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"content": "\u003cp>More than 700 measles cases have been confirmed in 22 states so far this year, with 78 of those cases reported in the previous week, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to Monday’s update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/a> That’s the highest number reported in the U.S. since 1994.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related\" tag=\"measles\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those cases, more than 500 have been found in people who had not been vaccinated, the federal agency said, including about 400 in mostly Orthodox Jewish communities in the New York region. And late last week, a quarantine order was issued for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11742926/measles-quarantines-hit-2-los-angeles-universities-amid-nationwide-outbreak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hundreds of students and staff at two Los Angeles universities\u003c/a> who may have been exposed to measles and don’t have vaccination records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this latest outbreak comes plenty of angry finger-pointing at the small but notorious contingent of Americans who choose not to vaccinate their children (or themselves) against the highly contagious, yet preventable, disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as three decades ago, measles was listed by the World Health Organization as one of the five leading causes of death on Earth. But by 2000, the disease\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\"> \u003c/a>was \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared “eliminated” in the U.S.\u003c/a>, largely due to the success of statewide public health campaigns to make the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine mandatory for children enrolling in public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, however, the number of parents requesting religious or philosophical exemptions to state rules has gone up, as have reported measles cases. In 2014, the CDC reported what was then the highest number of cases in over a decade: 644 in 27 states, including one outbreak in an Amish community in rural Ohio infecting more than 300 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nvic.org/vaccine-laws/state-vaccine-requirements.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forty-seven\u003c/a> states still permit parents to opt out of vaccinating their children on religious grounds, and 18 states allow exemptions based on personal or philosophical beliefs (until 2015, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nvic.org/vaccine-laws/state-vaccine-requirements/california.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California allowed\u003c/a> both exemptions). Many parents who go this route say they doubt the effectiveness of the vaccine or have concerns that it may cause autism or other major health problems, even though no medical evidence actually supports these theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/measles-20190429/\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These holdouts mark just the latest chapter in a long, robust history of anti-vaccination movements. Intermittent backlashes against compulsory government vaccination campaigns have arisen ever since the first series of vaccinations were given more than 200 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most interesting are the striking cultural similarities and motives of today’s prototypical “anti-vaxers” and their 19th century forebears: Both have typically been cast as either deeply religious or affluent, well-educated and politically progressive, and intensely protective of civil liberties and personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The First Vaccine Revolution\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you know little or care less about smallpox, Edward Jenner’s the guy to thank for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most gruesome and deadly diseases in human history, smallpox terrorized the world for centuries, ravaging entire civilizations and claiming millions of lives — particularly those of young children — during its sporadic outbreaks. Highly infectious, the disease typically covers the skin in large oozing, pus-filled bumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1796, Jenner, a rural British physician, tested a locally shared theory that milkmaids who contracted cowpox were immune from smallpox. Similar to smallpox but far less severe, cowpox is generally found in animals and can be transmitted to human handlers. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/edward-jenner-museum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jenner extracted pus from a cowpox scab\u003c/a> and inserted it into an incision on the arm of an 8-year-old boy. Although the child contracted a mild virus, he recovered quickly, developing antibodies that built up his immunity to both cowpox and smallpox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jenner subsequently coined the term “vaccine,” from “vacca,” Latin for cow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although initially rejected by the British medical establishment, Jenner’s findings were eventually published after subsequent successful trials, and the field of modern immunology was born. The discovery paved the way for vaccine breakthroughs over the following two centuries, including inoculations for polio, tetanus, influenza, rabies, diphtheria and, yes, measles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallpox vaccine and its later iterations proved so successful that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/features/2010/smallpox/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Health Organization in 1980\u003c/a> declared it the first disease to be eradicated as a result of global vaccination efforts. To date, there is no cure or treatment for it; vaccination is the only means of prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Birth of the Backlash\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Protection from one of the most feared, miserable ailments in human history: Who wouldn’t raise a (sterilized) glass to that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16227 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1-300x228.jpg\" alt=' 1887 illustration from an anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: \"This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.\" ' width=\"300\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration from an 1807 anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: “This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.” (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turns out, lots of folks. As word of the procedure spread, Jenner was ridiculed by a host of angry critics, particularly members of the clergy, who charged that the idea of inoculating someone with pus from a diseased animal was not only revolting but blasphemous. Rumors abounded of vaccinated patients contracting bovine diseases and suffering grotesque reactions. Enough evidence, however, demonstrated the obvious advantages of the vaccination, and the procedure became increasingly accepted by the medical establishment in much of Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-1800s, in the wake of several smallpox outbreaks, the United Kingdom enacted a set of laws making vaccinations compulsory, initially for infants, but eventually for all children up to 14 years old. Cumulative penalties were imposed on violators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These measures, though, were met with staunch resistance, inciting a series of riots. The unrest prompted the creation of the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League in 1867, whose founders were primarily concerned with what they considered a blatant infringement of personal choice and liberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s seven-point mission statement, printed on the masthead of its newsletter, included the following pronouncement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“As parliament, instead of guarding the liberty of the subject, has invaded this liberty by rendering good health a crime, punishable by fine or imprisonment, inflicted on dutiful parents, parliament is deserving of public condemnation.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1870s and ’80s, even as smallpox vaccination techniques were rapidly advancing and helping to contain the disease’s spread, anti-vaccination campaigns continued to gain momentum in the U.K. and elsewhere. Propaganda literature proliferated as leaders of the movement adeptly tapped into the public’s understandable anxieties about the still nascent procedure. Some efforts were successful in temporarily lowering vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11744701\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/lead_720_405.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11744701\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/lead_720_405.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/lead_720_405.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/lead_720_405-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cartoon from a 1894 anti-vaccination publication. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Historical Medical Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the largest demonstrations, in Leicester, England, in 1885, drew upward of 100,000 people, with a child’s coffin and an effigy of Jenner among the props exhibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rally prompted a government commission to investigate the protesters’ grievances, which eventually concluded that the vaccine was safe and effective. But in a political move to pacify detractors, the report also recommended the abolition of penalties for violators. In 1898, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123944/#B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the passage of a new national vaccination act\u003c/a> removed such penalties and included a “conscientious objector” clause, allowing parents concerned with the safety of vaccinations to apply for an exemption certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The anti-vax fever spreads to America\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the late 1800s, a series of smallpox outbreaks in the United States spurred a number of local government vaccine campaigns. That, in turn, prompted fierce opposition, including a visit from William Tebb, a prominent British anti-vaccine activist. By 1879, the Anti-Vaccination Society of America was established, followed by the emergence of several local leagues, including the New England Anti Compulsory Vaccination League and the Anti-Vaccination League of New York City. A second national league was formed in the early 1900s. Activists waged court battles to repeal vaccination laws in a number of states, including California, Illinois and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a response that inflamed tensions and helped further cast vaccination campaigns as an affront to civil liberties, public health officials commonly resorted to heavy-handed, inconsistent enforcement tactics, often vaccinating immigrants and minorities against their will during outbreaks, writes \u003ca href=\"https://www.tulsaworld.com/opinion/columnists/stephen-mihm-how-to-eradicate-outbreaks-of-anti-vaccine-fever/article_4660b867-3b84-58b1-8e2e-73e631c0bdd5.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Georgia history professor Stephen Mihm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11744718\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 758px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Anti-Vaccination_Society_of_America_advertisement_from_1902.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11744718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Anti-Vaccination_Society_of_America_advertisement_from_1902.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"758\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Anti-Vaccination_Society_of_America_advertisement_from_1902.jpg 758w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Anti-Vaccination_Society_of_America_advertisement_from_1902-160x93.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 758px) 100vw, 758px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Anti-Vaccination Society of America advertisement from 1902. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fears were also legitimately stoked by the lack of oversight in the production of vaccines, a process primarily controlled by private industry that was loosely regulated and at times resulted in questionable, unsafe products. In one of the worst incidents, nine children in Camden, New Jersey, died after being inoculated with a batch of smallpox vaccine that had been contaminated with tetanus. News of the tragedy prompted Congress to pass the \u003ca href=\"https://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/docs/page_03.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biologics Control Act\u003c/a> of 1902, increasing government oversight of the manufacturing process.s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a smallpox outbreak in 1902, the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, mandated vaccinations for all residents. After one man refused to comply on the grounds that the law violated his right to care for himself, the city filed criminal charges against him. The case — \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449224/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jacobson v. Massachusetts\u003c/a> — eventually made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ultimately sided with the state, ruling that it was within its power to enact mandatory vaccine laws in order to protect the public in the event of a communicable disease. \u003ca href=\"http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-movements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The decision\u003c/a> marked the first Supreme Court case determining the extent of state power in enacting public health law.