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"content": "\u003cp>When you drive across any of the millions of square miles of agricultural land in America, what you see is fairly predictable. Rolling fields of crops and big blue skies become the backdrop for sleepy little homesteads with long gravel driveways and picturesque barns, silos, corrals, and front-lawn tire swings. Whether you're on an apple orchard in the Northwest, a sugarcane operation in the South, a wheat field on the Great Plains, or a corn farm in the Midwest, you will find innumerable consistencies in all walks of rural American life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what is perhaps the most common feature in any of these places? The pickup truck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henry Ford's Model T first rolled off the Detroit assembly lines in 1925, and at that moment the pickup practically became an inevitable staple in all American agricultural pursuits. But in Omaha, Nebraska and other cities across the U.S., the illustrious pickup is being put to use like never before. Instead of hauling produce and supplies from the farm to town, some trucks are being used to haul the actual farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://truckfarmomaha.com/\">Truck Farm Omaha \u003c/a>lives in a 1975 mustard-yellow Chevy pickup truck,” said Andrew Monbouquette, co-founder of Omaha’s “truck farm” project. “It really is a full-functioning farm in the back of a pickup truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/vlcsnap-2014-06-13-13h33m11s61.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-71087 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/vlcsnap-2014-06-13-13h33m11s61-450x253.png\" alt=\"vlcsnap-2014-06-13-13h33m11s61\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why plant a garden in the bed of a classic truck? One of the reasons, said Monbouquette, is to give people in urban areas a firsthand chance to learn about growing food. During growing season, this garden on wheels can frequently be seen traveling down Omaha roads, parked at community events, or surrounded by children in school parking lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these kids…haven’t had the opportunity to get dirty,” Monbouquette said. “You feel good that you’re helping to empower them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Susman, Omaha Truck Farm’s director, said he and Monbouquette decided to start their truck farm after traveling around the country to shoot a documentary film on urban agriculture and seeing similar efforts in bigger cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We said to ourselves, ‘Hey, there’s not that many opportunities for Omaha-area kids to learn about farming and sustainable agriculture,’” Susman recalled. “So we said, ‘Hey, let’s start something back in our own community.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monbouquette and Susman founded Truck Farm Omaha in the spring of 2012, and the two then brought on Chelsea Taxman as education director. Taxman drives the truck to farmers markets, family-oriented community events, and four local public schools during after-school programs, where she teaches young and old alike about the basics of gardening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always some kind of curiosity,” Taxman said. “We get everything from kids thinking we’re crazy -- like, ‘What did you do to your truck!?’ -- to ‘That’s cool,’ to, ‘My dad has a truck. I wonder if he’d let me do that.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the awe wears off, the students get to dig in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn about how something is actually growing -- the nutrients in soil, the insects, pollinators, and composting worms.” Taxman said. “We also have harvest activities, so if there’s a lot of basil or arugula, we’ll harvest it out of the truck and show them how to cut the plant without cutting all of it, and then prepare a truck-side snack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anybody who visits the truck, we encourage them to eat something from the truck,” added Taxman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This gives the students and visitors an opportunity to learn that there’s more to gardening than work and biological science. Good food and good times quickly become a clear part of the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gardening is a lot of fun,” Susman said. “It’s a chance to be active, to sweat a little bit. And at the end of the day, you get some rewards for that labor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not saying that everybody needs to get an old pickup truck to grow some food,” he added. “It’s just trying to get people to think differently about things they see every single day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you drive across any of the millions of square miles of agricultural land in America, what you see is fairly predictable. Rolling fields of crops and big blue skies become the backdrop for sleepy little homesteads with long gravel driveways and picturesque barns, silos, corrals, and front-lawn tire swings. Whether you're on an apple orchard in the Northwest, a sugarcane operation in the South, a wheat field on the Great Plains, or a corn farm in the Midwest, you will find innumerable consistencies in all walks of rural American life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what is perhaps the most common feature in any of these places? The pickup truck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henry Ford's Model T first rolled off the Detroit assembly lines in 1925, and at that moment the pickup practically became an inevitable staple in all American agricultural pursuits. But in Omaha, Nebraska and other cities across the U.S., the illustrious pickup is being put to use like never before. Instead of hauling produce and supplies from the farm to town, some trucks are being used to haul the actual farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://truckfarmomaha.com/\">Truck Farm Omaha \u003c/a>lives in a 1975 mustard-yellow Chevy pickup truck,” said Andrew Monbouquette, co-founder of Omaha’s “truck farm” project. “It really is a full-functioning farm in the back of a pickup truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/vlcsnap-2014-06-13-13h33m11s61.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-71087 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/vlcsnap-2014-06-13-13h33m11s61-450x253.png\" alt=\"vlcsnap-2014-06-13-13h33m11s61\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why plant a garden in the bed of a classic truck? One of the reasons, said Monbouquette, is to give people in urban areas a firsthand chance to learn about growing food. During growing season, this garden on wheels can frequently be seen traveling down Omaha roads, parked at community events, or surrounded by children in school parking lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these kids…haven’t had the opportunity to get dirty,” Monbouquette said. “You feel good that you’re helping to empower them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Susman, Omaha Truck Farm’s director, said he and Monbouquette decided to start their truck farm after traveling around the country to shoot a documentary film on urban agriculture and seeing similar efforts in bigger cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We said to ourselves, ‘Hey, there’s not that many opportunities for Omaha-area kids to learn about farming and sustainable agriculture,’” Susman recalled. “So we said, ‘Hey, let’s start something back in our own community.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monbouquette and Susman founded Truck Farm Omaha in the spring of 2012, and the two then brought on Chelsea Taxman as education director. Taxman drives the truck to farmers markets, family-oriented community events, and four local public schools during after-school programs, where she teaches young and old alike about the basics of gardening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always some kind of curiosity,” Taxman said. “We get everything from kids thinking we’re crazy -- like, ‘What did you do to your truck!?’ -- to ‘That’s cool,’ to, ‘My dad has a truck. I wonder if he’d let me do that.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the awe wears off, the students get to dig in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn about how something is actually growing -- the nutrients in soil, the insects, pollinators, and composting worms.” Taxman said. “We also have harvest activities, so if there’s a lot of basil or arugula, we’ll harvest it out of the truck and show them how to cut the plant without cutting all of it, and then prepare a truck-side snack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anybody who visits the truck, we encourage them to eat something from the truck,” added Taxman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This gives the students and visitors an opportunity to learn that there’s more to gardening than work and biological science. Good food and good times quickly become a clear part of the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gardening is a lot of fun,” Susman said. “It’s a chance to be active, to sweat a little bit. And at the end of the day, you get some rewards for that labor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not saying that everybody needs to get an old pickup truck to grow some food,” he added. “It’s just trying to get people to think differently about things they see every single day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you think of a quiet, sandy island, your mind probably drifts to a warm, tropical paradise. But forget your snorkel and flip-flops for a minute. Grab your binoculars and trail boots as we pay a visit to the islands of central Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Nebraska?