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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3650\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3650 \" style=\"text-align: center\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/welcome-edited-e1369956739931.jpg\" alt=\"(Michael Osborne/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"370\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Michael Osborne/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Oakland Museum of California is unveiling its new \u003ca href=\"http://www.museumca.org/view/gallery-natural-sciences\">Gallery of California Natural Sciences\u003c/a> on Friday after three years, and an $11.4 million makeover. The gallery spans California’s habitats, from the depths of the Pacific Ocean, to the top of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first part of the gallery is dedicated to Oakland itself, beginning with photos of the oak woodland that used to blanket the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can actually hear people say out loud, ‘Oh, Oak-land, I get it,'” says Douglas Long, senior curator of natural sciences. “(Oakland) is this urban-wild interface. Animals adapting to human landscapes; human landscapes overlain on what were previously wild habitats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The museum held onto the taxidermy and dioramas from its old gallery, but there’s no musty feel here; they’re integrated into the new exhibits, along with videos and soundscapes, interactive maps, a fish tank-full of native fish and a replica lava tube for the non-claustrophobic to wriggle through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3667\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_5255-e1369957943842.jpg\" alt=\"(Michael Osborne/KQED)\" width=\"638\" height=\"422\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Michael Osborne/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An immersive video wraps around a room, giving museum visitors a feel for the swirling flora and fauna that live in Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, one of seven locations featured in the gallery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3676\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3676\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Yosemite-edited-e1369958320970.jpg\" alt=\"(Michael Osborne/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Michael Osborne/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The museum takes advantage of its art and history collections, too. Paintings of Yosemite hang near a model of Half Dome.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/30/oakland-museums-nature-section-is-back-in-business/\">Read a review of the new Gallery of California Natural Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You can’t tell a story from one perspective,” says Long. “It’s basically nature that has provided for California’s economic wealth. And you really can’t tell a story about nature without bringing in the history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gallery goes beyond the history, tying in art, politics, climate change and conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gallery of California Natural Sciences opens Friday at 7:00 pm, and stays open with live music, food trucks, and a screening of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/03/25/118284/oakland_to_host_popular_internet_cat_video_festival\">Oakland Internet Cat Video Festival\u003c/a> until midnight.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3650\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3650 \" style=\"text-align: center\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/welcome-edited-e1369956739931.jpg\" alt=\"(Michael Osborne/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"370\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Michael Osborne/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Oakland Museum of California is unveiling its new \u003ca href=\"http://www.museumca.org/view/gallery-natural-sciences\">Gallery of California Natural Sciences\u003c/a> on Friday after three years, and an $11.4 million makeover. The gallery spans California’s habitats, from the depths of the Pacific Ocean, to the top of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first part of the gallery is dedicated to Oakland itself, beginning with photos of the oak woodland that used to blanket the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can actually hear people say out loud, ‘Oh, Oak-land, I get it,'” says Douglas Long, senior curator of natural sciences. “(Oakland) is this urban-wild interface. Animals adapting to human landscapes; human landscapes overlain on what were previously wild habitats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The museum held onto the taxidermy and dioramas from its old gallery, but there’s no musty feel here; they’re integrated into the new exhibits, along with videos and soundscapes, interactive maps, a fish tank-full of native fish and a replica lava tube for the non-claustrophobic to wriggle through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3667\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_5255-e1369957943842.jpg\" alt=\"(Michael Osborne/KQED)\" width=\"638\" height=\"422\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Michael Osborne/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An immersive video wraps around a room, giving museum visitors a feel for the swirling flora and fauna that live in Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, one of seven locations featured in the gallery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3676\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3676\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Yosemite-edited-e1369958320970.jpg\" alt=\"(Michael Osborne/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Michael Osborne/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The museum takes advantage of its art and history collections, too. Paintings of Yosemite hang near a model of Half Dome.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/30/oakland-museums-nature-section-is-back-in-business/\">Read a review of the new Gallery of California Natural Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You can’t tell a story from one perspective,” says Long. “It’s basically nature that has provided for California’s economic wealth. And you really can’t tell a story about nature without bringing in the history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gallery goes beyond the history, tying in art, politics, climate change and conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gallery of California Natural Sciences opens Friday at 7:00 pm, and stays open with live music, food trucks, and a screening of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/03/25/118284/oakland_to_host_popular_internet_cat_video_festival\">Oakland Internet Cat Video Festival\u003c/a> until midnight.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "State Puts $25 Billion Price Tag on Water Tunnel Plan",
"headTitle": "State Puts $25 Billion Price Tag on Water Tunnel Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Multi-billion dollar infrastructure projects generally aren’t built without an appearance of urgency. On Wednesday, the Brown Administration visited the high-tech capital of California to make that case for its $24.54 billion plan for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Silicon Valley relies overwhelmingly on Delta water.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“People think that state water is about some farmers in the valley and just Southern California,” said California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird. “Silicon Valley relies overwhelmingly on Delta water and the economy of the Silicon Valley is tied to whatever the direction is of the state water project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet those water needs, state officials are proposing two 35-mile water tunnels in the Delta that would connect to the state’s current water system, running hundreds of miles south to the Central Valley and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water supply for 25 million Californians is currently pumped out of the Delta by aging infrastructure at its southern edge. Concerns over crashing salmon and Delta smelt populations have slowed the pumping in recent years. State officials are also making the case that a major earthquake could shut the system down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3605\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/delta_640b.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3605 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/delta_640b.jpg\" alt=\"(Yael Braha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Yael Braha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“California’s current water supply system is currently vulnerable to many threats and the cost of failure would be enormous,” Laird said. “We’ve seen what happened with Superstorm Sandy on the East Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of building and implementing the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>, $24.54 billion, jumped by more than a billion dollars from previous estimates. Construction costs add up to $19.7 billion; the rest goes to operation over the lifetime of the project. “When you consider the current trends in the Delta, I think the real question is can we afford not to implement the Bay Delta Conservation Plan,” said Department of Water Resources director Mark Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts and agencies would pay for construction of the tunnels, topping $14 billion. The Santa Clara Valley Water District estimates its customers would pay an added $60 a year to cover the district’s share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3510\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/DWR-Delta-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3510\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3510\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/DWR-Delta-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Caption here\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A proposed water plan for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta could cost $24.5 billion. (Image: DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How much water the project will provide for water districts is still an open question. Federal and state wildlife agencies \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/03/26/key-state-report-to-show-how-water-tunnels-will-impact-endangered-fish/\">released concerns\u003c/a> that the tunnels would remove too much water from the ecosystem, harming endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The overall affordability of the project is critically important to us,” said Ted Page of the Kern County Water Agency in a statement. “We need to see a project that provides improved water supply, has affordable costs and enforceable regulatory assurances before we can make any commitments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan also includes more than $4 billion in habitat restoration, designed to help bring back the Delta’s crashing ecosystem. Officials are planning on using funding from the water bond on the 2014 ballot, as well as $1.9 billion from a second water bond sometime in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the plan say the administration has shied away from doing a true cost-benefit analysis of the plan. The state says water agencies paying for the project will see a net benefit of $5 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s funny that Govenor Brown, the biggest proponent of the tunnels, said it’s time for California to live within its means because this would do exactly the opposite,” said Adam Scow of Food & Water Watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In today’s dollars, California spent about $18 billion on the original State Water Project, a network of dams, pumps and aqueducts that broke ground in 1957.