibitory neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding challenges earlier evidence that the human brain is merely bigger and more sophisticated than a mouse brain. At some point, humans acquired at least one kind of brain cell that a mouse doesn't have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren't sure exactly what rose hip cells do, though they appear to be involved in the controlling the flow of information in specific areas of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But regardless of their precise function, the discovery of rose hip neurons has implications for brain research. For one thing, \"it throws some doubt on the ability to use the mouse to study certain elements of human function and disease,\" Lein says. And because rose hip neurons are a type of inhibitory neuron, they could play a role in mental illness, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These types of cells [inhibitory neurons] are extremely important,\" he says. And when there's dysfunction in them, he says, that can \"directly be linked to different types of neuropsychiatric disease, like schizophrenia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The identification of rose hip neurons is part of a much larger \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-brain-initiative-launches-cell-census\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">effort\u003c/a> by the National Institutes of Health to identify every type of cell found in the brains of mice, monkeys and people. It is also part of the federal \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/04/02/fact-sheet-brain-initiative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BRAIN Initiative\u003c/a> announced by President Barack Obama in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These initiatives are taking advantage of new technologies that are likely to reveal other brain cells that exist in people but not animals, Gordon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's very, very likely that this is the tip of the iceberg,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Makes+A+Human+Brain+Unique%3F+A+Newly+Discovered+Neuron+May+Be+A+Clue&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have taken another step toward understanding what makes the human brain unique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team has identified a kind of brain cell that exists in people but not mice, the team \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-018-0205-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This particular type of cell had properties that had never actually been described in another species,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/about/team/staff-profiles/ed-lein/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ed Lein\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and an investigator at the \u003cem>Allen Institute for Brain Science \u003c/em>in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding could help explain why many experimental treatments for brain disorders have worked in mice, but failed in people. It could also provide new clues to scientists who study human brain disorders ranging from autism to Alzheimer's disease to schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may be that in order to fully understand psychiatric disorders, we need to get access to these special types of neurons that exist only in humans,\" says \u003ca href=\"National%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health,%20which%20helped%20fund%20the%20research.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Gordon\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have suggested several other brain cells that might be unique to humans. But these cells have either been \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17441195\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found in other species\u003c/a>, or the evidence for them has been less convincing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is still possible that these newly identified neurons will also be found the brains of primates like monkeys or chimps, Lein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain cells have been named \"rose hip neurons\" by a team at the University of Szeged in Hungary, which played a key role in the discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scientist named \u003ca href=\"http://tamaslab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gábor Tamás\u003c/a> and members of his lab were studying brain cells called inhibitory neurons, which act like the brakes in a car. They tell other brain cells when to slow down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamas was recording electrical signals from inhibitory neurons taken from the cortex of two men who had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the course of doing these recordings, he started to notice a very distinctive type of cell that, to him, had the shape of a rose after the petals have fallen off,\" Lein says. \"So he called them the rose hip cell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By chance, scientists at the Allen Institute had also identified these cells using an entirely different approach, a new technique that allowed them to detect the genes that are switched on in human brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the researchers combined what they had learned and confirmed that rose hip cells were a distinct subtype of inhibitory neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding challenges earlier evidence that the human brain is merely bigger and more sophisticated than a mouse brain. At some point, humans acquired at least one kind of brain cell that a mouse doesn't have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren't sure exactly what rose hip cells do, though they appear to be involved in the controlling the flow of information in specific areas of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But regardless of their precise function, the discovery of rose hip neurons has implications for brain research. For one thing, \"it throws some doubt on the ability to use the mouse to study certain elements of human function and disease,\" Lein says. And because rose hip neurons are a type of inhibitory neuron, they could play a role in mental illness, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These types of cells [inhibitory neurons] are extremely important,\" he says. And when there's dysfunction in them, he says, that can \"directly be linked to different types of neuropsychiatric disease, like schizophrenia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The identification of rose hip neurons is part of a much larger \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-brain-initiative-launches-cell-census\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">effort\u003c/a> by the National Institutes of Health to identify every type of cell found in the brains of mice, monkeys and people. It is also part of the federal \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/04/02/fact-sheet-brain-initiative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BRAIN Initiative\u003c/a> announced by President Barack Obama in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These initiatives are taking advantage of new technologies that are likely to reveal other brain cells that exist in people but not animals, Gordon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's very, very likely that this is the tip of the iceberg,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Makes+A+Human+Brain+Unique%3F+A+Newly+Discovered+Neuron+May+Be+A+Clue&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science is Finding Some Truth in ‘Microdosing’ Claims Touted by ’Shroomers and Reddit Users",
