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"content": "\u003cp>The ocean surface is the thinnest of lines between two worlds—”molecular thin”— underwater photographer David Doubilet calls it. Below is what Jacques Cousteau called “the silent world,” a realm as alien as outer space with galaxies of fish and kaleidoscopic corals as spectacular as the burst of a supernova. Above lies the world of human habitation with the clang and clatter of cars, factories, and fishing fleets, all of which imperil the world below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doubilet has married those realms in \u003ca href=\"https://www.phaidon.com/store/photography/two-worlds-above-and-below-the-sea-9781838663186/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Two Worlds: Above and Below the Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (Phaidon) to be published on November 3. The images, relating those “two worlds,” are a particular passion made over a trajectory of 50 years of underwater photography for \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em>. We spoke with Doubilet by phone. The interview has been edited and condensed for clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A hat tip to Jacques Cousteau who inspired you: “Civilization vanished with one last bow,” he wrote of moving from the cacophony of the world above to the silence below. But you also brought your own experience to the worlds of air and water at an early age. You were 8-years-old when you asked your parents for a mask and fins… \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had devised a daring plan to circumnavigate the jetty at the Ocean Beach Club on the Jersey shore. While I was out there, I was spotted by a screaming lifeguard. I sank until I could see, but not hear, him and discovered I could be in two worlds at one time. I could see him red-faced, blowing his whistle, and could look down at this world of green shafts of light and see tautogs admiring my new flippers. It was a world I wasn’t just happy in, but comfortable in as well. It was all mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That was a first step on the road to what you call “the unalloyed joy of making images underwater.” Talk about the role technology played in creating these over/under photographs.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were made possible by the invention of an underwater camera housing called the OceanEye by \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> photographer Bates Littlehales. I began making these [above/below the sea] pictures on every assignment. I realized I could create a window into the sea, a way to invite people through a portal into a world just out of their sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1623px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1623\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2.jpg 1623w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1623px) 100vw, 1623px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dramatic clouds overlook southern stingrays as they soar through the waters of North Sound Grand Cayman Island. \u003ccite>(David Doubilet/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One of your memorable half and half images was made in the Cayman Islands: stingrays below; clouds above.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to see the power of the photograph? When \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> ran the story, everyone went to the Caymans to see the stingrays. Now thousands of people a day get off cruise ships [before COVID, at least] to meet those gentle ocean ambassadors and go home thinking and talking about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977298\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1341\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-800x524.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-1020x668.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-768x503.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-1536x1006.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-1920x1257.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coral Reef in Tumon Bay, Guam, 2005. \u003ccite>(David Doubilet/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>With half a century of underwater photography and more than 77 stories under your weight belt, you’ve had an unprecedented opportunity to compare then with now. Let’s consider the Great Barrier Reef. What changes have you witnessed? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We did a Great Barrier Reef story in 2001, then another in 2009. Reefs are the glory of the planet. They are the most vivid and visually diverse environment in the world. I always think of coral as weightless architecture if an architect didn’t have to worry about gravity. One of the best examples was Opal Reef off Port Douglas [Australia] one of the places the snorkeling boats went to. It was dreamlike. When we went back in 2018 that section of reef was devastated. We made those 2009 pictures with the same crew, so we knew we were in exactly the same place — a 5,000-year-old reef dead in eight or nine years!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977299\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2.jpg\" alt=\"Brown, dead and dying coral reef in Tumon Bay, Guam. \" width=\"2048\" height=\"1363\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coral reef in Tumon Bay, Guam, 2017. Doubilet says these underwater constructions are like “weightless architecture if an architect didn’t have to worry about gravity.” \u003ccite>(David Doubilet/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate change strikes again. Explain how that impacts reefs.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to know what climate change looks like, look at a reef. Reefs are the thermometers of the world. When the water gets more than 89 degrees and does so repeatedly, the algae that lives inside and powers the coral—a kind of underwater photosynthesis—is expelled. The coral turns white, a process known as bleaching. The reef becomes a boneyard. But the ocean has resilience. Scientists like Peter Harrison in Australia are working on ways to reseed and reconstitute reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> So all is not lost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s always hope. We can change. We can improve things. As of January 2020, 80% of Palau’s waters are protected— an island nation preserving their reefs for the next generation. In 2011, the Bahamas became a shark sanctuary, setting an example that a living animal is more valuable than a dead one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Penguins on an ice floe near Danko Island, Antarctica. \u003ccite>(David Doubilet/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Though you are most often associated with images made in tropical waters, the book includes some spectacular photos of icebergs. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I came late to the ice. An iceberg is a metaphor of the ocean. There’s a little bit above which we can see and understand and the rest is out of sight. You are also talking climate change. As glaciers melt more and more icebergs are being produced.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977292 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1.jpg\" alt=\"Gray and white sharks swim above a coral reef at South Pass, Fakarava Atoll in French Polynesia. \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-1920x1282.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve called natural history photographers like yourself the frontline reporters of the world.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greatest story on earth is the earth itself. It’s all we have. There is no Plan B.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cathy Newman is a former editor at large at \u003c/em>National Geographic\u003cem> whose work has appeared in \u003c/em>The Economist\u003cem>, \u003c/em>The Wall Street Journal\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Science.\u003cem> Follow her on twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__twitter.com_wordcat12&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=0ESrOJc8IqAL-VjQNnEkkg&m=Z1_L9ikZR-Xk32R8wuSZ3CL-GgVKCkHvNJhNBoP3atU&s=Eb8-6sXYMf4F7ePLI7xQIrl3Ug6H0zpW6uid1Y17bBk&e=\">\u003cem>@wordcat12\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Zayrha Rodriguez photo edited and produced this piece. Follow her Instagram \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/zayrharodriguez/\">\u003cem>@zayrharodriguez\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+photographer+marries+the+worlds+above+and+below+the+water+in+a+single+frame&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The ocean surface is the thinnest of lines between two worlds—”molecular thin”— underwater photographer David Doubilet calls it. Below is what Jacques Cousteau called “the silent world,” a realm as alien as outer space with galaxies of fish and kaleidoscopic corals as spectacular as the burst of a supernova. Above lies the world of human habitation with the clang and clatter of cars, factories, and fishing fleets, all of which imperil the world below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doubilet has married those realms in \u003ca href=\"https://www.phaidon.com/store/photography/two-worlds-above-and-below-the-sea-9781838663186/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Two Worlds: Above and Below the Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (Phaidon) to be published on November 3. The images, relating those “two worlds,” are a particular passion made over a trajectory of 50 years of underwater photography for \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em>. We spoke with Doubilet by phone. The interview has been edited and condensed for clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A hat tip to Jacques Cousteau who inspired you: “Civilization vanished with one last bow,” he wrote of moving from the cacophony of the world above to the silence below. But you also brought your own experience to the worlds of air and water at an early age. You were 8-years-old when you asked your parents for a mask and fins… \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had devised a daring plan to circumnavigate the jetty at the Ocean Beach Club on the Jersey shore. While I was out there, I was spotted by a screaming lifeguard. I sank until I could see, but not hear, him and discovered I could be in two worlds at one time. I could see him red-faced, blowing his whistle, and could look down at this world of green shafts of light and see tautogs admiring my new flippers. It was a world I wasn’t just happy in, but comfortable in as well. It was all mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That was a first step on the road to what you call “the unalloyed joy of making images underwater.” Talk about the role technology played in creating these over/under photographs.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were made possible by the invention of an underwater camera housing called the OceanEye by \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> photographer Bates Littlehales. I began making these [above/below the sea] pictures on every assignment. I realized I could create a window into the sea, a way to invite people through a portal into a world just out of their sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1623px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1623\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2.jpg 1623w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/03601-stingrays-grand-cayman-doubilet-dpi-072-1080h-copy_custom-92e58ef38820e6db20543eb23ea231ef51df7d6d-2-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1623px) 100vw, 1623px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dramatic clouds overlook southern stingrays as they soar through the waters of North Sound Grand Cayman Island. \u003ccite>(David Doubilet/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One of your memorable half and half images was made in the Cayman Islands: stingrays below; clouds above.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to see the power of the photograph? When \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> ran the story, everyone went to the Caymans to see the stingrays. Now thousands of people a day get off cruise ships [before COVID, at least] to meet those gentle ocean ambassadors and go home thinking and talking about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977298\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1341\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-800x524.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-1020x668.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-768x503.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-1536x1006.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-a-2005_custom-058f200979ed3746dee6411414666bd8e340496a-2-1920x1257.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coral Reef in Tumon Bay, Guam, 2005. \u003ccite>(David Doubilet/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>With half a century of underwater photography and more than 77 stories under your weight belt, you’ve had an unprecedented opportunity to compare then with now. Let’s consider the Great Barrier Reef. What changes have you witnessed? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We did a Great Barrier Reef story in 2001, then another in 2009. Reefs are the glory of the planet. They are the most vivid and visually diverse environment in the world. I always think of coral as weightless architecture if an architect didn’t have to worry about gravity. One of the best examples was Opal Reef off Port Douglas [Australia] one of the places the snorkeling boats went to. It was dreamlike. When we went back in 2018 that section of reef was devastated. We made those 2009 pictures with the same crew, so we knew we were in exactly the same place — a 5,000-year-old reef dead in eight or nine years!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977299\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2.jpg\" alt=\"Brown, dead and dying coral reef in Tumon Bay, Guam. \" width=\"2048\" height=\"1363\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/tumon-bay-guam-pair-b-2017_custom-2272513b5fc9ef2be5d719294c6725a7a163996f-2-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coral reef in Tumon Bay, Guam, 2017. Doubilet says these underwater constructions are like “weightless architecture if an architect didn’t have to worry about gravity.” \u003ccite>(David Doubilet/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate change strikes again. Explain how that impacts reefs.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to know what climate change looks like, look at a reef. Reefs are the thermometers of the world. When the water gets more than 89 degrees and does so repeatedly, the algae that lives inside and powers the coral—a kind of underwater photosynthesis—is expelled. The coral turns white, a process known as bleaching. The reef becomes a boneyard. But the ocean has resilience. Scientists like Peter Harrison in Australia are working on ways to reseed and reconstitute reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> So all is not lost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s always hope. We can change. We can improve things. As of January 2020, 80% of Palau’s waters are protected— an island nation preserving their reefs for the next generation. In 2011, the Bahamas became a shark sanctuary, setting an example that a living animal is more valuable than a dead one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/011_penguins_custom-93936d4cfca01a89345054c6c11ab412b65239ef-2-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Penguins on an ice floe near Danko Island, Antarctica. \u003ccite>(David Doubilet/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Though you are most often associated with images made in tropical waters, the book includes some spectacular photos of icebergs. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I came late to the ice. An iceberg is a metaphor of the ocean. There’s a little bit above which we can see and understand and the rest is out of sight. You are also talking climate change. As glaciers melt more and more icebergs are being produced.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977292 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1.jpg\" alt=\"Gray and white sharks swim above a coral reef at South Pass, Fakarava Atoll in French Polynesia. \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/113_sharks_custom-8da2fc3b2491c2b5aadee3934c00c69027e03a59-1-1920x1282.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve called natural history photographers like yourself the frontline reporters of the world.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greatest story on earth is the earth itself. It’s all we have. There is no Plan B.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cathy Newman is a former editor at large at \u003c/em>National Geographic\u003cem> whose work has appeared in \u003c/em>The Economist\u003cem>, \u003c/em>The Wall Street Journal\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Science.\u003cem> Follow her on twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__twitter.com_wordcat12&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=0ESrOJc8IqAL-VjQNnEkkg&m=Z1_L9ikZR-Xk32R8wuSZ3CL-GgVKCkHvNJhNBoP3atU&s=Eb8-6sXYMf4F7ePLI7xQIrl3Ug6H0zpW6uid1Y17bBk&e=\">\u003cem>@wordcat12\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Zayrha Rodriguez photo edited and produced this piece. Follow her Instagram \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/zayrharodriguez/\">\u003cem>@zayrharodriguez\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+photographer+marries+the+worlds+above+and+below+the+water+in+a+single+frame&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Healdsburg Cut Its Water Use in Half. What's in the City's Secret, Water-Saving Sauce?",
"headTitle": "Healdsburg Cut Its Water Use in Half. What’s in the City’s Secret, Water-Saving Sauce? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Cutting water use became a bit of a competition for retiree John Diniakos and his wife Merrilyn Joyce after their city mandated a 40% water restriction back in \u003ca href=\"https://ci.healdsburg.ca.us/714/Current-Drought-Information\">June\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearing a faded green collared shirt tucked into equally worn blue jeans, Diniakos said he now limits his showers to “once every other day, sometimes every three days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He doesn’t want to, but he’s doing it. “I would rather take a shower every day,” he said. “It just feels better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Joyce says she’s winning their water war because she does “laundry much less often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among a maze of potted succulents beneath a broad magnolia tree in the couple’s front yard is a sign that reads “drought proofed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diniakos and Joyce live in Healdsburg, in Sonoma County. These signs are everywhere around town — the city gave them to residents who participated in its water-saving program. Just like the rest of the state, Healdsburg is gripped by drought. But the city is conserving at a much higher rate than California overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977231\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977231 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Diniakos and his wife, Merrilyn Joyce. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Healdsburg nearly cut its water use in half in August, compared to the same time last year. Californians overall \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977196/newsom-declares-drought-emergency-across-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">saved just 5%, \u003c/a>and that’s after Gov. Gavin Newsom asked everyone to voluntarily reduce their water use by 15% back in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom declared a drought emergency across the entire state this week, as conservation targets continue to fall far short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what’s in Healdsburg’s secret, water-saving sauce? The city capped household water use and \u003ca href=\"https://ci.healdsburg.ca.us/714/Current-Drought-Information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">banned sprinklers. \u003c/a>And residents largely followed the rules — no surprise there, as the signs of drought are everywhere. A pencil-thin band of the Russian River flows from Lake Mendocino through town. Crunchy front lawns with yellow grass dot the community of 12,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were in a dire situation,” said Joyce. “People got that and wanted to do the right thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple practically lives out of buckets in an effort to save, watering plants and soaking greasy pans using grey water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They tracked how much water they used brushing their teeth and showering with a \u003ca href=\"https://ci.healdsburg.ca.us/723/Water-Rebates\">phone\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://ci.healdsburg.ca.us/723/Water-Rebates\">app\u003c/a> that pulls data from a sensor connected to their meter, which Joyce said “made it fun.” She could see how much water they wasted in real time and discovered there’s always an opportunity to “turn the volume down a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that conservation worked: The couple averaged 24 gallons a day this summer and fall — incredible, and well below the city’s allotment of 74 gallons per person, which is about half of what a person in Healdsburg normally uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A system in crisis\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>What makes Healdsburg’s situation unique is that the Russian River system, starting high in the coastal range and flowing to the ocean, is in crisis. The river sits isolated from the rest of the state. There are no canals or aqueducts connecting it to the state’s vast system of waterways or the meltwaters that originate high in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike much of the Bay Area, the only water Healdsburg gets is from rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Mendocino is now just \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomawater.org/current-water-supply-levels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">22% full\u003c/a> and for much of the summer it resembled a muddy bathtub. The city saw that the lake levels were depleted and it prompted them to save, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.healdsburg.ca.us/directory.aspx?EID=85\">Terry\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.healdsburg.ca.us/directory.aspx?EID=85\">Crowley\u003c/a>, the city’s utilities director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rainfall totals were the lowest in 100 years,” said Crowley. “We really need to see some rain this winter or it’s going to be very difficult next summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A series of rainstorms are soaking Northern California this week, with most of the precipitation falling across the North Bay. The badly needed showers could help the reservoir bounce back, but it won’t end the drought, not by a long shot. That will take several months of wet weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Lawns should be banned’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many people in Healdsburg have large yards, and the city took a risk by cutting off water to lawns. But as climate change gets worse and droughts become more frequent, Crowley envisions the city will look very different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[What] I would expect to happen over the next 10 to 15 years is a lot of those lawns would be changed out to drought-tolerant plantings,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crowley says around 10% of the city’s residential customers already have swapped their lawns for drought-resistant shrubs, succulents and cacti. Many more have let their lawns become dry and brittle. To help residents, the city offers rebates for various water conservation efforts: converting lawns to droughtscapes, using water-usage tracking apps and purchasing efficient washing machines and low-flow toilets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/about/people/newsha-ajami\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Newsha Ajami\u003c/a>, who studies Water in the West at Stanford, says Healdsburg’s conservation tactics — water budgets and limiting outdoor water use — can be applied across the state, because \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/wp-content/uploads/R_1016EH3R.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">half the water cities use is for outdoor irrigation\u003c/a>. Cutting water use in the state’s most populated areas by 50% would be a huge deal for a state with \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CA/RHI725219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">14 million homes\u003c/a> and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lawns should be banned,” she said. “Every drop of water that’s used to maintain that lawn can be a drop of water that we can leave in the reservoir if this drought ends up being a 10-year drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, Ajami says water monitoring apps made it easy for people to understand their water usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information you provide to customers, the more public awareness you create, the better customers respond to different asks that the utilities have,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘We have to adapt’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>But meeting the city’s water budget hasn’t been easy for everyone in Healdsburg. For Megan Bowman, convincing her two teenagers to take shorter showers is constant work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually time showers,” she said. “They get three-minute showers and that’s it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977234\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977234 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with a gray shirt and white baseball hat holds a black hose. \" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Megan Bowman waters her garden with recycled water using a drip system. (Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What’s even more work for Bowman is keeping the dozens of trees on her property alive. Every week she gets 500 gallons of recycled water provided by the city — originally free of charge, now for $45 a week. Residents must buy the pumps and hoses to get the water out of the plastic tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman douses her thirsty plants and trees with the recycled water nightly through a web of hoses and pumps. The water keeps her yard alive, but not thriving. Some of the redwoods on her one-acre lot have sprouted light green new growth, but others are less verdant and look brown and sad. “They’re really struggling and this one, you can see I think we’re going to lose,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Bowman can afford to pay for the recycled water, not everyone in Healdsburg can. Some of her neighbors are adapting to the drought differently. She says the owners of the house at the top of the hill are buying water from a private company. Across the street the neighbor’s lawn is all dried up. And another neighbor is ditching Healdsburg for the East Coast, fleeing the dual threat of drought and wildfire. “They’re done,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Bowman, manually watering her plants and taking shorter showers isn’t a reason to leave the city she’s lived in for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is home, I love it here,” she said. “This is part of living in California and this is part of climate change, right? So, we have to change and we have to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Healdsburg receives only a little rain this winter, Bowman says she’ll be out in the yard next summer with her pumps and hoses, trying to figure out how to keep her yard alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cutting water use became a bit of a competition for retiree John Diniakos and his wife Merrilyn Joyce after their city mandated a 40% water restriction back in \u003ca href=\"https://ci.healdsburg.ca.us/714/Current-Drought-Information\">June\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearing a faded green collared shirt tucked into equally worn blue jeans, Diniakos said he now limits his showers to “once every other day, sometimes every three days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He doesn’t want to, but he’s doing it. “I would rather take a shower every day,” he said. “It just feels better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Joyce says she’s winning their water war because she does “laundry much less often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among a maze of potted succulents beneath a broad magnolia tree in the couple’s front yard is a sign that reads “drought proofed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diniakos and Joyce live in Healdsburg, in Sonoma County. These signs are everywhere around town — the city gave them to residents who participated in its water-saving program. Just like the rest of the state, Healdsburg is gripped by drought. But the city is conserving at a much higher rate than California overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977231\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977231 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-9-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Diniakos and his wife, Merrilyn Joyce. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Healdsburg nearly cut its water use in half in August, compared to the same time last year. Californians overall \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977196/newsom-declares-drought-emergency-across-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">saved just 5%, \u003c/a>and that’s after Gov. Gavin Newsom asked everyone to voluntarily reduce their water use by 15% back in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom declared a drought emergency across the entire state this week, as conservation targets continue to fall far short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what’s in Healdsburg’s secret, water-saving sauce? The city capped household water use and \u003ca href=\"https://ci.healdsburg.ca.us/714/Current-Drought-Information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">banned sprinklers. \u003c/a>And residents largely followed the rules — no surprise there, as the signs of drought are everywhere. A pencil-thin band of the Russian River flows from Lake Mendocino through town. Crunchy front lawns with yellow grass dot the community of 12,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were in a dire situation,” said Joyce. “People got that and wanted to do the right thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple practically lives out of buckets in an effort to save, watering plants and soaking greasy pans using grey water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They tracked how much water they used brushing their teeth and showering with a \u003ca href=\"https://ci.healdsburg.ca.us/723/Water-Rebates\">phone\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://ci.healdsburg.ca.us/723/Water-Rebates\">app\u003c/a> that pulls data from a sensor connected to their meter, which Joyce said “made it fun.” She could see how much water they wasted in real time and discovered there’s always an opportunity to “turn the volume down a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that conservation worked: The couple averaged 24 gallons a day this summer and fall — incredible, and well below the city’s allotment of 74 gallons per person, which is about half of what a person in Healdsburg normally uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A system in crisis\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>What makes Healdsburg’s situation unique is that the Russian River system, starting high in the coastal range and flowing to the ocean, is in crisis. The river sits isolated from the rest of the state. There are no canals or aqueducts connecting it to the state’s vast system of waterways or the meltwaters that originate high in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike much of the Bay Area, the only water Healdsburg gets is from rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Mendocino is now just \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomawater.org/current-water-supply-levels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">22% full\u003c/a> and for much of the summer it resembled a muddy bathtub. The city saw that the lake levels were depleted and it prompted them to save, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.healdsburg.ca.us/directory.aspx?EID=85\">Terry\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.healdsburg.ca.us/directory.aspx?EID=85\">Crowley\u003c/a>, the city’s utilities director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rainfall totals were the lowest in 100 years,” said Crowley. “We really need to see some rain this winter or it’s going to be very difficult next summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A series of rainstorms are soaking Northern California this week, with most of the precipitation falling across the North Bay. The badly needed showers could help the reservoir bounce back, but it won’t end the drought, not by a long shot. That will take several months of wet weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Lawns should be banned’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many people in Healdsburg have large yards, and the city took a risk by cutting off water to lawns. But as climate change gets worse and droughts become more frequent, Crowley envisions the city will look very different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[What] I would expect to happen over the next 10 to 15 years is a lot of those lawns would be changed out to drought-tolerant plantings,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crowley says around 10% of the city’s residential customers already have swapped their lawns for drought-resistant shrubs, succulents and cacti. Many more have let their lawns become dry and brittle. To help residents, the city offers rebates for various water conservation efforts: converting lawns to droughtscapes, using water-usage tracking apps and purchasing efficient washing machines and low-flow toilets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/about/people/newsha-ajami\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Newsha Ajami\u003c/a>, who studies Water in the West at Stanford, says Healdsburg’s conservation tactics — water budgets and limiting outdoor water use — can be applied across the state, because \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/wp-content/uploads/R_1016EH3R.