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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciciWBz8m_Y\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVLzkTuVmrw\">Calgon \u003c/a>can’t take you away from applied mathematics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper published Thursday in Science, UC Berkeley mathematicians James Sethian and Robert Saye \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/05/09/heady-mathematics-describing-popping-bubbles-in-a-foam/\">reveal \u003c/a>algorithms that describe air pockets surrounded by liquid membranes and joined at plateau junctions (translation: a cluster of bubbles).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years to do all the math, Sethian told me by phone from his office in Berkeley. The final product: a nifty computer-generated soap bubble that’s indistinguishable from the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s start with the basics here. What’s a bubble?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bubble is a pocket of air surrounded by a very thin membrane. And that membrane contains liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now if you imagine two bubbles, they’re going to connect together sharing a common, liquid wall. If you have three bubbles, a cluster, these bubbles share a membrane and they’re pulling on each other in an equilibrium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So that’s not a real bubble we’re seeing up there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a computer calculation, but it’s not graphics. We’re solving the fundamental equations of motion that have to do with how bubbles drain, rupture, and then rearrange to a new position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You plug that algorithm into a computer, and out comes the video. Cool! What’s that we see reflected in the bubbles?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve taken a sunset scene and computed how this would be reflected off this bubble cluster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your paper says that there are three kinds of equations at work in this video. I might rephrase that as “three things that bubbles do.” What are they?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d call them three stages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you have a cluster of bubbles, as if you filled your kitchen sink full of dishwashing liquid. It may look for a minute that’s nothing going on there. But in fact, the fluid in those thin films [the walls of the bubble] is draining down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the liquid drains, it pools into the shared edges. Those are called “plateau junctions,” named after a mathematician named Plateau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the walls finally becomes too thin and it pops. And now it’s gone. So if you think about it, these bubbles are no longer in an equilibrium. They have to move to a new position. They’re settling into a nice new place where everyone is equally pulling on each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2442\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/twobubbles_scale3.jpg\" alt=\"(Courtesy UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, in brief, the life cycle of a bubble is…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re draining. Someone gets too thin and pops. That disturbs the equilibrium, so they all have to move to a new position, and then the cycle repeats itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why can’t a cluster of liquid soap bubbles stay how it is forever?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well in part, it’s gravity. Gravity will start pulling liquid down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But — and this gets a bit technical — the junctions are also sucking liquid out of the membranes due to a version of capillary pressure. In other words, because of the curvature of these junctions, there’s a pressure differential that causing the fluid to be pooled, or flowed into these plateau junctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is this process of bubble clusters reshaping themselves so hard to calculate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One challenge is that these three processes happen on very, very different time scales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draining can take place over hundreds of seconds. The pop happens at hundreds of meters per second. That’s flying. And then the process of rearranging itself, to reach that new equilibrium, happens on the order of a tenth of a second or so. So these are vastly different timescales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the same thing is true on physical scales: The thickness of that membrane is on the order of tens to hundreds of nanometers to reach that new equilibrium. It’s tiny. But a cluster of bubbles is big, inches across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you’re trying to compute the solution to a problem in which the timescales are varying by six or so orders of magnitude, and the space scales are varying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You with me?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I am.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mathematics, we call this a multi-scale problem. You have to find a way to decouple these scales from each other: to solve them separately, but then somehow let them talk to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long did it take to do this work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been working on developing these algorithms for, I’d say, three to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took five days on a supercomputer called Hopper at Lawrence Berkeley Lab to do the calculation you’re seeing in this movie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And finally, what could this possibly have to do with bike helmets?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work can help show how to optimally design solid foams, like polyurethane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ciciWBz8m_Y'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ciciWBz8m_Y'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVLzkTuVmrw\">Calgon \u003c/a>can’t take you away from applied mathematics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper published Thursday in Science, UC Berkeley mathematicians James Sethian and Robert Saye \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/05/09/heady-mathematics-describing-popping-bubbles-in-a-foam/\">reveal \u003c/a>algorithms that describe air pockets surrounded by liquid membranes and joined at plateau junctions (translation: a cluster of bubbles).