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Modern times\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Anti-vaccination fervor erupted again in England and spread abroad in the latter half of the 20th century, this time after an errant 1970s medical study alleged that the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) vaccine had caused neurological disorders in children. The report fueled a wave of public outcry and subsequent false analyses, leading to decreased vaccination rates and three major outbreaks of pertussis (whooping cough), despite an independent advisory committee confirming the safety of the immunization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The controversy over DTP reached the United States after a 1982 documentary, “DPT: Vaccination Roulette,” and a 1991 book, “A Shot in the Dark,” alleged adverse reactions to the vaccine and questioned its effectiveness. Amid the ensuing media storm, scores of parents formed advocacy groups opposing the immunization and, in several cases, sued vaccine manufacturers. Hoping to not repeat England’s example, U.S. medical organizations, like the Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, aggressively countered the false claims, and more effectively stemmed the decrease in vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11744712\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11744712\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An anti-vaccination parent holds up a prescription document as she waits to enter a hearing before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., on March 5, 2019. \u003ccite>(Jim WATSON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And then came the \u003cem>anti\u003c/em> anti-measles movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the MMR vaccine’s safe and effective application since it was introduced in the 1960s, fear over the inoculation spread like wildfire after a 1998 medical study, and a subsequent flurry of media coverage, suggested a connection between the vaccine and the onset of autism. The study was later discredited, and an independent medical board determined that its author, British doctor Andrew Wakefield, had a “fatal conflict of interest” \u003ca href=\"https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-movements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after revelations\u003c/a> that he had been paid by lawyers representing parents who believed the vaccine had harmed their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a decade later, after numerous subsequent studies that found no evidence of any link between the vaccine and autism, the paper was formally retracted by The Lancet, the journal that first published it, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/feb/02/lancet-retracts-mmr-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">labeled “utterly false.”\u003c/a> Wakefield \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdmag.com/medical-news/autism_doctor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was also stripped of his medical license\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the seed had been planted, and parents already skeptical about immunizing their children were further motivated to avoid the vaccine at all costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, fears have been further inflamed by a number of anti-vaccination campaigns suggesting the linkage to an increased incidence of autism. Perhaps most well-known is the ongoing activism of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/10/jenny-mccarthy-talks-to-cnbc-about-autism-and-her-family.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">actress and model Jenny McCarthy\u003c/a>, who became the veritable poster child of the anti-vax movement when she began publicly questioning the safety of vaccines after her 2-year-old son was diagnosed with autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "A nationwide measles outbreak has prompted angry finger-pointing at the small but notorious contingent of Americans who choose not to vaccinate their children (or themselves). Here’s some history.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than 700 measles cases have been confirmed in 22 states so far this year, with 78 of those cases reported in the previous week, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to Monday’s update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/a> That’s the highest number reported in the U.S. since 1994.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those cases, more than 500 have been found in people who had not been vaccinated, the federal agency said, including about 400 in mostly Orthodox Jewish communities in the New York region. And late last week, a quarantine order was issued for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11742926/measles-quarantines-hit-2-los-angeles-universities-amid-nationwide-outbreak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hundreds of students and staff at two Los Angeles universities\u003c/a> who may have been exposed to measles and don’t have vaccination records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this latest outbreak comes plenty of angry finger-pointing at the small but notorious contingent of Americans who choose not to vaccinate their children (or themselves) against the highly contagious, yet preventable, disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as three decades ago, measles was listed by the World Health Organization as one of the five leading causes of death on Earth. But by 2000, the disease\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\"> \u003c/a>was \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared “eliminated” in the U.S.\u003c/a>, largely due to the success of statewide public health campaigns to make the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine mandatory for children enrolling in public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, however, the number of parents requesting religious or philosophical exemptions to state rules has gone up, as have reported measles cases. In 2014, the CDC reported what was then the highest number of cases in over a decade: 644 in 27 states, including one outbreak in an Amish community in rural Ohio infecting more than 300 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nvic.org/vaccine-laws/state-vaccine-requirements.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forty-seven\u003c/a> states still permit parents to opt out of vaccinating their children on religious grounds, and 18 states allow exemptions based on personal or philosophical beliefs (until 2015, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nvic.org/vaccine-laws/state-vaccine-requirements/california.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California allowed\u003c/a> both exemptions). Many parents who go this route say they doubt the effectiveness of the vaccine or have concerns that it may cause autism or other major health problems, even though no medical evidence actually supports these theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/measles-20190429/\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These holdouts mark just the latest chapter in a long, robust history of anti-vaccination movements. Intermittent backlashes against compulsory government vaccination campaigns have arisen ever since the first series of vaccinations were given more than 200 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most interesting are the striking cultural similarities and motives of today’s prototypical “anti-vaxers” and their 19th century forebears: Both have typically been cast as either deeply religious or affluent, well-educated and politically progressive, and intensely protective of civil liberties and personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The First Vaccine Revolution\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you know little or care less about smallpox, Edward Jenner’s the guy to thank for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most gruesome and deadly diseases in human history, smallpox terrorized the world for centuries, ravaging entire civilizations and claiming millions of lives — particularly those of young children — during its sporadic outbreaks. Highly infectious, the disease typically covers the skin in large oozing, pus-filled bumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1796, Jenner, a rural British physician, tested a locally shared theory that milkmaids who contracted cowpox were immune from smallpox. Similar to smallpox but far less severe, cowpox is generally found in animals and can be transmitted to human handlers. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/edward-jenner-museum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jenner extracted pus from a cowpox scab\u003c/a> and inserted it into an incision on the arm of an 8-year-old boy. Although the child contracted a mild virus, he recovered quickly, developing antibodies that built up his immunity to both cowpox and smallpox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jenner subsequently coined the term “vaccine,” from “vacca,” Latin for cow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although initially rejected by the British medical establishment, Jenner’s findings were eventually published after subsequent successful trials, and the field of modern immunology was born. The discovery paved the way for vaccine breakthroughs over the following two centuries, including inoculations for polio, tetanus, influenza, rabies, diphtheria and, yes, measles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallpox vaccine and its later iterations proved so successful that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/features/2010/smallpox/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Health Organization in 1980\u003c/a> declared it the first disease to be eradicated as a result of global vaccination efforts. To date, there is no cure or treatment for it; vaccination is the only means of prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Birth of the Backlash\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Protection from one of the most feared, miserable ailments in human history: Who wouldn’t raise a (sterilized) glass to that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16227 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1-300x228.jpg\" alt=' 1887 illustration from an anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: \"This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.\" ' width=\"300\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration from an 1807 anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: “This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.” (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turns out, lots of folks. As word of the procedure spread, Jenner was ridiculed by a host of angry critics, particularly members of the clergy, who charged that the idea of inoculating someone with pus from a diseased animal was not only revolting but blasphemous. Rumors abounded of vaccinated patients contracting bovine diseases and suffering grotesque reactions. Enough evidence, however, demonstrated the obvious advantages of the vaccination, and the procedure became increasingly accepted by the medical establishment in much of Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-1800s, in the wake of several smallpox outbreaks, the United Kingdom enacted a set of laws making vaccinations compulsory, initially for infants, but eventually for all children up to 14 years old. Cumulative penalties were imposed on violators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These measures, though, were met with staunch resistance, inciting a series of riots. The unrest prompted the creation of the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League in 1867, whose founders were primarily concerned with what they considered a blatant infringement of personal choice and liberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s seven-point mission statement, printed on the masthead of its newsletter, included the following pronouncement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“As parliament, instead of guarding the liberty of the subject, has invaded this liberty by rendering good health a crime, punishable by fine or imprisonment, inflicted on dutiful parents, parliament is deserving of public condemnation.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1870s and ’80s, even as smallpox vaccination techniques were rapidly advancing and helping to contain the disease’s spread, anti-vaccination campaigns continued to gain momentum in the U.K. and elsewhere. Propaganda literature proliferated as leaders of the movement adeptly tapped into the public’s understandable anxieties about the still nascent procedure. Some efforts were successful in temporarily lowering vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11744701\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/lead_720_405.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11744701\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/lead_720_405.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/lead_720_405.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/lead_720_405-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cartoon from a 1894 anti-vaccination publication. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Historical Medical Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the largest demonstrations, in Leicester, England, in 1885, drew upward of 100,000 people, with a child’s coffin and an effigy of Jenner among the props exhibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rally prompted a government commission to investigate the protesters’ grievances, which eventually concluded that the vaccine was safe and effective. But in a political move to pacify detractors, the report also recommended the abolition of penalties for violators. In 1898, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123944/#B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the passage of a new national vaccination act\u003c/a> removed such penalties and included a “conscientious objector” clause, allowing parents concerned with the safety of vaccinations to apply for an exemption certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The anti-vax fever spreads to America\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the late 1800s, a series of smallpox outbreaks in the United States spurred a number of local government vaccine campaigns. That, in turn, prompted fierce opposition, including a visit from William Tebb, a prominent British anti-vaccine activist. By 1879, the Anti-Vaccination Society of America was established, followed by the emergence of several local leagues, including the New England Anti Compulsory Vaccination League and the Anti-Vaccination League of New York City. A second national league was formed in the early 1900s. Activists waged court battles to repeal vaccination laws in a number of states, including California, Illinois and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a response that inflamed tensions and helped further cast vaccination campaigns as an affront to civil liberties, public health officials commonly resorted to heavy-handed, inconsistent enforcement tactics, often vaccinating immigrants and minorities against their will during outbreaks, writes \u003ca href=\"https://www.tulsaworld.com/opinion/columnists/stephen-mihm-how-to-eradicate-outbreaks-of-anti-vaccine-fever/article_4660b867-3b84-58b1-8e2e-73e631c0bdd5.