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, we spend more than $30 billion a year in all aspects of water management,” said Ellen Hanak, economist at the Public Policy Institute of California. “You add in the tunnels, you’re going to be increasing that amount by less than 10 percent a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question for the current tunnel proposal is whether factoring in water reliability and various other benefits, is that going to be enough to make it worth the price?” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials are expected to release another full draft of the plan in October, with a public comment period to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Coverage:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is California’s Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">How the Delta’s ecosystem has changed\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Download KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pressroom/2013/03/19/kqed-and-east-bay-regional-park-district-develop-new-river-delta-multi-touch-e-book/\">interactive e-book\u003c/a> on the Delta\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Multi-billion dollar infrastructure projects generally aren’t built without an appearance of urgency. On Wednesday, the Brown Administration visited the high-tech capital of California to make that case for its $24.54 billion plan for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Silicon Valley relies overwhelmingly on Delta water.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“People think that state water is about some farmers in the valley and just Southern California,” said California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird. “Silicon Valley relies overwhelmingly on Delta water and the economy of the Silicon Valley is tied to whatever the direction is of the state water project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet those water needs, state officials are proposing two 35-mile water tunnels in the Delta that would connect to the state’s current water system, running hundreds of miles south to the Central Valley and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water supply for 25 million Californians is currently pumped out of the Delta by aging infrastructure at its southern edge. Concerns over crashing salmon and Delta smelt populations have slowed the pumping in recent years. State officials are also making the case that a major earthquake could shut the system down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3605\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/delta_640b.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3605 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/delta_640b.jpg\" alt=\"(Yael Braha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Yael Braha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“California’s current water supply system is currently vulnerable to many threats and the cost of failure would be enormous,” Laird said. “We’ve seen what happened with Superstorm Sandy on the East Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of building and implementing the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>, $24.54 billion, jumped by more than a billion dollars from previous estimates. Construction costs add up to $19.7 billion; the rest goes to operation over the lifetime of the project. “When you consider the current trends in the Delta, I think the real question is can we afford not to implement the Bay Delta Conservation Plan,” said Department of Water Resources director Mark Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts and agencies would pay for construction of the tunnels, topping $14 billion. The Santa Clara Valley Water District estimates its customers would pay an added $60 a year to cover the district’s share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3510\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/DWR-Delta-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3510\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3510\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/DWR-Delta-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Caption here\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A proposed water plan for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta could cost $24.5 billion. (Image: DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How much water the project will provide for water districts is still an open question. Federal and state wildlife agencies \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/03/26/key-state-report-to-show-how-water-tunnels-will-impact-endangered-fish/\">released concerns\u003c/a> that the tunnels would remove too much water from the ecosystem, harming endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The overall affordability of the project is critically important to us,” said Ted Page of the Kern County Water Agency in a statement. “We need to see a project that provides improved water supply, has affordable costs and enforceable regulatory assurances before we can make any commitments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan also includes more than $4 billion in habitat restoration, designed to help bring back the Delta’s crashing ecosystem. Officials are planning on using funding from the water bond on the 2014 ballot, as well as $1.9 billion from a second water bond sometime in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the plan say the administration has shied away from doing a true cost-benefit analysis of the plan. The state says water agencies paying for the project will see a net benefit of $5 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s funny that Govenor Brown, the biggest proponent of the tunnels, said it’s time for California to live within its means because this would do exactly the opposite,” said Adam Scow of Food & Water Watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In today’s dollars, California spent about $18 billion on the original State Water Project, a network of dams, pumps and aqueducts that broke ground in 1957.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, we spend more than $30 billion a year in all aspects of water management,” said Ellen Hanak, economist at the Public Policy Institute of California. “You add in the tunnels, you’re going to be increasing that amount by less than 10 percent a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question for the current tunnel proposal is whether factoring in water reliability and various other benefits, is that going to be enough to make it worth the price?” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials are expected to release another full draft of the plan in October, with a public comment period to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Coverage:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is California’s Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">How the Delta’s ecosystem has changed\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Download KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pressroom/2013/03/19/kqed-and-east-bay-regional-park-district-develop-new-river-delta-multi-touch-e-book/\">interactive e-book\u003c/a> on the Delta\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Giant Asteroid \"QE2\" is Due for a Fly-By",
"headTitle": "Giant Asteroid “QE2” is Due for a Fly-By | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3620\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/asteroid20130530-full-1024x576.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3620\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/asteroid20130530-full-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"These radar images of QE2, taken from the Deep Space Network antenna at Goldstone, Calif., reveal that QE2 has a moon approximately 2,000 feet wide. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3620\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These radar images of QE2, taken from the Deep Space Network antenna at Goldstone, Calif., reveal that QE2 has a moon approximately 2,000 feet wide.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A rock the size of nine cruise ships will whiz past Earth on Friday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroid QE2 was not named after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.qe2.org.uk/\">Queen Elizabeth 2\u003c/a> (though it’s often compared to it) and – settle down – it’s coming nowhere near Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, May 31, at 1:59 PDT, QE2 will pass by at a safe distance of about 3.6 million miles, the closest we’ll get to it for another 200 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QE2 is about a third of the size of the asteroid or comet that probably killed off the dinosaurs. But (hypothetically speaking!) if it did hit Earth, it’d “ruin your whole day,” says David Morrison, a space scientist at NASA Ames Research Center, near Mountain View.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nUPDATE: NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena is releasing its first radar images of QE2, and has announced that the asteroid has a moon about 2,000 feet wide. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQEDScience: What’s interesting about this asteroid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MORRISON: It’s big. This asteroid is one of the biggest ones we’ve found recently. It’s big enough that if it did hit the earth — which it’s very unlikely to do — it would pretty much wipe out civilization, we think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You think?! \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know its orbit. It’s well observed. It’s not going to come anywhere close, this time. It’s going to be something like 15 times farther away than the moon. It won’t come back even that close for another 200 years. And as far as we can project into the future, its orbit simply does not intercept the orbit of the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMeWUYZBXsE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s coming close enough to be within range of our big radars – \u003ca href=\"http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/\">JPL at Goldstone\u003c/a> (in the Mojave Desert) and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.naic.edu/\">NSF Arecibo\u003c/a>, in Puerto Rico. They’ll be able to beam very high-intensity, very precise-frequency radio waves at QE2. When (those radio waves) are reflected back, they’ll reveal something about the asteroid’s shape, its roughness, its rotation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sort of like a topographical map.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ll end up with a model that you can hold in your hands, like a lumpy potato that will show what it really looks like.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nYou’re an astrobiologist. What interests you about asteroids?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids are cool. They’re the leftover building blocks of the planets. They are also capable of hitting us sometimes and doing terrible damage, like the mass extinction that killed off the dinosaurs. So they’re creators and destroyers, of great interest to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it possible that life here on Earth actually began on an asteroid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very unlikely that any asteroid ever had ancient life because they’re simply too small — too small to have atmospheres, water and weather, which we think are the fundamental ingredients for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they could have brought the pieces of life to Earth, the original chemicals. Those could mix together in the Earth’s much better environment and, we think, give rise to life here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will QE2 be visible with a telescope?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be very difficult to see because it’s not only fairly far away, it’s black. Its surface is as black as soot. So it’s easier to see in radar than with an optical telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Astronomers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/visit-chabot.htm\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> are more optimistic about catching a glimpse of QE2. The public is invited to take a look through Chabot’s 36 inch telescope, Nellie, anytime between 9:00 PM and when the Center closes at 10:30 PM.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And PS: Here’s a KQED Quest video on \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/asteroid-hunters/\">near-Earth asteroids\u003c/a> and the scientists who love them.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3620\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/asteroid20130530-full-1024x576.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3620\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/asteroid20130530-full-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"These radar images of QE2, taken from the Deep Space Network antenna at Goldstone, Calif., reveal that QE2 has a moon approximately 2,000 feet wide. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3620\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These radar images of QE2, taken from the Deep Space Network antenna at Goldstone, Calif., reveal that QE2 has a moon approximately 2,000 feet wide.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A rock the size of nine cruise ships will whiz past Earth on Friday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroid QE2 was not named after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.qe2.org.uk/\">Queen Elizabeth 2\u003c/a> (though it’s often compared to it) and – settle down – it’s coming nowhere near Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, May 31, at 1:59 PDT, QE2 will pass by at a safe distance of about 3.6 million miles, the closest we’ll get to it for another 200 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QE2 is about a third of the size of the asteroid or comet that probably killed off the dinosaurs. But (hypothetically speaking!) if it did hit Earth, it’d “ruin your whole day,” says David Morrison, a space scientist at NASA Ames Research Center, near Mountain View.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nUPDATE: NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena is releasing its first radar images of QE2, and has announced that the asteroid has a moon about 2,000 feet wide. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQEDScience: What’s interesting about this asteroid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MORRISON: It’s big. This asteroid is one of the biggest ones we’ve found recently. It’s big enough that if it did hit the earth — which it’s very unlikely to do — it would pretty much wipe out civilization, we think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You think?! \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know its orbit. It’s well observed. It’s not going to come anywhere close, this time. It’s going to be something like 15 times farther away than the moon. It won’t come back even that close for another 200 years. And as far as we can project into the future, its orbit simply does not intercept the orbit of the earth.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pMeWUYZBXsE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pMeWUYZBXsE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s coming close enough to be within range of our big radars – \u003ca href=\"http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/\">JPL at Goldstone\u003c/a> (in the Mojave Desert) and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.naic.edu/\">NSF Arecibo\u003c/a>, in Puerto Rico. They’ll be able to beam very high-intensity, very precise-frequency radio waves at QE2. When (those radio waves) are reflected back, they’ll reveal something about the asteroid’s shape, its roughness, its rotation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sort of like a topographical map.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ll end up with a model that you can hold in your hands, like a lumpy potato that will show what it really looks like.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nYou’re an astrobiologist. What interests you about asteroids?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids are cool. They’re the leftover building blocks of the planets. They are also capable of hitting us sometimes and doing terrible damage, like the mass extinction that killed off the dinosaurs. So they’re creators and destroyers, of great interest to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it possible that life here on Earth actually began on an asteroid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very unlikely that any asteroid ever had ancient life because they’re simply too small — too small to have atmospheres, water and weather, which we think are the fundamental ingredients for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they could have brought the pieces of life to Earth, the original chemicals. Those could mix together in the Earth’s much better environment and, we think, give rise to life here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will QE2 be visible with a telescope?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be very difficult to see because it’s not only fairly far away, it’s black. Its surface is as black as soot. So it’s easier to see in radar than with an optical telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Astronomers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/visit-chabot.htm\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> are more optimistic about catching a glimpse of QE2. The public is invited to take a look through Chabot’s 36 inch telescope, Nellie, anytime between 9:00 PM and when the Center closes at 10:30 PM.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And PS: Here’s a KQED Quest video on \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/asteroid-hunters/\">near-Earth asteroids\u003c/a> and the scientists who love them.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Wetlands Slowly Drowning as Seas Rise",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Wetlands Slowly Drowning as Seas Rise | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Rising sea levels are likely to virtually wipe out San Francisco Bay’s remaining wetlands by the end of the century — and \u003ca title=\"USGS - release\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/san-francisco-bay-could-lose-marshes-to-sea-level-rise-by-2100-2/\">new research\u003c/a> suggests some could be gone much sooner than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/USGS_100_1031.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3557\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3557\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/USGS_100_1031.jpeg\" alt=\"A USGS researcher takes precise elevation measurements of a marsh on San Francisco Bay. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"634\" height=\"350\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A USGS researcher takes precise elevation measurements of a marsh on San Francisco Bay. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using the most precise land measurements and plant data yet assembled, scientists at the US Geological Survey now expect that some of the Bay’s major marshlands, like Marin County’s Corte Madera Marsh, will be gone in 40 years. And by the end of this century, “Well, our results show that none of them are left,” says ecologist Karen Thorne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne is a research ecologist with the USGS \u003ca title=\"USGS - WERC\" href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/\">Western Ecological Research Center\u003c/a> in Sacramento. Her team did \u003ca title=\"USGS - Bay wetlands study\" href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/ProjectSubWebPage.aspx?SubWebPageID=3&ProjectID=238\">extensive ground and air surveys of 12 wetland areas\u003c/a> around the Bay, including GPS readings with equipment that is accurate down to about an inch of elevation. They fed their data into a newly-developed model and concluded that 95% of the Bay’s wetlands are likely to be awash in rising seas by 2100. The advance of rising seas, driven by global warming, will vary up and down the West Coast. Here in the Bay Area, scientists expect water levels to rise 3-to-4 feet by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3565\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_0479.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3565\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3565\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_0479.jpg\" alt=\"Most of San Francisco Bay's tidal marshes are hemmed in by urban development, making it hard for plants and animals to migrate upslope as seas rise. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of San Francisco Bay’s tidal marshes are hemmed in by urban development, making it hard for plants and animals to migrate upslope as seas rise. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thorne says two things surprised her most about the findings: first, how widely variable the advance will be at various places around the Bay, and second, how little awareness there was among local planners, of how the impacts were likely to play out. Thorne says that according to her model, wetlands toward the south end of San Francisco Bay could withstand the advancing seas to 2080 or beyond, whereas areas around San Pablo Bay (the north end), look to be drowned by 2060 or thereabout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne says the results, which are based on a representative sampling of 12% of the Bay’s wetlands, provide cues for urban planners. The marshes not only provide habitat for endangered species, but “they also provide flood protection for our cities,” she says. “Most of the Bay is urban and those wetlands are your only protection between you and the water.” The inundation of Corte Madera Marsh, for example, would have implications for major retail centers and Highway 101, which back up to it. Major airports, freeways and other infrastructure around the Bay area also at risk, though perhaps not as soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdXu_cPdzfM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne says the current extensive efforts to restore wetlands around the Bay will buy time for land and urban managers to prepare — but won’t prevent the upward march of advancing seas. She suggests that while existing wetlands at the north end of the Bay are likely to go sooner, they may provide the best opportunity to save some by allowing them to move. “In the [distant] past as sea level rose, our wetlands would move upslope, to higher elevations, and we would keep that buffer area,” Thorne explained. “But [today], most of the Bay Area has an urban interface and there’s nowhere for them to go.” She says the marshes at the extreme north and south ends of the Bay, where there remains some open space, are “key areas for conservation and restoration. Everything else is hemmed in.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rising sea levels are likely to virtually wipe out San Francisco Bay’s remaining wetlands by the end of the century — and \u003ca title=\"USGS - release\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/san-francisco-bay-could-lose-marshes-to-sea-level-rise-by-2100-2/\">new research\u003c/a> suggests some could be gone much sooner than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/USGS_100_1031.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3557\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3557\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/USGS_100_1031.jpeg\" alt=\"A USGS researcher takes precise elevation measurements of a marsh on San Francisco Bay. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"634\" height=\"350\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A USGS researcher takes precise elevation measurements of a marsh on San Francisco Bay. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using the most precise land measurements and plant data yet assembled, scientists at the US Geological Survey now expect that some of the Bay’s major marshlands, like Marin County’s Corte Madera Marsh, will be gone in 40 years. And by the end of this century, “Well, our results show that none of them are left,” says ecologist Karen Thorne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne is a research ecologist with the USGS \u003ca title=\"USGS - WERC\" href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/\">Western Ecological Research Center\u003c/a> in Sacramento. Her team did \u003ca title=\"USGS - Bay wetlands study\" href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/ProjectSubWebPage.aspx?SubWebPageID=3&ProjectID=238\">extensive ground and air surveys of 12 wetland areas\u003c/a> around the Bay, including GPS readings with equipment that is accurate down to about an inch of elevation. They fed their data into a newly-developed model and concluded that 95% of the Bay’s wetlands are likely to be awash in rising seas by 2100. The advance of rising seas, driven by global warming, will vary up and down the West Coast. Here in the Bay Area, scientists expect water levels to rise 3-to-4 feet by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3565\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_0479.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3565\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3565\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_0479.jpg\" alt=\"Most of San Francisco Bay's tidal marshes are hemmed in by urban development, making it hard for plants and animals to migrate upslope as seas rise. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of San Francisco Bay’s tidal marshes are hemmed in by urban development, making it hard for plants and animals to migrate upslope as seas rise. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thorne says two things surprised her most about the findings: first, how widely variable the advance will be at various places around the Bay, and second, how little awareness there was among local planners, of how the impacts were likely to play out. Thorne says that according to her model, wetlands toward the south end of San Francisco Bay could withstand the advancing seas to 2080 or beyond, whereas areas around San Pablo Bay (the north end), look to be drowned by 2060 or thereabout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne says the results, which are based on a representative sampling of 12% of the Bay’s wetlands, provide cues for urban planners. The marshes not only provide habitat for endangered species, but “they also provide flood protection for our cities,” she says. “Most of the Bay is urban and those wetlands are your only protection between you and the water.” The inundation of Corte Madera Marsh, for example, would have implications for major retail centers and Highway 101, which back up to it. Major airports, freeways and other infrastructure around the Bay area also at risk, though perhaps not as soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/wdXu_cPdzfM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/wdXu_cPdzfM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne says the current extensive efforts to restore wetlands around the Bay will buy time for land and urban managers to prepare — but won’t prevent the upward march of advancing seas. She suggests that while existing wetlands at the north end of the Bay are likely to go sooner, they may provide the best opportunity to save some by allowing them to move. “In the [distant] past as sea level rose, our wetlands would move upslope, to higher elevations, and we would keep that buffer area,” Thorne explained. “But [today], most of the Bay Area has an urban interface and there’s nowhere for them to go.” She says the marshes at the extreme north and south ends of the Bay, where there remains some open space, are “key areas for conservation and restoration. Everything else is hemmed in.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3405\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3405\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3405\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" alt=\" A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley are asking the public to help with a problem that’s been bugging them – their century-old insect collection needs to be digitized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://essig.berkeley.edu/\">Essig Museum of Entomology\u003c/a> has been gathering insect specimens since the 1880s. With 10,000 drawers filled with bugs, no one’s exactly sure how many there are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody’s really counted them,” says collections manager Peter Oboyski, “but we estimate that we have over five million specimens in our collection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of those insects are preserved on pinheads, attached to small labels that say where and when they were collected. Those field notes hold a valuable record of California’s natural history, but the information has never been transcribed into a database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3407\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 198px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3407\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the public help transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"198\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the public transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it would take decades, if not a hundred years, for us to go one-by-one and enter the data from every specimen,” Oboyski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the public comes in. Through a new online citizen science project called \u003ca href=\"http://www.notesfromnature.org/#/archives/calbug\">Calbug\u003c/a>, the public can pitch in by reviewing photos of the specimens and transcribing the field notes online. UC Berkeley has uploaded almost 100,000 specimens, with several other institutions soon to join in, like the California Academy of Sciences, UC Davis, San Diego Natural History Museum and the Los Angeles County Museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this project works well for our museum, then it can be adapted for all the other collections across the country and even