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">half the water cities use is for outdoor irrigation\u003c/a>. Cutting water use in the state’s most populated areas by 50% would be a huge deal for a state with \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CA/RHI725219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">14 million homes\u003c/a> and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lawns should be banned,” she said. “Every drop of water that’s used to maintain that lawn can be a drop of water that we can leave in the reservoir if this drought ends up being a 10-year drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, Ajami says water monitoring apps made it easy for people to understand their water usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information you provide to customers, the more public awareness you create, the better customers respond to different asks that the utilities have,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘We have to adapt’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>But meeting the city’s water budget hasn’t been easy for everyone in Healdsburg. For Megan Bowman, convincing her two teenagers to take shorter showers is constant work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually time showers,” she said. “They get three-minute showers and that’s it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977234\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977234 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with a gray shirt and white baseball hat holds a black hose. \" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Healdsburg-Drougth-PHOTOS-19-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Megan Bowman waters her garden with recycled water using a drip system. (Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What’s even more work for Bowman is keeping the dozens of trees on her property alive. Every week she gets 500 gallons of recycled water provided by the city — originally free of charge, now for $45 a week. Residents must buy the pumps and hoses to get the water out of the plastic tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman douses her thirsty plants and trees with the recycled water nightly through a web of hoses and pumps. The water keeps her yard alive, but not thriving. Some of the redwoods on her one-acre lot have sprouted light green new growth, but others are less verdant and look brown and sad. “They’re really struggling and this one, you can see I think we’re going to lose,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Bowman can afford to pay for the recycled water, not everyone in Healdsburg can. Some of her neighbors are adapting to the drought differently. She says the owners of the house at the top of the hill are buying water from a private company. Across the street the neighbor’s lawn is all dried up. And another neighbor is ditching Healdsburg for the East Coast, fleeing the dual threat of drought and wildfire. “They’re done,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Bowman, manually watering her plants and taking shorter showers isn’t a reason to leave the city she’s lived in for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is home, I love it here,” she said. “This is part of living in California and this is part of climate change, right? So, we have to change and we have to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Healdsburg receives only a little rain this winter, Bowman says she’ll be out in the yard next summer with her pumps and hoses, trying to figure out how to keep her yard alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Newsom Declares Drought Emergency Across California",
"headTitle": "Newsom Declares Drought Emergency Across California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom declared a drought emergency for the entire state of California, as conservation efforts continue to fall far short of state targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/10/19/governor-newsom-expands-drought-emergency-statewide-urges-californians-to-redouble-water-conservation-efforts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Newsom also authorized\u003c/a> California’s water regulators to ban wasteful water use, such as spraying down public sidewalks, and directed his Office of Emergency Services to fund drinking water as needed. But he stopped short of issuing any statewide conservation mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the western U.S. faces a potential third year of drought, it’s critical that Californians across the state redouble our efforts to save water in every way possible,” Newsom said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday’s announcement extends drought emergencies, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/07/california-water-use-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">already declared in 50 counties\u003c/a>, to the eight remaining counties where conditions had thus far not been deemed severe enough: Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Imperial, San Francisco and Ventura.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emergency declarations are aimed at easing responses to the deepening drought — such as emergency bottled water purchases or construction to bolster water supplies — by reducing environmental and other regulations. Under the proclamation, local water suppliers must begin preparing for the possibility of a dry year ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think we’ll be able to manage through this year,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-pettijohn-bb521592/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">David Pettijohn\u003c/a>, director of water resources at the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. “Next year is the issue. And we don’t know what the water year is going to look like. Nobody can predict the weather.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s water watchers say that without a conservation mandate, California is losing time, and water. “We know mandates are more effective than voluntary calls,” said \u003ca href=\"https://pacinst.org/team/heather-cooley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Heather Cooley\u003c/a>, director of research at the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank. “It takes time to ramp up, and because of the delay in asking Californians to save water this spring, we are further behind than we should be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 id=\"h-conservation-improving-but-still-short-of-goals\">Conservation improving, but still short of goals\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>New data released by the State Water Resources Control Board reveals that Californians cut their water use at home by 5% in August compared to August 2020, an improvement \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/drought-2021/2021/09/california-drought-conservation/\">over the reductions of less than 2% in July\u003c/a> but still far short of the voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/07/california-water-use-drought/\">15% cuts\u003c/a> Newsom urged in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hard-hit North Coast, where the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/04/governor-drought-emergency-in-northwestern-counties/\">first drought emergencies\u003c/a> were declared in April, continued to show the biggest drops in household water use — with an 18.3% decrease compared to August of last year. Conservation numbers tapered off moving south, with the San Francisco Bay Area conserving nearly 10% more water than last August.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/mmBVo/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South Coast region — which includes Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego and Ventura counties — showed an improvement over July, when water use was roughly even with last year. In August, residents used about 3.1% less water than they did in August 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those numbers are a little bit misleading, frankly,” said Pettijohn, pointing to existing conservation measures including \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-water/a-w-conservation/a-w-c-droughtbusters;jsessionid=R21nhvKYGDWpr99rRxkybMLNCPf91KQ97Ybv5rv54Zypl011DbVz!663354585?_afrLoop=320938500431843&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26_afrLoop%3D320938500431843%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Datsadqua0_4\">mandatory outdoor watering restrictions\u003c/a>. “Looking at one month, in one year, compared to the same exact month in the current year, it’s really not a true measure of what the efforts in the city have been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current reductions in water use are on top of conservation that has continued since the last drought. In 2020, Californians were already using about 16% less water in their homes and businesses statewide compared to 2013, according to water board data analyst Marielle Pinheiro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This August was both the hottest and driest on record, according to the governor’s office. And the increased conservation, even during an exceptionally dry month, “is especially significant,” Pinheiro said at the water board meeting today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you’ve learned to save water, why turn the water on when you’re brushing your teeth?” said former water board chairperson Felicia Marcus, who led the response during the last drought under former Gov. Jerry Brown. “The glass half full view of that is that messaging is starting to take hold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"https://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/about/people/newsha-ajami\">Newsha Ajami\u003c/a>, director of Urban Water Policy at Stanford University, was surprised that Newsom didn’t declare a statewide water conservation mandate today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really need to reduce per capita water use significantly in some areas of the state,” she said. “If this drought lingers longer and we end up having a few more dry years we are going to have a lot more communities experiencing water scarcity and water access issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>An unknown water year ahead\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s announcement today comes at a pivotal moment for California’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state just closed out its \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Water-Basics/Drought/Files/Publications-And-Reports/091521-Water-Year-2021-broch_v2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">second-driest water year\u003c/a> on record, with nearly \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">88% of California \u003c/a>now in the clutches of extreme drought, or worse. By the end of September, statewide reservoir storage \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Water-Basics/Drought/Files/Publications-And-Reports/091521-Water-Year-2021-broch_v2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">had hit 60% of average\u003c/a>, with Lake Oroville setting a new record low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing that in the second dry year, we’re in as scary a position if not scarier than what we faced in that last drought. It’s almost beyond comprehension,” Marcus said. “It’s a stunning challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have warned water providers south of the Delta relying on state water allocations that \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/drought-2021/2021/09/california-drought-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they might be cut off completely\u003c/a> next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re starting with record low (reservoir) storage,” \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Executive-Bios-Director\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Karla Nemeth\u003c/a>, director of the state Department of Water Resources, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/drought-2021/2021/09/california-drought-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said last month\u003c/a>. “We would have to have north of 140% of (average) precipitation to generate average runoff into the reservoirs that would begin filling that hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2021/10/19/forecast-rainstorms-could-quell-wildfire-risk-in-santa-cruz-county/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">some experts say\u003c/a> that number is likely an underestimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California is on the cusp of its rainy season, when it receives almost all of its yearly precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A series of storms are expected to reach Northern California this week, with another that could unleash some rain over Southern California as soon as this weekend, according to Chad Hecht, a meteorology staff researcher with the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Precipitation forecasts range from eight inches in the Sierras over the next seven days, to less than half an inch in Southern California, said \u003ca href=\"https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-welcomes-dr-julie-kalansky/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Julie Kalansky,\u003c/a> the center’s deputy director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rain is highly unlikely to substantially refill empty reservoirs, it could help prepare thirsty soils for more rains to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these storms, “the runoff from them may not be very high, but they’ll help moisten the soils. So if we get more, hopefully you get more runoff that can go into reservoirs or streams and ecosystems,” Kalansky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the water year ahead remains murky: Cooler than average temperatures in the tropical Pacific herald the arrival of La Niña conditions, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the National Weather Service’s Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a> reports have an 87% chance of continuing between December and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña can stir up storm tracks, changing how much precipitation falls on California. But the results vary — especially for Northern California — making it difficult to predict what this means for rain and snowfall in the northern two-thirds of the state, Kalansky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Southern California, on the other hand, La Niña tends to foretell a drier year. “It doesn’t mean that we’re necessarily going to have a really dry year, but we typically don’t get really wet years when it’s a La Niña,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Kalansky said, “it’s still yet to be decided on whether or not this year is going to be wet or dry and what this means for drought. We just don’t have those answers yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Gov. Newsom expands the California drought emergency from 50 counties to statewide, but does not order mandatory water conservation. He did authorize water regulators to ban wasteful water use, such as spraying down public sidewalks.",
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"description": "Gov. Newsom expands the California drought emergency from 50 counties to statewide, but does not order mandatory water conservation. He did authorize water regulators to ban wasteful water use, such as spraying down public sidewalks.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom declared a drought emergency for the entire state of California, as conservation efforts continue to fall far short of state targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/10/19/governor-newsom-expands-drought-emergency-statewide-urges-californians-to-redouble-water-conservation-efforts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Newsom also authorized\u003c/a> California’s water regulators to ban wasteful water use, such as spraying down public sidewalks, and directed his Office of Emergency Services to fund drinking water as needed. But he stopped short of issuing any statewide conservation mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the western U.S. faces a potential third year of drought, it’s critical that Californians across the state redouble our efforts to save water in every way possible,” Newsom said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday’s announcement extends drought emergencies, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/07/california-water-use-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">already declared in 50 counties\u003c/a>, to the eight remaining counties where conditions had thus far not been deemed severe enough: Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Imperial, San Francisco and Ventura.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emergency declarations are aimed at easing responses to the deepening drought — such as emergency bottled water purchases or construction to bolster water supplies — by reducing environmental and other regulations. Under the proclamation, local water suppliers must begin preparing for the possibility of a dry year ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think we’ll be able to manage through this year,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-pettijohn-bb521592/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">David Pettijohn\u003c/a>, director of water resources at the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. “Next year is the issue. And we don’t know what the water year is going to look like. Nobody can predict the weather.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s water watchers say that without a conservation mandate, California is losing time, and water. “We know mandates are more effective than voluntary calls,” said \u003ca href=\"https://pacinst.org/team/heather-cooley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Heather Cooley\u003c/a>, director of research at the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank. “It takes time to ramp up, and because of the delay in asking Californians to save water this spring, we are further behind than we should be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 id=\"h-conservation-improving-but-still-short-of-goals\">Conservation improving, but still short of goals\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>New data released by the State Water Resources Control Board reveals that Californians cut their water use at home by 5% in August compared to August 2020, an improvement \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/drought-2021/2021/09/california-drought-conservation/\">over the reductions of less than 2% in July\u003c/a> but still far short of the voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/07/california-water-use-drought/\">15% cuts\u003c/a> Newsom urged in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hard-hit North Coast, where the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/04/governor-drought-emergency-in-northwestern-counties/\">first drought emergencies\u003c/a> were declared in April, continued to show the biggest drops in household water use — with an 18.3% decrease compared to August of last year. Conservation numbers tapered off moving south, with the San Francisco Bay Area conserving nearly 10% more water than last August.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/mmBVo/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South Coast region — which includes Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego and Ventura counties — showed an improvement over July, when water use was roughly even with last year. In August, residents used about 3.1% less water than they did in August 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those numbers are a little bit misleading, frankly,” said Pettijohn, pointing to existing conservation measures including \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-water/a-w-conservation/a-w-c-droughtbusters;jsessionid=R21nhvKYGDWpr99rRxkybMLNCPf91KQ97Ybv5rv54Zypl011DbVz!663354585?_afrLoop=320938500431843&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26_afrLoop%3D320938500431843%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Datsadqua0_4\">mandatory outdoor watering restrictions\u003c/a>. “Looking at one month, in one year, compared to the same exact month in the current year, it’s really not a true measure of what the efforts in the city have been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current reductions in water use are on top of conservation that has continued since the last drought. In 2020, Californians were already using about 16% less water in their homes and businesses statewide compared to 2013, according to water board data analyst Marielle Pinheiro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This August was both the hottest and driest on record, according to the governor’s office. And the increased conservation, even during an exceptionally dry month, “is especially significant,” Pinheiro said at the water board meeting today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you’ve learned to save water, why turn the water on when you’re brushing your teeth?” said former water board chairperson Felicia Marcus, who led the response during the last drought under former Gov. Jerry Brown. “The glass half full view of that is that messaging is starting to take hold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"https://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/about/people/newsha-ajami\">Newsha Ajami\u003c/a>, director of Urban Water Policy at Stanford University, was surprised that Newsom didn’t declare a statewide water conservation mandate today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really need to reduce per capita water use significantly in some areas of the state,” she said. “If this drought lingers longer and we end up having a few more dry years we are going to have a lot more communities experiencing water scarcity and water access issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>An unknown water year ahead\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s announcement today comes at a pivotal moment for California’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state just closed out its \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Water-Basics/Drought/Files/Publications-And-Reports/091521-Water-Year-2021-broch_v2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">second-driest water year\u003c/a> on record, with nearly \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">88% of California \u003c/a>now in the clutches of extreme drought, or worse. By the end of September, statewide reservoir storage \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Water-Basics/Drought/Files/Publications-And-Reports/091521-Water-Year-2021-broch_v2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">had hit 60% of average\u003c/a>, with Lake Oroville setting a new record low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing that in the second dry year, we’re in as scary a position if not scarier than what we faced in that last drought. It’s almost beyond comprehension,” Marcus said. “It’s a stunning challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have warned water providers south of the Delta relying on state water allocations that \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/drought-2021/2021/09/california-drought-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they might be cut off completely\u003c/a> next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re starting with record low (reservoir) storage,” \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Executive-Bios-Director\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Karla Nemeth\u003c/a>, director of the state Department of Water Resources, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/drought-2021/2021/09/california-drought-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said last month\u003c/a>. “We would have to have north of 140% of (average) precipitation to generate average runoff into the reservoirs that would begin filling that hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2021/10/19/forecast-rainstorms-could-quell-wildfire-risk-in-santa-cruz-county/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">some experts say\u003c/a> that number is likely an underestimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California is on the cusp of its rainy season, when it receives almost all of its yearly precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A series of storms are expected to reach Northern California this week, with another that could unleash some rain over Southern California as soon as this weekend, according to Chad Hecht, a meteorology staff researcher with the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Precipitation forecasts range from eight inches in the Sierras over the next seven days, to less than half an inch in Southern California, said \u003ca href=\"https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-welcomes-dr-julie-kalansky/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Julie Kalansky,\u003c/a> the center’s deputy director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rain is highly unlikely to substantially refill empty reservoirs, it could help prepare thirsty soils for more rains to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these storms, “the runoff from them may not be very high, but they’ll help moisten the soils. So if we get more, hopefully you get more runoff that can go into reservoirs or streams and ecosystems,” Kalansky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the water year ahead remains murky: Cooler than average temperatures in the tropical Pacific herald the arrival of La Niña conditions, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the National Weather Service’s Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a> reports have an 87% chance of continuing between December and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña can stir up storm tracks, changing how much precipitation falls on California. But the results vary — especially for Northern California — making it difficult to predict what this means for rain and snowfall in the northern two-thirds of the state, Kalansky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Southern California, on the other hand, La Niña tends to foretell a drier year. “It doesn’t mean that we’re necessarily going to have a really dry year, but we typically don’t get really wet years when it’s a La Niña,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Kalansky said, “it’s still yet to be decided on whether or not this year is going to be wet or dry and what this means for drought. We just don’t have those answers yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California to Swap New Gas-Powered Landscaping Equipment for Zero Emissions Tools",