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Georgia history professor Stephen Mihm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11744718\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 758px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Anti-Vaccination_Society_of_America_advertisement_from_1902.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11744718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Anti-Vaccination_Society_of_America_advertisement_from_1902.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"758\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Anti-Vaccination_Society_of_America_advertisement_from_1902.jpg 758w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Anti-Vaccination_Society_of_America_advertisement_from_1902-160x93.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 758px) 100vw, 758px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Anti-Vaccination Society of America advertisement from 1902. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fears were also legitimately stoked by the lack of oversight in the production of vaccines, a process primarily controlled by private industry that was loosely regulated and at times resulted in questionable, unsafe products. In one of the worst incidents, nine children in Camden, New Jersey, died after being inoculated with a batch of smallpox vaccine that had been contaminated with tetanus. News of the tragedy prompted Congress to pass the \u003ca href=\"https://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/docs/page_03.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biologics Control Act\u003c/a> of 1902, increasing government oversight of the manufacturing process.s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a smallpox outbreak in 1902, the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, mandated vaccinations for all residents. After one man refused to comply on the grounds that the law violated his right to care for himself, the city filed criminal charges against him. The case — \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449224/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jacobson v. Massachusetts\u003c/a> — eventually made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ultimately sided with the state, ruling that it was within its power to enact mandatory vaccine laws in order to protect the public in the event of a communicable disease. \u003ca href=\"http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-movements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The decision\u003c/a> marked the first Supreme Court case determining the extent of state power in enacting public health law.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Modern times\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Anti-vaccination fervor erupted again in England and spread abroad in the latter half of the 20th century, this time after an errant 1970s medical study alleged that the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) vaccine had caused neurological disorders in children. The report fueled a wave of public outcry and subsequent false analyses, leading to decreased vaccination rates and three major outbreaks of pertussis (whooping cough), despite an independent advisory committee confirming the safety of the immunization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The controversy over DTP reached the United States after a 1982 documentary, “DPT: Vaccination Roulette,” and a 1991 book, “A Shot in the Dark,” alleged adverse reactions to the vaccine and questioned its effectiveness. Amid the ensuing media storm, scores of parents formed advocacy groups opposing the immunization and, in several cases, sued vaccine manufacturers. Hoping to not repeat England’s example, U.S. medical organizations, like the Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, aggressively countered the false claims, and more effectively stemmed the decrease in vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11744712\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11744712\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/GettyImages-1128753684-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An anti-vaccination parent holds up a prescription document as she waits to enter a hearing before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., on March 5, 2019. \u003ccite>(Jim WATSON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And then came the \u003cem>anti\u003c/em> anti-measles movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the MMR vaccine’s safe and effective application since it was introduced in the 1960s, fear over the inoculation spread like wildfire after a 1998 medical study, and a subsequent flurry of media coverage, suggested a connection between the vaccine and the onset of autism. The study was later discredited, and an independent medical board determined that its author, British doctor Andrew Wakefield, had a “fatal conflict of interest” \u003ca href=\"https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-movements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after revelations\u003c/a> that he had been paid by lawyers representing parents who believed the vaccine had harmed their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a decade later, after numerous subsequent studies that found no evidence of any link between the vaccine and autism, the paper was formally retracted by The Lancet, the journal that first published it, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/feb/02/lancet-retracts-mmr-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">labeled “utterly false.”\u003c/a> Wakefield \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdmag.com/medical-news/autism_doctor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was also stripped of his medical license\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the seed had been planted, and parents already skeptical about immunizing their children were further motivated to avoid the vaccine at all costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, fears have been further inflamed by a number of anti-vaccination campaigns suggesting the linkage to an increased incidence of autism. Perhaps most well-known is the ongoing activism of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/10/jenny-mccarthy-talks-to-cnbc-about-autism-and-her-family.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">actress and model Jenny McCarthy\u003c/a>, who became the veritable poster child of the anti-vax movement when she began publicly questioning the safety of vaccines after her 2-year-old son was diagnosed with autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A San Francisco public school teacher who is fighting a serious illness will have the cost of her replacement — a substitute — deducted from her paycheck while she is out on extended sick leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Amanda Kahn Fried of San Francisco']‘That’s not the employee’s responsibility, that’s the employer’s responsibility.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A policy mandating the practice in the California Education Code was crafted by the Legislature and the governor in the early 1970s. Since then, districts and unions across the state have come up with sick-leave donation banks as a workaround to help teachers in dire situations — but even these arrangements force instructors to forgo some pay before they can accept sick days donated by their colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the cost of a long term substitute teacher is $203.16 per day. The average teacher in the district makes $82,024.37. So even veteran teachers who make more than that will get only about half their daily pay while out on extended leave after payment for a substitute is deducted from their salary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Oakland, which has a similar policy, the union filed a grievance this week against the district, arguing that it is failing to convert unused personal days to a teacher’s sick-leave accrual at the end of each year — a move that would further shortchange a teacher facing a serious illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when teachers are scrambling to find ways to afford living in the pricey Bay Area, the situation has infuriated some parents and staff at the San Francisco school in question, and they are mobilizing support for the infirm teacher, who asked not to be identified out of privacy concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just can’t believe how grossly unfair it is,” said parent Amanda Kahn Fried. “Can you imagine telling doctors they have to pay for their replacements? It just doesn’t make sense. That’s not the employee’s responsibility — that’s the employer’s responsibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law that calls for districts to deduct the cost of a substitute from teachers’ paychecks when they are out on extended leave has caught the attention of state Sen. Connie Leyva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really does seem like we need to do something to rectify this problem,” said Leyva, D-Chino, who heads the Senate Education Committee. “Maybe what worked back then doesn’t work now, and maybe we need to reconsider that law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several teachers at the San Francisco school tried to donate their unused sick-leave days to their colleague, but learned she had never joined something called the catastrophic sick-bank pool, which teachers must join during specific eligibility periods to be able to receive additional sick days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Chuck King, negotiator with the California Teachers Association']‘It’s kind of a raw deal if you are dealing with a catastrophic illness and then on top of that you get a tiny paycheck.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the San Francisco and Oakland school districts, however, there are workarounds — complicated but viable — for teachers who are not eligible for the sick-bank donation: “Qualifying teachers” can donate their days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those donated days can’t be used until after the sick teacher exhausts her extended sick leave at partial pay — a period of 100 days. The United Federation of Educators, the union representing San Francisco teachers, said there may be a wellness grant the teacher can apply for, but that presumes she has the energy at this stage of her illness to advocate for herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leyva is questioning whether the state should leave it to school districts to bargain with teachers on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know that we ever negotiate enough to make sure that when people are out on sick leave they have what they need, but I’d never heard of this until I got here to the Senate,” she said of \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=EDC§ionNum=44977\">the law.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was likely a compromise to limit the cost of a district’s liability,” said Chuck King, a negotiator with the California Teachers Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King said if the state’s Education Code were changed to take the burden off teachers, the state would have to come up with money to fund it to avoid forcing already cash-strapped districts to pay both the teacher and her substitute over extended periods of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of a raw deal if you are dealing with a catastrophic illness and then on top of that you get a tiny paycheck,” King added. “It’s always a big thing when it comes up because there is a lot of sympathy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='education' label='More California Education Coverage']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFUSD said it could not provide the number of teachers who took extended leave last year and had their paychecks reduced to account for the cost of replacement subs. The district said in a statement that classified employees pay into the state’s disability program, but certified teachers do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both SFUSD and the Oakland Unified School District pointed to state code as the reason they deduct the cost of substitutes from the paycheck of teachers on extended leave. But it’s up to districts and individual unions to work out specific leave agreements, said Cynthia Butler, a spokeswoman for the state Department of Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few large districts across the country prorate the paychecks of sick teachers to pay the cost of their substitutes. In Chicago, for example, teachers on leave due to serious long-term illnesses receive 100% of their pay for the first 30 days, 80% for the following month and 60% for the third month. That’s after they’ve used up all 10 sick days plus any accrued sick time. Fellow teachers can donate their sick days to a colleague for use at any time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Council on Teacher Quality, which keeps a limited database on teacher-leave policies nationwide, only 22 districts out of 148 — including New York City, the country’s largest — have policies in which the cost of a substitute is deducted from a sick teacher’s pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you know a teacher in this situation, please contact reporter Julia McEvoy at jmcevoy@kqed.org\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A policy mandating the practice in the California Education Code was crafted by the Legislature and the governor in the early 1970s. Since then, districts and unions across the state have come up with sick-leave donation banks as a workaround to help teachers in dire situations — but even these arrangements force instructors to forgo some pay before they can accept sick days donated by their colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the cost of a long term substitute teacher is $203.16 per day. The average teacher in the district makes $82,024.37. So even veteran teachers who make more than that will get only about half their daily pay while out on extended leave after payment for a substitute is deducted from their salary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Oakland, which has a similar policy, the union filed a grievance this week against the district, arguing that it is failing to convert unused personal days to a teacher’s sick-leave accrual at the end of each year — a move that would further shortchange a teacher facing a serious illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the San Francisco and Oakland school districts, however, there are workarounds — complicated but viable — for teachers who are not eligible for the sick-bank donation: “Qualifying teachers” can donate their days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those donated days can’t be used until after the sick teacher exhausts her extended sick leave at partial pay — a period of 100 days. The United Federation of Educators, the union representing San Francisco teachers, said there may be a wellness grant the teacher can apply for, but that presumes she has the energy at this stage of her illness to advocate for herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leyva is questioning whether the state should leave it to school districts to bargain with teachers on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know that we ever negotiate enough to make sure that when people are out on sick leave they have what they need, but I’d never heard of this until I got here to the Senate,” she said of \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=EDC§ionNum=44977\">the law.