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right. Over the eons and through the endless, flat landscape, the meandering Platte River has carved out acre upon acre of landmasses surrounded by the river’s north and south channels. These are not just large sandbars that wash away as quickly as they form. They are long, narrow swaths of sand and loam that support riparian forests, prairie grasses, and wetland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quiet islands are popular neighborhoods for local fauna, but for well over a century now one old friend of the prairie has been noticeably absent: the American bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the settlement of the Great Plains by European immigrants in the 1800s, the massive wild herds of bison were reduced to a few hundred animals in the Yellowstone area of the Rocky Mountains. But this year, thanks to the work of a nonprofit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranetrust.org/\">the Crane Trust\u003c/a>, a small group of the giant herbivores have made their triumphant return to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shoemaker+Island/@40.777235,-98.5061781,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x879977c7f57b7f31:0xa3d83c878ce560ed\">Shoemaker Island\u003c/a>, an 11-mile-long, 1.25-mile-wide plot of grassy habitat surrounded by river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Morten, the Crane Trust’s land manager, said there are currently six bison on the island. They make up an “exhibition” herd, a herd that the public can easily access and view, but eventually a “wild” herd of 40 animals will arrive and wander 1,000 acres of the island at their own pace, eating what they want to eat, and behaving the way they want to behave in a natural grassland environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why bison? Why on an island? And why is an organization called the Crane Trust initiating an effort to manage a herd of big mammals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801-623x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Crane - US Fish and Wildlife Service\" width=\"295\" height=\"172\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the spring months, hundreds of thousands of Sandhill Cranes descend on the Platte River in central Nebraska before finishing their migration to summer nesting grounds further north. \u003cem>(Photo provided courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We're a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting habitat for whooping cranes, sandhill cranes, and other migratory birds, and we do that through land management, science, and outreach and education efforts,” said Mary Harner, the director of science for the Crane Trust. The group of scientists and conservationists manages approximately 10,000 acres of land around and on the Platte River in central Nebraska so that the annual arrival of approximately 550,000 birds goes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, the Crane Trust has accomplished this through a variety of actions that mimic the natural events that would have occurred on a pre-settled prairie landscape. For instance, controlled burns are utilized where there once would have been naturally occurring wildfires fostering the growth and diversity of prairie vegetation. Trees and overgrowth are removed with tractors and chainsaws to replicate the effects of the natural but catastrophic floods of the past, floods that are now stymied by river basin management and widespread irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all done in an effort to keep the river exactly how the cranes have known it for centuries, and it turns out that bison have a big hand (or hoof) in maintaining a healthy, crane-friendly habitat. The Crane Trust has typically used cattle to mimic the presence of the enormous, thundering migratory bison herds of the past, but cows enjoy a different diet and don’t weigh as much as bison. They’re not a perfect replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Wright, the Crane Trust’s wildlife biologist, said, “We expect to see [the bison] graze differently and wallow and use the land differently than would a cattle substitute.” Little behaviors like these have been shown to have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/\">big impacts on prairie landscapes\u003c/a>, and the Crane Trust team will be taking notes on how Shoemaker Island changes with the addition of the bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the more rare, hard to find plants may respond differently to bison than they would another set-back process,” Wright said. “So the vegetation is probably our number one indicator, but we expect things like our grassland birds or small mammals or, further along, the snakes and lizards and those types of things to respond in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the bison settle in, scientists at the Crane Trust will be measuring variables like species richness and species diversity in the island’s vegetation. The new herd will also help biologists learn more about the difference in the ways that cattle and bison affect grassland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll continue cattle grazing on other properties we have,” Harner said. “Some of those sites will provide the opportunity for comparative research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to learn about the bison and their direct impact on grasslands compared to cattle,” Morton explained. “We also want to show that these were the original grazers out here on the Great Plains. There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while 40 head of bison is a far cry from the millions that once roamed the prairie, Wright said there is still a buzz in the air as locals prepare to see the majestic crane and the mighty bison reunited on this beloved river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Along the Platte River, this is probably the first time in over 100 years that bison and cranes have coexisted in these kinds of numbers,” Wright said, “The neat thing about it is that because it is a natural grassland, it will give people a glimpse…back in time to what things once looked like. So if you can…block out the fast food signs in the distance and the hum of the interstate and things like that, it'll give you an idea of what would have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you think of a quiet, sandy island, your mind probably drifts to a warm, tropical paradise. But forget your snorkel and flip-flops for a minute. Grab your binoculars and trail boots as we pay a visit to the islands of central Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Nebraska?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right. Over the eons and through the endless, flat landscape, the meandering Platte River has carved out acre upon acre of landmasses surrounded by the river’s north and south channels. These are not just large sandbars that wash away as quickly as they form. They are long, narrow swaths of sand and loam that support riparian forests, prairie grasses, and wetland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quiet islands are popular neighborhoods for local fauna, but for well over a century now one old friend of the prairie has been noticeably absent: the American bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the settlement of the Great Plains by European immigrants in the 1800s, the massive wild herds of bison were reduced to a few hundred animals in the Yellowstone area of the Rocky Mountains. But this year, thanks to the work of a nonprofit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranetrust.org/\">the Crane Trust\u003c/a>, a small group of the giant herbivores have made their triumphant return to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shoemaker+Island/@40.777235,-98.5061781,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x879977c7f57b7f31:0xa3d83c878ce560ed\">Shoemaker Island\u003c/a>, an 11-mile-long, 1.25-mile-wide plot of grassy habitat surrounded by river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Morten, the Crane Trust’s land manager, said there are currently six bison on the island. They make up an “exhibition” herd, a herd that the public can easily access and view, but eventually a “wild” herd of 40 animals will arrive and wander 1,000 acres of the island at their own pace, eating what they want to eat, and behaving the way they want to behave in a natural grassland environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why bison? Why on an island? And why is an organization called the Crane Trust initiating an effort to manage a herd of big mammals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801-623x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Crane - US Fish and Wildlife Service\" width=\"295\" height=\"172\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the spring months, hundreds of thousands of Sandhill Cranes descend on the Platte River in central Nebraska before finishing their migration to summer nesting grounds further north. \u003cem>(Photo provided courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We're a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting habitat for whooping cranes, sandhill cranes, and other migratory birds, and we do that through land management, science, and outreach and education efforts,” said Mary Harner, the director of science for the Crane Trust. The group of scientists and conservationists manages approximately 10,000 acres of land around and on the Platte River in central Nebraska so that the annual arrival of approximately 550,000 birds goes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, the Crane Trust has accomplished this through a variety of actions that mimic the natural events that would have occurred on a pre-settled prairie landscape. For instance, controlled burns are utilized where there once would have been naturally occurring wildfires fostering the growth and diversity of prairie vegetation. Trees and overgrowth are removed with tractors and chainsaws to replicate the effects of the natural but catastrophic floods of the past, floods that are now stymied by river basin management and widespread irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all