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years to do all the math, Sethian told me by phone from his office in Berkeley. The final product: a nifty computer-generated soap bubble that’s indistinguishable from the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s start with the basics here. What’s a bubble?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bubble is a pocket of air surrounded by a very thin membrane. And that membrane contains liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now if you imagine two bubbles, they’re going to connect together sharing a common, liquid wall. If you have three bubbles, a cluster, these bubbles share a membrane and they’re pulling on each other in an equilibrium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So that’s not a real bubble we’re seeing up there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a computer calculation, but it’s not graphics. We’re solving the fundamental equations of motion that have to do with how bubbles drain, rupture, and then rearrange to a new position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You plug that algorithm into a computer, and out comes the video. Cool! What’s that we see reflected in the bubbles?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve taken a sunset scene and computed how this would be reflected off this bubble cluster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your paper says that there are three kinds of equations at work in this video. I might rephrase that as “three things that bubbles do.” What are they?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d call them three stages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you have a cluster of bubbles, as if you filled your kitchen sink full of dishwashing liquid. It may look for a minute that’s nothing going on there. But in fact, the fluid in those thin films [the walls of the bubble] is draining down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the liquid drains, it pools into the shared edges. Those are called “plateau junctions,” named after a mathematician named Plateau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the walls finally becomes too thin and it pops. And now it’s gone. So if you think about it, these bubbles are no longer in an equilibrium. They have to move to a new position. They’re settling into a nice new place where everyone is equally pulling on each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2442\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/twobubbles_scale3.jpg\" alt=\"(Courtesy UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, in brief, the life cycle of a bubble is…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re draining. Someone gets too thin and pops. That disturbs the equilibrium, so they all have to move to a new position, and then the cycle repeats itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why can’t a cluster of liquid soap bubbles stay how it is forever?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well in part, it’s gravity. Gravity will start pulling liquid down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But — and this gets a bit technical — the junctions are also sucking liquid out of the membranes due to a version of capillary pressure. In other words, because of the curvature of these junctions, there’s a pressure differential that causing the fluid to be pooled, or flowed into these plateau junctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is this process of bubble clusters reshaping themselves so hard to calculate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One challenge is that these three processes happen on very, very different time scales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draining can take place over hundreds of seconds. The pop happens at hundreds of meters per second. That’s flying. And then the process of rearranging itself, to reach that new equilibrium, happens on the order of a tenth of a second or so. So these are vastly different timescales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the same thing is true on physical scales: The thickness of that membrane is on the order of tens to hundreds of nanometers to reach that new equilibrium. It’s tiny. But a cluster of bubbles is big, inches across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you’re trying to compute the solution to a problem in which the timescales are varying by six or so orders of magnitude, and the space scales are varying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You with me?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I am.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mathematics, we call this a multi-scale problem. You have to find a way to decouple these scales from each other: to solve them separately, but then somehow let them talk to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long did it take to do this work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been working on developing these algorithms for, I’d say, three to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took five days on a supercomputer called Hopper at Lawrence Berkeley Lab to do the calculation you’re seeing in this movie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And finally, what could this possibly have to do with bike helmets?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work can help show how to optimally design solid foams, like polyurethane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“I’m gonna do everything humanly possible to get it done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2330\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2330\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Brwon-4x3-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown told the state's water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown told the state’s water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was Governor Jerry Brown’s vow to the state’s water managers on Wednesday, asking for both their patience and their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was referring, of course, to his \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta tunnels\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/controversial-california-water-plan-takes-shape/\">ambitious proposal for tunnels\u003c/a> to bypass the environmentally beleaguered \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>, switching yard for the biggest portion of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna have a reliable water supply. We’re gonna build a big project. We’ve got the federal government moving along with us,” declared the Governor. The last remark may have been partially a reference to the agreement his administration signed Wednesday with federal agencies to set a formal deadline of October 1, for release of a draft version of the long-awaited \u003ca title=\"BDCP - main\" href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown made the comments during a brief, surprise appearance at the