"title": "Science is Finding Some Truth in ‘Microdosing’ Claims Touted by ’Shroomers and Reddit Users",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dennis van der Meijden isn’t aiming to see the face of God, feel one with the cosmos, grasp the hidden reality of time and space, or embark on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Psychedelic-Explorers-Guide-Therapeutic-Journeys/dp/1594774021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sacred journey\u003c/a>. What the Dutch graphic designer, producer, and rapper (under the professional name Terilekst) wants — and gets — from his twice-weekly “microdoses” of psilocybin is more modest.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2u046KLqIpjlWqt95jSvMRrGksdXK55L\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sharpens all the senses, as if the frequencies of all of your atoms and energy field are raised a little bit and are being slightly more conscious,” said van der Meijden, 39, who told STAT he first microdosed psilocybin — the active ingredient in “magic mushrooms” — three years ago. It makes him energetic enough to skip coffee, “as if I’m kicked in some sort of orbit for that day.” If he becomes distracted, “I’m very much aware of that, as if seeing myself from a bird’s eye view, so I can correct myself very fast.” But van der Meijden says he’s careful not to exceed about 0.4 grams, because 0.5 made him “a bit too joyful and a bit too philosophical,” which wasn’t always appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microdosing involves taking roughly one-tenth the “trip” dose of a psychedelic drug, an amount too little to trigger hallucinations but enough, its proponents say, to sharpen the mind. Psilocybin microdosers (including hundreds on Reddit) report that the mushrooms can increase creativity, calm anxiety, decrease the need for caffeine, and reduce depression. There is enough evidence that trip doses might have the latter effect that, on Wednesday, London-based Compass Pathways received Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/compass-pathways-receives-fda-approval-for-psilocybin-therapy-clinical-trial-for-treatment-resistant-depression-1027477289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approval\u003c/a> for a Phase 2B clinical trial of psilocybin (in larger-than-microdoses) for treatment-resistant depression. But research into microdosing is minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the nearly 10 years since psychologist and psychedelics researcher James Fadiman introduced the notion of microdosing and devised a widely followed \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/view/microdosingpsychedelics/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">protocol\u003c/a> for it, and three years after microdosing psychedelics became the latest Silicon Valley “\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2015/11/27/lsd-microdosing-the-new-job-enhancer-in-silicon-valley-and-beyond/#8ece3fe188a8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">productivity hack\u003c/a>,” all the evidence about its effects has been anecdotal. Psilocybin is illegal almost everywhere, so it’s been nearly impossible to study scientifically. That is changing, however, as the Netherlands and other countries effectively decriminalize it and scientists in places where it remains illegal obtain government permission to study it.[contextly_sidebar id=\"uhfAqZqMFWRdicHoQZb7cSTv52omgvqK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientific interest is driven, in part, by numerous reports over the years that psilocybin might have antidepressant or anti-anxiety effects that might guide the development of better psychiatric drugs. But it also reflects an itch to see whether there is any basis for the anecdotal accounts. Now, in the first \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/08/11/384412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of its kind, scientists in the Netherlands found that psilocybin microdoses have no noticeable effect on the problem-solving, rational-thinking, and abstract-reasoning ability called fluid intelligence. But they do seem to improve two forms of thinking that underlie creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Performance was significantly higher” on tests of convergent and divergent thinking, said psychologist Bernhard Hommel of Leiden University in the Netherlands, who led the study. Convergent thinking is the ability to focus on abstract concepts to identify a single solution to a well-defined problem. Divergent thinking requires meandering mental forays and mental flexibility. Psychologists consider both to be ingredients of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the dose, psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) binds to receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin. The cortex is packed with these 5-HT2A receptors, especially in areas that control reflection, imagination, and introspection, but “whether there is a minimum dose [of psilocybin that’s required to activate them] is an empirical question that we try to tackle,” Hommel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do so, he and his colleagues zeroed in on the effects that many users report: creativity, problem-solving, and the “cognitive flexibility” deemed crucial to both. Leiden’s Luisa Prochazkova took the lead in inviting members of the Psychedelic Society of the Netherlands to participate in the study; she got 38 takers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before their microdose, the volunteers took three standard psychological tests, two related to creative problem-solving and one an assessment of fluid intelligence. The scientists ran chemical analyses of the mushroom samples to determine how much psilocybin they contained. Since a trip dose is about 3 grams of dried ’shrooms, a microdose is around 0.33 grams. Participants averaged 0.37 grams of the dried preparation, which can be taken with food or packed into gelcaps for easy swallowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 minutes after the microdose, the participants took the three tests again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Picture Concept Task, they saw three rows of three pictures, and had to choose three — one from each row — that were related. That requires converging on the correct solution, like noticing that a bathtub, a sink, and a hose all have something to do with water. The brain must focus, weigh alternatives, and reject wrong ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Alternate Uses Task, the microdosers had five minutes to think of ways to use a pen (tracheotomy? finger splint?) or towel. That measures divergent thinking, to move thoughts away from writing, for example, in the case of the pen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microdosers also took a “progressive matrices” test: In blocks of two-by-two or three-by-three patterns, with the bottom right one missing, they had to choose which of six possibilities belonged in the blank square — a task that requires fluid intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists found no post-microdose difference on the fluid intelligence test. But after microdosing, performance on the picture concept test was significantly higher (an average score of 7.6) than before (6.6). That suggested an improvement in the convergent thinking element of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microdosers also came up with significantly more uses for pens and towels, 16.7 vs. 14.7. That suggests a microdose of psilocybin “allowed participants to create more out-of-the-box alternative solutions for a problem,” the scientists wrote. Taken together, the three findings suggest a specific effect of psilocybin microdoses on creativity but not on fluid intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For van der Meijden, a microdose of psilocybin makes his musical brainstorm sessions yield “more concepts, ideas, and solutions,” he said, partly because it lets him “better understand and visualize other people’s concepts.” In his design and illustration work, it produces a “more natural flow of line drawing” and lets him “see more possibilities in how things can be or look.” In his music, it lets him “analyze all the different instruments better” and know, for instance, whether to turn up or down the reverberation effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dutch study, which was published on a preprint site and has not undergone peer review at a journal, has several caveats. For one thing, having seen a test before might make people better at it. More problematic, the study didn’t have a control group of people who took something other than psilocybin. That leaves open the possibility that it wasn’t the compound that improved some forms of thinking, but the expectation that it would do so. Maybe people who microdose believe in its benefits enough to make those expectations reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the results fit with another new \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/07/25/376491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of psilocybin. In this one, scientists led by computational neuroscientist Joana Cabral of the University of Oxford used fMRI scans to study the brain activity of nine people who volunteered to be injected with 2 milligram (trip-inducing) doses. The chemical changed the functional connectivity of various brain regions, so that activity in one became synced with that in another. In particular, the rational, logical, well-behaved frontoparietal regions became “strongly destabilized,” the scientists reported, melding with activity in emotional and other regions to produce “unconstrained consciousness,” “mind wandering,” and a sense that everything is connected to everything else. Seeing connections that elude other people is almost the definition of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings in the microdosing study also fit with many anecdotal reports. One college student who is a member of the Portland, Ore., microdosing community said that although he doesn’t microdose psilocybin with the express purpose of boosting creativity or focus, he has found that “things seem to have quieted down, in terms of racing thoughts.” He can still be distracted, said Alex, 38, who asked not to be further identified because the drug is illegal in the U.S. But “if I want to go about doing something, then I have an easier time with it because I’m not being bogged down by my thoughts,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jakobien van der Weijden takes one psilocybin microdose every three days, with bimonthly breaks, “to work more focused, more efficiently and be more creative” at his marketing job in the Netherlands, he said. “On the downside, I would often feel that the inspiration was still there at night and I would keep working on projects until late. So it was somewhat more difficult to maintain a healthy biorhythm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As legal strictures loosen, there will likely be more rigorous studies of microdosing psilocybin. “Scientific studies could legitimize the claimed benefits,” said Will Burns, CEO of Wenham, Mass.