across the world, because there are millions of specimens out there waiting to be transcribed,” says Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With each insect a unique data point, the collection provides a detailed look at California’s habitat. “They are a record of the past of California,” Oboyski says. “They give us a glimpse into the past of what the habitat might have looked, what the climate might have looked like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There are more species of ants in the world than there are of birds\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Collections like this will become particularly valuable as scientists track how wildlife and plants shift with a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have used our collection in the past to look at individual species and how they’ve changed in distribution over time,” he says. “Now we have the capacity to look at entire communities and how they move and change over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects are a crucial part of preserving biodiversity, Oboyski says. “There are more species of ants in the world than there are of birds, and that’s just one family of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.notesfromnature.org/#/archives/calbug\">How to pitch in\u003c/a> on the Calbug project\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How insects help track climate change in KQED QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a> documentary\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3405\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3405\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3405\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" alt=\" A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley are asking the public to help with a problem that’s been bugging them – their century-old insect collection needs to be digitized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://essig.berkeley.edu/\">Essig Museum of Entomology\u003c/a> has been gathering insect specimens since the 1880s. With 10,000 drawers filled with bugs, no one’s exactly sure how many there are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody’s really counted them,” says collections manager Peter Oboyski, “but we estimate that we have over five million specimens in our collection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of those insects are preserved on pinheads, attached to small labels that say where and when they were collected. Those field notes hold a valuable record of California’s natural history, but the information has never been transcribed into a database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3407\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 198px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3407\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the public help transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"198\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the public transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it would take decades, if not a hundred years, for us to go one-by-one and enter the data from every specimen,” Oboyski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the public comes in. Through a new online citizen science project called \u003ca href=\"http://www.notesfromnature.org/#/archives/calbug\">Calbug\u003c/a>, the public can pitch in by reviewing photos of the specimens and transcribing the field notes online. UC Berkeley has uploaded almost 100,000 specimens, with several other institutions soon to join in, like the California Academy of Sciences, UC Davis, San Diego Natural History Museum and the Los Angeles County Museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this project works well for our museum, then it can be adapted for all the other collections across the country and even across the world, because there are millions of specimens out there waiting to be transcribed,” says Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With each insect a unique data point, the collection provides a detailed look at California’s habitat. “They are a record of the past of California,” Oboyski says. “They give us a glimpse into the past of what the habitat might have looked, what the climate might have looked like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There are more species of ants in the world than there are of birds\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Collections like this will become particularly valuable as scientists track how wildlife and plants shift with a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have used our collection in the past to look at individual species and how they’ve changed in distribution over time,” he says. “Now we have the capacity to look at entire communities and how they move and change over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects are a crucial part of preserving biodiversity, Oboyski says. “There are more species of ants in the world than there are of birds, and that’s just one family of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.notesfromnature.org/#/archives/calbug\">How to pitch in\u003c/a> on the Calbug project\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How insects help track climate change in KQED QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a> documentary\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California’s Vanishing Glaciers: A Defining Moment",
"headTitle": "California’s Vanishing Glaciers: A Defining Moment | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3328\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_Stock_p921-e1369354344722.jpg\" alt=\"Geologist Greg Stock climbs the Lyell Glacier in Yosemite. (Photo: Tim Palmer)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologist Greg Stock climbs the Lyell Glacier in Yosemite. (Photo: Tim Palmer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last September, I climbed with a team of scientists and volunteers into the remote high country of Yosemite National Park, onto the ashen hide of the park’s largest ice sheet, the Lyell Glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was there to report but also to assist Greg Stock, Yosemite’s geologist, and Robert Anderson, a glacier researcher from the University of Colorado, in a four-year survey of the \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Lyell Glacier\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyell_Glacier\">Lyell\u003c/a> and neighboring \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Maclure Glacier\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclure_Glacier\">Maclure Glacier\u003c/a>. The objective was to measure the rate of the Lyell and Maclure’s downhill advance by surveying an array of PVC stakes Stock and his team had driven into the ice over the last few summers. On an earlier trip, in July, we drilled in several new stakes with a six-foot ice auger. Two months of ferocious melting had uprooted many of these. The ones that remained in place were bent like reeds, barely anchored to the ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"alignright\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>The story of disappearing ice is \u003ca title=\"Science Daily - post\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130513174811.htm\">a global narrative\u003c/a>. The Lyell and Maclure – like glaciers and ice sheets worldwide – are in rapid state of retreat. Before the trip, the Lyell and Maclure were presumed to be “true” glaciers – that is, thick slabs of ice dragged downhill under their own weight, scouring the land as they move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after we came down from the ice, Stock would come to a sober realization. Amid decades of rising average temperatures, the Lyell and Maclure have lost roughly 65 percent of their surface area and an even greater proportion of their volume. As a result of this mass melting, the Lyell Glacier \u003ca title=\"NPS - release\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/parknews/lyellglacier.htm\">has stopped moving\u003c/a> altogether – transformed from a “living” glacier to a dead patch of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is to say, the Lyell Glacier is a glacier no more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just a matter of semantics. Meltwater from the Lyell and Maclure feeds the Tuolomne River, the main artery of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, which supplies water to 2.4 million residents in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"left\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>Though the total volume of water they contribute to Hetch Hetchy is minimal, the glaciers and permanent snowfields of the Sierra act as important buffers. In late summer, many High Sierra streams go dry. But glacier-fed streams like the Tuolomne supply year-round water to numerous plants, animals – not to mention thirsty hikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond local effects, glaciers respond to long-term changes in average temperature and precipitation, and serve as powerful barometers of climate change. One or two cold or warm years won’t have much effect. But string a decade or two of warm years together and you will see dramatic reductions in ice cover. This warming trend corresponds to a diminution of the state’s snowpack. As of May 1, the state’s snowpack stood at a meager \u003ca title=\"DWR - release\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2013/050213.pdf\">17 percent of average\u003c/a>. Statewide, snowpack is expected to dwindle by 25 percent by the middle of the century, according to the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3331\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemite_glaciers_900-e1369354643426.jpg\" alt=\"(Yael Braha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"407\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Yael Braha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ice-Fueled Heated Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond their vital ecological roles, these glaciers were also the stage for one of the greatest scientific feuds in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the great wanderer and chronicler of the Sierra, John Muir, traveled to Lyell and Maclure in the 1870s, he was in a heated debate with Josiah Whitney, California’s eminent state geologist, who derided Muir as “a mere sheepherder” for venturing into a field in which he had no formal training. Whitney believed a great earthquake was responsible for the formation of Yosemite Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muir, however, postulated that Ice Age glaciers had sculpted Yosemite’s characteristic cliffs and smooth granite faces. Moreover, he knew small glaciers still existed in high recesses of the Sierra. To prove his point, he set out for Mount Maclure on August 21, 1872. When he arrived, he drove tall stakes of whitebark pine into the ice, surveying them with a makeshift plumb-bob to ensure they’d been set in a straight line. If the stakes had moved when he returned, Muir would have powerful evidence that Maclure’s ice sheet was, in fact, a “living” glacier, moving downhill under its own weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muir returned in October and found that the stakes set near the glacier’s edge had shifted little, but those in the center showed significant movement. As Muir related in an 1875 \u003cem>Harper’s Magazine\u003c/em> article called “The Living Glaciers of California,” that stake had traveled “forty-seven inches in forty-six days, or about one inch every twenty-four hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though his debate with Whitney would rage long after his discovery, Muir’s ideas today have been mostly vindicated. Around 10 million years ago, the granite of Yosemite Valley was uplifted and simultaneously \u003ca title=\"Yosemite\" href=\"http://www.yosemite.ca.us/formation/\">cut by the Merced River\u003c/a>. Then, about 2 or 3 million years ago, during the Ice Age, Earth’s climate cooled rapidly and the glaciers took over – scouring the undulating granite canyons, or “yosemites”– including its most famous, Yosemite Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemitemap-e1369353940264.