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was likely a compromise to limit the cost of a district’s liability,” said Chuck King, a negotiator with the California Teachers Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King said if the state’s Education Code were changed to take the burden off teachers, the state would have to come up with money to fund it to avoid forcing already cash-strapped districts to pay both the teacher and her substitute over extended periods of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of a raw deal if you are dealing with a catastrophic illness and then on top of that you get a tiny paycheck,” King added. “It’s always a big thing when it comes up because there is a lot of sympathy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFUSD said it could not provide the number of teachers who took extended leave last year and had their paychecks reduced to account for the cost of replacement subs. The district said in a statement that classified employees pay into the state’s disability program, but certified teachers do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both SFUSD and the Oakland Unified School District pointed to state code as the reason they deduct the cost of substitutes from the paycheck of teachers on extended leave. But it’s up to districts and individual unions to work out specific leave agreements, said Cynthia Butler, a spokeswoman for the state Department of Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few large districts across the country prorate the paychecks of sick teachers to pay the cost of their substitutes. In Chicago, for example, teachers on leave due to serious long-term illnesses receive 100% of their pay for the first 30 days, 80% for the following month and 60% for the third month. That’s after they’ve used up all 10 sick days plus any accrued sick time. Fellow teachers can donate their sick days to a colleague for use at any time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Council on Teacher Quality, which keeps a limited database on teacher-leave policies nationwide, only 22 districts out of 148 — including New York City, the country’s largest — have policies in which the cost of a substitute is deducted from a sick teacher’s pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>The following story was produced for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/youth-takeover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Youth Takeover\u003c/a> week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11744190\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 283px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Copy-of-Genevieve-Schweitzer-e1556735157404.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11744190\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Copy-of-Genevieve-Schweitzer-e1556735157404.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"283\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genevieve Schweitzer is a 10th-grader at El Cerrito High School.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I was a young girl, I started donating general hygiene products to a women’s shelter in Berkeley. I would drop off things like soap, lotion and toothbrushes. But it never really crossed my mind that women in shelters might be in need of menstrual products too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when I started a feminist club with my friend at our high school. As I began to spend more time learning about relevant feminist issues, I found out about the real but rarely addressed issue of period poverty, in which poor women lack access to menstrual products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.slu.edu/news/2019/january/menstrual-products-access-research.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent survey\u003c/a> conducted by St. Louis University found that nearly two-thirds of low-income women in that city over the last year couldn’t afford menstrual hygiene products like tampons or pads. Respondents said they instead sometimes resorted to using cloth, rags, tissues, toilet paper and sometimes even diapers or paper towels from public bathrooms. Nearly half the women in the survey also said that there were times in the past year when they couldn’t afford both food and period products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do know of women who have talked about using toilet tissue paper or paper towels,” said Wanda Johnson, a nurse practitioner at Alameda County Health Care for the Homeless. “One woman, she was telling me that she had a sock and she wrapped the paper towel around the sock because that was the best way to wick it away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nadya Okamoto, a Harvard University student on leave, started the organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.period.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PERIOD: The Menstrual Movement\u003c/a> when she was 16 to raise greater awareness about this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t talk about it and it’s not really something that people know about or think about beyond their own experiences with it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women feel ashamed asking for products because of this unspoken rule that they shouldn’t talk about their periods with other people, Okamoto explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"More Youth Takeover stories\" tag=\"youth-takeover\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big barrier, too, is that food stamps don’t cover period products as necessities,” Okamoto said. “So a lot of the time it makes it even less affordable for people who really can’t afford those necessities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Period products are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2019/03/06/700876425/tampons-that-bloody-sales-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently taxed in 35 states\u003c/a> in the country, including California, which makes them even less affordable for people with limited incomes. Meanwhile, items that are considered basic necessities, like most food products and sunscreen, are often tax exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wanda Johnson’s experience has taught her that the medical field doesn’t adequately address the issue of menstrual hygiene, but notes that she’s noticed some positive changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We offer hygiene kits,” she said, adding that she has seen a growing number of shelters starting to offer period products to women in need, including one that recently placed a basket of products in its bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an increasing number of states are considering abolishing taxes on menstrual products, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Repealing-California-s-tampon-tax-Gender-13707290.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">including California\u003c/a>, where a bill to repeal the tax is being taken up in the state Legislature. Most recently, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/11/7/18056648/nevada-question-2-tampon-tax-results\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nevada voters\u003c/a> in 2018 approved scrapping the “tampon tax,” making it the 10th state in the country to do so (five other states don’t have any sales taxes). And \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-tampon-cost/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a growing list of countries\u003c/a> around the world, including Canada, India, Kenya and Ireland, have eliminated these taxes altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These developments are a sure sign that women are making their voices heard and driving home the message that period poverty is a human rights issue. Period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Genevieve Schweizer is a 10th-grader at El Cerrito High School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>The following story was produced for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/youth-takeover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Youth Takeover\u003c/a> week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11744190\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 283px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Copy-of-Genevieve-Schweitzer-e1556735157404.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11744190\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/Copy-of-Genevieve-Schweitzer-e1556735157404.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"283\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genevieve Schweitzer is a 10th-grader at El Cerrito High School.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I was a young girl, I started donating general hygiene products to a women’s shelter in Berkeley. I would drop off things like soap, lotion and toothbrushes. But it never really crossed my mind that women in shelters might be in need of menstrual products too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when I started a feminist club with my friend at our high school. As I began to spend more time learning about relevant feminist issues, I found out about the real but rarely addressed issue of period poverty, in which poor women lack access to menstrual products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.slu.edu/news/2019/january/menstrual-products-access-research.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent survey\u003c/a> conducted by St. Louis University found that nearly two-thirds of low-income women in that city over the last year couldn’t afford menstrual hygiene products like tampons or pads. Respondents said they instead sometimes resorted to using cloth, rags, tissues, toilet paper and sometimes even diapers or paper towels from public bathrooms. Nearly half the women in the survey also said that there were times in the past year when they couldn’t afford both food and period products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do know of women who have talked about using toilet tissue paper or paper towels,” said Wanda Johnson, a nurse practitioner at Alameda County Health Care for the Homeless. “One woman, she was telling me that she had a sock and she wrapped the paper towel around the sock because that was the best way to wick it away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big barrier, too, is that food stamps don’t cover period products as necessities,” Okamoto said. “So a lot of the time it makes it even less affordable for people who really can’t afford those necessities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Period products are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2019/03/06/700876425/tampons-that-bloody-sales-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently taxed in 35 states\u003c/a> in the country, including California, which makes them even less affordable for people with limited incomes. Meanwhile, items that are considered basic necessities, like most food products and sunscreen, are often tax exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wanda Johnson’s experience has taught her that the medical field doesn’t adequately address the issue of menstrual hygiene, but notes that she’s noticed some positive changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We offer hygiene kits,” she said, adding that she has seen a growing number of shelters starting to offer period products to women in need, including one that recently placed a basket of products in its bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an increasing number of states are considering abolishing taxes on menstrual products, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Repealing-California-s-tampon-tax-Gender-13707290.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">including California\u003c/a>, where a bill to repeal the tax is being taken up in the state Legislature. Most recently, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/11/7/18056648/nevada-question-2-tampon-tax-results\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nevada voters\u003c/a> in 2018 approved scrapping the “tampon tax,” making it the 10th state in the country to do so (five other states don’t have any sales taxes). And \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-tampon-cost/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a growing list of countries\u003c/a> around the world, including Canada, India, Kenya and Ireland, have eliminated these taxes altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These developments are a sure sign that women are making their voices heard and driving home the message that period poverty is a human rights issue. Period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Genevieve Schweizer is a 10th-grader at El Cerrito High School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11744155/poway-synagogue-shooter-pleads-not-guilty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Poway Synagogue Shooter Pleads Not Guilty\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The 19-year-old man who San Diego authorities say opened fire on a synagogue in Poway has pleaded \"not guilty\" to five felony charges, including murder as a hate crime. He's accused of killing 60-year old Chabad of Poway congregant Lori Kaye, and trying to kill three others.