-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideasicle.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ideasicle\u003c/a>, which develops branding and marketing ideas. He does not microdose, Burns said, but has \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/willburns/2015/11/29/lsd-microdosing-deserves-more-serious-research/#6824b00d656d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called for\u003c/a> research into its purported effects, including improving productivity and creativity. “Right now, we’re swimming in a world of anecdotes and almost no one has taken this seriously,” he said. “We need scientific studies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/23/science-testing-claimed-benefits-of-psilocybin-microdosing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dennis van der Meijden isn’t aiming to see the face of God, feel one with the cosmos, grasp the hidden reality of time and space, or embark on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Psychedelic-Explorers-Guide-Therapeutic-Journeys/dp/1594774021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sacred journey\u003c/a>. What the Dutch graphic designer, producer, and rapper (under the professional name Terilekst) wants — and gets — from his twice-weekly “microdoses” of psilocybin is more modest.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sharpens all the senses, as if the frequencies of all of your atoms and energy field are raised a little bit and are being slightly more conscious,” said van der Meijden, 39, who told STAT he first microdosed psilocybin — the active ingredient in “magic mushrooms” — three years ago. It makes him energetic enough to skip coffee, “as if I’m kicked in some sort of orbit for that day.” If he becomes distracted, “I’m very much aware of that, as if seeing myself from a bird’s eye view, so I can correct myself very fast.” But van der Meijden says he’s careful not to exceed about 0.4 grams, because 0.5 made him “a bit too joyful and a bit too philosophical,” which wasn’t always appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microdosing involves taking roughly one-tenth the “trip” dose of a psychedelic drug, an amount too little to trigger hallucinations but enough, its proponents say, to sharpen the mind. Psilocybin microdosers (including hundreds on Reddit) report that the mushrooms can increase creativity, calm anxiety, decrease the need for caffeine, and reduce depression. There is enough evidence that trip doses might have the latter effect that, on Wednesday, London-based Compass Pathways received Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/compass-pathways-receives-fda-approval-for-psilocybin-therapy-clinical-trial-for-treatment-resistant-depression-1027477289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approval\u003c/a> for a Phase 2B clinical trial of psilocybin (in larger-than-microdoses) for treatment-resistant depression. But research into microdosing is minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the nearly 10 years since psychologist and psychedelics researcher James Fadiman introduced the notion of microdosing and devised a widely followed \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/view/microdosingpsychedelics/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">protocol\u003c/a> for it, and three years after microdosing psychedelics became the latest Silicon Valley “\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2015/11/27/lsd-microdosing-the-new-job-enhancer-in-silicon-valley-and-beyond/#8ece3fe188a8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">productivity hack\u003c/a>,” all the evidence about its effects has been anecdotal. Psilocybin is illegal almost everywhere, so it’s been nearly impossible to study scientifically. That is changing, however, as the Netherlands and other countries effectively decriminalize it and scientists in places where it remains illegal obtain government permission to study it.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientific interest is driven, in part, by numerous reports over the years that psilocybin might have antidepressant or anti-anxiety effects that might guide the development of better psychiatric drugs. But it also reflects an itch to see whether there is any basis for the anecdotal accounts. Now, in the first \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/08/11/384412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of its kind, scientists in the Netherlands found that psilocybin microdoses have no noticeable effect on the problem-solving, rational-thinking, and abstract-reasoning ability called fluid intelligence. But they do seem to improve two forms of thinking that underlie creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Performance was significantly higher” on tests of convergent and divergent thinking, said psychologist Bernhard Hommel of Leiden University in the Netherlands, who led the study. Convergent thinking is the ability to focus on abstract concepts to identify a single solution to a well-defined problem. Divergent thinking requires meandering mental forays and mental flexibility. Psychologists consider both to be ingredients of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the dose, psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) binds to receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin. The cortex is packed with these 5-HT2A receptors, especially in areas that control reflection, imagination, and introspection, but “whether there is a minimum dose [of psilocybin that’s required to activate them] is an empirical question that we try to tackle,” Hommel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do so, he and his colleagues zeroed in on the effects that many users report: creativity, problem-solving, and the “cognitive flexibility” deemed crucial to both. Leiden’s Luisa Prochazkova took the lead in inviting members of the Psychedelic Society of the Netherlands to participate in the study; she got 38 takers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before their microdose, the volunteers took three standard psychological tests, two related to creative problem-solving and one an assessment of fluid intelligence. The scientists ran chemical analyses of the mushroom samples to determine how much psilocybin they contained. Since a trip dose is about 3 grams of dried ’shrooms, a microdose is around 0.33 grams. Participants averaged 0.37 grams of the dried preparation, which can be taken with food or packed into gelcaps for easy swallowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 minutes after the microdose, the participants took the three tests again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Picture Concept Task, they saw three rows of three pictures, and had to choose three — one from each row — that were related. That requires converging on the correct solution, like noticing that a bathtub, a sink, and a hose all have something to do with water. The brain must focus, weigh alternatives, and reject wrong ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Alternate Uses Task, the microdosers had five minutes to think of ways to use a pen (tracheotomy? finger splint?) or towel. That measures divergent thinking, to move thoughts away from writing, for example, in the case of the pen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microdosers also took a “progressive matrices” test: In blocks of two-by-two or three-by-three patterns, with the bottom right one missing, they had to choose which of six possibilities belonged