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3322 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemitemap-e1369353940264.jpg\" alt=\"(Map: USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Map: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Muir’s time, the Sierra’s glaciers were near their maximum extent from the so-called Little Ice Age glaciation, a period of cooling and glacial advance that began around 700 years ago. If Stock and Anderson’s estimates hold, these great shapers of the Sierra may be gone within decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of Yosemite’s glaciers have already vanished. In August, I hiked up Illilouette Creek and into the Clark Range, to the site of the Black Mountain Glacier, the first “discovered” by Muir in 1871. He wrote of descending into a deep crevasse known as a \u003cem>bergschrund \u003c/em>along the glacier’s uppermost reaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>Its chambered hollows were hung with a multitude of clustered icicles, amidst which thin subdued light pulsed and shimmered with indescribable loveliness. Water dripped and tinkled overhead, and from far below came strange, solemn murmurs from currents feeding their way among veins and fissures on the bottom. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today nothing remains of the Black Mountain Glacier but a few ellipses of snow in a vast basin of gray talus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death Throes of a Glacier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3032\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MG_5390-Edit.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3032\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3032 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MG_5390-Edit.jpeg\" alt=\"Lyell Glacier (Photo: Kirk Keeler)\" width=\"251\" height=\"512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lyell Glacier (Photo: Kirk Keeler)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Lyell Glacier is rapidly approaching a similar fate. \u003ca title=\"UCSD - image\" href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/thisweek/2009/05/images/icemelt01.jpg\">A photograph from 1903\u003c/a> shows the Lyell Glacier as an unbroken swath of white. In the 110 years of melting since, the Lyell has been cleaved into two separate ice fields. The indications of disappearance are even more dramatic from the Lyell’s surface. High on a cliff on Mt. Lyell is a hand-painted orange letter “K.” When Point K was established in the 1930s, it was at the level of the ice; today, more than 120 feet of bare rock separate it from the glacier’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fading glaciers signal serious problems for the state’s already strained water supplies. A 2008 study conducted by a former hydrologist for Hetch Hetchy Water and Power, for example, predicted that 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming would trigger an uphill shift of snowpack by 2,000 feet by the end of the century – rendering nearly 60 percent of the Hetch Hetchy watershed snow-free by 2100. The Feather River, the main tributary of the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river (and key source of water to the State Water Project) is particularly vulnerable, says Michael Anderson, California’s state climatologist, since much of its snowpack is held at “lower” elevations between 5,000 and 6,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Movement Can Be Deceiving\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after Stock’s findings on the Lyell, we climbed into the ragged basin of the Maclure Glacier. Unlike the surface of the Lyell, the Maclure bears deep, dark crevasses – signs of a still active glacier. At the Maclure’s edge, dozens of wooden stakes from previous surveys were strewn in the rubble – spat out over the decades from the surging tongue of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the steep slopes of the Maclure, the team set out as they had on the Lyell – scouring the ice for the white PVC stakes and re-surveying them. As afternoon temperatures climbed, runoff from the glacier rose to a dull roar, pouring through vibrant blue fissures into the glacier’s recesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the last of the stakes had been surveyed, the team descended. Stock and Anderson pored over the data, performing a few quick calculations. What they found was stunning. The Maclure was not only still moving, it was moving at almost the exact rate Muir calculated back in 1872 – “\u003cem>one inch every twenty four hours.”\u003c/em> Somehow, in spite of its loss of ice, the Maclure continues to move at nearly the same velocity that Muir detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stock and Anderson may have a solution to the conundrum: The mechanics of the Maclure’s motion may have shifted over a century-and-a-half. Turns out glaciers move by one of two possible mechanisms: deformation and sliding. Deformation is the way the world’s very large glaciers move, with the ice moving in layers or “sheets,” the uppermost sheets moving fastest and farthest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sliding, on the other hand is not dictated by thickness but the steepness and structure of the rock under the ice as well as the amount of meltwater coating the glacial bed. This meltwater, Stock explains, can come from one of two sources — melting snow and ice on the surface and “pressure melting” of ice at the bed of the glacier as it is forced around bumps in the bedrock. This water acts as a kind of lubricant, allowing the whole glacier to slide at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stock and Anderson suspect that while the extreme loss of ice has caused deformation to cease, sliding continues to move the Maclure at the same rate measured by Muir. But this scenario may not be a sign of the Maclure’s health. “You can move even a thin carapace of ice if you’ve just got a lubricant underneath it,” says Stock, careful to point out that under a critical threshold thickness – one that the Lyell Glacier seems to have crossed and one the Maclure may be fast approaching – movement stops altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"alignright\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>The best evidence for sliding can be seen from \u003cem>underneath\u003c/em> the Maclure. At the glacier’s edge, a lip of ice cantilevers precariously over the talus. Stock, Anderson and the rest of the team quickly duck under, revealing a cave of ice, in most places no more than three feet high and extending perhaps 150 feet beneath the glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cavern was adorned with surreal stalactites and colonnades of contorted ice, some of which probably derived from snow that fell hundreds of years before the first Europeans arrived on the continent. Above our heads, long straight grooves glittered with ice crystals – clear marks of a glacier actively grinding down its rocky bed. Though I knew the Maclure’s footprint was vastly different from when Muir visited 140 years earlier, I couldn’t help but imagine him here, slithering on hands and knees in this magnificent hollow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our reverie was soon broken. In less than a half-hour, our body heat had discernibly raised the temperature in the cave. Small droplets fell from the low ceiling, making the floor slippery and the tug of gravity more pronounced. It was getting late and we had a long hike back to camp. There was a bright doorway, a glowing oval, where the sun was shining. I snapped a final photograph and slid toward the light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A longer version of this article appears in \u003ca title=\"Earth Island Journal - main\" href=\"http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/the_dying_glaciers_of_california/\">Earth Island Journal\u003c/a>. Our thanks to EIJ for sharing Jeremy Miller’s work with us. Photos in the sound modules are by Jonathan Byers and Kirk Keeler.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can see more photos and hear more about the role of glaciers in California’s ecosystem in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/a-summer-communing-with-californias-glaciers\">conversation between KQED Science Editor Craig Miller and Tim Palmer\u003c/a>, author of \u003c/em>California Glaciers\u003cem>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003chr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\">\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Lyell and Maclure glaciers in Yosemite – like glaciers and ice sheets worldwide – are in rapid state of retreat. The Lyell and Maclure were presumed to be “true” glaciers – that is, thick slabs of ice dragged downhill under their own weight, scouring the land as they move – but scientists are discovering that the Maclure is deteriorating as it moves, and the Lyell is no longer moving at all.",