"headTitle": "California to Swap New Gas-Powered Landscaping Equipment for Zero Emissions Tools | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Those ubiquitous, noisy leaf blowers, lawn mowers, and weed whackers are producing something more than a high-pitched whirring: pollution that’s harmful to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to curb this air pollution and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, California will phase out the new manufacture of common gas-powered versions of landscaping equipment as early as 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1346\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assembly Bill 1346\u003c/a> into law this month, effectively banning what the state describes as “small off-road engines,” including common landscaping tools, chain saws and even golf carts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law also requires new portable, gas-powered generators to be zero emission as soon as 2028.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly, these tools are used by people to tidy home lawns and gardens, although commercial landscapers, construction crews and farmers use them, too, at a smaller percentage, \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/offroad/sm_en_fs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according to the California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People can still use the gas-powered equipment they already own, and stores can still sell their older stock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christopher Dilbeck works at the air board and helped design the emissions regulations. “[These tools] actually have more smog-forming emissions than light duty passenger cars in California,” Dilbeck said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hour spent clearing a yard with a leaf blower emits the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/offroad/sm_en_fs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">same amount of smog-forming gases\u003c/a> as driving 1,100 miles in a standard passenger car, according to the air regulator. That would be like driving from Los Angeles to Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the gas-powered engines produce particulate matter and ozone. These machines are not major emitters of planet warming gases, although they do produce some carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple environmental and health organizations supported the bill, while a handful of groups opposed it, including those representing landscapers and equipment manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Marc Berman, D-Menlo Park, co-authored the legislation and said it will particularly benefit workers “who face disproportionate health risks from air pollution.” Those risks include \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ground-level-ozone-pollution/health-effects-ozone-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">exacerbating asthma\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/health-and-environmental-effects-particulate-matter-pm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">heart disease, and causing premature death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz landscaper Brett Graf owns Habitat Gardens. He says he’s already experienced multiple upsides from using zero-emission tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re easier to use. They smell better, they’re not as loud, you’re not breathing in these fumes,” Graf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graf’s tools are plug-ins or battery powered, and he said his clients are open to him charging his batteries from their outlets while he works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s new law is coupled with $30 million in incentives for people to buy zero-emission equipment, meant to aid an equitable transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some landscape professionals fear that the transition won’t be equitable or smooth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Martinez Quiróz owns Martinez Landscape, a three-person outfit in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This quick transition is a huge change for us and it’s catching us by surprise,” Martinez Quiróz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be a bit more difficult for us to compete, because we have to buy new equipment and that will bring our costs up,” he added. “It’s going to have a big impact on contractors, as well as on clients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandra Giarde is the executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.clca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Landscape Contractors Association\u003c/a>. She says the group surveyed its members and found that the landscapers who most often use electric equipment service wealthier communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How is this [law] going to impact the rest of the communities?” Giarde asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators point to the availability of battery-powered and plug-in alternatives for commonly used landscaping tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those tools will work fine for personal and residential use, Giarde says, but the equipment isn’t up to the job required by commercial landscapers: slogging from site to site for six to eight hours each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to use this equipment,” Giarde said. “It’s not there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jason Barbose of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a> said that may be true “but that’s sort of the whole point of the regulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to put standards out there,” he said. “It may not be achievable today, but that the state determines they can be met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the law is an important step for California as it moves away from fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Those ubiquitous, noisy leaf blowers, lawn mowers, and weed whackers are producing something more than a high-pitched whirring: pollution that’s harmful to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to curb this air pollution and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, California will phase out the new manufacture of common gas-powered versions of landscaping equipment as early as 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1346\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assembly Bill 1346\u003c/a> into law this month, effectively banning what the state describes as “small off-road engines,” including common landscaping tools, chain saws and even golf carts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law also requires new portable, gas-powered generators to be zero emission as soon as 2028.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly, these tools are used by people to tidy home lawns and gardens, although commercial landscapers, construction crews and farmers use them, too, at a smaller percentage, \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/offroad/sm_en_fs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according to the California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People can still use the gas-powered equipment they already own, and stores can still sell their older stock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christopher Dilbeck works at the air board and helped design the emissions regulations. “[These tools] actually have more smog-forming emissions than light duty passenger cars in California,” Dilbeck said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hour spent clearing a yard with a leaf blower emits the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/offroad/sm_en_fs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">same amount of smog-forming gases\u003c/a> as driving 1,100 miles in a standard passenger car, according to the air regulator. That would be like driving from Los Angeles to Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the gas-powered engines produce particulate matter and ozone. These machines are not major emitters of planet warming gases, although they do produce some carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple environmental and health organizations supported the bill, while a handful of groups opposed it, including those representing landscapers and equipment manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Marc Berman, D-Menlo Park, co-authored the legislation and said it will particularly benefit workers “who face disproportionate health risks from air pollution.” Those risks include \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ground-level-ozone-pollution/health-effects-ozone-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">exacerbating asthma\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/health-and-environmental-effects-particulate-matter-pm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">heart disease, and causing premature death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz landscaper Brett Graf owns Habitat Gardens. He says he’s already experienced multiple upsides from using zero-emission tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re easier to use. They smell better, they’re not as loud, you’re not breathing in these fumes,” Graf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graf’s tools are plug-ins or battery powered, and he said his clients are open to him charging his batteries from their outlets while he works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s new law is coupled with $30 million in incentives for people to buy zero-emission equipment, meant to aid an equitable transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some landscape professionals fear that the transition won’t be equitable or smooth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Martinez Quiróz owns Martinez Landscape, a three-person outfit in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This quick transition is a huge change for us and it’s catching us by surprise,” Martinez Quiróz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be a bit more difficult for us to compete, because we have to buy new equipment and that will bring our costs up,” he added. “It’s going to have a big impact on contractors, as well as on clients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandra Giarde is the executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.clca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Landscape Contractors Association\u003c/a>. She says the group surveyed its members and found that the landscapers who most often use electric equipment service wealthier communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How is this [law] going to impact the rest of the communities?” Giarde asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators point to the availability of battery-powered and plug-in alternatives for commonly used landscaping tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those tools will work fine for personal and residential use, Giarde says, but the equipment isn’t up to the job required by commercial landscapers: slogging from site to site for six to eight hours each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to use this equipment,” Giarde said. “It’s not there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jason Barbose of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a> said that may be true “but that’s sort of the whole point of the regulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to put standards out there,” he said. “It may not be achievable today, but that the state determines they can be met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the law is an important step for California as it moves away from fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Immerse Yourself in Nature with These 2021 Wildlife Photographer of the Year Images",
"headTitle": "Immerse Yourself in Nature with These 2021 Wildlife Photographer of the Year Images | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The winning images of the 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/wpy/\">Wildlife Photographer of the Year\u003c/a> competition are here, and they’re enthralling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual competition is organized by London’s Natural History Museum and is recognized as the world’s longest-running and most prestigious nature photography competition. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/Wildlife-Photographer-of-the-Year/first-wildlife-photographer-of-the-year-2020-images-revealed11.html\">announcing the winners\u003c/a> on Tuesday, the museum said it had received more than 50,000 submissions from 95 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entries in this year’s competition — the 57th edition — were judged anonymously by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/Wildlife-Photographer-of-the-Year/wildlife-photographer-of-the-year-announces-international-jury-a.html\">panel of international experts\u003c/a> for “originality, narrative, technical excellence and ethical practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The two Grand Title winners were selected from 19 category winners that celebrate the captivating beauty of our natural world with rich habitats, enthralling animal behaviour and extraordinary species,” the museum explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newest Wildlife Photographer of the Year is French underwater photographer and biologist Laurent Ballesta, whose first-place image was actually years in the making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called Creation, and it captures camouflage groupers exiting a milky cloud of eggs and sperm in a biosphere reserve in Fakarava, French Polynesia. The museum said that Ballesta and his team returned to the lagoon every year for five years, “diving day and night so as not to miss the annual spawning that only takes place around the full moon in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977151\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn.jpg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn-1536x1023.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Creation, by Laurent Ballesta, France, winner, category: underwater. Ballesta peered into the depths as a trio of camouflage groupers exited its milky cloud of eggs and sperm. For five years Ballesta and his team returned to this lagoon, diving day and night to see the annual spawning of camouflage groupers. They were joined after dark by reef sharks that were hunting the fish.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Camouflage groupers as a species are endangered by overfishing, the museum noted, though these particular fish are protected within the reserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year’s Grand Title winner reveals a hidden underwater world, a fleeting moment of fascinating animal behaviour that very few have witnessed,” said Doug Gurr, the museum’s director, in a statement. “In what could be a pivotal year for the planet, with vital discussions taking place at COP15 and COP26, Laurent Ballesta’s Creation is a compelling reminder of what we stand to lose if we do not address humanity’s impact on our planet. The protection provided to this endangered species by the biosphere reserve highlights the positive difference we can make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top award in the 17-and-under category (Young Wildlife Photographer of the Year) went to 10-year-old Vidyun R Hebbar of Bengaluru, India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His image shows a tent spider upside down in a web, against the bright colors of a passing tuk-tuk in the background. The museum said Vidyun loves to photograph the “often-over looked creatures that live in the streets and parks near his home” and was first featured in the competition at age 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The jury loved this photo from the beginning of the judging process,” said Natalie Cooper, a jury member and National History Museum researcher, in a statement. “It is a great reminder to look more closely at the small animals we live with every day, and to take your camera with you everywhere. You never know where that award winning image is going to come from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred images from the competition — contextualized with insights from scientists and other experts — will be showcased in lightbox displays at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/visit/exhibitions/wildlife-photographer-of-the-year.html\">special Natural History Museum exhibit\u003c/a>. It will open in London on Friday and will travel to venues in the U.K., Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany and the U.S. in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for any curious wildlife photographers reading this: The 2022 competition will accept entries starting Monday, with a close date of Dec. 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out some of the stunning images from contest winners below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1306\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog-800x594.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog-1020x757.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog-160x119.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog-768x570.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog-1536x1140.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Where the giant newts breed, by João Rodrigues, Portugal, winner, behaviour: amphibians and reptiles category. Rodrigues was surprised by a pair of courting sharp-ribbed salamanders in this flooded forest. It was Rodrigues’ first chance in five years to dive into this lake, as it emerges only in winters of exceptionally heavy rainfall, when underground rivers overflow.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977155\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977155\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1174\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant-1536x1025.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elephant in the room, by Adam Oswell, Australia, winner, category: photojournalism. Oswell draws attention to zoo visitors watching a young elephant perform underwater.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977153\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck-1020x679.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck-1536x1023.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Head to head, by Stefano Unterthiner, Italy, winner, behaviour: mammals category. Unterthiner watched two Svalbard reindeer battle for control of a harem. Unterthiner followed these reindeer during the rutting season. Watching the fight, he felt immersed in “the smell, the noise, the fatigue and the pain.” The reindeer clashed antlers until the dominant male (left) chased its rival away.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977152\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1704px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977152\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1704\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-scaled.jpeg 1704w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-800x1202.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-1020x1532.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-160x240.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-768x1154.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-1022x1536.jpeg 1022w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-1363x2048.jpeg 1363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1704px) 100vw, 1704px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bedazzled, by Alex Mustard, U.K., winner, category: natural artistry. Mustard found a ghost pipefish hiding among the arms of a feather star. Mustard had always wanted to capture such an image of a juvenile ghost pipefish but usually found only darker adults on matching feather stars.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1704px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1704\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-scaled.jpeg 1704w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-800x1202.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-1020x1532.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-160x240.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-768x1154.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-1022x1536.jpeg 1022w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-1363x2048.jpeg 1363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1704px) 100vw, 1704px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reflection, by Majed Ali, Kuwait, winner, category: animal portraits. Ali glimpsed the moment a mountain gorilla closed its eyes in the rain. Ali trekked for four hours to meet Kibande, an almost-40-year-old mountain gorilla. “The more we climbed, the hotter and more humid it got,” Ali recalls. As cooling rain began to fall, Kibande remained in the open, seeming to enjoy the shower.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977156\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1174\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish-1536x1025.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Face-off, from the “Cichlids of Planet Tanganyika” portfolio by Angel Fitor, Spain, winner, Portfolio Award. Fitor provides an intimate look at cichlid fishes in Africa’s Lake Tanganyika. Two male cichlid fish fight jaw to jaw over a snail shell. Inside the half-buried shell is a female ready to lay eggs. For three weeks, Fitor monitored the lake bed looking for such disputes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt-1020x679.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt-1536x1023.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nursery meltdown, by Jennifer Hayes, U.S., winner, Oceans – The Bigger Picture category. Hayes recorded harp seals, seal pups and the blood of birth against melting sea ice. Following a storm, it took hours of searching by helicopter to find this fractured sea ice used as a birthing platform by harp seals. “It was a pulse of life that took your breath away,” says Hayes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977160\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar-.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"952\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar-.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar--800x433.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar--1020x552.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar--160x87.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar--768x415.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar--1536x831.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cool time, from “Land time for sea bears” portfolio, by Martin Gregus, Canada/Slovakia, winner, Rising Star Portfolio Award. Gregus shows polar bears in a different light as they come ashore in summer. On a hot summer’s day, two female polar bears took to the shallow intertidal waters to cool off and play. Gregus used a drone to capture this moment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977154\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow-1020x679.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow-1536x1023.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The intimate touch, by Shane Kalyn, Canada, winner, behaviour: birds category. Kalyn watched a raven courtship display. It was midwinter, the start of the ravens’ breeding season. Kalyn lay on the frozen ground and used the muted light to capture the ravens’ iridescent plumage against the contrasting snow to reveal this intimate moment when their thick black bills came together.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road-1020x679.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road-1536x1023.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Road to ruin, by Javier Lafuente, Spain, winner, category: Wetlands – The Bigger Picture. Lafuente shows the stark, straight line of a road slicing through the curves of a wetland landscape. By maneuvering his drone and inclining the camera, Lafuente dealt with the challenges of sunlight reflected by the water and ever-changing light conditions.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Immerse+yourself+in+nature+with+these+2021+Wildlife+Photographer+of+the+Year+images&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The top two winners of the 2021 Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition were selected from more than 50,000 entries worldwide. They are a biologist from France and a 10-year-old from India.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The winning images of the 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/wpy/\">Wildlife Photographer of the Year\u003c/a> competition are here, and they’re enthralling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual competition is organized by London’s Natural History Museum and is recognized as the world’s longest-running and most prestigious nature photography competition. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/Wildlife-Photographer-of-the-Year/first-wildlife-photographer-of-the-year-2020-images-revealed11.html\">announcing the winners\u003c/a> on Tuesday, the museum said it had received more than 50,000 submissions from 95 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entries in this year’s competition — the 57th edition — were judged anonymously by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/Wildlife-Photographer-of-the-Year/wildlife-photographer-of-the-year-announces-international-jury-a.html\">panel of international experts\u003c/a> for “originality, narrative, technical excellence and ethical practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The two Grand Title winners were selected from 19 category winners that celebrate the captivating beauty of our natural world with rich habitats, enthralling animal behaviour and extraordinary species,” the museum explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newest Wildlife Photographer of the Year is French underwater photographer and biologist Laurent Ballesta, whose first-place image was actually years in the making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called Creation, and it captures camouflage groupers exiting a milky cloud of eggs and sperm in a biosphere reserve in Fakarava, French Polynesia. The museum said that Ballesta and his team returned to the lagoon every year for five years, “diving day and night so as not to miss the annual spawning that only takes place around the full moon in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977151\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn.jpg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/npr.brightspotcdn-1536x1023.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Creation, by Laurent Ballesta, France, winner, category: underwater. Ballesta peered into the depths as a trio of camouflage groupers exited its milky cloud of eggs and sperm. For five years Ballesta and his team returned to this lagoon, diving day and night to see the annual spawning of camouflage groupers. They were joined after dark by reef sharks that were hunting the fish.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Camouflage groupers as a species are endangered by overfishing, the museum noted, though these particular fish are protected within the reserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year’s Grand Title winner reveals a hidden underwater world, a fleeting moment of fascinating animal behaviour that very few have witnessed,” said Doug Gurr, the museum’s director, in a statement. “In what could be a pivotal year for the planet, with vital discussions taking place at COP15 and COP26, Laurent Ballesta’s Creation is a compelling reminder of what we stand to lose if we do not address humanity’s impact on our planet. The protection provided to this endangered species by the biosphere reserve highlights the positive difference we can make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top award in the 17-and-under category (Young Wildlife Photographer of the Year) went to 10-year-old Vidyun R Hebbar of Bengaluru, India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His image shows a tent spider upside down in a web, against the bright colors of a passing tuk-tuk in the background. The museum said Vidyun loves to photograph the “often-over looked creatures that live in the streets and parks near his home” and was first featured in the competition at age 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The jury loved this photo from the beginning of the judging process,” said Natalie Cooper, a jury member and National History Museum researcher, in a statement. “It is a great reminder to look more closely at the small animals we live with every day, and to take your camera with you everywhere. You never know where that award winning image is going to come from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred images from the competition — contextualized with insights from scientists and other experts — will be showcased in lightbox displays at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/visit/exhibitions/wildlife-photographer-of-the-year.html\">special Natural History Museum exhibit\u003c/a>. It will open in London on Friday and will travel to venues in the U.K., Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany and the U.S. in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for any curious wildlife photographers reading this: The 2022 competition will accept entries starting Monday, with a close date of Dec. 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out some of the stunning images from contest winners below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1306\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog-800x594.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog-1020x757.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog-160x119.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog-768x570.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Frog-1536x1140.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Where the giant newts breed, by João Rodrigues, Portugal, winner, behaviour: amphibians and reptiles category. Rodrigues was surprised by a pair of courting sharp-ribbed salamanders in this flooded forest. It was Rodrigues’ first chance in five years to dive into this lake, as it emerges only in winters of exceptionally heavy rainfall, when underground rivers overflow.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977155\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977155\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1174\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Elephant-1536x1025.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elephant in the room, by Adam Oswell, Australia, winner, category: photojournalism. Oswell draws attention to zoo visitors watching a young elephant perform underwater.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977153\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck-1020x679.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Buck-1536x1023.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Head to head, by Stefano Unterthiner, Italy, winner, behaviour: mammals category. Unterthiner watched two Svalbard reindeer battle for control of a harem. Unterthiner followed these reindeer during the rutting season. Watching the fight, he felt immersed in “the smell, the noise, the fatigue and the pain.” The reindeer clashed antlers until the dominant male (left) chased its rival away.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977152\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1704px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977152\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1704\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-scaled.jpeg 1704w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-800x1202.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-1020x1532.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-160x240.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-768x1154.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-1022x1536.jpeg 1022w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Bedazzled-1363x2048.jpeg 1363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1704px) 100vw, 1704px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bedazzled, by Alex Mustard, U.K., winner, category: natural artistry. Mustard found a ghost pipefish hiding among the arms of a feather star. Mustard had always wanted to capture such an image of a juvenile ghost pipefish but usually found only darker adults on matching feather stars.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1704px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1704\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-scaled.jpeg 1704w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-800x1202.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-1020x1532.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-160x240.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-768x1154.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-1022x1536.jpeg 1022w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Gorilla-1363x2048.jpeg 1363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1704px) 100vw, 1704px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reflection, by Majed Ali, Kuwait, winner, category: animal portraits. Ali glimpsed the moment a mountain gorilla closed its eyes in the rain. Ali trekked for four hours to meet Kibande, an almost-40-year-old mountain gorilla. “The more we climbed, the hotter and more humid it got,” Ali recalls. As cooling rain began to fall, Kibande remained in the open, seeming to enjoy the shower.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977156\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1174\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Fish-1536x1025.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Face-off, from the “Cichlids of Planet Tanganyika” portfolio by Angel Fitor, Spain, winner, Portfolio Award. Fitor provides an intimate look at cichlid fishes in Africa’s Lake Tanganyika. Two male cichlid fish fight jaw to jaw over a snail shell. Inside the half-buried shell is a female ready to lay eggs. For three weeks, Fitor monitored the lake bed looking for such disputes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt-1020x679.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Melt-1536x1023.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nursery meltdown, by Jennifer Hayes, U.S., winner, Oceans – The Bigger Picture category. Hayes recorded harp seals, seal pups and the blood of birth against melting sea ice. Following a storm, it took hours of searching by helicopter to find this fractured sea ice used as a birthing platform by harp seals. “It was a pulse of life that took your breath away,” says Hayes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977160\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar-.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"952\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar-.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar--800x433.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar--1020x552.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar--160x87.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar--768x415.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Polar--1536x831.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cool time, from “Land time for sea bears” portfolio, by Martin Gregus, Canada/Slovakia, winner, Rising Star Portfolio Award. Gregus shows polar bears in a different light as they come ashore in summer. On a hot summer’s day, two female polar bears took to the shallow intertidal waters to cool off and play. Gregus used a drone to capture this moment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977154\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow-1020x679.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Crow-1536x1023.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The intimate touch, by Shane Kalyn, Canada, winner, behaviour: birds category. Kalyn watched a raven courtship display. It was midwinter, the start of the ravens’ breeding season. Kalyn lay on the frozen ground and used the muted light to capture the ravens’ iridescent plumage against the contrasting snow to reveal this intimate moment when their thick black bills came together.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1760\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road.jpeg 1760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road-1020x679.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Road-1536x1023.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1760px) 100vw, 1760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Road to ruin, by Javier Lafuente, Spain, winner, category: Wetlands – The Bigger Picture. Lafuente shows the stark, straight line of a road slicing through the curves of a wetland landscape. By maneuvering his drone and inclining the camera, Lafuente dealt with the challenges of sunlight reflected by the water and ever-changing light conditions.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Immerse+yourself+in+nature+with+these+2021+Wildlife+Photographer+of+the+Year+images&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Mixing and Matching COVID Vaccines: What We Know",