in the blank square — a task that requires fluid intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists found no post-microdose difference on the fluid intelligence test. But after microdosing, performance on the picture concept test was significantly higher (an average score of 7.6) than before (6.6). That suggested an improvement in the convergent thinking element of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microdosers also came up with significantly more uses for pens and towels, 16.7 vs. 14.7. That suggests a microdose of psilocybin “allowed participants to create more out-of-the-box alternative solutions for a problem,” the scientists wrote. Taken together, the three findings suggest a specific effect of psilocybin microdoses on creativity but not on fluid intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For van der Meijden, a microdose of psilocybin makes his musical brainstorm sessions yield “more concepts, ideas, and solutions,” he said, partly because it lets him “better understand and visualize other people’s concepts.” In his design and illustration work, it produces a “more natural flow of line drawing” and lets him “see more possibilities in how things can be or look.” In his music, it lets him “analyze all the different instruments better” and know, for instance, whether to turn up or down the reverberation effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dutch study, which was published on a preprint site and has not undergone peer review at a journal, has several caveats. For one thing, having seen a test before might make people better at it. More problematic, the study didn’t have a control group of people who took something other than psilocybin. That leaves open the possibility that it wasn’t the compound that improved some forms of thinking, but the expectation that it would do so. Maybe people who microdose believe in its benefits enough to make those expectations reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the results fit with another new \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/07/25/376491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of psilocybin. In this one, scientists led by computational neuroscientist Joana Cabral of the University of Oxford used fMRI scans to study the brain activity of nine people who volunteered to be injected with 2 milligram (trip-inducing) doses. The chemical changed the functional connectivity of various brain regions, so that activity in one became synced with that in another. In particular, the rational, logical, well-behaved frontoparietal regions became “strongly destabilized,” the scientists reported, melding with activity in emotional and other regions to produce “unconstrained consciousness,” “mind wandering,” and a sense that everything is connected to everything else. Seeing connections that elude other people is almost the definition of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings in the microdosing study also fit with many anecdotal reports. One college student who is a member of the Portland, Ore., microdosing community said that although he doesn’t microdose psilocybin with the express purpose of boosting creativity or focus, he has found that “things seem to have quieted down, in terms of racing thoughts.” He can still be distracted, said Alex, 38, who asked not to be further identified because the drug is illegal in the U.S. But “if I want to go about doing something, then I have an easier time with it because I’m not being bogged down by my thoughts,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jakobien van der Weijden takes one psilocybin microdose every three days, with bimonthly breaks, “to work more focused, more efficiently and be more creative” at his marketing job in the Netherlands, he said. “On the downside, I would often feel that the inspiration was still there at night and I would keep working on projects until late. So it was somewhat more difficult to maintain a healthy biorhythm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As legal strictures loosen, there will likely be more rigorous studies of microdosing psilocybin. “Scientific studies could legitimize the claimed benefits,” said Will Burns, CEO of Wenham, Mass.-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideasicle.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ideasicle\u003c/a>, which develops branding and marketing ideas. He does not microdose, Burns said, but has \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/willburns/2015/11/29/lsd-microdosing-deserves-more-serious-research/#6824b00d656d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called for\u003c/a> research into its purported effects, including improving productivity and creativity. “Right now, we’re swimming in a world of anecdotes and almost no one has taken this seriously,” he said. “We need scientific studies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://content.jwplatform.com/players/FN1FYn4y-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we see often determines how we act: We hit the brakes if a car is stopped ahead of us. We duck to avoid a low-hanging tree branch. We bend down to tie our shoe when the laces come undone.We rarely give these actions a second thought. But Mriganka Sur, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, is obsessed with them.“How is vision, which we do effortlessly, transformed into action, which requires volition, which requires attention and engagement?” Sur asked. “How this transformation takes place is a fundamental question that is at the heart of brain function and behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05012-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mouse study\u003c/a> published in Nature Communications, Sur and his team took a step toward answering that question\u003cem>.\u003c/em> Their experimental data suggest that the posterior parietal cortex, or PPC, may help us make decisions based on what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First author Gerald Pho, formerly a Ph.D. student in Sur’s lab and now a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard, was exhilarated to see mice’s PPCs light up under a microscope when they made choices based on visual stimuli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite magical,” he said. “It’s almost like fireworks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pho said he’s excited to see how our understanding of visual decision-making will develop as imaging technology becomes more advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just think we’re in an exciting time in neuroscience,” he said. “And I think the advance of these technologies can only improve our ability to understand how the brain works in a normal animal, and extending to humans, but also how it goes awry in neurological disease.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Was it hard to concentrate during that long meeting? Does the crossword seem a little tougher? You could be mildly dehydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing body of evidence finds that being just a little dehydrated is tied to a range of subtle effects — from mood changes to muddled thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We find that when people are mildly dehydrated they really don't do as well on tasks that require complex processing or on tasks that require a lot of their attention,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://biosci.gatech.edu/people/mindy-millard-stafford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mindy Millard-Stafford\u003c/a>, director of the Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Georgia Institute of Technology. She \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=dehydration+impairs+cognition+Millard-Stafford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> an analysis of the evidence this month, based on 33 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long does it take to become mildly dehydrated in the summer heat? Not long at all, studies show, especially when you exercise outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I were hiking at moderate intensity for one hour, I could reach about 1.5 percent to 2 percent dehydration,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://ksi.uconn.edu/about/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug Casa\u003c/a>, a professor of kinesiology at the University of Connecticut, and CEO of the Korey Stringer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an average-size person, 2 percent dehydration equates to sweating out about a liter of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most people don't realize how high their sweat rate is in the heat,\" Casa says. If you're going hard during a run, you can reach that level of dehydration in about 30 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at