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"description": "The Lyell and Maclure glaciers in Yosemite – like glaciers and ice sheets worldwide – are in rapid state of retreat. The Lyell and Maclure were presumed to be “true” glaciers – that is, thick slabs of ice dragged downhill under their own weight, scouring the land as they move – but scientists are discovering that the Maclure is deteriorating as it moves, and the Lyell is no longer moving at all.",
"title": "California’s Vanishing Glaciers: A Defining Moment | KQED",
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"description": "Jeremy Miller is a contributing editor for High Country News, and his stories have appeared in numerous publications including Harper's, Orion, Men's Journal, Earth Island Journal, The Boston Globe and The San Francisco Chronicle Sunday Magazine. He currently lives in the East Bay with his wife, Emma, and children, Deirdre and Owen.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3328\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_Stock_p921-e1369354344722.jpg\" alt=\"Geologist Greg Stock climbs the Lyell Glacier in Yosemite. (Photo: Tim Palmer)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologist Greg Stock climbs the Lyell Glacier in Yosemite. (Photo: Tim Palmer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last September, I climbed with a team of scientists and volunteers into the remote high country of Yosemite National Park, onto the ashen hide of the park’s largest ice sheet, the Lyell Glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was there to report but also to assist Greg Stock, Yosemite’s geologist, and Robert Anderson, a glacier researcher from the University of Colorado, in a four-year survey of the \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Lyell Glacier\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyell_Glacier\">Lyell\u003c/a> and neighboring \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Maclure Glacier\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclure_Glacier\">Maclure Glacier\u003c/a>. The objective was to measure the rate of the Lyell and Maclure’s downhill advance by surveying an array of PVC stakes Stock and his team had driven into the ice over the last few summers. On an earlier trip, in July, we drilled in several new stakes with a six-foot ice auger. Two months of ferocious melting had uprooted many of these. The ones that remained in place were bent like reeds, barely anchored to the ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"alignright\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>The story of disappearing ice is \u003ca title=\"Science Daily - post\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130513174811.htm\">a global narrative\u003c/a>. The Lyell and Maclure – like glaciers and ice sheets worldwide – are in rapid state of retreat. Before the trip, the Lyell and Maclure were presumed to be “true” glaciers – that is, thick slabs of ice dragged downhill under their own weight, scouring the land as they move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after we came down from the ice, Stock would come to a sober realization. Amid decades of rising average temperatures, the Lyell and Maclure have lost roughly 65 percent of their surface area and an even greater proportion of their volume. As a result of this mass melting, the Lyell Glacier \u003ca title=\"NPS - release\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/parknews/lyellglacier.htm\">has stopped moving\u003c/a> altogether – transformed from a “living” glacier to a dead patch of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is to say, the Lyell Glacier is a glacier no more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just a matter of semantics. Meltwater from the Lyell and Maclure feeds the Tuolomne River, the main artery of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, which supplies water to 2.4 million residents in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"left\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>Though the total volume of water they contribute to Hetch Hetchy is minimal, the glaciers and permanent snowfields of the Sierra act as important buffers. In late summer, many High Sierra streams go dry. But glacier-fed streams like the Tuolomne supply year-round water to numerous plants, animals – not to mention thirsty hikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond local effects, glaciers respond to long-term changes in average temperature and precipitation, and serve as powerful barometers of climate change. One or two cold or warm years won’t have much effect. But string a decade or two of warm years together and you will see dramatic reductions in ice cover. This warming trend corresponds to a diminution of the state’s snowpack. As of May 1, the state’s snowpack stood at a meager \u003ca title=\"DWR - release\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2013/050213.pdf\">17 percent of average\u003c/a>. Statewide, snowpack is expected to dwindle by 25 percent by the middle of the century, according to the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3331\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemite_glaciers_900-e1369354643426.jpg\" alt=\"(Yael Braha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"407\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Yael Braha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ice-Fueled Heated Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond their vital ecological roles, these glaciers were also the stage for one of the greatest scientific feuds in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the great wanderer and chronicler of the Sierra, John Muir, traveled to Lyell and Maclure in the 1870s, he was in a heated debate with Josiah Whitney, California’s eminent state geologist, who derided Muir as “a mere sheepherder” for venturing into a field in which he had no formal training. Whitney believed a great earthquake was responsible for the formation of Yosemite Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muir, however, postulated that Ice Age glaciers had sculpted Yosemite’s characteristic cliffs and smooth granite faces. Moreover, he knew small glaciers still existed in high recesses of the Sierra. To prove his point, he set out for Mount Maclure on August 21, 1872. When he arrived, he drove tall stakes of whitebark pine into the ice, surveying them with a makeshift plumb-bob to ensure they’d been set in a straight line. If the stakes had moved when he returned, Muir would have powerful evidence that Maclure’s ice sheet was, in fact, a “living” glacier, moving downhill under its own weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muir returned in October and found that the stakes set near the glacier’s edge had shifted little, but those in the center showed significant movement. As Muir related in an 1875 \u003cem>Harper’s Magazine\u003c/em> article called “The Living Glaciers of California,” that stake had traveled “forty-seven inches in forty-six days, or about one inch every twenty-four hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though his debate with Whitney would rage long after his discovery, Muir’s ideas today have been mostly vindicated. Around 10 million years ago, the granite of Yosemite Valley was uplifted and simultaneously \u003ca title=\"Yosemite\" href=\"http://www.yosemite.ca.us/formation/\">cut by the Merced River\u003c/a>. Then, about 2 or 3 million years ago, during the Ice Age, Earth’s climate cooled rapidly and the glaciers took over – scouring the undulating granite canyons, or “yosemites”– including its most famous, Yosemite Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemitemap-e1369353940264.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3322 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemitemap-e1369353940264.jpg\" alt=\"(Map: USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Map: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Muir’s time, the Sierra’s glaciers were near their maximum extent from the so-called Little Ice Age glaciation, a period of cooling and glacial advance that began around 700 years ago. If Stock and Anderson’s estimates hold, these great shapers of the Sierra may be gone within decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of Yosemite’s glaciers have already vanished. In August, I hiked up Illilouette Creek and into the Clark Range, to the site of the Black Mountain Glacier, the first “discovered” by Muir in 1871. He wrote of descending into a deep crevasse known as a \u003cem>bergschrund \u003c/em>along the glacier’s uppermost reaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>Its chambered hollows were hung with a multitude of clustered icicles, amidst which thin subdued light pulsed and shimmered with indescribable loveliness. Water dripped and tinkled overhead, and from far below came strange, solemn murmurs from currents feeding their way among veins and fissures on the bottom. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today nothing remains of the Black Mountain Glacier but a few ellipses of snow in a vast basin of gray talus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death Throes of a Glacier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3032\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MG_5390-Edit.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3032\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3032 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MG_5390-Edit.jpeg\" alt=\"Lyell Glacier (Photo: Kirk Keeler)\" width=\"251\" height=\"512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lyell Glacier (Photo: Kirk Keeler)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Lyell Glacier is rapidly approaching a similar fate. \u003ca title=\"UCSD - image\" href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/thisweek/2009/05/images/icemelt01.jpg\">A photograph from 1903\u003c/a> shows the Lyell Glacier as an unbroken swath of white. In the 110 years of melting since, the Lyell has been cleaved into two separate ice fields. The indications of disappearance are even more dramatic from the Lyell’s surface. High on a cliff on Mt. Lyell is a hand-painted orange letter “K.” When Point K was established in the 1930s, it was at the level of the ice; today, more than 120 feet of bare rock separate it from the glacier’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fading glaciers signal serious problems for the state’s already strained water supplies. A 2008 study conducted by a former hydrologist for Hetch Hetchy Water and Power, for example, predicted that 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming would trigger an uphill shift of snowpack by 2,000 feet by the end of the century – rendering nearly 60 percent of the Hetch Hetchy watershed snow-free by 2100. The Feather River, the main tributary of the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river (and key source of water to the State Water Project) is particularly vulnerable, says Michael Anderson, California’s state climatologist, since much of its snowpack is held at “lower” elevations between 5,000 and 6,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Movement Can Be Deceiving\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after Stock’s findings on the Lyell, we climbed into the ragged basin of the Maclure Glacier. Unlike the surface of the Lyell, the Maclure bears deep, dark crevasses – signs of a still active glacier. At the Maclure’s edge, dozens of wooden stakes from previous surveys were strewn in the rubble – spat out over the decades from the surging tongue of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the steep slopes of the Maclure, the team set out as they had on the Lyell – scouring the ice for the white PVC stakes and re-surveying them. As afternoon temperatures climbed, runoff from the glacier rose to a dull roar, pouring through vibrant blue fissures into the glacier’s recesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the last of the stakes had been surveyed, the team descended. Stock and Anderson pored over the data, performing a few quick calculations. What they found was stunning. The Maclure was not only still moving, it was moving at almost the exact rate Muir calculated back in 1872 – “\u003cem>one inch every twenty four hours.”