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11744160/sacramento-teachers-plan-second-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacramento Teachers Plan to Strike – Again\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sacramento's largest teachers union says it's planning a one-day strike again later this month. The union staged a similar action in April. Unlike similar strikes in LA and Oakland, teachers in the Sacramento City School District already have a contract, which was hammered out in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11744174/half-of-women-with-postpartum-depression-get-treatment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Half of Women with Postpartum Depression Get Treatment\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A new study out Tuesday tallies the costs of failing to treat mental health issues, which are the most common complication of pregnancy. It turns out only half of women with postpartum depression ever get treatment.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: April Dembosky\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Fresno Catholic Diocese Internal Sex Abuse Review Under Audit\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Catholic Diocese in Fresno is reviewing its own personnel records as a new bishop prepares to take over tomorrow. But in a bid to ensure transparency, prosecutors there are launching an audit of that review after new allegations surfaced last month.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Alex Hall\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Federal Red Tape Holds Up Thousands of Earthquake Retrofit Projects\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Homeowners waiting for earthquake retrofits under the state’s Brace and Bolt program are stuck in limbo, while federal funding for this year’s program is tied up in red tape.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11742887/former-techies-find-new-work-as-technology-detox-activists\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Second Career for Former Techies: Fighting Back Against Tech\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Phone addiction has become a full-on crisis, with detox camps and phone apps designed to stop us from looking at other phone apps. Now, former techies are crafting second careers for themselves as tech activists, urging companies to make their products less addictive.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Zoe Schiffer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Orange County is Aging Quickly, Exacerbating Existing Problems\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Orange County is one of the fastest aging counties in the U.S. A new report says that residents 65 and older make up the only demographic group that’s expanding in the OC.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Eric Roy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11744185/iron-and-clay-grappling-with-my-bi-racial-heritage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iron and Clay: Grappling With My Bi-Racial Heritage\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>All this week, the California Report is putting the voices of Bay Area high schoolers on the air as part of our annual Youth Take Over. This commentary comes from Nicholas Brandon Soriano-Smith, a senior at Westmoor High School in Daly City, a suburb south of San Francisco. Nicholas talks about what it’s like to be a teenager grappling with his bi-racial heritage.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Guest: Nicholas Brandon Soriano-Smith\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11744155/poway-synagogue-shooter-pleads-not-guilty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Poway Synagogue Shooter Pleads Not Guilty\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The 19-year-old man who San Diego authorities say opened fire on a synagogue in Poway has pleaded \"not guilty\" to five felony charges, including murder as a hate crime. He's accused of killing 60-year old Chabad of Poway congregant Lori Kaye, and trying to kill three others.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11744160/sacramento-teachers-plan-second-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacramento Teachers Plan to Strike – Again\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sacramento's largest teachers union says it's planning a one-day strike again later this month. The union staged a similar action in April. Unlike similar strikes in LA and Oakland, teachers in the Sacramento City School District already have a contract, which was hammered out in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11744174/half-of-women-with-postpartum-depression-get-treatment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Half of Women with Postpartum Depression Get Treatment\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A new study out Tuesday tallies the costs of failing to treat mental health issues, which are the most common complication of pregnancy. It turns out only half of women with postpartum depression ever get treatment.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: April Dembosky\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Fresno Catholic Diocese Internal Sex Abuse Review Under Audit\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Catholic Diocese in Fresno is reviewing its own personnel records as a new bishop prepares to take over tomorrow. But in a bid to ensure transparency, prosecutors there are launching an audit of that review after new allegations surfaced last month.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Alex Hall\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Federal Red Tape Holds Up Thousands of Earthquake Retrofit Projects\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Homeowners waiting for earthquake retrofits under the state’s Brace and Bolt program are stuck in limbo, while federal funding for this year’s program is tied up in red tape.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11742887/former-techies-find-new-work-as-technology-detox-activists\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Second Career for Former Techies: Fighting Back Against Tech\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Phone addiction has become a full-on crisis, with detox camps and phone apps designed to stop us from looking at other phone apps. Now, former techies are crafting second careers for themselves as tech activists, urging companies to make their products less addictive.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Zoe Schiffer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Orange County is Aging Quickly, Exacerbating Existing Problems\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Orange County is one of the fastest aging counties in the U.S. A new report says that residents 65 and older make up the only demographic group that’s expanding in the OC.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Eric Roy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11744185/iron-and-clay-grappling-with-my-bi-racial-heritage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iron and Clay: Grappling With My Bi-Racial Heritage\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>All this week, the California Report is putting the voices of Bay Area high schoolers on the air as part of our annual Youth Take Over. This commentary comes from Nicholas Brandon Soriano-Smith, a senior at Westmoor High School in Daly City, a suburb south of San Francisco. Nicholas talks about what it’s like to be a teenager grappling with his bi-racial heritage.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Guest: Nicholas Brandon Soriano-Smith\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Few would argue that California’s child care system is in need of major reform. Today, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kidsdata.org/topic/99/childcare-availability/table#fmt=262&loc=2,127,347,1763,331,348,336,171,321,345,357,332,324,369,358,362,360,337,327,364,356,217,353,328,354,323,352,320,339,334,365,343,330,367,344,355,366,368,265,349,361,4,273,59,370,326,333,322,341,338,350,342,329,325,359,351,363,340,335&tf=95&ch=1248&sortColumnId=0&sortType=asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a whopping 77% of children statewide\u003c/a> lack access to a licensed child care program, and many of those who teach and care for the state’s youngest are making marginally above minimum wage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related\" tag=\"child-care\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is currently “at a crisis level,” according to Michael Olenick, head of the Los Angeles-based Child Care Resource Center. Yet he’s hopeful that things will improve. Olenick just finished participating in a state Assembly blue-ribbon commission, which \u003ca href=\"https://speaker.asmdc.org/sites/speaker.asmdc.org/files/pdf/BRC-Final-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released a report\u003c/a> on Monday suggesting major improvements to the state’s early childhood education system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission spent two years traversing the state, talking to everyone from parents and day care providers to activists and lawmakers in an effort to compile a detailed blueprint for what the system should look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report brings a “holistic approach to all of the issues in the early childhood education space,” Olenick said. “Not only did we look at what needed to be addressed, we described how it should be addressed and put out a time frame.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initiated by Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon, D-Paramount, who ran a large child care facility in Los Angeles prior to his election, the commission aimed to transcend the yearly budget debates on early childhood education and map out a long-term plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 108-page report paints an early care landscape that looks dramatically different from what currently exists. The report calls for paid family leave, more home-visiting nurses, better training for the early care workforce and developmental screenings for every child. It also urges removing the “complicated barriers” that some immigrants face in having to prove their children’s eligibility for subsidized care, and stresses the importance of parent input in the policymaking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the report calls for pay parity between preschool teachers and elementary school teachers, noting that some preschool teachers now make as little as minimum wage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kindergarten teachers get paid three times more than child care workers,” said Rendon. “We know that in California today, making $12.29 an hour is not going to allow someone to pay their rent and to raise a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Child care providers can make even less, something that Tonia McMillian, who has run a day care program out of her Bellflower home for 25 years, knows all too well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m no longer accepting any new infants, toddlers and preschool-age children,” said McMillian, who participated in the commission. “It’s just too hard to make ends meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillian, who is active in the local chapter of the Service Employees International Union, could afford to buy health insurance only recently, but she has no retirement plan, a situation faced by day care providers across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past five years, Los Angeles County has lost roughly 1,600 day care facilities, amounting to 15,000 fewer child care slots in a county where access is already limited, according to figures provided by the state Department of Social Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really need to make sure that providers and people like me are not just living right there at the edge of falling off the cliff,” McMillian said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Johnson-Staub, an early childhood expert at the Center for Law and Social Policy in Washington, D.C., said the report details how California could become a national model for early education programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is centered on the voices of families and what they need,” Johnson-Staub said. “It is centered on addressing racial inequities and other types of inequities to access, and that’s going to be a game changer for the whole national conversation,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission report emphasizes that the crisis in the state’s early care system disproportionately affects children of color. It’s a question of equity, Rendon said, “where children on one side of town don’t get the same programs as children on another side of town.