this level of dehydration, the feeling of thirst, for many of us, is only just beginning to kick in. \"Most people can't perceive that they're 1.5 percent dehydrated,\" Casa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But already there are subtle — maybe even imperceptible — effects on our bodies and our mental performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the findings from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Water+Intake+Reverses+Dehydration+Executive+Function\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> of young, healthy and active women who agreed to take a bunch of cognitive tests and also agreed to restrict their fluid intake to no more than 6 ounces for one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did manage to dehydrate them by [about] 1 percent just by telling them not to drink for the day,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://jbpierce.org/faculty/nina-stachenfeld-phd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Stachenfeld\u003c/a>, of the Yale School of Medicine and the John B. Pierce Laboratory, who led the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women took one test designed to measure cognitive flexibility. It's a card game that requires a lot of attention, since the rules keep changing throughout the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When the women were dehydrated they had about 12 percent more total errors\" in the game, says Stachenfeld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She repeated the tests after the women drank sufficient water, and their performance improved. \"We were able to improve executive function back to normal — in other words, back to the baseline day — when they rehydrated,\" the scientist says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dehydration didn't hamper performance on all the tests; the women's reaction time, for example, was not impeded. The decline was seen during the complicated tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the study was small, and funded by PepsiCo, which sells bottled water, Stachenfeld designed the methods and completed the analysis independently. And other scientists say her findings fit with a growing body of independent evidence that points to similar conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I absolutely think there could be big implications of having a mild cognitive deficiency with small amounts of dehydration,\" Casa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a student, for example, a 12 percent increase in errors on a test might matter. And whether you're a pilot, a soldier, a surgeon or a scholar, many daily tasks depend on the ability to be precise and pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For anyone trying to do their best work, the findings raise a number of questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much Water Do We Need?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no exact daily requirements, but there are general recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of scholars convened several years ago by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concluded\u003c/a> that women should consume, on average, about 91 ounces of total water per day. For men, the suggested level is even higher (125 ounces).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that this total includes water from all sources, including food and other beverages, such as coffee and tea. Typically, people get about 20 percent of the water they need daily from fruits, vegetables and other food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, water needs vary from person to person. For example, body weight and muscle mass matter. Also, physical activity and heat exposure can increase the amount of fluid a person needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can You Tell If You're Dehydrated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One easy test: The color of your urine is a good guide. As a general rule of thumb, the darker the color, the more likely you are to be dehydrated. Aim for shades that have been described as \"pale lemonade\" or \"straw.\" A \u003ca href=\"http://www.hydrationcheck.com/about.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">color chart\u003c/a> developed by physiologist and University of Connecticut professor \u003ca href=\"https://kins.uconn.edu/lawrence-e-armstrong-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lawrence Armstrong\u003c/a> can be a helpful guide, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are Older People More Vulnerable to Dehydration?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we age, we're not as good at recognizing thirst. And there's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=suhr+cognition+and+dehydration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> that older adults are prone to the same dips in mental sharpness as anyone else when mildly dehydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't wait until you're thirsty. A good rule of thumb is to sip fluids throughout the day. No need to chug huge amounts at one time; there are some \u003ca href=\"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/water-balance/overhydration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risks to overhydrating\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can Coffee, Tea and Other Caffeinated Drinks Dehydrate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent evidence finds that coffee provides similar hydrating qualities to water. In other words, yes, your morning cup of joe — or whatever caffeinated beverage you fancy, can help to keep you hydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/13/262175623/coffee-myth-busting-cup-of-joe-may-help-hydration-and-memory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in 2014, people who routinely drink coffee or tea develop a tolerance to the potential diuretic effects of caffeine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Off+Your+Mental+Game%3F+You+Could+Be+Mildly+Dehydrated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Was it hard to concentrate during that long meeting? Does the crossword seem a little tougher? You could be mildly dehydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing body of evidence finds that being just a little dehydrated is tied to a range of subtle effects — from mood changes to muddled thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We find that when people are mildly dehydrated they really don't do as well on tasks that require complex processing or on tasks that require a lot of their attention,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://biosci.gatech.edu/people/mindy-millard-stafford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mindy Millard-Stafford\u003c/a>, director of the Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Georgia Institute of Technology. She \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=dehydration+impairs+cognition+Millard-Stafford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> an analysis of the evidence this month, based on 33 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long does it take to become mildly dehydrated in the summer heat? Not long at all, studies show, especially when you exercise outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I were hiking at moderate intensity for one hour, I could reach about 1.5 percent to 2 percent dehydration,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://ksi.uconn.edu/about/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug Casa\u003c/a>, a professor of kinesiology at the University of Connecticut, and CEO of the Korey Stringer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an average-size person, 2 percent dehydration equates to sweating out about a liter of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most people don't realize how high their sweat rate is in the heat,\" Casa says. If you're going hard during a run, you can reach that level of dehydration in about 30 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at this level of dehydration, the feeling of thirst, for many of us, is only just beginning to kick in. \"Most people can't perceive that they're 1.5 percent dehydrated,\" Casa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But already there are subtle — maybe even imperceptible — effects on our bodies and our mental performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the findings from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Water+Intake+Reverses+Dehydration+Executive+Function\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> of young, healthy and active women who agreed to take a bunch of cognitive tests and also agreed to restrict their fluid intake to no more than 6 ounces for one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did