done in an effort to keep the river exactly how the cranes have known it for centuries, and it turns out that bison have a big hand (or hoof) in maintaining a healthy, crane-friendly habitat. The Crane Trust has typically used cattle to mimic the presence of the enormous, thundering migratory bison herds of the past, but cows enjoy a different diet and don’t weigh as much as bison. They’re not a perfect replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Wright, the Crane Trust’s wildlife biologist, said, “We expect to see [the bison] graze differently and wallow and use the land differently than would a cattle substitute.” Little behaviors like these have been shown to have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/\">big impacts on prairie landscapes\u003c/a>, and the Crane Trust team will be taking notes on how Shoemaker Island changes with the addition of the bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the more rare, hard to find plants may respond differently to bison than they would another set-back process,” Wright said. “So the vegetation is probably our number one indicator, but we expect things like our grassland birds or small mammals or, further along, the snakes and lizards and those types of things to respond in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the bison settle in, scientists at the Crane Trust will be measuring variables like species richness and species diversity in the island’s vegetation. The new herd will also help biologists learn more about the difference in the ways that cattle and bison affect grassland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll continue cattle grazing on other properties we have,” Harner said. “Some of those sites will provide the opportunity for comparative research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to learn about the bison and their direct impact on grasslands compared to cattle,” Morton explained. “We also want to show that these were the original grazers out here on the Great Plains. There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while 40 head of bison is a far cry from the millions that once roamed the prairie, Wright said there is still a buzz in the air as locals prepare to see the majestic crane and the mighty bison reunited on this beloved river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Along the Platte River, this is probably the first time in over 100 years that bison and cranes have coexisted in these kinds of numbers,” Wright said, “The neat thing about it is that because it is a natural grassland, it will give people a glimpse…back in time to what things once looked like. So if you can…block out the fast food signs in the distance and the hum of the interstate and things like that, it'll give you an idea of what would have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery columns=\"2\" link=\"file\" ids=\"66788,66789,66791,66779,66780,66787,66784,66786\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Let’s start with a quick history lesson regarding gold -- and your pants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California gold rush of the mid-1800s, an industrious young Bavarian immigrant arrived in San Francisco to seek a cut of the fortunes through the sale of his dry goods. Shortly after arriving, the man became aware of the great need that local miners had for dependable, durable clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He began by fashioning canvas tarps into uncomfortable pants, but the idea eventually evolved into a product that proved to have real legs. By 1873, the man, Levi Strauss, was tailoring a French fabric from the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?client=safari&oe=UTF-8&q=nimes+france&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x12b42d0bd6e85339:0xde88134f9f200c03,Nimes,+France&gl=us&ei=lY7VUuvdLaLcyQG9koHgDg&ved=0CMoBELYD\" target=\"_blank\">city of Nimes\u003c/a> (the French “de nimes” means\u003cem> \u003c/em>“of Nimes”) and using an indigo dye that inspired visions of the blue uniforms worn by sailors in Genoa, Italy. This combination of places, materials, people, and historical events (and Strauss’s patented rivets for utmost durability) led to a new global craze: denim blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century and a half later, denim has invaded the wardrobes of every stratum of society. From the roughneck biker in a jean jacket with the sleeves cut off, to the Midwest farmer in overalls, to the fashionable city slicker, to Brett Favre in a backyard football game\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66009\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66009 \" style=\"border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD-360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Levi Strauss (Public Domain)\" width=\"252\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levi Strauss--the man who made denim famous. \u003cem>(Public Domain)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In terms of infiltrating society, the invention of Levi Strauss ranks among the likes of automobiles, telephones, and light bulbs. You couldn’t avoid it if you tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if Jen Carlson and Josh Shear have their way, the denim invasion has only just begun. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, the entrepreneurial husband and wife team has recently developed a product they call “Denimite.” It could immortalize your favorite old pair of jeans by turning it into solid countertops, jewelry, billfolds -- and even car dashboards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their inspiration for creating Denimite comes from a belief that with a little imagination, a product has plenty of useful applications after it has exceeded its intended shelf life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all known for years that the landfills are too full, there are finite resources for many things, and it makes sense to use what we have access to for a real purpose,” Carlson said. “There are a lot of materials available easily that are technically waste materials that can be made into a new material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlson and Shear this belief has become a lifestyle. After building a straw-bale home in Lincoln in 1999, they recognized a shortage of green building materials in the middle part of the country. Soon they started a business carrying sustainable materials and made a name for themselves locally by manufacturing countertops out of recycled glass. Their unique, colorful, custom-built products can now be found in homes and businesses across the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years their business, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris-industries.com\" target=\"_blank\">Iris Industries\u003c/a>, has experimented with transforming other materials into solid, sustainable composite building materials. Nonbelievers are treated to a suitcase full of wood-like blocks made of various “feedstocks,” including sunflower seed hulls, shredded magazines, grasses, even recycled U.S. currency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson said that turning a loose, flexible material into a solid composite isn’t as complicated a notion as one might think, but it entails loads of math, science, and experimentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really just the feedstock and the resin binder, which is a partial bio-based binder and what gives it durability. Then it just needs heat and pressure. So from that standpoint it’s very simple,\" Carlson said. \"Getting everything to work correctly -- the right ratios, the right pressures -- there’s a lot of work that goes into that, so that’s what we’ve been researching and developing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66005 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Shear working with his custom press.\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear uses a custom built hydraulic press to create square samples of Iris Industry's Denimite and other composite solids. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/Quest Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The essential ingredient required for Shear and Carlson to work their magic is a solvent-free, VOC-free thermoset epoxy resin that, when combined with a fibrous material (such as denim), heat, and compression, causes an interlocking reaction at the molecular level. “It literally creates a long-chain molecule that now doesn’t change until you get it so hot that the resin breaks down, which would be very, very hot,” said Shear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, raw materials in epoxy resin are extracted from petroleum, but the resin used to make denimite is partially bio-based, meaning that a portion of the petroleum-based components found in traditional epoxies have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136894\" target=\"_blank\">replaced with biomass materials\u003c/a>—specifically \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?tab=ww&ei=453VUta3LsreyQGDqIC4Cw&ved=0CBgQ1S4#q=itaconic+acid\" target=\"_blank\">itaconic acid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a typical cut of composite plywood, Iris Industry’s products are usually made in sheet form and worked with standard wood tools, but Carlson and Shear are especially excited about Denimite because it can be molded into just about any shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The automotive industry is a really cool and interesting application, as they’re trying to move into more sustainable materials in general anyway,” Carlson said. “We like the idea of using it for a console or dashboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as epoxy resin technology evolves, Iris Industries hopes to eventually carry fully petroleum-free products. Shear said it’s all part of an effort to see a petroleum-based society shift to a renewable-based society. “What we’re trying to get these things to do is replace, or partially replace, some 100-percent polymer compounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what better way to do it than with one of the most recognizable, durable, and loved inventions in American history? Because of denim’s prevalence, Shear and Carlson believe Denimite has a leg up when it comes to both the product’s popularity and its ability to inspire people to expand their notion of how something can be recycled and repurposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Said Shear, “We like to see people say, ‘Oh, you can recycle that?’ or ‘Oh, I get that that’s recycled.