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report calls for streamlining the eligibility system so that low-income families can qualify for quality child care and keep it, even if they receive small pay bumps. It recommends that low-income families pay no more than 7% of their income for child care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rendon is aware that previous reports of this nature have collected dust, but he’s confident this one will be different. That’s in large part because of\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11714457/early-childhood-advocates-eagerly-await-newsom-administration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> pledges by Gov. Gavin Newsom\u003c/a> to prioritize early childhood education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we have a better chance of getting it done now than we’ve ever had in the history of our state,” Rendon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deepa Fernandes is an Early Childhood reporting fellow at Pacific Oaks College. The fellowship is funded in part by First 5 LA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Few would argue that California’s child care system is in need of major reform. Today, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kidsdata.org/topic/99/childcare-availability/table#fmt=262&loc=2,127,347,1763,331,348,336,171,321,345,357,332,324,369,358,362,360,337,327,364,356,217,353,328,354,323,352,320,339,334,365,343,330,367,344,355,366,368,265,349,361,4,273,59,370,326,333,322,341,338,350,342,329,325,359,351,363,340,335&tf=95&ch=1248&sortColumnId=0&sortType=asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a whopping 77% of children statewide\u003c/a> lack access to a licensed child care program, and many of those who teach and care for the state’s youngest are making marginally above minimum wage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is currently “at a crisis level,” according to Michael Olenick, head of the Los Angeles-based Child Care Resource Center. Yet he’s hopeful that things will improve. Olenick just finished participating in a state Assembly blue-ribbon commission, which \u003ca href=\"https://speaker.asmdc.org/sites/speaker.asmdc.org/files/pdf/BRC-Final-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released a report\u003c/a> on Monday suggesting major improvements to the state’s early childhood education system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission spent two years traversing the state, talking to everyone from parents and day care providers to activists and lawmakers in an effort to compile a detailed blueprint for what the system should look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report brings a “holistic approach to all of the issues in the early childhood education space,” Olenick said. “Not only did we look at what needed to be addressed, we described how it should be addressed and put out a time frame.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initiated by Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon, D-Paramount, who ran a large child care facility in Los Angeles prior to his election, the commission aimed to transcend the yearly budget debates on early childhood education and map out a long-term plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 108-page report paints an early care landscape that looks dramatically different from what currently exists. The report calls for paid family leave, more home-visiting nurses, better training for the early care workforce and developmental screenings for every child. It also urges removing the “complicated barriers” that some immigrants face in having to prove their children’s eligibility for subsidized care, and stresses the importance of parent input in the policymaking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the report calls for pay parity between preschool teachers and elementary school teachers, noting that some preschool teachers now make as little as minimum wage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kindergarten teachers get paid three times more than child care workers,” said Rendon. “We know that in California today, making $12.29 an hour is not going to allow someone to pay their rent and to raise a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Child care providers can make even less, something that Tonia McMillian, who has run a day care program out of her Bellflower home for 25 years, knows all too well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m no longer accepting any new infants, toddlers and preschool-age children,” said McMillian, who participated in the commission. “It’s just too hard to make ends meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillian, who is active in the local chapter of the Service Employees International Union, could afford to buy health insurance only recently, but she has no retirement plan, a situation faced by day care providers across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past five years, Los Angeles County has lost roughly 1,600 day care facilities, amounting to 15,000 fewer child care slots in a county where access is already limited, according to figures provided by the state Department of Social Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really need to make sure that providers and people like me are not just living right there at the edge of falling off the cliff,” McMillian said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Johnson-Staub, an early childhood expert at the Center for Law and Social Policy in Washington, D.C., said the report details how California could become a national model for early education programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is centered on the voices of families and what they need,” Johnson-Staub said. “It is centered on addressing racial inequities and other types of inequities to access, and that’s going to be a game changer for the whole national conversation,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission report emphasizes that the crisis in the state’s early care system disproportionately affects children of color. It’s a question of equity, Rendon said, “where children on one side of town don’t get the same programs as children on another side of town.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report calls for streamlining the eligibility system so that low-income families can qualify for quality child care and keep it, even if they receive small pay bumps. It recommends that low-income families pay no more than 7% of their income for child care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rendon is aware that previous reports of this nature have collected dust, but he’s confident this one will be different. That’s in large part because of\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11714457/early-childhood-advocates-eagerly-await-newsom-administration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> pledges by Gov. Gavin Newsom\u003c/a> to prioritize early childhood education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we have a better chance of getting it done now than we’ve ever had in the history of our state,” Rendon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deepa Fernandes is an Early Childhood reporting fellow at Pacific Oaks College. The fellowship is funded in part by First 5 LA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003ch2>LA Mayor Unveils His Own Green New Deal\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mayor Eric Garcetti has released LA's very own Green New Deal. He says there's no greater threat to national security and the survival of the world's cities than the danger posed by climate change. The plan aims to make LA a zero emission city by the middle of this century.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Saul Gonzalez\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11743905/terrorist-plot-in-los-angeles-prevented\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Law Enforcement Thwarts Terrorism Plot in LA\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The FBI and local law enforcement say they thwarted several planned terrorist attacks in LA County Monday. 26-year old Mark Steven Domingo from Reseda plotted with undercover law enforcement officials to bomb a white nationalist rally that was supposed to take place this past weekend in Long Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11743924/governor-newsom-wants-to-increase-security-grants-to-nonprofits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governor Newsom Wants to Increase Security Grants to Nonprofits\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On the heels of Saturday’s deadly shooting at a synagogue in San Diego County, Governor Gavin Newsom wants to triple state funding to help protect non-profits that might be the targets of hate-motivated violence.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Katie Orr\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California's Child Care System is in Crisis -- What Can the State Do?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California's child care system is in crisis. One out of five children in our state lives in poverty. Three out of every four kids don't have access to a licensed childcare or preschool seat. And those who teach and care for the state’s youngest barely make minimum wage. A commission created by the state Assembly has released a report with some solutions, after two years of looking.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Deepa Fernandes\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>John Singleton's Groundbreaking Legacy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Filmmaker John Singleton's death is drawing tributes from Samuel L. Jackson, Spike Lee, Snoop Dogg and Regina King. Singleton died yesterday after a stroke. He's being remembered for the way he opened up Hollywood to black actors with his 1991 film \"Boyz N the Hood,\" which was set in South Central Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11743920/los-angeles-judge-allows-catholic-sex-abuse-lawsuit-to-continue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Los Angeles Judge Allows Catholic Sex Abuse Lawsuit to Continue\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A decision by a judge in Los Angeles could pave the way for the release of troves of information about instances of abuse, and how the church covered them up.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Michelle Wiley\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11743943/inside-the-poway-synagogue-where-lori-kaye-died\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside the Poway Synagogue Where Lori Kaye Died\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In Poway just north of San Diego Monday, mourners gathered to honor the life of 60-year old Lori Kaye. Kaye was killed after a 19-year old opened fire on the synagogue Saturday on the final day of Passover. Three others were hurt. Rabbi Mendy Rubenfeld takes us the main entryway to the synagogue, the room where Kaye was killed.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Guest: Mendy Rubenfeld\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>75 Years Ago, People Fled Vietnam for California During the Fall of Saigon\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The fall of Saigon, which happened on this day in 1975, may have taken place all the way in Vietnam, but it had ripple effects all the way over in California. When the city fell to communist forces, many families fled and ended up here.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Guest: Ahn Gray\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>LA Mayor Unveils His Own Green New Deal\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mayor Eric Garcetti has released LA's very own Green New Deal. He says there's no greater threat to national security and the survival of the world's cities than the danger posed by climate change. The plan aims to make LA a zero emission city by the middle of this century.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Saul Gonzalez\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11743905/terrorist-plot-in-los-angeles-prevented\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Law Enforcement Thwarts Terrorism Plot in LA\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The FBI and local law enforcement say they thwarted several planned terrorist attacks in LA County Monday. 26-year old Mark Steven Domingo from Reseda plotted with undercover law enforcement officials to bomb a white nationalist rally that was supposed to take place this past weekend in Long Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11743924/governor-newsom-wants-to-increase-security-grants-to-nonprofits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governor Newsom Wants to Increase Security Grants to Nonprofits\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On the heels of Saturday’s deadly shooting at a synagogue in San Diego County, Governor Gavin Newsom wants to triple state funding to help protect non-profits that might be the targets of hate-motivated violence.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Katie Orr\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California's Child Care System is in Crisis -- What Can the State Do?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California's child care system is in crisis. One out of five children in our state lives in poverty. Three out of every four kids don't have access to a licensed childcare or preschool seat. And those who teach and care for the state’s youngest barely make minimum wage. A commission created by the state Assembly has released a report with some solutions, after two years of looking.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Deepa Fernandes\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>John Singleton's Groundbreaking Legacy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Filmmaker John Singleton's death is drawing tributes from Samuel L. Jackson, Spike Lee, Snoop Dogg and Regina King. Singleton died yesterday after a stroke. He's being remembered for the way he opened up Hollywood to black actors with his 1991 film \"Boyz N the Hood,\" which was set in South Central Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11743920/los-angeles-judge-allows-catholic-sex-abuse-lawsuit-to-continue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Los Angeles Judge Allows Catholic Sex Abuse Lawsuit to Continue\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A decision by a judge in Los Angeles could pave the way for the release of troves of information about instances of abuse, and how the church covered them up.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Michelle Wiley\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11743943/inside-the-poway-synagogue-where-lori-kaye-died\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside the Poway Synagogue Where Lori Kaye Died\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In Poway just north of San Diego Monday, mourners gathered to honor the life of 60-year old Lori Kaye. Kaye was killed after a 19-year old opened fire on the synagogue Saturday on the final day of Passover. Three others were hurt. Rabbi Mendy Rubenfeld takes us the main entryway to the synagogue, the room where Kaye was killed.