manage to dehydrate them by [about] 1 percent just by telling them not to drink for the day,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://jbpierce.org/faculty/nina-stachenfeld-phd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Stachenfeld\u003c/a>, of the Yale School of Medicine and the John B. Pierce Laboratory, who led the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women took one test designed to measure cognitive flexibility. It's a card game that requires a lot of attention, since the rules keep changing throughout the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When the women were dehydrated they had about 12 percent more total errors\" in the game, says Stachenfeld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She repeated the tests after the women drank sufficient water, and their performance improved. \"We were able to improve executive function back to normal — in other words, back to the baseline day — when they rehydrated,\" the scientist says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dehydration didn't hamper performance on all the tests; the women's reaction time, for example, was not impeded. The decline was seen during the complicated tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the study was small, and funded by PepsiCo, which sells bottled water, Stachenfeld designed the methods and completed the analysis independently. And other scientists say her findings fit with a growing body of independent evidence that points to similar conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I absolutely think there could be big implications of having a mild cognitive deficiency with small amounts of dehydration,\" Casa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a student, for example, a 12 percent increase in errors on a test might matter. And whether you're a pilot, a soldier, a surgeon or a scholar, many daily tasks depend on the ability to be precise and pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For anyone trying to do their best work, the findings raise a number of questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much Water Do We Need?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no exact daily requirements, but there are general recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of scholars convened several years ago by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concluded\u003c/a> that women should consume, on average, about 91 ounces of total water per day. For men, the suggested level is even higher (125 ounces).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that this total includes water from all sources, including food and other beverages, such as coffee and tea. Typically, people get about 20 percent of the water they need daily from fruits, vegetables and other food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, water needs vary from person to person. For example, body weight and muscle mass matter. Also, physical activity and heat exposure can increase the amount of fluid a person needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can You Tell If You're Dehydrated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One easy test: The color of your urine is a good guide. As a general rule of thumb, the darker the color, the more likely you are to be dehydrated. Aim for shades that have been described as \"pale lemonade\" or \"straw.\" A \u003ca href=\"http://www.hydrationcheck.com/about.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">color chart\u003c/a> developed by physiologist and University of Connecticut professor \u003ca href=\"https://kins.uconn.edu/lawrence-e-armstrong-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lawrence Armstrong\u003c/a> can be a helpful guide, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are Older People More Vulnerable to Dehydration?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we age, we're not as good at recognizing thirst. And there's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=suhr+cognition+and+dehydration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> that older adults are prone to the same dips in mental sharpness as anyone else when mildly dehydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't wait until you're thirsty. A good rule of thumb is to sip fluids throughout the day. No need to chug huge amounts at one time; there are some \u003ca href=\"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/water-balance/overhydration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risks to overhydrating\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can Coffee, Tea and Other Caffeinated Drinks Dehydrate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent evidence finds that coffee provides similar hydrating qualities to water. In other words, yes, your morning cup of joe — or whatever caffeinated beverage you fancy, can help to keep you hydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/13/262175623/coffee-myth-busting-cup-of-joe-may-help-hydration-and-memory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in 2014, people who routinely drink coffee or tea develop a tolerance to the potential diuretic effects of caffeine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Off+Your+Mental+Game%3F+You+Could+Be+Mildly+Dehydrated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>CTE has been part of the national lexicon in the U.S. since the 2015 movie \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sonypictures.com/movies/concussion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Concussion\u003c/a> \u003c/em>dramatized the discovery of this degenerative brain disease among football players.[contextly_sidebar id=”ehLMKdjS8P8l8PM67KnXRoh4cZnjRNoD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945234/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy\u003c/a> is found among people who’ve had head injuries. Though not everyone with head trauma develops CTE, the group that’s come to be most associated with it is football players, whose brains can be routinely jarred by hard hits. The disease has been linked to depression, dementia and even suicide among those who play the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003cem>Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease\u003c/em> published a study Tuesday that helps broaden the understanding of who is potentially affected by CTE to include \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/04/05/522613294/do-u-s-troops-risk-brain-injury-when-they-fire-heavy-weapons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">military personnel\u003c/a>. And, perhaps more significantly, the study represents a step forward in developing a test for the disease in the living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, accurately diagnosing CTE requires the close study of brain tissue during autopsy, to identify the telltale abnormal proteins that kill brain cells. And this is a key reason why knowledge about CTE — who gets it, how widespread it is and the development of treatments — has lagged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve really got to have a living diagnosis scan in order to make much headway on understanding the disease,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.protectthebrain.org/Our-Team.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Julian Bailes\u003c/a>, a neurosurgeon at the Chicago area’s NorthShore University HealthSystem, and one of the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That diagnostic scan is what researchers have gotten close to in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Comparison of Brains\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small study involved seven military personnel — five veterans and two active duty — who’d had brain injuries and experienced CTE-type symptoms, such as memory loss and mood swings. They were injected with what’s called a molecular tracer — in this case the shorthand name is FDDNP. The FDDNP tracer, which is radioactive, binds with the abnormal proteins in the brain and then appears in neural PET scans.[contextly_sidebar id=”Ndl9rWapqUS4IcPfG65Xr4EsLQn8p0vR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The PET scanner functions a bit like a Geiger counter, which measures radioactivity,” says the study’s lead researcher, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bri.ucla.edu/people/gary-w-small-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Gary Small\u003c/a>, a professor of geriatric psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine. (Small is a co-inventor of the FDDNP marker; he and some other researchers in the project have disclosed a financial interest in Taumark LLC, a company licensed by UCLA to develop the tracer.