"headTitle": "Mixing and Matching COVID Vaccines: What We Know | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">L\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ater this week an expert committee that advises the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will hear about the results of a clinical trial that could influence how COVID-19 vaccines are used in this country at some point in the future. The trial, conducted by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, is a so-called mix-and-match trial, testing the vaccines authorized in the U.S. in combinations with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the trial was to see whether using a different vaccine as a booster shot improves protection. So does getting a dose of Pfizer vaccine after getting a single dose of Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine trigger production of more antibodies than a second dose of the J&J would? Are the messenger RNA vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna virtually interchangeable, or does switching produce a broader set of immune responses?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t theoretical. The booster shot most vaccinated Americans are in the process of getting or booking may not be the last needed. Figuring out how to optimize use of the current generation of COVID-19 vaccines is critical, a number of experts have told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Osterholm, director of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Policy, said we need to realize that many questions remain to be answered about use of these vaccines. We don’t know the optimal dose. We don’t know the most effective interval between doses. We don’t know how many doses we’re going to need and we don’t know whether we would get more durable protection if we mix up the vaccines each person receives, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of how we use COVID-19 vaccines, we’re in the very early days, Osterholm said, adding that now that we have effective vaccines, we need to start figuring out how best to use them. “We have to start adopting a public health mindset for decision making,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What follows is a primer on what we know about mixing COVID-19 vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Let’s start with the terminology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you get a booster jab that is of the same brand as your previous jab or jabs, you are getting a \u003cem>homologous \u003c/em>booster. In the United States, most people who have been vaccinated have had homologous vaccine series and homologous boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may be some exceptions. Earlier in the vaccine rollout, when supplies were scarce, the CDC advised that people could be given a second shot of whatever vaccine was on hand if they were due for their second shot of vaccine and no supplies of the brand they were due to get were available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your original series of vaccines or the booster were from different manufacturers, you have what’s called a \u003cem>heterologous\u003c/em> vaccine series or a heterologous boost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few vaccines are actually designed to capture the benefits of heterologous boosting. For instance, Johnson & Johnson’s Ebola vaccine uses two different types of vaccines — one of which is made using a similar design to the company’s COVID-19 vaccine. Likewise, the Sputnik V vaccine is made up of two doses of similar but not identical vaccines, each made using a different adenovirus that has been modified to carry genetic material from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In both cases, the goal was to ensure that the immune response the first dose generated didn’t prevent the second shot from taking effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Necessity is the mother of invention\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As mentioned above, most immunized people in the United States were vaccinated with a homologous series of vaccines. But elsewhere heterologous regimens were used for a couple of different reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early days of the vaccine rollout, some countries opted to use heterologous boosts because they didn’t have adequate supply to be able to give people a matching shot when they were due for their second dose. And after the AstraZeneca vaccine was seen to cause serious clotting problems in some people who received it (a problem later seen with the J&J vaccine too), some countries stopped using it or limited its use to older adults, for whom the risk of a clotting event after vaccination appeared to be lower. Younger adults were offered one of the mRNA vaccines as their second dose instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathryn Edwards, a vaccines researcher at Vanderbilt University, suggested the United States should probably look at whether specific brands of booster doses should be targeted at certain populations — or more specifically, if certain people should be steered away from certain vaccines when it comes time for them to get boosters. With concerns about myocarditis in young males associated with mRNA vaccines and clotting problems reported mainly with younger women who got one of the viral vectored vaccines, such as the J&J, maybe it’s time to think about who gets which type of COVID-19 vaccine, Edwards said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A natural experiment turns into a border barrier\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Germany that used heterologous vaccine approaches have created a travel conundrum for their citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of countries — the United States among them — do not consider people who received two different brands of vaccines fully vaccinated, even if the person’s home country does. This means someone who got an mRNA vaccine as a second dose after receiving an AstraZeneca shot as a priming dose is not deemed fully vaccinated and is not eligible to travel to the U.S. or other countries with the same rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canada has roughly 4 million people who were vaccinated on a heterologous schedule. The U.S. and its northern neighbor share the world’s longest border and in pre-Covid times, travel across it was brisk. Now many Canadians are in limbo, unsure if or when they will be allowed to cross into the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how to deal with a range of vaccines used in a variety of ways around the world is going to be a challenge that the Biden administration and other governments will have to grapple with as international travel increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>All combos may not be created equal\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Is it possible that any combination of vaccine types or brands will work as well — or better — than if the shots were all of a single brand? That’s not yet clear, but it’s possible — even likely — that the combinations and the order in which the vaccines are given will matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A followed by B may not be the same as B followed by A,” explained Bruce Gellin, chief of global public health strategy for the Rockefeller Foundation’s pandemic prevention institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of small studies done in Europe have shown that following up AstraZeneca’s adenovirus-vectored vaccine with a Pfizer or a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2110716\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Moderna\u003c/a> mRNA booster elicits a greater immune response than what is seen from two doses of the AstraZeneca alone. But an ongoing research effort at Britain’s University of Oxford comparing COVID-19 vaccine combinations called the Com-CoV trials suggests that the inverse may not be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists conducting the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2821%2901694-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Com-CoV trial\u003c/a> gave volunteers two doses apiece of either AstraZeneca or Pfizer, comparing the antibody levels those regimens elicited to AstraZeneca followed by Pfizer or Pfizer followed by AstraZeneca. Pfizer after AstraZeneca generated higher antibody levels than two doses of AstraZeneca alone; but AstraZeneca after Pfizer was not better than two doses of Pfizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The priming event is really important,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/09/13/barney-graham-leaves-nih-vaccine-research-center/\">Barney Graham\u003c/a>, who was deputy director of the National Institutes of Health’s Vaccine Research Center until the end of August and who played a critical role in the design of the Moderna and other vaccine prototypes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graham explained that the kind of immune response one gets from COVID-19 vaccines is determined by the first dose. “And so it kind of locks you into a repertoire and a pattern of antibody, T-cell balances that carry on through subsequent boosters,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much remains to be learned about how to effectively mix COVID-19 vaccines — and it will take time to answer these questions, Graham said. “Those are the kind of things that happen over a 12-year development program. We didn’t do that this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Mixed vaccines carry a punch\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In general, COVID-19 vaccines are what’s known as reactogenic; they can carry a wallop. Fevers, sore arms, fatigue, and malaise — a lot of people report feeling kind of crappy in the hours or even day or two after getting a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complaints about reactogenicity were even greater among people who got mixed vaccine brands, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01115-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Com-CoV trial\u003c/a> reported. So, potentially more post-vaccination side effects, but nothing unmanageable. “It is reassuring that all reactogenicity symptoms were short lived,” the Com-CoV researchers said in a short study published in late May in The Lancet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The challenge ahead\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If evidence continues to amass suggesting that mixing vaccine brands would be of benefit, how do those data get translated into public policy? That won’t be easy, experts warn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, regulators like the Food and Drug Administration act on requests from companies. They review data provided by a manufacturer and decide yes, this vaccine or drug can be given to these people or no, it should not be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you are talking about a plan that involves combining products from two different companies, things become much more complex. None of these companies have asked to have a rival’s vaccine used as a booster for their COVID-19 shot — and they’re not likely to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally the manufacturer puts in an application to do something,” said Glen Nowak, director of the Center for Health and Risk Communication at Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication. “Who then has that responsibility to bring forward a recommendation to mix and match? I think it’s a very good question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC could address the issue, said Norman Baylor, president and CEO of Biologics Consulting and a former head of the FDA’s Office of Vaccines. Its advisory panel, ACIP, could evaluate the data and, if it supports using heterologous boosts, recommend that this is the way the vaccines could be used. Such advice could take the form of what is known as preferential recommendations — effectively not saying that vaccine B must be used after vaccine A, but noting it would be advisable to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could that happen? Possibly. But if it does happen, it will likely affect the way COVID-19 vaccines are used in the future — in people who haven’t yet started to be vaccinated, or if and when people in the country need a fourth dose of vaccine. Because by the time there are enough data to move forward with this type of policy, most Americans who are currently due for a booster jab will likely have had one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">This story was originally published by \u003c/i>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">\u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/10/12/a-primer-on-what-we-know-about-mixing-and-matching-covid-vaccines/?utm_content=bufferd53a2&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook&utm_campaign=facebook_organic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\" data-remove-tab-index=\"true\">STAT\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">L\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ater this week an expert committee that advises the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will hear about the results of a clinical trial that could influence how COVID-19 vaccines are used in this country at some point in the future. The trial, conducted by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, is a so-called mix-and-match trial, testing the vaccines authorized in the U.S. in combinations with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the trial was to see whether using a different vaccine as a booster shot improves protection. So does getting a dose of Pfizer vaccine after getting a single dose of Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine trigger production of more antibodies than a second dose of the J&J would? Are the messenger RNA vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna virtually interchangeable, or does switching produce a broader set of immune responses?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t theoretical. The booster shot most vaccinated Americans are in the process of getting or booking may not be the last needed. Figuring out how to optimize use of the current generation of COVID-19 vaccines is critical, a number of experts have told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Osterholm, director of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Policy, said we need to realize that many questions remain to be answered about use of these vaccines. We don’t know the optimal dose. We don’t know the most effective interval between doses. We don’t know how many doses we’re going to need and we don’t know whether we would get more durable protection if we mix up the vaccines each person receives, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of how we use COVID-19 vaccines, we’re in the very early days, Osterholm said, adding that now that we have effective vaccines, we need to start figuring out how best to use them. “We have to start adopting a public health mindset for decision making,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What follows is a primer on what we know about mixing COVID-19 vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Let’s start with the terminology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you get a booster jab that is of the same brand as your previous jab or jabs, you are getting a \u003cem>homologous \u003c/em>booster. In the United States, most people who have been vaccinated have had homologous vaccine series and homologous boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may be some exceptions. Earlier in the vaccine rollout, when supplies were scarce, the CDC advised that people could be given a second shot of whatever vaccine was on hand if they were due for their second shot of vaccine and no supplies of the brand they were due to get were available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your original series of vaccines or the booster were from different manufacturers, you have what’s called a \u003cem>heterologous\u003c/em> vaccine series or a heterologous boost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few vaccines are actually designed to capture the benefits of heterologous boosting. For instance, Johnson & Johnson’s Ebola vaccine uses two different types of vaccines — one of which is made using a similar design to the company’s COVID-19 vaccine. Likewise, the Sputnik V vaccine is made up of two doses of similar but not identical vaccines, each made using a different adenovirus that has been modified to carry genetic material from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In both cases, the goal was to ensure that the immune response the first dose generated didn’t prevent the second shot from taking effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Necessity is the mother of invention\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As mentioned above, most immunized people in the United States were vaccinated with a homologous series of vaccines. But elsewhere heterologous regimens were used for a couple of different reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early days of the vaccine rollout, some countries opted to use heterologous boosts because they didn’t have adequate supply to be able to give people a matching shot when they were due for their second dose. And after the AstraZeneca vaccine was seen to cause serious clotting problems in some people who received it (a problem later seen with the J&J vaccine too), some countries stopped using it or limited its use to older adults, for whom the risk of a clotting event after vaccination appeared to be lower. Younger adults were offered one of the mRNA vaccines as their second dose instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathryn Edwards, a vaccines researcher at Vanderbilt University, suggested the United States should probably look at whether specific brands of booster doses should be targeted at certain populations — or more specifically, if certain people should be steered away from certain vaccines when it comes time for them to get boosters. With concerns about myocarditis in young males associated with mRNA vaccines and clotting problems reported mainly with younger women who got one of the viral vectored vaccines, such as the J&J, maybe it’s time to think about who gets which type of COVID-19 vaccine, Edwards said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A natural experiment turns into a border barrier\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Germany that used heterologous vaccine approaches have created a travel conundrum for their citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of countries — the United States among them — do not consider people who received two different brands of vaccines fully vaccinated, even if the person’s home country does. This means someone who got an mRNA vaccine as a second dose after receiving an AstraZeneca shot as a priming dose is not deemed fully vaccinated and is not eligible to travel to the U.S. or other countries with the same rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canada has roughly 4 million people who were vaccinated on a heterologous schedule. The U.S. and its northern neighbor share the world’s longest border and in pre-Covid times, travel across it was brisk. Now many Canadians are in limbo, unsure if or when they will be allowed to cross into the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how to deal with a range of vaccines used in a variety of ways around the world is going to be a challenge that the Biden administration and other governments will have to grapple with as international travel increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>All combos may not be created equal\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Is it possible that any combination of vaccine types or brands will work as well — or better — than if the shots were all of a single brand? That’s not yet clear, but it’s possible — even likely — that the combinations and the order in which the vaccines are given will matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A followed by B may not be the same as B followed by A,” explained Bruce Gellin, chief of global public health strategy for the Rockefeller Foundation’s pandemic prevention institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of small studies done in Europe have shown that following up AstraZeneca’s adenovirus-vectored vaccine with a Pfizer or a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2110716\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Moderna\u003c/a> mRNA booster elicits a greater immune response than what is seen from two doses of the AstraZeneca alone. But an ongoing research effort at Britain’s University of Oxford comparing COVID-19 vaccine combinations called the Com-CoV trials suggests that the inverse may not be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists conducting the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2821%2901694-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Com-CoV trial\u003c/a> gave volunteers two doses apiece of either AstraZeneca or Pfizer, comparing the antibody levels those regimens elicited to AstraZeneca followed by Pfizer or Pfizer followed by AstraZeneca. Pfizer after AstraZeneca generated higher antibody levels than two doses of AstraZeneca alone; but AstraZeneca after Pfizer was not better than two doses of Pfizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The priming event is really important,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/09/13/barney-graham-leaves-nih-vaccine-research-center/\">Barney Graham\u003c/a>, who was deputy director of the National Institutes of Health’s Vaccine Research Center until the end of August and who played a critical role in the design of the Moderna and other vaccine prototypes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graham explained that the kind of immune response one gets from COVID-19 vaccines is determined by the first dose. “And so it kind of locks you into a repertoire and a pattern of antibody, T-cell balances that carry on through subsequent boosters,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much remains to be learned about how to effectively mix COVID-19 vaccines — and it will take time to answer these questions, Graham said. “Those are the kind of things that happen over a 12-year development program. We didn’t do that this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Mixed vaccines carry a punch\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In general, COVID-19 vaccines are what’s known as reactogenic; they can carry a wallop. Fevers, sore arms, fatigue, and malaise — a lot of people report feeling kind of crappy in the hours or even day or two after getting a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complaints about reactogenicity were even greater among people who got mixed vaccine brands, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01115-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Com-CoV trial\u003c/a> reported. So, potentially more post-vaccination side effects, but nothing unmanageable. “It is reassuring that all reactogenicity symptoms were short lived,” the Com-CoV researchers said in a short study published in late May in The Lancet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The challenge ahead\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If evidence continues to amass suggesting that mixing vaccine brands would be of benefit, how do those data get translated into public policy? That won’t be easy, experts warn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, regulators like the Food and Drug Administration act on requests from companies. They review data provided by a manufacturer and decide yes, this vaccine or drug can be given to these people or no, it should not be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you are talking about a plan that involves combining products from two different companies, things become much more complex. None of these companies have asked to have a rival’s vaccine used as a booster for their COVID-19 shot — and they’re not likely to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally the manufacturer puts in an application to do something,” said Glen Nowak, director of the Center for Health and Risk Communication at Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication. “Who then has that responsibility to bring forward a recommendation to mix and match? I think it’s a very good question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC could address the issue, said Norman Baylor, president and CEO of Biologics Consulting and a former head of the FDA’s Office of Vaccines. Its advisory panel, ACIP, could evaluate the data and, if it supports using heterologous boosts, recommend that this is the way the vaccines could be used. Such advice could take the form of what is known as preferential recommendations — effectively not saying that vaccine B must be used after vaccine A, but noting it would be advisable to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could that happen? Possibly. But if it does happen, it will likely affect the way COVID-19 vaccines are used in the future — in people who haven’t yet started to be vaccinated, or if and when people in the country need a fourth dose of vaccine. Because by the time there are enough data to move forward with this type of policy, most Americans who are currently due for a booster jab will likely have had one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">This story was originally published by \u003c/i>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">\u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/10/12/a-primer-on-what-we-know-about-mixing-and-matching-covid-vaccines/?utm_content=bufferd53a2&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook&utm_campaign=facebook_organic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\" data-remove-tab-index=\"true\">STAT\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/10/01/mercks-antiviral-pill-reduces-hospitalization-of-covid-patients-a-possible-game-changer-for-treatment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announcement\u003c/a> that a pill from Merck and partner Ridgeback Biotherapeutics kept COVID-19 patients out of the hospital made headlines and moved stocks. But as is so often true when data are released by press release, there are still many questions left unanswered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors are excited about the medicine, molnupiravir, because a regimen of pills, even one that involves taking several pills twice a day for five days, should be far easier to deliver to patients than current antiviral COVID-19 treatments, which must be given intravenously. But it’s still unclear how widely this treatment will be used. There will also be debate among financial analysts at investment banks regarding exactly how many billions of dollars in sales the new drug will generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drugmaker \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/11/1045005513/merck-asks-fda-to-authorize-promising-anti-covid-pill\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">asked\u003c/a> U.S. regulators Monday to authorize its pill against COVID-19 in what could add an easy-to-use weapon to the world’s arsenal against the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some things to keep in mind as we learn more about molnupiravir and about other COVID-19 fighting pills in development at other companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How many other anti-COVID pills will end up proving effective?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons that the success of molnupiravir is such a big deal is that there were questions as to whether an antiviral pill could help COVID-19 patients if given early enough. This medicine certainly did, reducing hospitalizations by 50%; it also appeared to have an impact on whether patients survived. That makes it a game-changer. Its success also ups the odds that other medicines will prove effective, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results for other drugs are likely to be released by the end of the year. That includes data about a similar pill, also given as a five-day course, from Atea Pharmaceuticals and Roche, and about a pill developed by Pfizer that is from a different drug class and might be combined with molnupiravir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another positive note for all these drugs: remdesivir, the intravenous antiviral made by Gilead Sciences, also showed positive results when used for three days after onset of symptoms. That’s not practical — it had to be given via IV for three days — but bodes well for antiviral pills showing some efficacy. It’s even possible those pills might be combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How safe is molnupiravir?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Obviously, a drug given early in COVID needs a clean safety profile. So far, the data included in the press release look very good. Patients in the placebo arm were three times more likely to withdraw from the study due to apparent side effects than those who actually received molnupiravir. That likely means the side effects of COVID were worse than those of the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only so much can be seen from that kind of data. Molnupiravir works by messing up the way the virus copies RNA, its genetic material, preventing viral replication. There is some concern it could be mutagenic, meaning that it could cause mutations. One result could be that it causes birth defects. In the clinical trial, both women and men were told to either abstain from sexual intercourse or to use contraception while they were taking the drug and for at least four days after. Women of childbearing age also needed a negative pregnancy test to start taking the medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Could there be other effects?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In a conference call with reporters, Daria Hazuda, a top Merck virologist, said that Merck and Ridgeback had studied the mutagenic potential of the drug in both cell lines and in animal models that are routinely used in drug development and which are accepted by regulatory agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say that in all of the models where we have looked, we have seen no evidence of the potential for mutagenicity for this agent,” Hazuda said. “We’re very comfortable that the drug will be safe if used as intended and at the concentrations where we have looked and in the concentrations which we are achieving in patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will molnupiravir be used only in unvaccinated patients?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Merck’s trial was conducted entirely in patients who had not been vaccinated. That made it much easier to show that the medicine can reduce hospitalization and death — because patients who have not previously been vaccinated are more likely to be hospitalized or die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But does that mean that, in practice, the drug will only be used in unvaccinated patients, or will it be used in cases of breakthrough infections? It’s hard to say. Patients with breakthrough infections are at lower risk of hospitalization, which could change the risk-benefit calculus around the medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>So how big will the market be?