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Guest: Mendy Rubenfeld\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>75 Years Ago, People Fled Vietnam for California During the Fall of Saigon\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The fall of Saigon, which happened on this day in 1975, may have taken place all the way in Vietnam, but it had ripple effects all the way over in California. When the city fell to communist forces, many families fled and ended up here.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Guest: Ahn Gray\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Missing School is a Given for Children of Migrant Farmworkers",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the summer of his junior year, Luis Miguel was struggling to stay in high school. He and his family of four – who work various agricultural jobs from picking blueberries and cherries to pruning grapes and canning tomatoes – live in one of California’s 24 \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacooperativa.org/office-of-migrant-services-and-temporary-migrant-family-housing-centers/\">migrant family housing centers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/ebrahimibazaz\">documentary filmmaker\u003c/a>, I have been studying these housing centers and the rhythms of life for families who reside in them since I first arrived in a center in 2014 during fieldwork \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/203999075\">for an oral history project \u003c/a>with former \u003ca href=\"https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/mexican-labor-and-world-war-ii-the-bracero-program\">\u003cem>bracero\u003c/em> \u003c/a>farmworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucked in the shadows of county jails and water treatment plants, these centers provide tile-floored apartments at subsidized rents to migratory farmworkers and their families during peak harvest season. The centers house as many as 1,890 farmworking families, mostly from Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given \u003ca href=\"https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/california-affordable-housing-crisis/\">California’s affordable housing shortage\u003c/a>, these housing centers are a coveted option for farmworking families. Outside the housing centers, migrant farmworkers might reside in less-favorable conditions – sleeping in cars, garages, old motels or under tarps in the fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the centers resolve the affordable housing problem, they create another: second-class citizenship. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>State-mandated annual move\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A 2016 survey of the housing centers noted that \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.theconversation.com/static_files/files/431/Families_Numbers_Housing_Centers.pdf?1546352412\">more than half\u003c/a> the families residing in centers across the state – 1,037 families to be exact – have school-aged children, many of whom, like Luis Miguel’s sister, are natural-born U.S. citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late fall or early winter when harvest season ends, families must vacate their apartments and move at least 50 miles away for three to six months. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcd.ca.gov/grants-funding/active-no-funding/docs/OMS_REGULATIONS_2018.pdf\">rationale behind this rule\u003c/a> is to ensure that the housing serves families who are truly migratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most families cannot afford unsubsidized housing in California and thus spend the off-season months in their Mexican hometowns. While in Mexico, the youth either miss school or attend inconsistently. “It all depends where the students live,” Migrant Education Program counselor Laura Aguayo says. “Some students don’t have a chance because they live too far away from a school. Others can’t go because the schools don’t take them in.” This is because they will only be enrolled for a couple of months before they return to the U.S., she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that each year, school-aged children living with their families in California’s migrant family housing centers, many of whom are U.S. citizens, miss between three to six months of schooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11743302\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/file-20190425-121245-13e809i-800x598.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11743302\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A housing center or migrant farmworker families in Merced County, California. \u003ccite>(Housing Authoirty, County of Merced)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘Moving makes things complicated’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Migrant education counselors, administrators and teachers try to help migrant students make up whatever academic credits they’re missing. But “moving makes things complicated,” says Luis Miguel. “We lose a lot of time, and it’s hard to concentrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summer of his junior year, Luis Miguel got so discouraged by the routine of moves and having to make up credits that he lost motivation and began to veer off the path to graduation. To help students like Luis Miguel make up credits, California has developed an online program called \u003ca href=\"http://cyberhigh.org/\">Cyber High\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cyber High has its own issues. “There are a lot of internet problems,” Aguayo explains. “All the schools in California are using Cyber High so the system slows down. Students can be taking a test and it kicks them out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Impact of annual migration on student achievement\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The move also makes it hard for students to succeed in the kinds of extracurricular activities that can make students more attractive to colleges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While in high school, Luis Miguel had joined cross-country to work with the coach, Rick Cuevas, who is himself Mexican-born and the child of a farmworker. Coach Cuevas understands the students better than almost anyone, calls them “mihija” or “mihijo,” Spanish terms for “my daughter” or “my son,” respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Running changed my life,” Luis Miguel says. “Before running, I never thought about my future. And now that I run, I take things more seriously.” But he ruminates on losing his conditioning. “I wanted to be the best, but moving makes it complicated because I can’t go to all the practices,” Luis Miguel adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271108/original/file-20190425-121224-1s741nd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271108/original/file-20190425-121224-1s741nd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\n \u003cspan class=\"caption\">Luis Miguel takes a break during a cross-country practice.\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003cspan class=\"source\">Aggie Ebrahimi Bazaz\u003c/span>, \u003ca class=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\">CC BY\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to see how missing a few months of school each year disadvantages students. The Modesto Bee \u003ca href=\"https://www.modbee.com/news/local/education/article216269545.html\">reports\u003c/a> 74% of migrant students “were not meeting English language standards and 80% were not up to par in math” in the 2016-17 academic year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parent interviews across migrant family housing centers also speak to the impact of the moves. For instance, \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.theconversation.com/static_files/files/452/HA_Data_Tables_MFCE_FINAL_for_11-5-14.pdf?1548041981\">in a 2014 survey\u003c/a> of migrant farmworkers conducted at Buena Vista, Ochoa, Parlier and Williams migrant housing centers by the advocacy group Human Agenda, 91.4% of farmworkers answered “yes” to “Does the 50-mile rule affect your children’s education?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What gets farmworkers out of bed in the morning, six days a week at 5 a.m. to work in the fields for 10 hours a day is the dream that their children will have a better life,” Ann López of the Center for Farmworker Families says. “But the 50-mile regulation impedes that possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>López is a leading member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.humanagenda.net/campaigns/apoyo-campesino\">Apoyo Campesino\u003c/a>, a collective within Human Agenda comprised of researchers, lawyers and organizers who have for years advocated to end the 50-mile regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This group’s efforts got the ear of the California legislature, and in June 2018, then-Gov. Jerry Brown signed a \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB850&search_keywords=50-mile\">provision\u003c/a> in the state budget exempting up to 50% of the farmworking families living in each center from the 50-mile regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under this new provision, families must still vacate their apartments each year and search for short-term affordable housing. But “immediate family members of the migratory agricultural worker” are exempted from the 50-mile rule. This means that Luis Miguel and his family will continue to be required to move out of the housing center annually, but he and his sister can stay within their school districts with one parent, while the other parent must live at least 50 miles away for three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Crafting a sense of belonging\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In May 2018, driving Luis Miguel to graduation rehearsal, I asked him how he got out of that junior year funk. Without hesitation, he smiled and said, “Coach Cuevas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271109/original/file-20190425-121216-v11206.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271109/original/file-20190425-121216-v11206.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\n \u003cspan class=\"caption\">Coach Rich Cuevas often drives students home to the migrant family housing centers after practice on days their parents work long hours in the fields.\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003cspan class=\"source\">Aggie Ebrahimi Bazaz\u003c/span>, \u003ca class=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\">CC BY\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Luis Miguel now studies at Modesto Community College, though he’s had to stop running so he can focus on his studies. He continues to live at one of the housing centers with his family during the harvest season. This year, thanks to the new regulations, he and his sister are spending the off-season in an RV in the backyard of an extended family member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luis Miguel’s story demonstrates that despite their many challenges, some students living in these housing centers are graduating from high schools and even colleges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such successes can be made easier when housing authorities foster partnerships with local schools. The high school that Luis Miguel attended, East Union in Manteca Unified School District, for example, accommodates the migration schedules of students by offering an earlier final exam in December. According to the school, in the 2016-17 academic year, 100 percent of migrant students graduated. While such institutional supports have a positive impact, East Union President Raul Mora, who himself is Chicano, worries they might also send an unhealthy message to students that “they don’t quite fit the mold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Mora, nurturing achievement among migrant students requires fostering a sense of belonging. Since starting as principal at East Union in 2015, Mora has placed at least one Spanish-speaking administrator in each of the school’s three main offices. “It’s about creating a belief system and a culture,” Mora says. “It’s making sure that when the students come back and see our registrar, that she welcomes them in their language.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these efforts at cultural sensitivity and holistic education, students in migratory conditions are still called “camp kids” or terms even more derogatory by their peers – potentially fueling the belief that they don’t belong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But inside a two-bedroom apartment at the migrant family housing center, Luis Miguel and two friends craft their own sense of belonging. Together, they formed a hip-hop trio, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmeEEam4bNB__l74VQTFwTg\">95231 Productions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271104/original/file-20190425-121216-13j2wfq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271104/original/file-20190425-121216-13j2wfq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\n \u003cspan class=\"caption\">Luis Miguel and 95231 Productions record in a room in a migrant family housing center apartment.\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003cspan class=\"source\">Aggie Ebrahimi Bazaz\u003c/span>, \u003ca class=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\">CC BY\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group reflects on their experiences growing up as the children of farmworking parents, their struggles against racism, and their work to craft an identity that reflects their heritage. In a page in his lyrics notebook, the front cover adorned with a colorful \u003cem>calavera\u003c/em>, Luis Miguel writes: “Soy de piel moreno. Orgulloso Mexicano, y brown pride de corazon, y en el corazon llevo al inmigrante trabajador” – “I am Brown, proud Mexicano, brown pride of the heart, and in my heart I carry the immigrant laborer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. -->\u003cimg src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/100793/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;padding: 0 !important\">\u003c!