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small’s team compared the scans with those of a number of other people: Fifteen retired football players who had suffered brain injuries and exhibited CTE symptoms; two dozen people who had Alzheimer’s dementia and 28 healthy “control” subjects who were cognitively intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results: The scans of the military personel showed patterns similar to the retired football players and different from the Alzheimer’s patients and control subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, it should be noted, the former players — all of them professionals who’d played in the NFL — had brain scans consistent with those of people who had died and had autopsies that \u003cem>confirmed\u003c/em> CTE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Just a Problem for Athletes, Soldiers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small says the study paves the way for deeper investigation of CTE’s brain changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could help us not just with people who’ve had head trauma from sports,” he says, “but also from other forms of injury, such as blast injury in the military.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/05/30/613779769/domestic-violence-s-untold-damage-concussion-and-brain-injury\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Survivors of domestic violence\u003c/a> are another group believed to be vulnerable to CTE.[contextly_sidebar id=”1oVFhsMiBXNwtZ6trkQG3xEAzXq6oKRy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small is quick to caution that the study isn’t definitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are several limitations,” he says. “One is [the small] sample size. Another is that we don’t have a control group of individuals who’ve been subjected to the same degree of head trauma, but are asymptomatic. … And what does that tell us? There may be something else we’re completely unaware of that’s driving the disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A reliable test for CTE in living people is still at least a few years away, he estimates. But there already are plans for more research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re still within the scientific process of trying to figure out where this test lands on the scale of being definitive,” Bailes says. The researchers still need to determine “how it correlates with the changes actually seen in the brain when people die,” he explains. “It’s not definitive yet but this paper in a military setting is another piece of the puzzle, we think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A potentially pivotal piece of the puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can’t diagnose a disease when someone’s alive,” says Bailes, “you really can’t help them. And you really don’t know, in a new and emerging and not completely understood situation like CTE. You don’t know the prevalence of it. You don’t know exactly who gets it and why. You don’t know how it evolves or changes over time and if there’s ever a potential for treatment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As another football season approaches, CTE will again be a lingering issue. And in some instances, it will be portrayed by some as it has in the past few years — as an “epidemic,” threatening the game’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which Bailes says is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think it’s an epidemic,” he says, “but whatever the number is, is important. And you have to have living diagnosis in order to be able to tell that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Hunt+For+A+Test+To+Diagnose+Chronic+Brain+Injury+In+Living+People&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>CTE has been part of the national lexicon in the U.S. since the 2015 movie \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sonypictures.com/movies/concussion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Concussion\u003c/a> \u003c/em>dramatized the discovery of this degenerative brain disease among football players.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945234/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy\u003c/a> is found among people who’ve had head injuries. Though not everyone with head trauma develops CTE, the group that’s come to be most associated with it is football players, whose brains can be routinely jarred by hard hits. The disease has been linked to depression, dementia and even suicide among those who play the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003cem>Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease\u003c/em> published a study Tuesday that helps broaden the understanding of who is potentially affected by CTE to include \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/04/05/522613294/do-u-s-troops-risk-brain-injury-when-they-fire-heavy-weapons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">military personnel\u003c/a>. And, perhaps more significantly, the study represents a step forward in developing a test for the disease in the living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, accurately diagnosing CTE requires the close study of brain tissue during autopsy, to identify the telltale abnormal proteins that kill brain cells. And this is a key reason why knowledge about CTE — who gets it, how widespread it is and the development of treatments — has lagged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve really got to have a living diagnosis scan in order to make much headway on understanding the disease,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.protectthebrain.org/Our-Team.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Julian Bailes\u003c/a>, a neurosurgeon at the Chicago area’s NorthShore University HealthSystem, and one of the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That diagnostic scan is what researchers have gotten close to in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Comparison of Brains\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small study involved seven military personnel — five veterans and two active duty — who’d had brain injuries and experienced CTE-type symptoms, such as memory loss and mood swings. They were injected with what’s called a molecular tracer — in this case the shorthand name is FDDNP. The FDDNP tracer, which is radioactive, binds with the abnormal proteins in the brain and then appears in neural PET scans.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The PET scanner functions a bit like a Geiger counter, which measures radioactivity,” says the study’s lead researcher, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bri.ucla.edu/people/gary-w-small-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Gary Small\u003c/a>, a professor of geriatric psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine. (Small is a co-inventor of the FDDNP marker; he and some other researchers in the project have disclosed a financial interest in Taumark LLC, a company licensed by UCLA to develop the tracer.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small’s team compared the scans with those of a number of other people: Fifteen retired football players who had suffered brain injuries and exhibited CTE symptoms; two dozen people who had Alzheimer’s dementia and 28 healthy “control” subjects who were cognitively intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results: The scans of the military personel showed patterns similar to the retired football players and different from the Alzheimer’s patients and control subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, it should be noted, the former players — all of them professionals who’d played in the NFL — had brain scans consistent with those of people who had died and had autopsies that \u003cem>confirmed\u003c/em> CTE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Just a Problem for Athletes, Soldiers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small says the study paves the way for deeper investigation of CTE’s brain changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could help us not just with people who’ve had head trauma from sports,” he says, “but also from other forms of injury, such as blast injury in the military.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/05/30/613779769/domestic-violence-s-untold-damage-concussion-and-brain-injury\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Survivors of domestic violence\u003c/a> are another group believed to be vulnerable to CTE.