spring conference of the \u003ca title=\"ACWA - main\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of Californian Water Agencies\u003c/a> (ACWA) in Sacramento, which continues through the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS3305_delta120111-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources) \u003ccite>(Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I just came by to tell you, we’re working on it,” he told a large luncheon gathering at the Sheraton ballroom, about a block from the Capitol. Explicitly exempting his predecessor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Brown added that, where the Delta’s concerned, “there was a little bit of a drought in leadership for several governors. By the quirks of history, I’ve come back after 28 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown reflected that after the defeat of his own previous Delta conveyance proposal in a statewide referendum during his last term as governor, “it took several decades before people could really re-engage in this process and get something done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“I didn’t come back here just to goof off. I like doing real things. I like doing big things… (But) 30 years ago, things were simpler.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At moments, Brown spoke like a determined Don Quixote, tilting at the complexities of modern governance. “We’re gonna do everything. We’re gonna fix the fish, we’re gonna fix the levees…the salt’s gonna go out to the sea, and the water’s gonna flow and everything’s gonna work. But it takes a lot. It takes billions of dollars, it takes a lot of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups and several Delta legislators are pushing back on Brown’s grand plan. In a statement, \u003ca title=\"Restore the Delta - main\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a> head Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The governor’s new Oct. 1 deadline is an attempt to thread the needle between pressure from the water-takers, who are threatening to stop paying for the BDCP, and the delay he faces because the science stubbornly still shows his tunnels would kill the Delta.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than relying on “bonds and these other complexities that take votes,” Brown said he would rely on laws passed during his father’s administration that gave broad powers to the state Department of Water Resources. “I didn’t come back here just to goof off. I like doing real things. I like doing big things.” But, he lamented, “30 years ago, things were simpler.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“I’m gonna do everything humanly possible to get it done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2330\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2330\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Brwon-4x3-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown told the state's water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown told the state’s water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was Governor Jerry Brown’s vow to the state’s water managers on Wednesday, asking for both their patience and their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was referring, of course, to his \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta tunnels\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/controversial-california-water-plan-takes-shape/\">ambitious proposal for tunnels\u003c/a> to bypass the environmentally beleaguered \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>, switching yard for the biggest portion of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna have a reliable water supply. We’re gonna build a big project. We’ve got the federal government moving along with us,” declared the Governor. The last remark may have been partially a reference to the agreement his administration signed Wednesday with federal agencies to set a formal deadline of October 1, for release of a draft version of the long-awaited \u003ca title=\"BDCP - main\" href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown made the comments during a brief, surprise appearance at the spring conference of the \u003ca title=\"ACWA - main\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of Californian Water Agencies\u003c/a> (ACWA) in Sacramento, which continues through the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS3305_delta120111-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources) \u003ccite>(Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I just came by to tell you, we’re working on it,” he told a large luncheon gathering at the Sheraton ballroom, about a block from the Capitol. Explicitly exempting his predecessor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Brown added that, where the Delta’s concerned, “there was a little bit of a drought in leadership for several governors. By the quirks of history, I’ve come back after 28 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown reflected that after the defeat of his own previous Delta conveyance proposal in a statewide referendum during his last term as governor, “it took several decades before people could really re-engage in this process and get something done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“I didn’t come back here just to goof off. I like doing real things. I like doing big things… (But) 30 years ago, things were simpler.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At moments, Brown spoke like a determined Don Quixote, tilting at the complexities of modern governance. “We’re gonna do everything. We’re gonna fix the fish, we’re gonna fix the levees…the salt’s gonna go out to the sea, and the water’s gonna flow and everything’s gonna work. But it takes a lot. It takes billions of dollars, it takes a lot of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups and several Delta legislators are pushing back on Brown’s grand plan. In a statement, \u003ca title=\"Restore the Delta - main\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a> head Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The governor’s new Oct. 1 deadline is an attempt to thread the needle between pressure from the water-takers, who are threatening to stop paying for the BDCP, and the delay he faces because the science stubbornly still shows his tunnels would kill the Delta.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than relying on “bonds and these other complexities that take votes,” Brown said he would rely on laws passed during his father’s administration that gave broad powers to the state Department of Water Resources. “I didn’t come back here just to goof off. I like doing real things. I like doing big things.” But, he lamented, “30 years ago, things were simpler.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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