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/aggie-ebrahimi-bazaz-497596\">Aggie Ebrahimi Bazaz\u003c/a>, Assistant Professor of Film, Media, & Theatre, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/georgia-state-university-957\">Georgia State University\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This article is republished from \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/missing-school-is-a-given-for-children-of-migrant-farmworkers-100793\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For children of migrant farmworkers in California, school gets disrupted due to a controversial housing policy that makes migrants leave town during the off-season, a documentary filmmaker reveals.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the summer of his junior year, Luis Miguel was struggling to stay in high school. He and his family of four – who work various agricultural jobs from picking blueberries and cherries to pruning grapes and canning tomatoes – live in one of California’s 24 \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacooperativa.org/office-of-migrant-services-and-temporary-migrant-family-housing-centers/\">migrant family housing centers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/ebrahimibazaz\">documentary filmmaker\u003c/a>, I have been studying these housing centers and the rhythms of life for families who reside in them since I first arrived in a center in 2014 during fieldwork \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/203999075\">for an oral history project \u003c/a>with former \u003ca href=\"https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/mexican-labor-and-world-war-ii-the-bracero-program\">\u003cem>bracero\u003c/em> \u003c/a>farmworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucked in the shadows of county jails and water treatment plants, these centers provide tile-floored apartments at subsidized rents to migratory farmworkers and their families during peak harvest season. The centers house as many as 1,890 farmworking families, mostly from Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given \u003ca href=\"https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/california-affordable-housing-crisis/\">California’s affordable housing shortage\u003c/a>, these housing centers are a coveted option for farmworking families. Outside the housing centers, migrant farmworkers might reside in less-favorable conditions – sleeping in cars, garages, old motels or under tarps in the fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the centers resolve the affordable housing problem, they create another: second-class citizenship. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>State-mandated annual move\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A 2016 survey of the housing centers noted that \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.theconversation.com/static_files/files/431/Families_Numbers_Housing_Centers.pdf?1546352412\">more than half\u003c/a> the families residing in centers across the state – 1,037 families to be exact – have school-aged children, many of whom, like Luis Miguel’s sister, are natural-born U.S. citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late fall or early winter when harvest season ends, families must vacate their apartments and move at least 50 miles away for three to six months. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcd.ca.gov/grants-funding/active-no-funding/docs/OMS_REGULATIONS_2018.pdf\">rationale behind this rule\u003c/a> is to ensure that the housing serves families who are truly migratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most families cannot afford unsubsidized housing in California and thus spend the off-season months in their Mexican hometowns. While in Mexico, the youth either miss school or attend inconsistently. “It all depends where the students live,” Migrant Education Program counselor Laura Aguayo says. “Some students don’t have a chance because they live too far away from a school. Others can’t go because the schools don’t take them in.” This is because they will only be enrolled for a couple of months before they return to the U.S., she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that each year, school-aged children living with their families in California’s migrant family housing centers, many of whom are U.S. citizens, miss between three to six months of schooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11743302\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/file-20190425-121245-13e809i-800x598.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11743302\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A housing center or migrant farmworker families in Merced County, California. \u003ccite>(Housing Authoirty, County of Merced)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘Moving makes things complicated’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Migrant education counselors, administrators and teachers try to help migrant students make up whatever academic credits they’re missing. But “moving makes things complicated,” says Luis Miguel. “We lose a lot of time, and it’s hard to concentrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summer of his junior year, Luis Miguel got so discouraged by the routine of moves and having to make up credits that he lost motivation and began to veer off the path to graduation. To help students like Luis Miguel make up credits, California has developed an online program called \u003ca href=\"http://cyberhigh.org/\">Cyber High\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cyber High has its own issues. “There are a lot of internet problems,” Aguayo explains. “All the schools in California are using Cyber High so the system slows down. Students can be taking a test and it kicks them out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Impact of annual migration on student achievement\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The move also makes it hard for students to succeed in the kinds of extracurricular activities that can make students more attractive to colleges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While in high school, Luis Miguel had joined cross-country to work with the coach, Rick Cuevas, who is himself Mexican-born and the child of a farmworker. Coach Cuevas understands the students better than almost anyone, calls them “mihija” or “mihijo,” Spanish terms for “my daughter” or “my son,” respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Running changed my life,” Luis Miguel says. “Before running, I never thought about my future. And now that I run, I take things more seriously.” But he ruminates on losing his conditioning. “I wanted to be the best, but moving makes it complicated because I can’t go to all the practices,” Luis Miguel adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271108/original/file-20190425-121224-1s741nd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271108/original/file-20190425-121224-1s741nd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\n \u003cspan class=\"caption\">Luis Miguel takes a break during a cross-country practice.\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003cspan class=\"source\">Aggie Ebrahimi Bazaz\u003c/span>, \u003ca class=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\">CC BY\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to see how missing a few months of school each year disadvantages students. The Modesto Bee \u003ca href=\"https://www.modbee.com/news/local/education/article216269545.html\">reports\u003c/a> 74% of migrant students “were not meeting English language standards and 80% were not up to par in math” in the 2016-17 academic year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parent interviews across migrant family housing centers also speak to the impact of the moves. For instance, \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.theconversation.com/static_files/files/452/HA_Data_Tables_MFCE_FINAL_for_11-5-14.pdf?1548041981\">in a 2014 survey\u003c/a> of migrant farmworkers conducted at Buena Vista, Ochoa, Parlier and Williams migrant housing centers by the advocacy group Human Agenda, 91.4% of farmworkers answered “yes” to “Does the 50-mile rule affect your children’s education?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What gets farmworkers out of bed in the morning, six days a week at 5 a.m. to work in the fields for 10 hours a day is the dream that their children will have a better life,” Ann López of the Center for Farmworker Families says. “But the 50-mile regulation impedes that possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>López is a leading member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.humanagenda.net/campaigns/apoyo-campesino\">Apoyo Campesino\u003c/a>, a collective within Human Agenda comprised of researchers, lawyers and organizers who have for years advocated to end the 50-mile regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This group’s efforts got the ear of the California legislature, and in June 2018, then-Gov. Jerry Brown signed a \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB850&search_keywords=50-mile\">provision\u003c/a> in the state budget exempting up to 50% of the farmworking families living in each center from the 50-mile regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under this new provision, families must still vacate their apartments each year and search for short-term affordable housing. But “immediate family members of the migratory agricultural worker” are exempted from the 50-mile rule. This means that Luis Miguel and his family will continue to be required to move out of the housing center annually, but he and his sister can stay within their school districts with one parent, while the other parent must live at least 50 miles away for three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Crafting a sense of belonging\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In May 2018, driving Luis Miguel to graduation rehearsal, I asked him how he got out of that junior year funk. Without hesitation, he smiled and said, “Coach Cuevas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271109/original/file-20190425-121216-v11206.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271109/original/file-20190425-121216-v11206.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\n \u003cspan class=\"caption\">Coach Rich Cuevas often drives students home to the migrant family housing centers after practice on days their parents work long hours in the fields.\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003cspan class=\"source\">Aggie Ebrahimi Bazaz\u003c/span>, \u003ca class=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\">CC BY\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Luis Miguel now studies at Modesto Community College, though he’s had to stop running so he can focus on his studies. He continues to live at one of the housing centers with his family during the harvest season. This year, thanks to the new regulations, he and his sister are spending the off-season in an RV in the backyard of an extended family member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luis Miguel’s story demonstrates that despite their many challenges, some students living in these housing centers are graduating from high schools and even colleges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such successes can be made easier when housing authorities foster partnerships with local schools. The high school that Luis Miguel attended, East Union in Manteca Unified School District, for example, accommodates the migration schedules of students by offering an earlier final exam in December. According to the school, in the 2016-17 academic year, 100 percent of migrant students graduated. While such institutional supports have a positive impact, East Union President Raul Mora, who himself is Chicano, worries they might also send an unhealthy message to students that “they don’t quite fit the mold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Mora, nurturing achievement among migrant students requires fostering a sense of belonging. Since starting as principal at East Union in 2015, Mora has placed at least one Spanish-speaking administrator in each of the school’s three main offices. “It’s about creating a belief system and a culture,” Mora says. “It’s making sure that when the students come back and see our registrar, that she welcomes them in their language.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these efforts at cultural sensitivity and holistic education, students in migratory conditions are still called “camp kids” or terms even more derogatory by their peers – potentially fueling the belief that they don’t belong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But inside a two-bedroom apartment at the migrant family housing center, Luis Miguel and two friends craft their own sense of belonging. Together, they formed a hip-hop trio, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmeEEam4bNB__l74VQTFwTg\">95231 Productions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271104/original/file-20190425-121216-13j2wfq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/271104/original/file-20190425-121216-13j2wfq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\n \u003cspan class=\"caption\">Luis Miguel and 95231 Productions record in a room in a migrant family housing center apartment.\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003cspan class=\"source\">Aggie Ebrahimi Bazaz\u003c/span>, \u003ca class=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\">CC BY\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group reflects on their experiences growing up as the children of farmworking parents, their struggles against racism, and their work to craft an identity that reflects their heritage. In a page in his lyrics notebook, the front cover adorned with a colorful \u003cem>calavera\u003c/em>, Luis Miguel writes: “Soy de piel moreno. Orgulloso Mexicano, y brown pride de corazon, y en el corazon llevo al inmigrante trabajador” – “I am Brown, proud Mexicano, brown pride of the heart, and in my heart I carry the immigrant laborer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. -->\u003cimg src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/100793/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;padding: 0 !important\">\u003c!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/aggie-ebrahimi-bazaz-497596\">Aggie Ebrahimi Bazaz\u003c/a>, Assistant Professor of Film, Media, & Theatre, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/georgia-state-university-957\">Georgia State University\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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