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Daina Graybosch, an analyst at SVB Leerink, forecast in a note to investors that molnupiravir sales will peak near $5 billion a year in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Built into this are a number of assumptions, among them that the first-mover advantage will mean that Merck and Ridgeback will be used more than the other pills in development and that vaccinated patients with breakthrough infections will be eligible to receive the drug, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Anderson of Wolfe Research, a standalone equities research firm, takes the other side, essentially saying it is too soon to put a number on molnupiravir sales, in part because data from competing firms are not available but also because other questions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccination rates continue to rise in the US and other developed markets, meaning the cohort of patients who would qualify for molnupiravir (i.e. mostly those who are unvaccinated, at higher risk) will shrink over time,” Anderson wrote in a note to clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Successfully using the drug, he pointed out, will also require that patients get tested early in their disease course. If people start to skip getting tested, they won’t receive molnupiravir.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What will it cost and who will pay?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Most analysts are basing the cost of molnupiravir on the $1.2 billion the U.S. government spent to lock up 1.7 million courses of the medicine, which works out to $700 per five day course. But Anderson points out that the cost for a new pill to treat influenza developed by Roche is just $150 per course. Will the $700 price hold up?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions about payment and distribution could play a big role in how big the market for molnupiravir gets. Anderson assumes in his note to clients that, in the U.S., insurance companies will be paying for the drug through traditional channels. He expects that at $700, insurers will restrict use of the drug to those who are unvaccinated and have multiple risk factors for disease — basically similar profiles to those who are in the trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s also possible that sales in the U.S. might be mostly to the government. This is how things have worked with both remdesivir, used in hospitalized patients, and the monoclonal antibodies developed by Regeneron and Eli Lilly. Will the government handle the distribution of a pill granted an emergency use authorization in the same way that it has handled the monoclonals?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How will the availability of COVID pills affect vaccines and other treatments?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t make any sense to forego a COVID vaccine because a pill to treat the disease exists. The benefits are additive, and someone who got a breakthrough infection and then the pill has a much lower risk of hospitalization than someone who just relied on the pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it seems likely that some people will feel less urgency to get vaccinated as a result of molnupiravir’s existence, and shares in Pfizer, BioNTech, and Moderna all fell on Friday. The latter two are down again Monday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shares in Regeneron also fell, as oral drugs create uncertainty for its monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID. The landscape there is uncertain, with other companies coming forward with antibodies that may have advantages. One small firm, Adagio Therapeutics, recently presented early data on an antibody it thinks could be given as a single shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How does this treatment relate to ivermectin?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This is simple: it doesn’t. But it’s worth taking a look at what data are available for each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivermectin, ironically, is another Merck drug. The company’s donation of the medicine to be used to combat a parasitic disease called river blindness is one of the great examples of pharmaceutical philanthropy. It’s also used as a veterinary drug to treat heartworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in the pandemic, there were studies in cell cultures that showed that ivermectin and another drug, hydroxychloroquine, might be worth testing as COVID-19 treatments. Multiple studies have failed to show a benefit for hydroxychloroquine, but the picture is murkier for ivermectin. Still, one of the largest studies showing a benefit was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02081-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">withdrawn due to widespread flaws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a study conducted in Brazil, the Together Trial, that tested a three-day course of ivermectin compared to placebo and showed there \u003ca href=\"https://elemental.medium.com/ivermectin-for-covid-19-an-update-5e913bb49483\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">was no benefit on hospitalizations and ER visits\u003c/a>. That would make it unlikely that ivermectin, an old antiparasitic, would have efficacy approaching this newer antiviral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug companies are unlikely to conduct large, rigorous studies of older generic medicines — although Novartis did begin, then stop, a hydroxychloroquine study. But right now it is unlikely that ivermectin is the oral COVID medicine the world needs. Molnupiravir, on the other hand, might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"read-more donate\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/10/01/mercks-antiviral-pill-reduces-hospitalization-of-covid-patients-a-possible-game-changer-for-treatment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announcement\u003c/a> that a pill from Merck and partner Ridgeback Biotherapeutics kept COVID-19 patients out of the hospital made headlines and moved stocks. But as is so often true when data are released by press release, there are still many questions left unanswered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors are excited about the medicine, molnupiravir, because a regimen of pills, even one that involves taking several pills twice a day for five days, should be far easier to deliver to patients than current antiviral COVID-19 treatments, which must be given intravenously. But it’s still unclear how widely this treatment will be used. There will also be debate among financial analysts at investment banks regarding exactly how many billions of dollars in sales the new drug will generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drugmaker \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/11/1045005513/merck-asks-fda-to-authorize-promising-anti-covid-pill\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">asked\u003c/a> U.S. regulators Monday to authorize its pill against COVID-19 in what could add an easy-to-use weapon to the world’s arsenal against the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some things to keep in mind as we learn more about molnupiravir and about other COVID-19 fighting pills in development at other companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How many other anti-COVID pills will end up proving effective?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons that the success of molnupiravir is such a big deal is that there were questions as to whether an antiviral pill could help COVID-19 patients if given early enough. This medicine certainly did, reducing hospitalizations by 50%; it also appeared to have an impact on whether patients survived. That makes it a game-changer. Its success also ups the odds that other medicines will prove effective, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results for other drugs are likely to be released by the end of the year. That includes data about a similar pill, also given as a five-day course, from Atea Pharmaceuticals and Roche, and about a pill developed by Pfizer that is from a different drug class and might be combined with molnupiravir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another positive note for all these drugs: remdesivir, the intravenous antiviral made by Gilead Sciences, also showed positive results when used for three days after onset of symptoms. That’s not practical — it had to be given via IV for three days — but bodes well for antiviral pills showing some efficacy. It’s even possible those pills might be combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How safe is molnupiravir?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Obviously, a drug given early in COVID needs a clean safety profile. So far, the data included in the press release look very good. Patients in the placebo arm were three times more likely to withdraw from the study due to apparent side effects than those who actually received molnupiravir. That likely means the side effects of COVID were worse than those of the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only so much can be seen from that kind of data. Molnupiravir works by messing up the way the virus copies RNA, its genetic material, preventing viral replication. There is some concern it could be mutagenic, meaning that it could cause mutations. One result could be that it causes birth defects. In the clinical trial, both women and men were told to either abstain from sexual intercourse or to use contraception while they were taking the drug and for at least four days after. Women of childbearing age also needed a negative pregnancy test to start taking the medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Could there be other effects?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In a conference call with reporters, Daria Hazuda, a top Merck virologist, said that Merck and Ridgeback had studied the mutagenic potential of the drug in both cell lines and in animal models that are routinely used in drug development and which are accepted by regulatory agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say that in all of the models where we have looked, we have seen no evidence of the potential for mutagenicity for this agent,” Hazuda said. “We’re very comfortable that the drug will be safe if used as intended and at the concentrations where we have looked and in the concentrations which we are achieving in patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will molnupiravir be used only in unvaccinated patients?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Merck’s trial was conducted entirely in patients who had not been vaccinated. That made it much easier to show that the medicine can reduce hospitalization and death — because patients who have not previously been vaccinated are more likely to be hospitalized or die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But does that mean that, in practice, the drug will only be used in unvaccinated patients, or will it be used in cases of breakthrough infections? It’s hard to say. Patients with breakthrough infections are at lower risk of hospitalization, which could change the risk-benefit calculus around the medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>So how big will the market be?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Daina Graybosch, an analyst at SVB Leerink, forecast in a note to investors that molnupiravir sales will peak near $5 billion a year in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Built into this are a number of assumptions, among them that the first-mover advantage will mean that Merck and Ridgeback will be used more than the other pills in development and that vaccinated patients with breakthrough infections will be eligible to receive the drug, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Anderson of Wolfe Research, a standalone equities research firm, takes the other side, essentially saying it is too soon to put a number on molnupiravir sales, in part because data from competing firms are not available but also because other questions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccination rates continue to rise in the US and other developed markets, meaning the cohort of patients who would qualify for molnupiravir (i.e. mostly those who are unvaccinated, at higher risk) will shrink over time,” Anderson wrote in a note to clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Successfully using the drug, he pointed out, will also require that patients get tested early in their disease course. If people start to skip getting tested, they won’t receive molnupiravir.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What will it cost and who will pay?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Most analysts are basing the cost of molnupiravir on the $1.2 billion the U.S. government spent to lock up 1.7 million courses of the medicine, which works out to $700 per five day course. But Anderson points out that the cost for a new pill to treat influenza developed by Roche is just $150 per course. Will the $700 price hold up?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions about payment and distribution could play a big role in how big the market for molnupiravir gets. Anderson assumes in his note to clients that, in the U.S., insurance companies will be paying for the drug through traditional channels. He expects that at $700, insurers will restrict use of the drug to those who are unvaccinated and have multiple risk factors for disease — basically similar profiles to those who are in the trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s also possible that sales in the U.S. might be mostly to the government. This is how things have worked with both remdesivir, used in hospitalized patients, and the monoclonal antibodies developed by Regeneron and Eli Lilly. Will the government handle the distribution of a pill granted an emergency use authorization in the same way that it has handled the monoclonals?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How will the availability of COVID pills affect vaccines and other treatments?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t make any sense to forego a COVID vaccine because a pill to treat the disease exists. The benefits are additive, and someone who got a breakthrough infection and then the pill has a much lower risk of hospitalization than someone who just relied on the pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it seems likely that some people will feel less urgency to get vaccinated as a result of molnupiravir’s existence, and shares in Pfizer, BioNTech, and Moderna all fell on Friday. The latter two are down again Monday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shares in Regeneron also fell, as oral drugs create uncertainty for its monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID. The landscape there is uncertain, with other companies coming forward with antibodies that may have advantages. One small firm, Adagio Therapeutics, recently presented early data on an antibody it thinks could be given as a single shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How does this treatment relate to ivermectin?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This is simple: it doesn’t. But it’s worth taking a look at what data are available for each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivermectin, ironically, is another Merck drug. The company’s donation of the medicine to be used to combat a parasitic disease called river blindness is one of the great examples of pharmaceutical philanthropy. It’s also used as a veterinary drug to treat heartworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in the pandemic, there were studies in cell cultures that showed that ivermectin and another drug, hydroxychloroquine, might be worth testing as COVID-19 treatments. Multiple studies have failed to show a benefit for hydroxychloroquine, but the picture is murkier for ivermectin. Still, one of the largest studies showing a benefit was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02081-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">withdrawn due to widespread flaws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a study conducted in Brazil, the Together Trial, that tested a three-day course of ivermectin compared to placebo and showed there \u003ca href=\"https://elemental.medium.com/ivermectin-for-covid-19-an-update-5e913bb49483\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">was no benefit on hospitalizations and ER visits\u003c/a>. That would make it unlikely that ivermectin, an old antiparasitic, would have efficacy approaching this newer antiviral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug companies are unlikely to conduct large, rigorous studies of older generic medicines — although Novartis did begin, then stop, a hydroxychloroquine study. But right now it is unlikely that ivermectin is the oral COVID medicine the world needs. Molnupiravir, on the other hand, might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"read-more donate\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>Tadpole shrimp are neither tadpoles nor shrimp. They’re time-traveling crustaceans called triops. Their eggs can spend years – even decades – frozen in time, waiting to hatch. When California rice growers flood their fields, they create the perfect conditions for hordes of these ravenous creatures to awaken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This tadpole shrimp is coming for your rice. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hungry hordes of them find their way into the rice fields of California’s Central Valley and go to town munching on the young seedlings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where did they come from, with the ocean so far away? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of weeks ago, this was just a dry dusty field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out they were here all along. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re time travelers waiting for months, years, even decades in the sun-baked soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each spring, when rice farmers flood their fields and scatter their seeds they inadvertently create the perfect conditions for billions of tadpole shrimp to awaken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs’ rugged outer shell, called the chorion, cracks open and the larva wiggles its way out of a translucent sac. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tadpole shrimp aren’t really tadpoles, they aren’t even shrimp, though they are crustaceans whose ancestors evolved in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny larvae forage through the mud incessantly for any food they can dig up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re not picky. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as they grow, they really acquire a taste for rice plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They chomp away at the first tender roots and leaves just when the seedlings need them most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without roots to hold them down, the young plants just float away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if it loses its first leaves, a seedling can’t get enough energy to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if that’s not enough, the throngs of tadpole shrimp stir up the mud, blocking out the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the rice plants that do manage to break the water’s surface are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their roots and stems are thick and tough enough that the tadpole shrimp leave them alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, tadpole shrimp are actually kind of helpful. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They turn their appetites to any weeds that make their way into the rice field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They even eat the larvae of mosquitoes that could carry West Nile virus when they grow up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the tadpole shrimp mature, they lay their eggs in the mud and then they’re done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult tadpole shrimp only live for about a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret to these armored arthropods’ survival is their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the growing season, farmers drain their fields so they can harvest the rice on dry ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No water? No problem. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs can survive being completely dehydrated for years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their tough outer shell protects them from scorching heat, freezing cold, even time itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embryos inside just stop developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They enter a suspended state called diapause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what keeps them from hatching in a dry field. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the water returns, and conditions are right again, they’ll be ready to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because tadpole shrimp evolved to live in temporary freshwater ponds, created by seasonal rains throughout North and South America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s how they endure having their ponds dry up each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been living this way for hundreds of millions of years — since before the dinosaurs — waiting out droughts, changing climates, even global catastrophes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a world where the future is unpredictable, tadpole shrimp are the ultimate survivors.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>Tadpole shrimp are neither tadpoles nor shrimp. They’re time-traveling crustaceans called triops. Their eggs can spend years – even decades – frozen in time, waiting to hatch. When California rice growers flood their fields, they create the perfect conditions for hordes of these ravenous creatures to awaken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This tadpole shrimp is coming for your rice. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hungry hordes of them find their way into the rice fields of California’s Central Valley and go to town munching on the young seedlings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where did they come from, with the ocean so far away? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of weeks ago, this was just a dry dusty field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out they were here all along. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re time travelers waiting for months, years, even decades in the sun-baked soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each spring, when rice farmers flood their fields and scatter their seeds they inadvertently create the perfect conditions for billions of tadpole shrimp to awaken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs’ rugged outer shell, called the chorion, cracks open and the larva wiggles its way out of a translucent sac. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tadpole shrimp aren’t really tadpoles, they aren’t even shrimp, though they are crustaceans whose ancestors evolved in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny larvae forage through the mud incessantly for any food they can dig up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re not picky. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as they grow, they really acquire a taste for rice plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They chomp away at the first tender roots and leaves just when the seedlings need them most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without roots to hold them down, the young plants just float away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if it loses its first leaves, a seedling can’t get enough energy to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if that’s not enough, the throngs of tadpole shrimp stir up the mud, blocking out the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the rice plants that do manage to break the water’s surface are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their roots and stems are thick and tough enough that the tadpole shrimp leave them alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, tadpole shrimp are actually kind of helpful. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They turn their appetites to any weeds that make their way into the rice field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They even eat the larvae of mosquitoes that could carry West Nile virus when they grow up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the tadpole shrimp mature, they lay their eggs in the mud and then they’re done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult tadpole shrimp only live for about a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret to these armored arthropods’ survival is their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the growing season, farmers drain their fields so they can harvest the rice on dry ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No water? No problem. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs can survive being completely dehydrated for years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their tough outer shell protects them from scorching heat, freezing cold, even time itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embryos inside just stop developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They enter a suspended state called diapause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what keeps them from hatching in a dry field. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the water returns, and conditions are right again, they’ll be ready to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because tadpole shrimp evolved to live in temporary freshwater ponds, created by seasonal rains throughout North and South America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s how they endure having their ponds dry up each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been living this way for hundreds of millions of years — since before the dinosaurs — waiting out droughts, changing climates, even global catastrophes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a world where the future is unpredictable, tadpole shrimp are the ultimate survivors.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel",
"headTitle": "Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">David Card, an economist based at UC Berkeley, won the Nobel prize in economics Monday for pioneering research that transformed widely held ideas about the labor force, showing how an increase in the minimum wage doesn’t hinder hiring and immigrants do not lower pay for native-born workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was awarded half of the prize for his research on how the \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin-aer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">minimum wage\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">immigration \u003c/a>and \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/school-resources-outcomes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">education\u003c/a> affect the labor market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The other half was shared by Stanford University’s Guido Imbens and Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for developing ways to study these types of societal issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They developed a framework for studying issues that can’t rely on traditional scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the three “completely reshaped empirical work in the economic sciences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"relatedStory-0-2-62 Component-block-0-2-57\">\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Together, they helped rapidly expand the use of “natural experiments,” or studies based on observing real-world data. Such research made economics more applicable to everyday life, provided policymakers with actual evidence on the outcomes of policies, and in time spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics,” by Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">In a study published in 1993, Card looked at what happened to jobs at Burger King, KFC, Wendy’s and Roy Rogers when New Jersey raised its minimum wage from $4.25 to $5.05, using restaurants in bordering eastern Pennsylvania as the control — or comparison — group. Contrary to previous studies, he and his late research partner Alan Krueger found that an increase in the minimum wage had no effect on the number of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card and Krueger’s research fundamentally altered economists’ views of such policies. As noted by the Economist magazine, in 1992 a survey of the American Economic Association’s members found that 79% agreed that a minimum wage law increased unemployment among younger and lower-skilled workers. Those views were largely based on traditional economic notions of supply and demand: If you raise the price of something, you get less of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">By 2000, however, just 46% of the AEA’s members said minimum wage laws increase unemployment, largely because of Card and Krueger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Their findings sparked interest in further research into why a higher minimum wouldn’t reduce employment. One conclusion was that companies are able to pass on the cost of higher wages to customers by raising prices. In other cases, if a company is a major employer in a particular area, it may be able to keep wages particularly low, so that it could afford to pay a higher minimum, when required to do so, without cutting jobs. The higher pay would also attract more applicants, boosting labor supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“That really surprising evidence on the impact of the minimum wage has shaken up the field at a very fundamental level,” said Arindrajit Dube, an economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “And so for that reason, and all the following research that their work ignited, this is a richly deserved award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger would almost certainly have shared in the award, Dube said, but the economics Nobel isn’t awarded posthumously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card also found that an influx of immigrants into a city doesn’t cost native workers jobs or lower their earnings, though earlier immigrants can be negatively affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card studied the labor market in Miami in the wake of Cuba’s sudden decision to let people emigrate in 1980, leading 125,000 people to leave in what became known as the Mariel Boatlift. It resulted in a 7% increase in the city’s workforce. By comparing the evolution of wages and employment in four other cities, Card discovered \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no negative effects\u003c/a> for Miami residents with low levels of education. Follow-up work showed that increased immigration can have a positive impact on income for people born in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist and Imbens won their half of the award for working out the methodological issues that allow economists to draw solid conclusions about cause and effect even where they cannot carry out studies according to strict scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card’s work on the minimum wage is one of the best-known natural experiments in economics. The problem with such experiments is that it can be difficult to isolate cause and effect. For example, if you want to figure out whether an extra year of education will increase a person’s income, you cannot simply compare the incomes of adults with one more year of schooling to those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">That’s because there are many other factors that might determine whether those who got an extra year of schooling are able to make more money. Perhaps they are harder workers or more diligent and would have done better than those without the extra year even if they did not stay in school. These kinds of issues cause economists and other social science researchers to say “correlation doesn’t prove causation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens and Angrist, however, figured out how to isolate the effects of things like an extra year of school. Their methods enabled researchers to draw clearer conclusions about cause and effect, even if they are unable to control who gets things like extra education, the way scientists in a lab can control their experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens, in \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w7001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one paper\u003c/a>, used a survey of lottery winners to evaluate the impact of a government-provided basic income, which has been proposed by left-leaning politicians in the U.S. and Europe. He found that a prize of $15,000 a year did not have much effect on a person’s likelihood to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card said he thought the voice message that came in at 2 a.m. from someone from Sweden was a prank until he saw the number on his phone really was from Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He said he and his co-author Kreuger faced disbelief from other economists about their findings. “At the time, the conclusions were somewhat controversial. Quite a few economists were skeptical of our results,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He paid tribute to Krueger, saying that “I am sure that if Alan were still with us he would be sharing this prize with me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I was just absolutely stunned to get a telephone call,” Imbens said. He told The Associated Press that he missed the first call from Sweden, about 2 a.m. California time, but got the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Speaking from his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, Angrist said, “I can hardly believe it. It’s only been a few hours and I am still trying to absorb it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist also missed the call from Nobel officials and awoke to a torrent of text messages from friends. Fortunately, he said, he knew enough other Nobel Laureates that he got a callback number from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">As a youth, Angrist dropped out of a master’s program in economics at Hebrew University in Israel, though he did meet his future wife, Mira, there. He has dual U.S. and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I did have sort of a winding road,” he said. “I wasn’t a precocious high school student.