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66049 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1-640x213.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of Iris Industries Products\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear and Jen Carlson use a variety of recycled materials to create solid composites--from magazines and shredded money to fabric and farm waste. Above are samples of finished products made from sunflower seed hulls, denim, and walnut shells. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/QUEST Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Let’s start with a quick history lesson regarding gold -- and your pants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California gold rush of the mid-1800s, an industrious young Bavarian immigrant arrived in San Francisco to seek a cut of the fortunes through the sale of his dry goods. Shortly after arriving, the man became aware of the great need that local miners had for dependable, durable clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He began by fashioning canvas tarps into uncomfortable pants, but the idea eventually evolved into a product that proved to have real legs. By 1873, the man, Levi Strauss, was tailoring a French fabric from the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?client=safari&oe=UTF-8&q=nimes+france&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x12b42d0bd6e85339:0xde88134f9f200c03,Nimes,+France&gl=us&ei=lY7VUuvdLaLcyQG9koHgDg&ved=0CMoBELYD\" target=\"_blank\">city of Nimes\u003c/a> (the French “de nimes” means\u003cem> \u003c/em>“of Nimes”) and using an indigo dye that inspired visions of the blue uniforms worn by sailors in Genoa, Italy. This combination of places, materials, people, and historical events (and Strauss’s patented rivets for utmost durability) led to a new global craze: denim blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century and a half later, denim has invaded the wardrobes of every stratum of society. From the roughneck biker in a jean jacket with the sleeves cut off, to the Midwest farmer in overalls, to the fashionable city slicker, to Brett Favre in a backyard football game\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66009\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66009 \" style=\"border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD-360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Levi Strauss (Public Domain)\" width=\"252\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levi Strauss--the man who made denim famous. \u003cem>(Public Domain)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In terms of infiltrating society, the invention of Levi Strauss ranks among the likes of automobiles, telephones, and light bulbs. You couldn’t avoid it if you tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if Jen Carlson and Josh Shear have their way, the denim invasion has only just begun. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, the entrepreneurial husband and wife team has recently developed a product they call “Denimite.” It could immortalize your favorite old pair of jeans by turning it into solid countertops, jewelry, billfolds -- and even car dashboards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their inspiration for creating Denimite comes from a belief that with a little imagination, a product has plenty of useful applications after it has exceeded its intended shelf life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all known for years that the landfills are too full, there are finite resources for many things, and it makes sense to use what we have access to for a real purpose,” Carlson said. “There are a lot of materials available easily that are technically waste materials that can be made into a new material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlson and Shear this belief has become a lifestyle. After building a straw-bale home in Lincoln in 1999, they recognized a shortage of green building materials in the middle part of the country. Soon they started a business carrying sustainable materials and made a name for themselves locally by manufacturing countertops out of recycled glass. Their unique, colorful, custom-built products can now be found in homes and businesses across the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years their business, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris-industries.com\" target=\"_blank\">Iris Industries\u003c/a>, has experimented with transforming other materials into solid, sustainable composite building materials. Nonbelievers are treated to a suitcase full of wood-like blocks made of various “feedstocks,” including sunflower seed hulls, shredded magazines, grasses, even recycled U.S. currency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson said that turning a loose, flexible material into a solid composite isn’t as complicated a notion as one might think, but it entails loads of math, science, and experimentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really just the feedstock and the resin binder, which is a partial bio-based binder and what gives it durability. Then it just needs heat and pressure. So from that standpoint it’s very simple,\" Carlson said. \"Getting everything to work correctly -- the right ratios, the right pressures -- there’s a lot of work that goes into that, so that’s what we’ve been researching and developing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66005 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Shear working with his custom press.\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear uses a custom built hydraulic press to create square samples of Iris Industry's Denimite and other composite solids. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/Quest Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The essential ingredient required for Shear and Carlson to work their magic is a solvent-free, VOC-free thermoset epoxy resin that, when combined with a fibrous material (such as denim), heat, and compression, causes an interlocking reaction at the molecular level. “It literally creates a long-chain molecule that now doesn’t change until you get it so hot that the resin breaks down, which would be very, very hot,” said Shear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, raw materials in epoxy resin are extracted from petroleum, but the resin used to make denimite is partially bio-based, meaning that a portion of the petroleum-based components found in traditional epoxies have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136894\" target=\"_blank\">replaced with biomass materials\u003c/a>—specifically \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?tab=ww&ei=453VUta3LsreyQGDqIC4Cw&ved=0CBgQ1S4#q=itaconic+acid\" target=\"_blank\">itaconic acid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a typical cut of composite plywood, Iris Industry’s products are usually made in sheet form and worked with standard wood tools, but Carlson and Shear are especially excited about Denimite because it can be molded into just about any shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The automotive industry is a really cool and interesting application, as they’re trying to move into more sustainable materials in general anyway,” Carlson said. “We like the idea of using it for a console or dashboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as epoxy resin technology evolves, Iris Industries hopes to eventually carry fully petroleum-free products. Shear said it’s all part of an effort to see a petroleum-based society shift to a renewable-based society. “What we’re trying to get these things to do is replace, or partially replace, some 100-percent polymer compounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what better way to do it than with one of the most recognizable, durable, and loved inventions in American history? Because of denim’s prevalence, Shear and Carlson believe Denimite has a leg up when it comes to both the product’s popularity and its ability to inspire people to expand their notion of how something can be recycled and repurposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Said Shear, “We like to see people say, ‘Oh, you can recycle that?’ or ‘Oh, I get that that’s recycled.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66049 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1-640x213.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of Iris Industries Products\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear and Jen Carlson use a variety of recycled materials to create solid composites--from magazines and shredded money to fabric and farm waste. Above are samples of finished products made from sunflower seed hulls, denim, and walnut shells. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/QUEST Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-63542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a moment to think about your dream house. What is it made of? Where is it? What kind of stuff do you have inside to make you feel comfortable, safe, and happy? It’s OK to be picky. It’s your dream house, after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if you are fantasizing about a small wooden box in a garden that features a single room full of soft insulating materials that smell like mouse urine, there is something you should know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be a bumblebee queen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that turns out to be the case, it would be wise for you to befriend Dr. Doug Golick at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. As an assistant professor of entomology, Golick leads a research project called Bumble Boosters, which is equally intent on learning more about bumblebees, promoting the biological and pollination benefits they provide, and finding new ways to get the public involved, from funding to fieldwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 227px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick-227x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Doug Golick\" width=\"227\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick poses for a portrait with one of his bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To me, this is a complex issue,” Golick said. “We all know pollinators are great, but what are the other issues around their management? What are the issues around agriculture related to them? What are the issues related to conservation? How do we convince people to make behavior changes in their yard, where people spray everything to kill all the weeds and get rid of every bug they see? That’s what we’re interested in, because the pollinators really do need our help right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the Bumble Booster research includes understanding what bumblebee queens look for in a home, with the hope that a greater number of attractive domiciles will create less competition among queens for a place to establish their colonies. Queens frequently colonize abandoned, underground rodent dens, but according to Golick, dead queens are often found in the corners of these dens, having lost the battle for the real estate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, a greater number of acceptable domiciles would eliminate these battles and provide a population boost, but so far no human-designed bumblebee home has proven to be up to snuff compared to a good, old-fashioned rat hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of designs out there that are published,” said Golick, but “very few are having any sort of success.” Golick explained that a box with just 10 percent of the domiciles colonized is currently recognized as “good” success, but most of the existing design prototypes have barely any colonization occurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to build a box with a higher success rate than that,” he said. “I think if they were a more directly noticeable economic insect, we’d probably have all this stuff figured out by now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63620\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63620 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bumblebee checks out a pink cosmos in southeast Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to him, what a doe-eyed, fuzzy, striped, and generally docile bumblebee lacks in economic value may be made up for by its ability to get the ordinary citizen interested in science and habitat conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Golick agreed that bumblebees could take on the same role as pandas, elephants, wolves, and other “charismatic megafauna” used to spur public interest in conserving habitats that also support less charming but equally at-risk or endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63618\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63618 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"306\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louise Lynch, a PhD student at UNL, studies the behavioral and educational outcomes of citizen science projects. Here she is seen constructing a Bumble Booster bumblebee box, which will be completed and distributed before spring 2014.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, he launched a Bumble Boosters Kickstarter campaign in May 2013, and through its success, crowdsourced the funding to construct 200 bumblebee boxes on the UNL campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime prior to spring 2014, contributors who donated $100 or more will receive their very own box to set up in a place where a family of bumblebees would be welcome, such as a flower garden. Time will then tell whether or not the box design is successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as the team would like to discover the formula for making a bumblebee dream house, an equally important goal is to learn how these citizen scientists engage in the scientific process and what individuals do in their communities to get friends and neighbors involved in scientific pursuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“Insects are a vehicle to teach science,” Golick said. “So, for things like pollinators that are really a hot topic right now, I think we can take advantage of that to help the public become aware of the benefits of insects and the benefits of making critical decisions about complex issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62467 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bumblebee Box \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick carries one of the Bumble Boosters bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-63542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a moment to think about your dream house. What is it made of? Where is it? What kind of stuff do you have inside to make you feel comfortable, safe, and happy? It’s OK to be picky. It’s your dream house, after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if you are fantasizing about a small wooden box in a garden that features a single room full of soft insulating materials that smell like mouse urine, there is something you should know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be a bumblebee queen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that turns out to be the case, it would be wise for you to befriend Dr. Doug Golick at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. As an assistant professor of entomology, Golick leads a research project called Bumble Boosters, which is equally intent on learning more about bumblebees, promoting the biological and pollination benefits they provide, and finding new ways to get the public involved, from funding to fieldwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 227px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick-227x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Doug Golick\" width=\"227\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick poses for a portrait with one of his bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To me, this is a complex issue,” Golick said. “We all know pollinators are great, but what are the other issues around their management? What are the issues around agriculture related to them? What are the issues related to conservation? How do we convince people to make behavior changes in their yard, where people spray everything to kill all the weeds and get rid of every bug they see? That’s what we’re interested in, because the pollinators really do need our help right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the Bumble Booster research includes understanding what bumblebee queens look for in a home, with the hope that a greater number of attractive domiciles will create less competition among queens for a place to establish their colonies. Queens frequently colonize abandoned, underground rodent dens, but according to Golick, dead queens are often found in the corners of these dens, having lost the battle for the real estate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, a greater number of acceptable domiciles would eliminate these battles and provide a population boost, but so far no human-designed bumblebee home has proven to be up to snuff compared to a good, old-fashioned rat hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of designs out there that are published,” said Golick, but “very few are having any sort of success.” Golick explained that a box with just 10 percent of the domiciles colonized is currently recognized as “good” success, but most of the existing design prototypes have barely any colonization occurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to build a box with a higher success rate than that,” he said. “I think if they were a more directly noticeable economic insect, we’d probably have all this stuff figured out by now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63620\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63620 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bumblebee checks out a pink cosmos in southeast Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to him, what a doe-eyed, fuzzy, striped, and generally docile bumblebee lacks in economic value may be made up for by its ability to get the ordinary citizen interested in science and habitat conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Golick agreed that bumblebees could take on the same role as pandas, elephants, wolves, and other “charismatic megafauna” used to spur public interest in conserving habitats that also support less charming but equally at-risk or endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63618\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63618 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"306\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louise Lynch, a PhD student at UNL, studies the behavioral and educational outcomes of citizen science projects. Here she is seen constructing a Bumble Booster bumblebee box, which will be completed and distributed before spring 2014.