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small is quick to caution that the study isn’t definitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are several limitations,” he says. “One is [the small] sample size. Another is that we don’t have a control group of individuals who’ve been subjected to the same degree of head trauma, but are asymptomatic. … And what does that tell us? There may be something else we’re completely unaware of that’s driving the disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A reliable test for CTE in living people is still at least a few years away, he estimates. But there already are plans for more research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re still within the scientific process of trying to figure out where this test lands on the scale of being definitive,” Bailes says. The researchers still need to determine “how it correlates with the changes actually seen in the brain when people die,” he explains. “It’s not definitive yet but this paper in a military setting is another piece of the puzzle, we think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A potentially pivotal piece of the puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can’t diagnose a disease when someone’s alive,” says Bailes, “you really can’t help them. And you really don’t know, in a new and emerging and not completely understood situation like CTE. You don’t know the prevalence of it. You don’t know exactly who gets it and why. You don’t know how it evolves or changes over time and if there’s ever a potential for treatment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As another football season approaches, CTE will again be a lingering issue. And in some instances, it will be portrayed by some as it has in the past few years — as an “epidemic,” threatening the game’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which Bailes says is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think it’s an epidemic,” he says, “but whatever the number is, is important. And you have to have living diagnosis in order to be able to tell that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Hunt+For+A+Test+To+Diagnose+Chronic+Brain+Injury+In+Living+People&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every day, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/About-NINDS/Who-We-Are/Directors-Corner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Walter Koroshetz\u003c/a>, 65, takes a pill as part of his effort to help keep his brain healthy and sharp.[contextly_sidebar id=\"4qBhSsrstKRvTKQK6tvUcmCtY4bzQNtv\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pill is his blood pressure medication. And Koroshetz, who directs the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, says controlling high blood pressure helps him reduce his risk of dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also keeps his blood pressure down by exercising and paying attention to his weight and diet. \"I'm a believer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is urging other people with high blood pressure to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is responsible for the institute's public health campaign called \u003ca href=\"https://mindyourrisks.nih.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mind Your Risks\u003c/a>. Its goal is to let people know that there is a link between high blood pressure, stroke and dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When blood pressure rises, it strains the tiny blood vessels that keep brain cells alive, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With every pulse of your heart, you are pushing blood into these very small blood vessels in the brain,\" he says. And when the heart pushes too hard, as it does when blood pressure is elevated, it can cause damage that can lead to a stroke.[contextly_sidebar id=\"8eq71K4GS69glebb5gMvhBNDaKzdVXhl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two large studies have revealed an alarming trend among stroke patients, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you had a stroke, even a small stroke, your risk of dementia within the next two years was greatly magnified,\" he says. \"So there's something about having a stroke that drives a lot of the processes that give rise to dementia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence is clearest for a type of dementia called \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vascular dementia\u003c/a>. It occurs when something blocks or reduces the flow of blood to brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But high blood pressure also appears to increase a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, which is associated with the accumulation of plaques and tangles in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people knew about the link between dementia and high blood pressure, they might be more inclined to do something about it, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Only about 50 percent of people who have hypertension are actually treated,\" he says. \"So I think there's a lot to be said for trying to get high blood pressure under control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz's campaign is getting some help from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group will present new research on blood pressure and Alzheimer's at its annual scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/about/chicago.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meeting\u003c/a> in Chicago, which starts July 22. And the group is encouraging people to control high blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The good news is that we can control blood pressure now,\" says Maria Carrillo, the group's chief science officer. \"We can do that with exercise, with lifestyle, with healthy eating and also with medications.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is using all of these approaches. And he says other people with high blood pressure should follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get to be my age, you're going to be very grateful that you controlled your blood pressure and exercised,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Worried+About+Dementia%3F+You+Might+Want+to+Check+Your+Blood+Pressure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When blood pressure rises, it strains the tiny blood vessels that keep brain cells alive, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With every pulse of your heart, you are pushing blood into these very small blood vessels in the brain,\" he says. And when the heart pushes too hard, as it does when blood pressure is elevated, it can cause damage that can lead to a stroke.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two large studies have revealed an alarming trend among stroke patients, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you had a stroke, even a small stroke, your risk of dementia within the next two years was greatly magnified,\" he says. \"So there's something about having a stroke that drives a lot of the processes that give rise to dementia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence is clearest for a type of dementia called \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vascular dementia\u003c/a>. It occurs when something blocks or reduces the flow of blood to brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But high blood pressure also appears to increase a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, which is associated with the accumulation of plaques and tangles in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people knew about the link between dementia and high blood pressure, they might be more inclined to do something about it, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Only about 50 percent of people who have hypertension are actually treated,\" he says. \"So I think there's a lot to be said for trying to get high blood pressure under control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz's campaign is getting some help from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group will present new research on blood pressure and Alzheimer's at its annual scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/about/chicago.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meeting\u003c/a> in Chicago, which starts July 22. And the group is encouraging people to control high blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The good news is that we can control blood pressure now,\" says Maria Carrillo, the group's chief science officer. \"We can do that with exercise, with lifestyle, with healthy eating and also with medications.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is using all of these approaches. And he says other people with high blood pressure should follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get to be my age, you're going to be very grateful that you controlled your blood pressure and exercised,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Worried+About+Dementia%3F+You+Might+Want+to+Check+Your+Blood+Pressure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
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