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger, who worked with all three of the winners, died in 2019 at age 58. He taught at Princeton for three decades and was chief Labor Department economist under President Bill Clinton. He served in the Treasury Department under President Barack Obama, then as Obama’s chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The award comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1.14 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Unlike \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/nobel-prizes\">the other Nobel prizes\u003c/a>, the economics award wasn’t established in the will of Alfred Nobel but by the Swedish central bank in his memory in 1968, with the first winner selected a year later. It is the last prize announced each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">\u003cem>Rugaber reported from Washington and McHugh reported from Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">David Card, an economist based at UC Berkeley, won the Nobel prize in economics Monday for pioneering research that transformed widely held ideas about the labor force, showing how an increase in the minimum wage doesn’t hinder hiring and immigrants do not lower pay for native-born workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was awarded half of the prize for his research on how the \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin-aer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">minimum wage\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">immigration \u003c/a>and \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/school-resources-outcomes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">education\u003c/a> affect the labor market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The other half was shared by Stanford University’s Guido Imbens and Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for developing ways to study these types of societal issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They developed a framework for studying issues that can’t rely on traditional scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the three “completely reshaped empirical work in the economic sciences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"relatedStory-0-2-62 Component-block-0-2-57\">\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Together, they helped rapidly expand the use of “natural experiments,” or studies based on observing real-world data. Such research made economics more applicable to everyday life, provided policymakers with actual evidence on the outcomes of policies, and in time spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics,” by Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">In a study published in 1993, Card looked at what happened to jobs at Burger King, KFC, Wendy’s and Roy Rogers when New Jersey raised its minimum wage from $4.25 to $5.05, using restaurants in bordering eastern Pennsylvania as the control — or comparison — group. Contrary to previous studies, he and his late research partner Alan Krueger found that an increase in the minimum wage had no effect on the number of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card and Krueger’s research fundamentally altered economists’ views of such policies. As noted by the Economist magazine, in 1992 a survey of the American Economic Association’s members found that 79% agreed that a minimum wage law increased unemployment among younger and lower-skilled workers. Those views were largely based on traditional economic notions of supply and demand: If you raise the price of something, you get less of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">By 2000, however, just 46% of the AEA’s members said minimum wage laws increase unemployment, largely because of Card and Krueger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Their findings sparked interest in further research into why a higher minimum wouldn’t reduce employment. One conclusion was that companies are able to pass on the cost of higher wages to customers by raising prices. In other cases, if a company is a major employer in a particular area, it may be able to keep wages particularly low, so that it could afford to pay a higher minimum, when required to do so, without cutting jobs. The higher pay would also attract more applicants, boosting labor supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“That really surprising evidence on the impact of the minimum wage has shaken up the field at a very fundamental level,” said Arindrajit Dube, an economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “And so for that reason, and all the following research that their work ignited, this is a richly deserved award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger would almost certainly have shared in the award, Dube said, but the economics Nobel isn’t awarded posthumously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card also found that an influx of immigrants into a city doesn’t cost native workers jobs or lower their earnings, though earlier immigrants can be negatively affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card studied the labor market in Miami in the wake of Cuba’s sudden decision to let people emigrate in 1980, leading 125,000 people to leave in what became known as the Mariel Boatlift. It resulted in a 7% increase in the city’s workforce. By comparing the evolution of wages and employment in four other cities, Card discovered \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no negative effects\u003c/a> for Miami residents with low levels of education. Follow-up work showed that increased immigration can have a positive impact on income for people born in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist and Imbens won their half of the award for working out the methodological issues that allow economists to draw solid conclusions about cause and effect even where they cannot carry out studies according to strict scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card’s work on the minimum wage is one of the best-known natural experiments in economics. The problem with such experiments is that it can be difficult to isolate cause and effect. For example, if you want to figure out whether an extra year of education will increase a person’s income, you cannot simply compare the incomes of adults with one more year of schooling to those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">That’s because there are many other factors that might determine whether those who got an extra year of schooling are able to make more money. Perhaps they are harder workers or more diligent and would have done better than those without the extra year even if they did not stay in school. These kinds of issues cause economists and other social science researchers to say “correlation doesn’t prove causation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens and Angrist, however, figured out how to isolate the effects of things like an extra year of school. Their methods enabled researchers to draw clearer conclusions about cause and effect, even if they are unable to control who gets things like extra education, the way scientists in a lab can control their experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens, in \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w7001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one paper\u003c/a>, used a survey of lottery winners to evaluate the impact of a government-provided basic income, which has been proposed by left-leaning politicians in the U.S. and Europe. He found that a prize of $15,000 a year did not have much effect on a person’s likelihood to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card said he thought the voice message that came in at 2 a.m. from someone from Sweden was a prank until he saw the number on his phone really was from Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He said he and his co-author Kreuger faced disbelief from other economists about their findings. “At the time, the conclusions were somewhat controversial. Quite a few economists were skeptical of our results,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He paid tribute to Krueger, saying that “I am sure that if Alan were still with us he would be sharing this prize with me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I was just absolutely stunned to get a telephone call,” Imbens said. He told The Associated Press that he missed the first call from Sweden, about 2 a.m. California time, but got the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Speaking from his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, Angrist said, “I can hardly believe it. It’s only been a few hours and I am still trying to absorb it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist also missed the call from Nobel officials and awoke to a torrent of text messages from friends. Fortunately, he said, he knew enough other Nobel Laureates that he got a callback number from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">As a youth, Angrist dropped out of a master’s program in economics at Hebrew University in Israel, though he did meet his future wife, Mira, there. He has dual U.S. and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I did have sort of a winding road,” he said. “I wasn’t a precocious high school student.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger, who worked with all three of the winners, died in 2019 at age 58. He taught at Princeton for three decades and was chief Labor Department economist under President Bill Clinton. He served in the Treasury Department under President Barack Obama, then as Obama’s chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The award comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1.14 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Unlike \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/nobel-prizes\">the other Nobel prizes\u003c/a>, the economics award wasn’t established in the will of Alfred Nobel but by the Swedish central bank in his memory in 1968, with the first winner selected a year later. It is the last prize announced each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">\u003cem>Rugaber reported from Washington and McHugh reported from Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Wildfires Burning in California's Giant Sequoia Groves Threaten Hundreds of Ancient Trees",
"headTitle": "Wildfires Burning in California’s Giant Sequoia Groves Threaten Hundreds of Ancient Trees | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Northern California wildfires may have killed hundreds of giant sequoias as they swept through groves of the majestic monarchs in the Sierra Nevada, an official said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“It’s heartbreaking,” said Christy Brigham, head of resource management and science for Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The lightning-caused KNP Complex that erupted on Sept. 9 has burned into 15 giant sequoia groves in the park, Brigham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">More than 2,000 firefighters were battling the blaze in sometimes treacherous terrain. On Wednesday afternoon, four people working on the fire were injured when a tree fell on them, the National Park Service reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The four were airlifted to hospitals and “while the injuries are serious, they are in stable condition,” the report said. It didn’t provide other details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The KNP Complex was only 11% contained after burning 134 square miles of forest. Cooler weather has helped slow the flames and the area could see some slight rain on Friday, forecasters said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The fire’s impact on giant sequoia groves was mixed. Most saw low- to medium-intensity fire behavior that the sequoias have evolved to survive, Brigham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"Component-dfp-0-2-56\">\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">However, it appeared that two groves — including one with 5,000 trees — were seared by high-intensity fire that can send up 100-foot flames capable of burning the canopies of the towering trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">That leaves the monarchs at risk of going up “like a horrible Roman candle,” Brigham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Two burned trees fell in Giant Forest, which is home to about 2,000 sequoias, including the General Sherman Tree, which is considered the world’s largest by volume. However, the most notable trees survived and Brigham said the grove appeared to be mostly intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Firefighters have taken extraordinary measures to protect the sequoias by wrapping fire-resistant material around the bases of some giants, raking and clearing vegetation around them, installing sprinklers and dousing some with water or fire retardant gel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">However, the full extent of the damage won’t be known for months, Brigham said. Firefighters are still occupied protecting trees, homes and lives or can’t safely reach steep, remote groves that lack roads or even trails, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">To the south, the Windy Fire had burned at least 74 sequoias, Garrett Dickman told the Los Angeles Times. The wildfire botanist has recorded damage as part of a sequoia task force preparing and assessing trees in the fire zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">In one grove, Dickman counted 29 sequoias that were “just incinerated,” he told CNN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“There were four of those that had burned so hot that they’d fallen over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The 152-acre fire was 75% contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Northern California wildfires may have killed hundreds of giant sequoias as they swept through groves of the majestic monarchs in the Sierra Nevada, an official said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“It’s heartbreaking,” said Christy Brigham, head of resource management and science for Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The lightning-caused KNP Complex that erupted on Sept. 9 has burned into 15 giant sequoia groves in the park, Brigham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">More than 2,000 firefighters were battling the blaze in sometimes treacherous terrain. On Wednesday afternoon, four people working on the fire were injured when a tree fell on them, the National Park Service reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The four were airlifted to hospitals and “while the injuries are serious, they are in stable condition,” the report said. It didn’t provide other details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The KNP Complex was only 11% contained after burning 134 square miles of forest. Cooler weather has helped slow the flames and the area could see some slight rain on Friday, forecasters said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The fire’s impact on giant sequoia groves was mixed. Most saw low- to medium-intensity fire behavior that the sequoias have evolved to survive, Brigham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"Component-dfp-0-2-56\">\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">However, it appeared that two groves — including one with 5,000 trees — were seared by high-intensity fire that can send up 100-foot flames capable of burning the canopies of the towering trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">That leaves the monarchs at risk of going up “like a horrible Roman candle,” Brigham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Two burned trees fell in Giant Forest, which is home to about 2,000 sequoias, including the General Sherman Tree, which is considered the world’s largest by volume. However, the most notable trees survived and Brigham said the grove appeared to be mostly intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Firefighters have taken extraordinary measures to protect the sequoias by wrapping fire-resistant material around the bases of some giants, raking and clearing vegetation around them, installing sprinklers and dousing some with water or fire retardant gel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">However, the full extent of the damage won’t be known for months, Brigham said. Firefighters are still occupied protecting trees, homes and lives or can’t safely reach steep, remote groves that lack roads or even trails, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">To the south, the Windy Fire had burned at least 74 sequoias, Garrett Dickman told the Los Angeles Times. The wildfire botanist has recorded damage as part of a sequoia task force preparing and assessing trees in the fire zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">In one grove, Dickman counted 29 sequoias that were “just incinerated,” he told CNN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“There were four of those that had burned so hot that they’d fallen over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The 152-acre fire was 75% contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildfire Torched the Sierra All Summer, Evading Containment. Here’s How Tahoe Protected Itself",
"headTitle": "Wildfire Torched the Sierra All Summer, Evading Containment. Here’s How Tahoe Protected Itself | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Susie Kocher watched with increasing dread as the Caldor Fire roared across the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, churning toward her home near the base of Echo Summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From high along the granite ridge nearby, the view of Lake Tahoe is normally pristine — a cerulean ocean in the sky, dotted with boats and casinos lining the pine forest along the South Shore. But for two weeks at the end of August, smoke as brown as car exhaust clouded the basin’s air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Kocher well knows, having worked tirelessly for more than a decade to prepare this community for a wildfire as a UC Cooperative Extension forestry adviser, under almost every tree near South Lake Tahoe is a house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She feared the fast approaching edge of the fire, with its flames licking beyond 100 feet in the air. But she worried most about showers of red hot embers, carried over a mile beyond the fire’s edge by wind gusts, stealing entrance into these homes through open vents or siding gaps, burning them from the inside out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A firefighter is not going to help your home if the ember goes in through the attic,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the fire approached, she cleared away needles and brush from around her house. With their truck, Kocher’s husband, Rick George, hauled their sailboat and other fire hazards to a vacant lot away from their home. She collected her “wedding dress, my husband’s silver and his mother’s wedding dress,” irreplaceable items to take with her when they evacuated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Aug. 30, officials ordered South Lake Tahoe to evacuate immediately. She joined thousands of others leaving en masse, her face obscured by a heavy blue and red respirator to protect her lungs from the hazardous smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind her as she drove away, ash and a hazy amber glow floated around her home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/UCsierraforest/status/1432458308812619779\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The ‘wake-up moment’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When the Valley Fire in Lake County destroyed 1,300 homes and killed four people in 2015, the wildfire community called it a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976490/showing-climate-change-as-it-happens-a-veteran-photojournalist-on-capturing-californias-intensifying-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wake-up moment\u003c/a>” to an era of catastrophic wildfire in California, driven in part by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caldor, Dixie and other fires this summer make it crystal clear that California’s wildfire crisis is escalating. About 4.3 million acres burned in 2020, a record that could be surpassed by this year’s extreme fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is in a dangerous place. Scorching summers coupled with tinderbox dry forests render fire containment ineffective — especially when it’s hot, windy or a combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Caldor Fire burned into the Tahoe Basin, it looked like this city, a center of gravity for culture in this part of the Sierra, could (and many thought would) burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it did not, thanks to the 3,500 firefighters, a timely shift in the winds and years of fire preparations by a myriad of players.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caldor Fire showed the danger California faces, but also a path forward, beginning with \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/09/09/interview-pyrogeographer-crystal-kolden-on-fighting-californias-modern-megafires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">acceptance that wildfires are a part of our lives\u003c/a> and not inherently bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Natural Resources Secretary Wade Crowfoot \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976869/heres-whats-inside-newsoms-whopping-15-billion-climate-spending-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">acknowledged\u003c/a> as much when he detailed about $1 billion in new spending for fire breaks, tree thinning and other measures meant to prevent catastrophic wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not going to respond our way out of this wildfire crisis,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “confluence of all the right ingredients” coalesced to drive the Caldor Fire’s erratic fire behavior, accelerating the arrival of conditions expected to emerge over the next century, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.dri.edu/directory/benjamin-hatchett/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Benjamin Hatchett,\u003c/a> an atmospheric scientist with the Desert Research Institute in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope Tahoe is the wake-up call,” he said. “We all need to get together and figure out what we’re going to do so that it’s not Tahoe City next year or Truckee next year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977050\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977050 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842.jpg\" alt=\"Fire crews manage a back fire while fighting the Caldor Fire. \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire crews manage a back fire in Sly Park, Calif., fighting the Caldor Fire on Monday, Aug, 23, 2021. \u003ccite>(Andrew Nixon/CapRadio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>‘Hat’s off’ for forest thinning\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Caldor Fire ignited on Aug. 14 near Pollock Pines in El Dorado County, and quickly decimated Grizzly Flats, burning a school, church and the post office, leaving little left in the mountain hamlet. To date, the fire has burned more than 1,000 buildings and north of 220,000 acres. Officials lifted the last of the evacuation orders just \u003ca href=\"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FA4qSO7VcAEVKRE.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pyrogeog/status/1435358566139904005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A few days earlier\u003c/a>, the Dixie Fire burned across Kettle Ridge, west of Susanville, and into the Great Basin, becoming the first known wildfire to run across the Sierra Nevada. The flames ripped through high elevation forests usually too saturated with heavy snow melt to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977051\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977051\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208.jpg\" alt=\"A burned entrance sign at Walter Tyler Elementary school with charred playground equipment in the background. \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Walter Tyler Elementary in Grizzly Flats, Calif. Tuesday, August 17, 2021. \u003ccite>(Andrew Nixon/CapRadio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have any record of that happening before,” Cal Fire Chief Thom Porter said, adding the blaze — 32 times the size of San Francisco — “was exceedingly resistant to control.” The Dixie Fire is California’s largest single fire on record, having consumed nearly 1 million acres across five counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of August, the Caldor Fire had burned into the Tahoe Basin, becoming the second recorded fire to cross the Sierra Nevada. Its erratic fire behavior \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/08/19/caldor-fires-explosive-growth-following-dixie-fires-playbook/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mirrored the Dixie Fire\u003c/a> to the north, and residents watched with alarm as the embers ignited spot fires miles in front of the flames, like missiles shot from behind enemy lines, rendering firefighter containment lines — painstakingly hacked with hand tools and bulldozers — essentially useless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For firefighters, this year has been a grueling slog, and the last two weeks of August were some of the worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since we got here, our first time actually sleeping was yesterday,” said Micah Conant, nearly a week into a shift at the Caldor Fire with his Tahoe Douglas Fire Department crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The firefighters’ main objective: keep the blaze out of South Lake Tahoe, a dense mountain city of more than 21,000 people, and the surrounding communities, home of Kocher and thousands more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a first line of defense, crews with bulldozers scraped earth bare against homes in Meyers and Christmas Valley, where they expected to make a desperate stand, said Phil Heitzke, a fuels specialist with the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the wildfire charged towards the fire line, “we were getting 100 or 150 foot flame lengths,” Heitzke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977052\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cut stumps in the forest near South Lake Tahoe show where preventative forest thinning took place before the Caldor Fire burned the area. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But suddenly, the flames lowered to the forest floor. Firefighters crossed the dozer lines, safely able to work next to the flames, steering the wildfire away from the homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire behavior dropped down as soon as it hit this unit,” Heitzke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If crews hadn’t thinned small trees and brush here a few years ago, that wouldn’t have been possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The canopy is open, and that’s the key thing with these fires, having that open canopy so the [wildfire] can’t sustain a crown run” where the fire burns from treetop to treetop, Heitzke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the folks who have been working on these projects the last two decades my hat’s off to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A built-in buffer\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Tens of thousands of acres have been treated in the Lake Tahoe Basin in the last 15 years, more than is typical for forested mountain communities. The work is not cheap. Paying crews with chain saws to thin overgrown forests can cost around $2,000 an acre.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1977041\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/KQED_Caldor-1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"887\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comparing that against the value of homes saved — recent home sales in the area have garnered a median price of $750,000 — it looks like a good investment. But here, Lake Tahoe is privileged. The city has a much larger population than most mountain towns and boasts a wealthy, largely white conservation community that can afford to pay for expertise needed to get good at winning competitive grants. “There’s a political pressure there,” Heitzke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents and others have treated more than 40% of the Tahoe Basin since 2008 with mechanical thinning and “good fire,” the intentional burning of thick underbrush to slow down future wildfires. Additionally, hundreds of homeowners around the Tahoe Basin have prepared their houses and properties to withstand wildfire including cleaning needles, trees and debris around homes, and installing new roofs and vent covers to prevent embers from getting inside a house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?url=https://services6.arcgis.com/1KtlSd2mklZMBKaz/ArcGIS/rest/services/Tahoe_Forest_Fuels_Tx_OFFICIAL_Public_View/FeatureServer&source=sd\">map\u003c/a> of treatments in the area shows an extensive, though patchy, jigsaw puzzle of mechanical thinning and pile burns on both sides of Highway 50. The Forest Service said in the past five years many of those fuel treatments in the Tahoe Basin included prescribed fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“South Lake Tahoe and that whole area has done an absolutely extraordinary job of doing a lot of work to reduce fuels,” said Crystal Kolden, a UC Merced fire scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Larsen’s home is about a block away from where the Caldor Fire stopped. He credits the areas of treated forest with saving his and his neighbors homes and said the 2007 Angora Fire, which incinerated 240 homes southwest of South Lake Tahoe, galvanized the community around fire preparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://projects.capradio.org/california-fire-history/#9.69/39.0438/-120.1474\" style=\"border: 0px #ffffff none;\" name=\"myiFrame\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0px\" marginwidth=\"0px\" height=\"500px\" width=\"100%\" allowfullscreen class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Angora] highlighted the importance of doing something about the overstocked forest and trying to make sure that homeowners are doing the work that they need to do to provide that defensible space,” Larsen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of forest treatments, he said his neighborhood had a “buffer between sort of the very hot fire and fire that was more manageable, I think is a big part of why they were able to succeed and why we are so lucky.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Larsen stands in the forest near his home. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Fire here is expected\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For roughly four decades, California wildfires have advanced higher and higher into the backcountry, rising in elevation at a rate of 25 feet per year, with the largest growth in the Sierra Nevada, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://tahoe.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk4286/files/inline-files/Warming_Enabled_e2009717118.full_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new study\u003c/a> from researchers at UC Merced and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the fire’s spread is driven by warmer and dryer conditions with snow melting earlier in the year. Warming temperatures have driven a fivefold increase in summertime forest fires across California, felt most dramatically in the Sierra Nevada, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944993/study-climate-change-a-leading-driver-of-californias-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research published in 2019, a year before last summer’s record-torching fire season\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"https://tahoe.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/257/2020/04/Integrated-Vulnerability-Assessment-of-Climate-Change-in-the-Lake-Tahoe-Basin_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Tahoe Conservancy’s assessment of the Lake Tahoe Basin’s vulnerability to climate change\u003c/a>, the basin can expect to see higher temperatures, more extreme storms, less snow, more drought stress and larger areas burned by wildfires over the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that’s happening today,” said South Lake Tahoe Mayor Pro Tem Devin Middlebrook. “[Preparing for big fires] isn’t something that we can put off for 20 or 30 years,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977057\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977057\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A CalFire truck drives on a smoke-filled Highway 50 between Pollock Pines and Strawberry, as the Caldor Fire burns nearby. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Culture of suppression\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Fire experts say a policy of fire prevention has left forest stands across the state thick with overgrown brush and trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Great Fire of 1910, which burned 20 million acres across the northwest and killed 86 people, California forest managers began actively suppressing wildfires. The majority of the tens of millions of acres of forest in California are controlled by the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1935, that agency passed the 10 a.m. rule, a mandate dictating any fire must be controlled by the next day at 10 a.m. Although this policy was rescinded in 1974, this way of managing forests has led to more than 80 years of suppressing fires by federal firefighters and Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What experts say is often missing from this conversation is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2020/09/16/the-racist-removal-of-native-americans-in-california-is-often-missing-from-wildfire-discussions-experts-say/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">racist removal of Native American people\u003c/a> from California in the mid-19th century. More than \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/revealing-the-history-of-genocide-against-californias-native-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">16,000 were killed\u003c/a>, others were forced onto reservations and many were enslaved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with their physical beings, the knowledge of taking care of the land through forest thinning and cultural burns was also removed. This action resulted in overgrown forests, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.csuchico.edu/geop/department/dhankins.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don Hankins\u003c/a>, a Plains Miwok fire expert at Chico State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California was “still stewarded continuously with Indigenous fire, we would definitely not see the same level of fires that we’re seeing,” he said in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are indications that the state is changing its fire policies. Having spent \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$3.4 billion on wildfire suppression last year\u003c/a>, Gov. Gavin Newsom earmarked about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976869/heres-whats-inside-newsoms-whopping-15-billion-climate-spending-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$1 billion in new spending\u003c/a> for fire breaks, forest thinning, and other measures to stop megafires before they get out of control. Crowfoot, of the Natural Resources Agency, indicated the state is prepared to expand “upfront, proactive actions,” and the package includes $19 million for the state to work with tribes on prescribed burns, up from just $1 million last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers have also passed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB332\">a\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB332\">bill\u003c/a> that wouldn’t hold prescribed burners liable if a fire escapes it’s containment lines, unless they are grossly negligent. Lastly, a federal Senate infrastructure bill could provide more than \u003ca href=\"https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AG/AG00/20210910/114025/BILLS-117SConRes14pp.pdf\">$16 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AG/AG00/20210910/114025/BILLS-117SConRes14pp.pdf\">billion\u003c/a> over a decade for fuels management.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Megafires push forest communities to the brink\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A trail of cars lined Highway 50 during South Lake Tahoe’s evacuation on Aug. 30, but Bill Schaeffer, wearing a T-shirt, the same moody gray color as the smoke-darkened sky, pushed his bike toward the fire. The scruffy man with long locks hurried to gather his belongings at home in time to catch a bus out of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two weeks prior, Schaeffer, 68, was unhoused, like he had been on and off for almost two decades. He recently moved into a small, affordable home with the help of a local support group for unhoused people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I lose my place to live, then I’m going to probably be forced back to being homeless again,” he said, noting that rents here, like elsewhere throughout California, have risen to be “sky high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known to the outside world as a sparkling tourist area, South Lake Tahoe is home to the resort staff, bartenders and thousands of others who live and work there, keeping the machinery of the place humming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Construction workers Jose Mora and Henry Jose Mendoza fled South Lake Tahoe, too, taking shelter at an evacuation center in Carson City, Nevada. Mendoza only had the clothes on his body because they didn’t have time to pack before leaving. The friends were confused whether or not they needed to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977058\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977058\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Mora (right) and Henry Jose Mendoza, both construction workers, fled South Lake Tahoe during the Caldor Fire, taking shelter at an evacuation center in Carson City, Nevada. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We were looking at Facebook, and then the news,” said Mora. “We were just waiting. Then we received a call and we [saw] the map and we just started getting whatever we could.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the eve of the evacuation, Donarae Reynolds and her husband bustled around their home in the \u003ca href=\"https://goldenbearha.org/current-conditions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Bear neighborhood just outside South Lake Tahoe\u003c/a>, packing medications, clothes and other essentials into their cars and camper trailer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’d removed unrecoverable family photos from the walls, and stowed their passports, living trust and other important documents in a safety deposit box at the bank. Their neighborhood was ready when the evacuation order came in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all simply got in our cars and waved to each other and we took off,” Reynolds said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds’ neighborhood was uniquely prepared for this day to come. In 2019, Reynolds and her neighbors held an \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/news/tahoeland/2019/10/02/climate-change-is-increasing-tahoes-risk-of-wildfire-these-residents-want-to-be-ready/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">evacuation drill to prepare for disasters like the Caldor Fire. \u003c/a>They’ve also held clean-up days and got residents to sign up for emergency alerts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it were a situation where you had no warning and everyone just had to scramble, I think that it would have been a totally different kind of an evacuation,” Reynolds said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neighbors kept up with each other while they were evacuated, trading Ring doorbell camera footage and aerial views of the neighborhood to see if the fire had reached it. The fire spared their homes this time, and they’ve since returned to Golden Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977060\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe Blvd in South Lake Tahoe is mostly empty, after evacuees waited hours to leave the area.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1278\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe Blvd in South Lake Tahoe is mostly empty on Tuesday, Aug. 31, 2021, after evacuees waited hours to leave the area. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>A matter of survival\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Back in Tahoe with her home and its two decks still standing, Kocher said she feels fortunate to live in South Lake Tahoe with ample fire prevention and suppression assets, especially when nearby communities don’t have the same resources to stop the flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m concerned for those communities,” she said. “It’s a matter of survival unless we get our act together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to blame the fires all on a warming climate, but UC Berkeley fire science professor Scott Stephens said the lack of prevention efforts and the overgrown forests amount to the “vast majority” of the state’s current problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hatchett, with the Desert Research Institute, said that still-rising temperatures, increasingly arid conditions, and other impacts of climate change is like “pouring gas” on wildfires and why “we need climate action now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even climate action, he admits, won’t stop the sheer volume of dead brush and trees in forests from burning or prevent the amount of global warming already baked into the atmosphere. But, yet, he has hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not going to stop that train,” he admitted, “but we might be able to divert it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "About 3,500 firefighters and years of preventative fire preparations largely saved South Lake Tahoe from the Caldor Fire. ",
"title": "Wildfire Torched the Sierra All Summer, Evading Containment. Here’s How Tahoe Protected Itself | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Susie Kocher watched with increasing dread as the Caldor Fire roared across the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, churning toward her home near the base of Echo Summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From high along the granite ridge nearby, the view of Lake Tahoe is normally pristine — a cerulean ocean in the sky, dotted with boats and casinos lining the pine forest along the South Shore. But for two weeks at the end of August, smoke as brown as car exhaust clouded the basin’s air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Kocher well knows, having worked tirelessly for more than a decade to prepare this community for a wildfire as a UC Cooperative Extension forestry adviser, under almost every tree near South Lake Tahoe is a house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She feared the fast approaching edge of the fire, with its flames licking beyond 100 feet in the air. But she worried most about showers of red hot embers, carried over a mile beyond the fire’s edge by wind gusts, stealing entrance into these homes through open vents or siding gaps, burning them from the inside out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A firefighter is not going to help your home if the ember goes in through the attic,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the fire approached, she cleared away needles and brush from around her house. With their truck, Kocher’s husband, Rick George, hauled their sailboat and other fire hazards to a vacant lot away from their home. She collected her “wedding dress, my husband’s silver and his mother’s wedding dress,” irreplaceable items to take with her when they evacuated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Aug. 30, officials ordered South Lake Tahoe to evacuate immediately. She joined thousands of others leaving en masse, her face obscured by a heavy blue and red respirator to protect her lungs from the hazardous smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind her as she drove away, ash and a hazy amber glow floated around her home.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003ch3>The ‘wake-up moment’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When the Valley Fire in Lake County destroyed 1,300 homes and killed four people in 2015, the wildfire community called it a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976490/showing-climate-change-as-it-happens-a-veteran-photojournalist-on-capturing-californias-intensifying-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wake-up moment\u003c/a>” to an era of catastrophic wildfire in California, driven in part by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caldor, Dixie and other fires this summer make it crystal clear that California’s wildfire crisis is escalating. About 4.3 million acres burned in 2020, a record that could be surpassed by this year’s extreme fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is in a dangerous place. Scorching summers coupled with tinderbox dry forests render fire containment ineffective — especially when it’s hot, windy or a combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Caldor Fire burned into the Tahoe Basin, it looked like this city, a center of gravity for culture in this part of the Sierra, could (and many thought would) burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it did not, thanks to the 3,500 firefighters, a timely shift in the winds and years of fire preparations by a myriad of players.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caldor Fire showed the danger California faces, but also a path forward, beginning with \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/09/09/interview-pyrogeographer-crystal-kolden-on-fighting-californias-modern-megafires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">acceptance that wildfires are a part of our lives\u003c/a> and not inherently bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Natural Resources Secretary Wade Crowfoot \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976869/heres-whats-inside-newsoms-whopping-15-billion-climate-spending-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">acknowledged\u003c/a> as much when he detailed about $1 billion in new spending for fire breaks, tree thinning and other measures meant to prevent catastrophic wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not going to respond our way out of this wildfire crisis,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “confluence of all the right ingredients” coalesced to drive the Caldor Fire’s erratic fire behavior, accelerating the arrival of conditions expected to emerge over the next century, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.dri.edu/directory/benjamin-hatchett/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Benjamin Hatchett,\u003c/a> an atmospheric scientist with the Desert Research Institute in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope Tahoe is the wake-up call,” he said. “We all need to get together and figure out what we’re going to do so that it’s not Tahoe City next year or Truckee next year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977050\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977050 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842.jpg\" alt=\"Fire crews manage a back fire while fighting the Caldor Fire. \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2842-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire crews manage a back fire in Sly Park, Calif., fighting the Caldor Fire on Monday, Aug, 23, 2021. \u003ccite>(Andrew Nixon/CapRadio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>‘Hat’s off’ for forest thinning\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Caldor Fire ignited on Aug. 14 near Pollock Pines in El Dorado County, and quickly decimated Grizzly Flats, burning a school, church and the post office, leaving little left in the mountain hamlet. To date, the fire has burned more than 1,000 buildings and north of 220,000 acres. Officials lifted the last of the evacuation orders just \u003ca href=\"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FA4qSO7VcAEVKRE.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pyrogeog/status/1435358566139904005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A few days earlier\u003c/a>, the Dixie Fire burned across Kettle Ridge, west of Susanville, and into the Great Basin, becoming the first known wildfire to run across the Sierra Nevada. The flames ripped through high elevation forests usually too saturated with heavy snow melt to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977051\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977051\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208.jpg\" alt=\"A burned entrance sign at Walter Tyler Elementary school with charred playground equipment in the background. \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/DSCF2208-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Walter Tyler Elementary in Grizzly Flats, Calif. Tuesday, August 17, 2021. \u003ccite>(Andrew Nixon/CapRadio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have any record of that happening before,” Cal Fire Chief Thom Porter said, adding the blaze — 32 times the size of San Francisco — “was exceedingly resistant to control.” The Dixie Fire is California’s largest single fire on record, having consumed nearly 1 million acres across five counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of August, the Caldor Fire had burned into the Tahoe Basin, becoming the second recorded fire to cross the Sierra Nevada. Its erratic fire behavior \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/08/19/caldor-fires-explosive-growth-following-dixie-fires-playbook/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mirrored the Dixie Fire\u003c/a> to the north, and residents watched with alarm as the embers ignited spot fires miles in front of the flames, like missiles shot from behind enemy lines, rendering firefighter containment lines — painstakingly hacked with hand tools and bulldozers — essentially useless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For firefighters, this year has been a grueling slog, and the last two weeks of August were some of the worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since we got here, our first time actually sleeping was yesterday,” said Micah Conant, nearly a week into a shift at the Caldor Fire with his Tahoe Douglas Fire Department crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The firefighters’ main objective: keep the blaze out of South Lake Tahoe, a dense mountain city of more than 21,000 people, and the surrounding communities, home of Kocher and thousands more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a first line of defense, crews with bulldozers scraped earth bare against homes in Meyers and Christmas Valley, where they expected to make a desperate stand, said Phil Heitzke, a fuels specialist with the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the wildfire charged towards the fire line, “we were getting 100 or 150 foot flame lengths,” Heitzke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977052\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51740_IMG_1817-1-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cut stumps in the forest near South Lake Tahoe show where preventative forest thinning took place before the Caldor Fire burned the area. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But suddenly, the flames lowered to the forest floor. Firefighters crossed the dozer lines, safely able to work next to the flames, steering the wildfire away from the homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire behavior dropped down as soon as it hit this unit,” Heitzke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If crews hadn’t thinned small trees and brush here a few years ago, that wouldn’t have been possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The canopy is open, and that’s the key thing with these fires, having that open canopy so the [wildfire] can’t sustain a crown run” where the fire burns from treetop to treetop, Heitzke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the folks who have been working on these projects the last two decades my hat’s off to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A built-in buffer\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Tens of thousands of acres have been treated in the Lake Tahoe Basin in the last 15 years, more than is typical for forested mountain communities. The work is not cheap. Paying crews with chain saws to thin overgrown forests can cost around $2,000 an acre.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1977041\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/KQED_Caldor-1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"887\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comparing that against the value of homes saved — recent home sales in the area have garnered a median price of $750,000 — it looks like a good investment. But here, Lake Tahoe is privileged. The city has a much larger population than most mountain towns and boasts a wealthy, largely white conservation community that can afford to pay for expertise needed to get good at winning competitive grants. “There’s a political pressure there,” Heitzke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents and others have treated more than 40% of the Tahoe Basin since 2008 with mechanical thinning and “good fire,” the intentional burning of thick underbrush to slow down future wildfires. Additionally, hundreds of homeowners around the Tahoe Basin have prepared their houses and properties to withstand wildfire including cleaning needles, trees and debris around homes, and installing new roofs and vent covers to prevent embers from getting inside a house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?url=https://services6.arcgis.com/1KtlSd2mklZMBKaz/ArcGIS/rest/services/Tahoe_Forest_Fuels_Tx_OFFICIAL_Public_View/FeatureServer&source=sd\">map\u003c/a> of treatments in the area shows an extensive, though patchy, jigsaw puzzle of mechanical thinning and pile burns on both sides of Highway 50. The Forest Service said in the past five years many of those fuel treatments in the Tahoe Basin included prescribed fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“South Lake Tahoe and that whole area has done an absolutely extraordinary job of doing a lot of work to reduce fuels,” said Crystal Kolden, a UC Merced fire scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Larsen’s home is about a block away from where the Caldor Fire stopped. He credits the areas of treated forest with saving his and his neighbors homes and said the 2007 Angora Fire, which incinerated 240 homes southwest of South Lake Tahoe, galvanized the community around fire preparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://projects.capradio.org/california-fire-history/#9.69/39.0438/-120.1474\" style=\"border: 0px #ffffff none;\" name=\"myiFrame\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0px\" marginwidth=\"0px\" height=\"500px\" width=\"100%\" allowfullscreen class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Angora] highlighted the importance of doing something about the overstocked forest and trying to make sure that homeowners are doing the work that they need to do to provide that defensible space,” Larsen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of forest treatments, he said his neighborhood had a “buffer between sort of the very hot fire and fire that was more manageable, I think is a big part of why they were able to succeed and why we are so lucky.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51741_IMG_1815-1-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Larsen stands in the forest near his home. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Fire here is expected\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For roughly four decades, California wildfires have advanced higher and higher into the backcountry, rising in elevation at a rate of 25 feet per year, with the largest growth in the Sierra Nevada, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://tahoe.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk4286/files/inline-files/Warming_Enabled_e2009717118.full_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new study\u003c/a> from researchers at UC Merced and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the fire’s spread is driven by warmer and dryer conditions with snow melting earlier in the year. Warming temperatures have driven a fivefold increase in summertime forest fires across California, felt most dramatically in the Sierra Nevada, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944993/study-climate-change-a-leading-driver-of-californias-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research published in 2019, a year before last summer’s record-torching fire season\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"https://tahoe.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/257/2020/04/Integrated-Vulnerability-Assessment-of-Climate-Change-in-the-Lake-Tahoe-Basin_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Tahoe Conservancy’s assessment of the Lake Tahoe Basin’s vulnerability to climate change\u003c/a>, the basin can expect to see higher temperatures, more extreme storms, less snow, more drought stress and larger areas burned by wildfires over the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that’s happening today,” said South Lake Tahoe Mayor Pro Tem Devin Middlebrook. “[Preparing for big fires] isn’t something that we can put off for 20 or 30 years,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977057\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977057\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51299_067_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A CalFire truck drives on a smoke-filled Highway 50 between Pollock Pines and Strawberry, as the Caldor Fire burns nearby. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Culture of suppression\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Fire experts say a policy of fire prevention has left forest stands across the state thick with overgrown brush and trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Great Fire of 1910, which burned 20 million acres across the northwest and killed 86 people, California forest managers began actively suppressing wildfires. The majority of the tens of millions of acres of forest in California are controlled by the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1935, that agency passed the 10 a.m. rule, a mandate dictating any fire must be controlled by the next day at 10 a.m. Although this policy was rescinded in 1974, this way of managing forests has led to more than 80 years of suppressing fires by federal firefighters and Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What experts say is often missing from this conversation is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2020/09/16/the-racist-removal-of-native-americans-in-california-is-often-missing-from-wildfire-discussions-experts-say/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">racist removal of Native American people\u003c/a> from California in the mid-19th century. More than \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/revealing-the-history-of-genocide-against-californias-native-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">16,000 were killed\u003c/a>, others were forced onto reservations and many were enslaved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with their physical beings, the knowledge of taking care of the land through forest thinning and cultural burns was also removed. This action resulted in overgrown forests, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.csuchico.edu/geop/department/dhankins.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don Hankins\u003c/a>, a Plains Miwok fire expert at Chico State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California was “still stewarded continuously with Indigenous fire, we would definitely not see the same level of fires that we’re seeing,” he said in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are indications that the state is changing its fire policies. Having spent \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$3.4 billion on wildfire suppression last year\u003c/a>, Gov. Gavin Newsom earmarked about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976869/heres-whats-inside-newsoms-whopping-15-billion-climate-spending-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$1 billion in new spending\u003c/a> for fire breaks, forest thinning, and other measures to stop megafires before they get out of control. Crowfoot, of the Natural Resources Agency, indicated the state is prepared to expand “upfront, proactive actions,” and the package includes $19 million for the state to work with tribes on prescribed burns, up from just $1 million last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers have also passed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB332\">a\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB332\">bill\u003c/a> that wouldn’t hold prescribed burners liable if a fire escapes it’s containment lines, unless they are grossly negligent. Lastly, a federal Senate infrastructure bill could provide more than \u003ca href=\"https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AG/AG00/20210910/114025/BILLS-117SConRes14pp.pdf\">$16 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AG/AG00/20210910/114025/BILLS-117SConRes14pp.pdf\">billion\u003c/a> over a decade for fuels management.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Megafires push forest communities to the brink\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A trail of cars lined Highway 50 during South Lake Tahoe’s evacuation on Aug. 30, but Bill Schaeffer, wearing a T-shirt, the same moody gray color as the smoke-darkened sky, pushed his bike toward the fire. The scruffy man with long locks hurried to gather his belongings at home in time to catch a bus out of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two weeks prior, Schaeffer, 68, was unhoused, like he had been on and off for almost two decades. He recently moved into a small, affordable home with the help of a local support group for unhoused people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I lose my place to live, then I’m going to probably be forced back to being homeless again,” he said, noting that rents here, like elsewhere throughout California, have risen to be “sky high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known to the outside world as a sparkling tourist area, South Lake Tahoe is home to the resort staff, bartenders and thousands of others who live and work there, keeping the machinery of the place humming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Construction workers Jose Mora and Henry Jose Mendoza fled South Lake Tahoe, too, taking shelter at an evacuation center in Carson City, Nevada. Mendoza only had the clothes on his body because they didn’t have time to pack before leaving. The friends were confused whether or not they needed to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977058\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977058\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Image-from-iOS-copy-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Mora (right) and Henry Jose Mendoza, both construction workers, fled South Lake Tahoe during the Caldor Fire, taking shelter at an evacuation center in Carson City, Nevada. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We were looking at Facebook, and then the news,” said Mora. “We were just waiting. Then we received a call and we [saw] the map and we just started getting whatever we could.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the eve of the evacuation, Donarae Reynolds and her husband bustled around their home in the \u003ca href=\"https://goldenbearha.org/current-conditions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Bear neighborhood just outside South Lake Tahoe\u003c/a>, packing medications, clothes and other essentials into their cars and camper trailer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’d removed unrecoverable family photos from the walls, and stowed their passports, living trust and other important documents in a safety deposit box at the bank. Their neighborhood was ready when the evacuation order came in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all simply got in our cars and waved to each other and we took off,” Reynolds said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds’ neighborhood was uniquely prepared for this day to come. In 2019, Reynolds and her neighbors held an \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/news/tahoeland/2019/10/02/climate-change-is-increasing-tahoes-risk-of-wildfire-these-residents-want-to-be-ready/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">evacuation drill to prepare for disasters like the Caldor Fire. \u003c/a>They’ve also held clean-up days and got residents to sign up for emergency alerts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it were a situation where you had no warning and everyone just had to scramble, I think that it would have been a totally different kind of an evacuation,” Reynolds said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neighbors kept up with each other while they were evacuated, trading Ring doorbell camera footage and aerial views of the neighborhood to see if the fire had reached it. The fire spared their homes this time, and they’ve since returned to Golden Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977060\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe Blvd in South Lake Tahoe is mostly empty, after evacuees waited hours to leave the area.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1278\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS51290_048_Meyers_CaldorFire_08312021-qut-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe Blvd in South Lake Tahoe is mostly empty on Tuesday, Aug. 31, 2021, after evacuees waited hours to leave the area. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>A matter of survival\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Back in Tahoe with her home and its two decks still standing, Kocher said she feels fortunate to live in South Lake Tahoe with ample fire prevention and suppression assets, especially when nearby communities don’t have the same resources to stop the flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m concerned for those communities,” she said. “It’s a matter of survival unless we get our act together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to blame the fires all on a warming climate, but UC Berkeley fire science professor Scott Stephens said the lack of prevention efforts and the overgrown forests amount to the “vast majority” of the state’s current problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hatchett, with the Desert Research Institute, said that still-rising temperatures, increasingly arid conditions, and other impacts of climate change is like “pouring gas” on wildfires and why “we need climate action now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even climate action, he admits, won’t stop the sheer volume of dead brush and trees in forests from burning or prevent the amount of global warming already baked into the atmosphere. But, yet, he has hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not going to stop that train,” he admitted, “but we might be able to divert it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Facing Drought, Wildfires, Scorching Heat, Bay Area Wineries Are Changing How They Grow Grapes",