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, he launched a Bumble Boosters Kickstarter campaign in May 2013, and through its success, crowdsourced the funding to construct 200 bumblebee boxes on the UNL campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime prior to spring 2014, contributors who donated $100 or more will receive their very own box to set up in a place where a family of bumblebees would be welcome, such as a flower garden. Time will then tell whether or not the box design is successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as the team would like to discover the formula for making a bumblebee dream house, an equally important goal is to learn how these citizen scientists engage in the scientific process and what individuals do in their communities to get friends and neighbors involved in scientific pursuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“Insects are a vehicle to teach science,” Golick said. “So, for things like pollinators that are really a hot topic right now, I think we can take advantage of that to help the public become aware of the benefits of insects and the benefits of making critical decisions about complex issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62467 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bumblebee Box \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick carries one of the Bumble Boosters bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59531\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"081913buschlitecloseup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The zebra mussel that was found on a beer can in an Omaha lake in 2010.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It probably isn’t the only empty beer can to have found its way to the floor of Zorinsky Lake in Omaha, Nebraska, and it probably won’t be the last. But in the story of a domestic battle that has had wide-ranging ecological and economic consequences, it is certainly the most significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addison Krebs, the Omaha Boy Scout who found the beer can on November 9, 2010, quickly became a hero to local biologists, ecologists, and water recreation enthusiasts -- not just because of his efforts to clean the lake of litter but also because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/article/20101125/NEWS01/711249794\">what he discovered in the process\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attached to the top rim of the beer can was the first zebra mussel ever found in a publicly accessible Nebraska lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relentlessly efficient breeders, zebra mussels have been spreading from the Great Lakes to waterways in eastern states and throughout the Rust Belt since 1986. Over the last decade they have steadily encroached upon the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" \" style=\"border: 10px;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px\" src=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"242\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> map shows annual distribution of confirmed zebra and quagga mussel occurences in United States waters between 1986 and 2011. Click on the image to view an enlarged version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Officials quickly reacted to Krebs’s discovery, draining the lake and freezing out any remaining threat. In the three years since (and despite exploding populations in the neighboring states of Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa), no established zebra mussel populations have been found within Nebraska’s borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabled, mussel-sporting beer can from Omaha is now a trophy of sorts at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Nebraska-Invasive-Species-Project/356557141125\">Nebraska Invasive Species Project\u003c/a> headquarters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The project works to increase public awareness of invasive species, which fosters the possibility of early detection and rapid eradication like that accomplished at \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=zorinsky+lake+omaha+ne&ll=41.22005,-96.161785&spn=0.056103,0.131922&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Zorinsky+Lake&gl=us&t=h&z=14\">Zorinsky Lake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Verhoeff coordinated the project during Nebraska’s spring and summer boating season of 2013. He says that when future generations reflect on the health and stability of native ecosystems, current efforts to control invasive species like zebra mussels will be a part of our generation’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’re in this age of information, we know better. So, given the fact that we’ve done the research and have the knowledge, I’d say we have the responsibility, even the obligation, to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s at stake if we don’t? Lots of money, for one thing. Unchecked populations of mussels can quickly colonize the insides of pipes and attach to the hard surfaces of water-based infrastructures, problems that potentially cost millions of dollars to fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the real victims are the native species that normally support functional, productive ecosystems. Verhoeff warns that an invasive species like the zebra mussel can throw off an entire ecosystem’s balance, or “biological homeostasis.” One of his biggest concerns is that even the professionals who pay close attention to the intricacies of ecosystems don’t know all the consequences of an invasive species running wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60251 \" style=\"border: 1px solid orange;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 5px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe-640x360.gif\" alt=\"shoe\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shoe encrusted by quagga mussels--a relative to the zebra mussel--at the Nebraska Invasive Species Project headquarters. Quagga mussels behave similarly to zebra mussels and are another a major concern in the United States. See \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/current_zm_quag_map.jpg\">this USGS map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you take something so complex, like a web, and you pluck one little part out, you think it has no impact, but it could have huge, huge impacts elsewhere,” Verhoeff explains. “So, it’s much better to take a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides public education, the Nebraska Invasive Species Project takes a proactive approach by regularly gathering water samples from Nebraska lakes and searching for microscopic zebra mussel veligers (the zebra mussel’s larval stage). Evidence of veligers would trigger a rapid and thorough response at the lake from which it was pulled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None have been found yet, but with so many nearby lakes impacted and the relatively low levels of state-funded resources available to fight these invasives, it’s hard to imagine that Nebraska’s streak of luck will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verhoeff wants to see an expanded state policy, such as mandatory boat inspections like \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.state.co.us/Fishing/Management/MandatoryBoatInspections/Pages/MandatoryBoatInspections.aspx\">those implemented in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says there is great support for that because, “people on the water understand that this is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are economically driven and some are recreationally driven because they know what this could do to our fisheries,” he says. “And then there’s another group that just understands that it’s our job to be good stewards of the environment, that it’s our obligation to take care of these natural communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"60213,60211,60214,60212,60216,60217\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59531\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"081913buschlitecloseup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The zebra mussel that was found on a beer can in an Omaha lake in 2010.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It probably isn’t the only empty beer can to have found its way to the floor of Zorinsky Lake in Omaha, Nebraska, and it probably won’t be the last. But in the story of a domestic battle that has had wide-ranging ecological and economic consequences, it is certainly the most significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addison Krebs, the Omaha Boy Scout who found the beer can on November 9, 2010, quickly became a hero to local biologists, ecologists, and water recreation enthusiasts -- not just because of his efforts to clean the lake of litter but also because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/article/20101125/NEWS01/711249794\">what he discovered in the process\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attached to the top rim of the beer can was the first zebra mussel ever found in a publicly accessible Nebraska lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relentlessly efficient breeders, zebra mussels have been spreading from the Great Lakes to waterways in eastern states and throughout the Rust Belt since 1986. Over the last decade they have steadily encroached upon the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" \" style=\"border: 10px;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px\" src=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"242\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> map shows annual distribution of confirmed zebra and quagga mussel occurences in United States waters between 1986 and 2011. Click on the image to view an enlarged version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Officials quickly reacted to Krebs’s discovery, draining the lake and freezing out any remaining threat. In the three years since (and despite exploding populations in the neighboring states of Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa), no established zebra mussel populations have been found within Nebraska’s borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabled, mussel-sporting beer can from Omaha is now a trophy of sorts at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Nebraska-Invasive-Species-Project/356557141125\">Nebraska Invasive Species Project\u003c/a> headquarters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The project works to increase public awareness of invasive species, which fosters the possibility of early detection and rapid eradication like that