"headTitle": "Facing Drought, Wildfires, Scorching Heat, Bay Area Wineries Are Changing How They Grow Grapes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen above for a KQED podcast episode of this story created by The Bay team.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a foggy September morning farmworkers harvest plump, dark purple grapes at \u003ca href=\"https://hamelfamilywines.com/\">Hamel Family Wines\u003c/a> in Sonoma County. But winemaker John Hamel II recognizes these Cabernet Sauvignon grapes are very different from others grown in Sonoma and Napa counties. The green vines are flourishing mostly without direct watering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These vines haven’t received a drop of water since 2017,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel stopped watering 80% of his vines after realizing that’s what some growers do in places like France. The method is called dry farming, and uses little to no water to irrigate vineyards. The result is grapes with thicker skins and tastier wine, says Hamel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This season will be slightly lower in yield, but we actually feel like this has potential to be a very good vintage,” he said of this year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is in a second year of drought and for many North Bay grape growers, the hot, dry conditions mean lost crops. In 2020 some growers lost 20% or more of their crops because of dry conditions, fires, or smoke tainting the flavor of their grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate warms, winemakers and grape growers are changing the direction they grow vines, picking earlier, covering crops with shade cloth, and adapting in other ways. Others have invested in solar panels, electric vehicles, and climate action plans. Some, like Hamel, have shifted to dry farming and are using a lot less water or none at all. At least one Bay Area winery is using “sunscreen” on grape leaves to protect harvests from excessive heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rethinking growing practices is critical, Hamel says, because back-to-back dry years are more frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now every year is warm and dry,” he said. “I think it’s good to realize that you’re never fully in control, and being able to adapt to the best of your ability is the job. It’s humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976969\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The only water these grape vines received since 2017 was from fog and rain.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eighty percent of the vines at Hamel Family Wines have not received any irrigation this year. That number has grown from 20% in 2017. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All growers are feeling pressure from drought, fire and heat, but do warming temperatures pose an existential threat to wine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353907512_Global_warming_and_wine_quality_are_we_close_to_the_tipping_point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> released this summer by \u003ca href=\"https://wineserver.ucdavis.edu/people/kaan-kurtural#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaan Kurtural\u003c/a>, a UC Davis viticulture specialist, found that California’s wine industry is “not at a tipping point” because of climate change or its effects — although heat waves and fires can have an immediate impact on winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell the growers, their grapevines are not going to die,” he said. “They might not be economical to grow for one or two years, but they always come back. There are very resilient plants. So we’re able to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also found that the climate has warmed steadily in California since the 1980s. But he says this has not been bad for the industry — a warmer climate helped establish the state as a premier wine growing region globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As it became warmer we started harvesting sweeter grapes, and with sweeter grapes, the wine ratings have steadily increased,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC5689930505&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the negative impacts of climate change, Kurtural says the state’s $40 billion wine market is strong and growers will adapt to make sure it stays that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are growing grapes at the lowest costs for the grossest profit,” he said. “As long as growers are making money, they will keep them because it’s a business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Dry farming through a drought\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Dry farming in California is not a widely used tactic — it’s just one way some growers like Hamel are acclimating to a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just turning off the water and hoping for the best,” Hamel said. “Even in a year where we received less than half of normal rainfall with a hot summer the vines are doing well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel began dry farming before the current drought, and he’s glad he did. The roots of his vines had years to acclimate, growing deeper and finding underground sources of water. As a result, they are now well-prepared for dry times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first year where we’ve really had a payback,” he said. “The vines have been trained to deal with a drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel says he saved 2 million gallons of water last year and plans to eventually dry farm almost the entirety of his 100 acres in the coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976958 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Hamel Family Wines doesn't use any water on 80% of it's 100 acres.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For John Hamel II, dry farming is about preserving a future for Hamel Family Wines as droughts worsen because of climate change. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“[We’re] essentially training the vine to endure more drought each season,” he said. “The drought doesn’t make things easier by any means. We really are on the razor’s edge all season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is not new in California. But Hamel says the pendulum swings between wet and dry years have been more radical in recent years. “We have high rainfall years, close to double the amount of average rain, or we have almost half of the normal rainfall and it’s super difficult to get through an entire season,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" tag=\"climate-change\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.712622/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> by Kurtural, the UC Davis viticulture specialist, found growers can use half of the water they normally use without compromising the taste or color of wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dry farming isn’t a viable option for all wine grape growers, said Connor Bockman with \u003ca href=\"https://rdwinery.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RD Winery\u003c/a>, Napa’s first Vietnamese-owned winery. The growers use drip irrigation to limit water use and utilize a practice called deficit irrigation where vines are only given water when they reach a certain level of stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says switching from irrigation to dry farming takes time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In comparison to other crops — orchards, annual field crops, and others — high-quality wine grapes use a relatively small amount of water,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RD Winery had less fruit on the vine this year. Exactly how much of that is caused by drought is “hard to say,” Bockman said, but their harvest is “40% to 50% under expected yield.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, the grapes are of both “great quality and concentration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Impacts of wildfire smoke\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976959 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A fire circled two vineyards at Green and Red Vineyards in Napa County the summer of 2020.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lightning-sparked fire burned right up to some of the vines at Green and Red Vineyards in 2020. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some winemakers are already feeling the pain that comes with the short-term effects of climate change. Smoke from wildfires, made worse by drought and heat waves, can sully whole harvests with a fumy aroma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, a series of lightning-sparked fire, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/17/lnu-lightning-complex-includes-hennessey-gamble-15-10-spanish-markley-13-4-11-16-walbridge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LNU Lightning Complex,\u003c/a> consumed 363,000 acres and burned just feet from \u003ca href=\"https://greenandred.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Green and Red Vineyards\u003c/a> in the hills of Napa County. Winery owner Tobin Heminway says most of the 31-acre vineyard acted as a fire break, but the wildfire did burn a few of the vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were evacuated, and it came up and almost burnt our house down, which is up above on the property, and the fire circled two of our vineyards,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vines survived, but smoke tainted their grapes and they lost all of their reds. This year they picked a few weeks early, after heat waves ripened their grapes sooner than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had these radical growth spurts in the beginning of the season,” she said. “[The grapes] ripened earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the yield is smaller this year, but the grapes are “good quality” and “intense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976960 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The winemakers tour the vineyard in a jeep showcasing how the fire surrounded the vineyard.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For Green and Red Vineyard operators Tobin Heminway and Raymond Hannigan, the winery is more than grapes and vines. It represents family legacy. Jay Heminway, Tobin’s father, founded the winery and passed away two years ago. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Heminway took over the winery in 2019 after her father, Jay Heminway, passed away. Since then, she’s experienced one climate impact after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an emotionally crazy time to live,” she said. “How do we survive and live in this environment, which is becoming less and less friendly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heminway has considered foregoing the Zinfandel vines her father planted in the early 1970s for a different varietal. But every time she walks through the vineyard, she thinks about her dad, and removing the vineyard is too closely tied to the legacy he planted and grew. With drought, fires and heat waves continuing to stress her winemaking, she’s aware that climate change is also jeopardizing her family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all questioning what we are doing here,” she said. “Do we have any control? In farming, we’re dependent on Mother Nature and Mother Nature is pissed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Using grape leaf “sunscreen” for heat waves\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976965\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976965 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-800x300.jpg\" alt=\"A wine grape grower in Napa County uses a clay spray on grape leaves to protect grapes from the hot temperatures. The liquid clay acts like sunscreen for the leaves lowering the temperature.\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-800x300.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-1020x382.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-768x288.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE.jpg 1366w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Winemakers at Green and Red Vineyard in Napa County use a clay spray on grape leaves to protect grapes from hot temperatures. The liquid clay acts like sunscreen for the leaves, lowering the temperature. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildfires and drought aren’t the only climate effects pressuring vines at Green and Red Vineyards. Scorching heat waves earlier this summer singed the leaves, exposing grapes to the scorching sun. For Aaron Whitlatch, the vineyard’s winemaker, losing another crop wasn’t an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I liken it to being a chef that doesn’t get to complete their meal,” he said. “They spent all day chopping things and preparing it, and then you just don’t get to put it out on the plate for people to enjoy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect the grapes from turning into raisins on the vine, Whitlatch turned to a human idea: sunscreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually sunscreen for the leaves, not so much for the grapes themselves,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution, borrowed from wineries in Australia, was already being used at a few other Northern California wineries. He tried it on his Petite Sirah vineyard, which is heavily exposed to sun on a hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sprayed the leaves with white organic liquid clay, which after it has dried, coats them in a cooling white powder and prevents shriveling or turning, ensuring the grapes are shielded from high heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Whitlatch says heat waves and drought this year will likely cut the total yield in half and he’s aware that future harvests remain in jeopardy as the climate emergency continues to worsen globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: A previous version of this story misidentified Connor Bockman.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California is in a second year of drought and for many North Bay grape growers, the hot, dry conditions mean lost crops.",
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"headline": "Facing Drought, Wildfires, Scorching Heat, Bay Area Wineries Are Changing How They Grow Grapes",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen above for a KQED podcast episode of this story created by The Bay team.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a foggy September morning farmworkers harvest plump, dark purple grapes at \u003ca href=\"https://hamelfamilywines.com/\">Hamel Family Wines\u003c/a> in Sonoma County. But winemaker John Hamel II recognizes these Cabernet Sauvignon grapes are very different from others grown in Sonoma and Napa counties. The green vines are flourishing mostly without direct watering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These vines haven’t received a drop of water since 2017,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel stopped watering 80% of his vines after realizing that’s what some growers do in places like France. The method is called dry farming, and uses little to no water to irrigate vineyards. The result is grapes with thicker skins and tastier wine, says Hamel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This season will be slightly lower in yield, but we actually feel like this has potential to be a very good vintage,” he said of this year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is in a second year of drought and for many North Bay grape growers, the hot, dry conditions mean lost crops. In 2020 some growers lost 20% or more of their crops because of dry conditions, fires, or smoke tainting the flavor of their grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate warms, winemakers and grape growers are changing the direction they grow vines, picking earlier, covering crops with shade cloth, and adapting in other ways. Others have invested in solar panels, electric vehicles, and climate action plans. Some, like Hamel, have shifted to dry farming and are using a lot less water or none at all. At least one Bay Area winery is using “sunscreen” on grape leaves to protect harvests from excessive heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rethinking growing practices is critical, Hamel says, because back-to-back dry years are more frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now every year is warm and dry,” he said. “I think it’s good to realize that you’re never fully in control, and being able to adapt to the best of your ability is the job. It’s humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976969\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The only water these grape vines received since 2017 was from fog and rain.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eighty percent of the vines at Hamel Family Wines have not received any irrigation this year. That number has grown from 20% in 2017. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All growers are feeling pressure from drought, fire and heat, but do warming temperatures pose an existential threat to wine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353907512_Global_warming_and_wine_quality_are_we_close_to_the_tipping_point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> released this summer by \u003ca href=\"https://wineserver.ucdavis.edu/people/kaan-kurtural#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaan Kurtural\u003c/a>, a UC Davis viticulture specialist, found that California’s wine industry is “not at a tipping point” because of climate change or its effects — although heat waves and fires can have an immediate impact on winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell the growers, their grapevines are not going to die,” he said. “They might not be economical to grow for one or two years, but they always come back. There are very resilient plants. So we’re able to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also found that the climate has warmed steadily in California since the 1980s. But he says this has not been bad for the industry — a warmer climate helped establish the state as a premier wine growing region globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As it became warmer we started harvesting sweeter grapes, and with sweeter grapes, the wine ratings have steadily increased,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC5689930505&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the negative impacts of climate change, Kurtural says the state’s $40 billion wine market is strong and growers will adapt to make sure it stays that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are growing grapes at the lowest costs for the grossest profit,” he said. “As long as growers are making money, they will keep them because it’s a business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Dry farming through a drought\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Dry farming in California is not a widely used tactic — it’s just one way some growers like Hamel are acclimating to a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just turning off the water and hoping for the best,” Hamel said. “Even in a year where we received less than half of normal rainfall with a hot summer the vines are doing well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel began dry farming before the current drought, and he’s glad he did. The roots of his vines had years to acclimate, growing deeper and finding underground sources of water. As a result, they are now well-prepared for dry times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first year where we’ve really had a payback,” he said. “The vines have been trained to deal with a drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel says he saved 2 million gallons of water last year and plans to eventually dry farm almost the entirety of his 100 acres in the coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976958 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Hamel Family Wines doesn't use any water on 80% of it's 100 acres.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For John Hamel II, dry farming is about preserving a future for Hamel Family Wines as droughts worsen because of climate change. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“[We’re] essentially training the vine to endure more drought each season,” he said. “The drought doesn’t make things easier by any means. We really are on the razor’s edge all season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is not new in California. But Hamel says the pendulum swings between wet and dry years have been more radical in recent years. “We have high rainfall years, close to double the amount of average rain, or we have almost half of the normal rainfall and it’s super difficult to get through an entire season,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.712622/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> by Kurtural, the UC Davis viticulture specialist, found growers can use half of the water they normally use without compromising the taste or color of wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dry farming isn’t a viable option for all wine grape growers, said Connor Bockman with \u003ca href=\"https://rdwinery.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RD Winery\u003c/a>, Napa’s first Vietnamese-owned winery. The growers use drip irrigation to limit water use and utilize a practice called deficit irrigation where vines are only given water when they reach a certain level of stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says switching from irrigation to dry farming takes time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In comparison to other crops — orchards, annual field crops, and others — high-quality wine grapes use a relatively small amount of water,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RD Winery had less fruit on the vine this year. Exactly how much of that is caused by drought is “hard to say,” Bockman said, but their harvest is “40% to 50% under expected yield.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, the grapes are of both “great quality and concentration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Impacts of wildfire smoke\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976959 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A fire circled two vineyards at Green and Red Vineyards in Napa County the summer of 2020.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lightning-sparked fire burned right up to some of the vines at Green and Red Vineyards in 2020. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some winemakers are already feeling the pain that comes with the short-term effects of climate change. Smoke from wildfires, made worse by drought and heat waves, can sully whole harvests with a fumy aroma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, a series of lightning-sparked fire, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/17/lnu-lightning-complex-includes-hennessey-gamble-15-10-spanish-markley-13-4-11-16-walbridge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LNU Lightning Complex,\u003c/a> consumed 363,000 acres and burned just feet from \u003ca href=\"https://greenandred.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Green and Red Vineyards\u003c/a> in the hills of Napa County. Winery owner Tobin Heminway says most of the 31-acre vineyard acted as a fire break, but the wildfire did burn a few of the vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were evacuated, and it came up and almost burnt our house down, which is up above on the property, and the fire circled two of our vineyards,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vines survived, but smoke tainted their grapes and they lost all of their reds. This year they picked a few weeks early, after heat waves ripened their grapes sooner than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had these radical growth spurts in the beginning of the season,” she said. “[The grapes] ripened earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the yield is smaller this year, but the grapes are “good quality” and “intense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976960 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The winemakers tour the vineyard in a jeep showcasing how the fire surrounded the vineyard.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For Green and Red Vineyard operators Tobin Heminway and Raymond Hannigan, the winery is more than grapes and vines. It represents family legacy. Jay Heminway, Tobin’s father, founded the winery and passed away two years ago. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Heminway took over the winery in 2019 after her father, Jay Heminway, passed away. Since then, she’s experienced one climate impact after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an emotionally crazy time to live,” she said. “How do we survive and live in this environment, which is becoming less and less friendly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heminway has considered foregoing the Zinfandel vines her father planted in the early 1970s for a different varietal. But every time she walks through the vineyard, she thinks about her dad, and removing the vineyard is too closely tied to the legacy he planted and grew. With drought, fires and heat waves continuing to stress her winemaking, she’s aware that climate change is also jeopardizing her family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all questioning what we are doing here,” she said. “Do we have any control? In farming, we’re dependent on Mother Nature and Mother Nature is pissed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Using grape leaf “sunscreen” for heat waves\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976965\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976965 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-800x300.jpg\" alt=\"A wine grape grower in Napa County uses a clay spray on grape leaves to protect grapes from the hot temperatures. The liquid clay acts like sunscreen for the leaves lowering the temperature.\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-800x300.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-1020x382.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-768x288.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE.jpg 1366w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Winemakers at Green and Red Vineyard in Napa County use a clay spray on grape leaves to protect grapes from hot temperatures. The liquid clay acts like sunscreen for the leaves, lowering the temperature. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildfires and drought aren’t the only climate effects pressuring vines at Green and Red Vineyards. Scorching heat waves earlier this summer singed the leaves, exposing grapes to the scorching sun. For Aaron Whitlatch, the vineyard’s winemaker, losing another crop wasn’t an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I liken it to being a chef that doesn’t get to complete their meal,” he said. “They spent all day chopping things and preparing it, and then you just don’t get to put it out on the plate for people to enjoy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect the grapes from turning into raisins on the vine, Whitlatch turned to a human idea: sunscreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually sunscreen for the leaves, not so much for the grapes themselves,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution, borrowed from wineries in Australia, was already being used at a few other Northern California wineries. He tried it on his Petite Sirah vineyard, which is heavily exposed to sun on a hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sprayed the leaves with white organic liquid clay, which after it has dried, coats them in a cooling white powder and prevents shriveling or turning, ensuring the grapes are shielded from high heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Whitlatch says heat waves and drought this year will likely cut the total yield in half and he’s aware that future harvests remain in jeopardy as the climate emergency continues to worsen globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: A previous version of this story misidentified Connor Bockman.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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