accomplished at \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=zorinsky+lake+omaha+ne&ll=41.22005,-96.161785&spn=0.056103,0.131922&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Zorinsky+Lake&gl=us&t=h&z=14\">Zorinsky Lake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Verhoeff coordinated the project during Nebraska’s spring and summer boating season of 2013. He says that when future generations reflect on the health and stability of native ecosystems, current efforts to control invasive species like zebra mussels will be a part of our generation’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’re in this age of information, we know better. So, given the fact that we’ve done the research and have the knowledge, I’d say we have the responsibility, even the obligation, to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s at stake if we don’t? Lots of money, for one thing. Unchecked populations of mussels can quickly colonize the insides of pipes and attach to the hard surfaces of water-based infrastructures, problems that potentially cost millions of dollars to fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the real victims are the native species that normally support functional, productive ecosystems. Verhoeff warns that an invasive species like the zebra mussel can throw off an entire ecosystem’s balance, or “biological homeostasis.” One of his biggest concerns is that even the professionals who pay close attention to the intricacies of ecosystems don’t know all the consequences of an invasive species running wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60251 \" style=\"border: 1px solid orange;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 5px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe-640x360.gif\" alt=\"shoe\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shoe encrusted by quagga mussels--a relative to the zebra mussel--at the Nebraska Invasive Species Project headquarters. Quagga mussels behave similarly to zebra mussels and are another a major concern in the United States. See \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/current_zm_quag_map.jpg\">this USGS map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you take something so complex, like a web, and you pluck one little part out, you think it has no impact, but it could have huge, huge impacts elsewhere,” Verhoeff explains. “So, it’s much better to take a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides public education, the Nebraska Invasive Species Project takes a proactive approach by regularly gathering water samples from Nebraska lakes and searching for microscopic zebra mussel veligers (the zebra mussel’s larval stage). Evidence of veligers would trigger a rapid and thorough response at the lake from which it was pulled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None have been found yet, but with so many nearby lakes impacted and the relatively low levels of state-funded resources available to fight these invasives, it’s hard to imagine that Nebraska’s streak of luck will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verhoeff wants to see an expanded state policy, such as mandatory boat inspections like \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.state.co.us/Fishing/Management/MandatoryBoatInspections/Pages/MandatoryBoatInspections.aspx\">those implemented in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says there is great support for that because, “people on the water understand that this is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are economically driven and some are recreationally driven because they know what this could do to our fisheries,” he says. “And then there’s another group that just understands that it’s our job to be good stewards of the environment, that it’s our obligation to take care of these natural communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58462 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1-640x358.png\" alt=\"ross\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>(Photo by Jon Augustine/QUEST)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a farmer told you \u003cstrong>not \u003c/strong>to pull a weed, would you be worried about him? Maybe you’d insist he get out of the heat and drink some water, or take a vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, that farmer may have good reason to protect his weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the middle of July 2012, the costliest drought in recorded history had Nebraska in its grip. Not a sprinkle of rain had fallen on Ross Brockley’s farm since June 4, and wouldn’t again until July 31. His half-dozen acres of vegetable gardens were green thanks only to constant watering by hand and diligent weeding performed by Brockley, his wife, Barb, and me, his lone farmhand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the southeast corner of the state, residents had spent their summer watching scorched soil crack and fields of crops turn brown. On this particular day I noticed a very healthy plant in an empty garden bed. It didn’t resemble anything I recognized as food so I pulled it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t do that!” Brockley yelped from across the garden. “I’m saving it,” he said sternly. “We’ll eat that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant looked like a bundle of long red worms, each with several green oval-shaped cartoon ears. It looked more like something suited for a compost pile than a cultivated garden. This drought had clearly taken a toll on Brockley’s mental state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He picked up the plant I had just discarded, broke off two stems, and put one in his mouth. He held the other in front of my face, indicating that I was to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s purslane,” he said as he chewed, “and it’s primo!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hesitantly took a bite and chewed it slowly. “Peppery,” I thought. The crunch felt like a snap pea with the skin of an apple. Then came a blast of citrus flavor. I would have told Brockley that I enjoyed it, but I couldn’t bring myself to interrupt his obvious state of food bliss. I simply looked on as he finished eating the entire plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"//www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this introduction to purslane, I started seeing it everywhere -- from my yard to cracks in sidewalks to the shoulders of gravel roads. Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches. The stuff seemed to be laughing in the face of the unrelenting dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wondered if my conditioned aversion to weeds had been keeping me from trying other wild edibles, so I sought out an expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\" alt=\"purslaneoxtailsoup-1\" width=\"242\" height=\"747\">\u003c/a>Kay Young is a local legend among plant people. In 1993, she authored \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/lhy55p6\">\u003cstrong>Wild Seasons: Gathering and Cooking Wild Plants of the Great Plains\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and has been active in Lincoln’s gardening community for decades. The 82-year-old has dedicated her life to local folklore, horticulture, and ethnobotany. A quick tour of her backyard revealed a variety of nurtured plants that one would expect to see in a yard-waste bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She walked me around her property, showing off several edible plants that occur naturally in our prairie ecosystems. We nipped at milkweed, lambsquarter, various flower blossoms, dandelions, and more. Young’s current favorite is Virginia mountain mint, which is native to Nebraska. It makes a refreshing, sugar-free drink when refrigerated in a pitcher of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her driveway we snacked on purslane that she’d planted in flowerpots. She recommended including the leaves in tacos and burritos and praised its ability to replace less reliable greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you make a sandwich with mayonnaise or salad dressing, it doesn’t get wimpy the way lettuce does,” she said of purslane’s hardy leaves. “And in the summer, when the lettuce is getting bitter, purslane is still just wonderful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so with minimal to no help, purslane and other wild plants are thriving during the country’s worst drought in decades. On top of that, they taste good. But the label “edible” is just a nice way of saying it’s something to chew on that won’t kill you, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrong. For instance, purslane might be one of the healthiest greens out there. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-97602004000200013&script=sci_arttext\">A study by the Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health,\u003c/a> a nonprofit research organization in Washington, D.C., states that purslane is the “richest source of omega-3 fatty acids of any green leafy vegetable yet examined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to proper metabolism, and according to the same report, their presence is waning in a Western diet that strays from nutrient sources that humans evolved to need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In developing new sources of food, the study of dietary composition of wild plants is essential,” the report concludes. “Their cultivation should lead to increased production of plants rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, both of which reduce the risk of chronic diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Reading this made me wonder why we weren’t cultivating nutritious, drought-tolerant weeds like purslane. Could some of these wild edibles become dinner-table staples in the near future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-58260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto-640x325.png\" alt=\"purslane_breakoutphoto\" width=\"640\" height=\"325\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question I visited Bob Henrickson, an assistant director of the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu\">Nebraska State Arboretum\u003c/a> at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henrickson agreed that people are failing themselves by not indulging in the prairie’s naturally occurring food sources. He acknowledged that cultivating these so-called weeds would require less water and potentially reduce the need for pesticides and chemical fertilizers, but he was not optimistic that vast fields of purslane, milkweed, or gooseberries would soon replace the established, lucrative crops of the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never gonna outcompete corn and beans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suggested that the best chance to get wild edibles onto dinner plates on a larger scale is to introduce them to urban gardeners who grow food to support their own dietary values and not their pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use them with the attitude that ‘it’s going to enhance my food,’ not that ‘I’m going to save me and the planet,’ and you’ll find yourself using them more and more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the farm, Brockley agrees with that sentiment. He just wants to see his customers using common sense in their relationship with purslane instead of worrying about his mental health when he eats it in front of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People say, ‘That stuff grows in the cracks of my sidewalk. I don’t want to eat that.’ But when you think about it, it’s growing in the cracks of sidewalks during the worst drought of most of our lives. Isn’t that exactly what you want to eat?” asks Brockley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever is in that plant, keeping it alive and healthy,” he adds, “I want in my blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58462 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1-640x358.png\" alt=\"ross\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>(Photo by Jon Augustine/QUEST)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a farmer told you \u003cstrong>not \u003c/strong>to pull a weed, would you be worried about him? Maybe you’d insist he get out of the heat and drink some water, or take a vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, that farmer may have good reason to protect his weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the middle of July 2012, the costliest drought in recorded history had Nebraska in its grip. Not a sprinkle of rain had fallen on Ross Brockley’s farm since June 4, and wouldn’t again until July 31. His half-dozen acres of vegetable gardens were green thanks only to constant watering by hand and diligent weeding performed by Brockley, his wife, Barb, and me, his lone farmhand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the southeast corner of the state, residents had spent their summer watching scorched soil crack and fields of crops turn brown. On this particular day I noticed a very healthy plant in an empty garden bed. It didn’t resemble anything I recognized as food so I pulled it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t do that!” Brockley yelped from across the garden. “I’m saving it,” he said sternly. “We’ll eat that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant looked like a bundle of long red worms, each with several green oval-shaped cartoon ears. It looked more like something suited for a compost pile than a cultivated garden. This drought had clearly taken a toll on Brockley’s mental state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He picked up the plant I had just discarded, broke off two stems, and put one in his mouth. He held the other in front of my face, indicating that I was to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s purslane,” he said as he chewed, “and it’s primo!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hesitantly took a bite and chewed it slowly. “Peppery,” I thought. The crunch felt like a snap pea with the skin of an apple. Then came a blast of citrus flavor. I would have told Brockley that I enjoyed it, but I couldn’t bring myself to interrupt his obvious state of food bliss. I simply looked on as he finished eating the entire plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"//www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this introduction to purslane, I started seeing it everywhere -- from my yard to cracks in sidewalks to the shoulders of gravel roads. Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches. The stuff seemed to be laughing in the face of the unrelenting dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wondered if my conditioned aversion to weeds had been keeping me from trying other wild edibles, so I sought out an expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\" alt=\"purslaneoxtailsoup-1\" width=\"242\" height=\"747\">\u003c/a>Kay Young is a local legend among plant people. In 1993, she authored \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/lhy55p6\">\u003cstrong>Wild Seasons: Gathering and Cooking Wild Plants of the Great Plains\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and has been active in Lincoln’s gardening community for decades. The 82-year-old has dedicated her life to local folklore, horticulture, and ethnobotany. A quick tour of her backyard revealed a variety of nurtured plants that one would expect to see in a yard-waste bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She walked me around her property, showing off several edible plants that occur naturally in our prairie ecosystems. We nipped at milkweed, lambsquarter, various flower blossoms, dandelions, and more. Young’s current favorite is Virginia mountain mint, which is native to Nebraska. It makes a refreshing, sugar-free drink when refrigerated in a pitcher of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her driveway we snacked on purslane that she’d planted in flowerpots. She recommended including the leaves in tacos and burritos and praised its ability to replace less reliable greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you make a sandwich with mayonnaise or salad dressing, it doesn’t get wimpy the way lettuce does,” she said of purslane’s hardy leaves. “And in the summer, when the lettuce is getting bitter, purslane is still just wonderful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so with minimal to no help, purslane and other wild plants are thriving during the country’s worst drought in decades. On top of that, they taste good. But the label “edible” is just a nice way of saying it’s something to chew on that won’t kill you, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrong. For instance, purslane might be one of the healthiest greens out there. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-97602004000200013&script=sci_arttext\">A study by the Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health,\u003c/a> a nonprofit research organization in Washington, D.C., states that purslane is the “richest source of omega-3 fatty acids of any green leafy vegetable yet examined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to proper metabolism, and according to the same report, their presence is waning in a Western diet that strays from nutrient sources that humans evolved to need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In developing new sources of food, the study of dietary composition of wild plants is essential,” the report concludes. “Their cultivation should lead to increased production of plants rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, both of which reduce the risk of chronic diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Reading this made me wonder why we weren’t cultivating nutritious, drought-tolerant weeds like purslane. Could some of these wild edibles become dinner-table staples in the near future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-58260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto-640x325.png\" alt=\"purslane_breakoutphoto\" width=\"640\" height=\"325\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question I visited Bob Henrickson, an assistant director of the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu\">Nebraska State Arboretum\u003c/a> at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henrickson agreed that people are failing themselves by not indulging in the prairie’s naturally occurring food sources. He acknowledged that cultivating these so-called weeds would require less water and potentially reduce the need for pesticides and chemical fertilizers, but he was not optimistic that vast fields of purslane, milkweed, or gooseberries would soon replace the established, lucrative crops of the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never gonna outcompete corn and beans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suggested that the best chance to get wild edibles onto dinner plates on a larger scale is to introduce them to urban gardeners who grow food to support their own dietary values and not their pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use them with the attitude that ‘it’s going to enhance my food,’ not that ‘I’m going to save me and the planet,’ and you’ll find yourself using them more and more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the farm, Brockley agrees with that sentiment. He just wants to see his customers using common sense in their relationship with purslane instead of worrying about his mental health when he eats it in front of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People say, ‘That stuff grows in the cracks of my sidewalk. I don’t want to eat that.’ But when you think about it, it’s growing in the cracks of sidewalks during the worst drought of most of our lives. Isn’t that exactly what you want to eat?” asks Brockley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever is in that plant, keeping it alive and healthy,” he adds, “I want in my blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
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