\u003c/em> Somehow, in spite of its loss of ice, the Maclure continues to move at nearly the same velocity that Muir detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stock and Anderson may have a solution to the conundrum: The mechanics of the Maclure’s motion may have shifted over a century-and-a-half. Turns out glaciers move by one of two possible mechanisms: deformation and sliding. Deformation is the way the world’s very large glaciers move, with the ice moving in layers or “sheets,” the uppermost sheets moving fastest and farthest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sliding, on the other hand is not dictated by thickness but the steepness and structure of the rock under the ice as well as the amount of meltwater coating the glacial bed. This meltwater, Stock explains, can come from one of two sources — melting snow and ice on the surface and “pressure melting” of ice at the bed of the glacier as it is forced around bumps in the bedrock. This water acts as a kind of lubricant, allowing the whole glacier to slide at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stock and Anderson suspect that while the extreme loss of ice has caused deformation to cease, sliding continues to move the Maclure at the same rate measured by Muir. But this scenario may not be a sign of the Maclure’s health. “You can move even a thin carapace of ice if you’ve just got a lubricant underneath it,” says Stock, careful to point out that under a critical threshold thickness – one that the Lyell Glacier seems to have crossed and one the Maclure may be fast approaching – movement stops altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"alignright\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>The best evidence for sliding can be seen from \u003cem>underneath\u003c/em> the Maclure. At the glacier’s edge, a lip of ice cantilevers precariously over the talus. Stock, Anderson and the rest of the team quickly duck under, revealing a cave of ice, in most places no more than three feet high and extending perhaps 150 feet beneath the glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cavern was adorned with surreal stalactites and colonnades of contorted ice, some of which probably derived from snow that fell hundreds of years before the first Europeans arrived on the continent. Above our heads, long straight grooves glittered with ice crystals – clear marks of a glacier actively grinding down its rocky bed. Though I knew the Maclure’s footprint was vastly different from when Muir visited 140 years earlier, I couldn’t help but imagine him here, slithering on hands and knees in this magnificent hollow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our reverie was soon broken. In less than a half-hour, our body heat had discernibly raised the temperature in the cave. Small droplets fell from the low ceiling, making the floor slippery and the tug of gravity more pronounced. It was getting late and we had a long hike back to camp. There was a bright doorway, a glowing oval, where the sun was shining. I snapped a final photograph and slid toward the light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A longer version of this article appears in \u003ca title=\"Earth Island Journal - main\" href=\"http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/the_dying_glaciers_of_california/\">Earth Island Journal\u003c/a>. Our thanks to EIJ for sharing Jeremy Miller’s work with us. Photos in the sound modules are by Jonathan Byers and Kirk Keeler.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3345\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/PGEBatteryProject-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3345\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3345\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/PGEBatteryProject-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"PG&E's Dave Fribush shows the interior of their 4MW battery storage project in San Jose. (Photo: PG&E)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E’s Dave Fribush shows the interior of their 4 MW battery storage project in San Jose. (Photo: PG&E) \u003ccite>(Courtesy of PG&E)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You probably wouldn’t notice it if you drove right past it — but this week PG&E unveiled California’s largest battery, now storing electrons in San Jose. The project is a pilot for energy storage technology, as electric utilities look for ways to balance increasing amounts of solar and wind energy on the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 4-megawatt sodium-sulfur array can power about 2,400 homes for up to seven hours. That takes a mighty big battery. “If you pulled a semi-truck up next to it, it would be about the same length and a little bit taller,” says Jon Eric Thalman of PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storing electricity is not something utilities have traditionally done. “On the grid, we generate the amount of power that is needed, minute-by-minute,” Thalman says. “We don’t store it and have it at the ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the electric grid is rapidly changing in California. When the sun is shining and the wind is blowing, solar and wind farms produce electricity much like traditional power plants do. But if clouds pass over a solar project, “the change in power can be 80 percent of its output, easily,” says Thalman. “Something has to make up that drop and it happens in seconds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3383\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/photo-216x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3383\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/photo-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"The battery holds seven hours of electricity for 2,400 homes. (Photo: PG&E)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3383\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The battery holds seven hours of electricity for 2,400 homes. (Photo: PG&E)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s where PG&E’s battery project comes in. While this project is small, PG&E says it’s a pilot for energy storage projects down the road. “It is one of the main ways to think about storing energy because it’s so flexible, but there are challenges as have to solve,” says Venkat Srinivasan, of the \u003ca title=\"JCESR - main\" href=\"http://www.jcesr.org/\">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research\u003c/a> at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are more expensive than we want them to be, but I think it’s a start,” he says. “It’s showing the proof of principal. I think we need more of these before we figure out if these are viable technologies that we can use on a big scale.” PG&E’s $18 million project was funded in part by a $3 million grant from the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluctuations in renewable energy are currently balanced by natural gas power plants. PG&E also has a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helms_Pumped_Storage_Plant\">“pumped hydro” project\u003c/a> where water is pumped uphill when there’s excess electricity and then generates power through a dam when demand peaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot things that batteries can do that traditional resources can’t,” says Thalman. “The question for utilities and the operators is: do we want to value that? Batteries and energy storage can respond a lot faster than traditional sources. That’s not something we value right now with a market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Public Utilities Commission is looking at setting energy storage goals for the state’s utilities, based on a law passed in 2010. Southern California Edison is required to \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-13/edison-seeking-energy-storage-to-meet-california-requirement.html\">add at least 50 MW of energy storage\u003c/a> to the grid as part of a larger plan for new power plants.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3345\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/PGEBatteryProject-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3345\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3345\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/PGEBatteryProject-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"PG&E's Dave Fribush shows the interior of their 4MW battery storage project in San Jose. (Photo: PG&E)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E’s Dave Fribush shows the interior of their 4 MW battery storage project in San Jose. (Photo: PG&E) \u003ccite>(Courtesy of PG&E)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You probably wouldn’t notice it if you drove right past it — but this week PG&E unveiled California’s largest battery, now storing electrons in San Jose. The project is a pilot for energy storage technology, as electric utilities look for ways to balance increasing amounts of solar and wind energy on the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 4-megawatt sodium-sulfur array can power about 2,400 homes for up to seven hours. That takes a mighty big battery. “If you pulled a semi-truck up next to it, it would be about the same length and a little bit taller,” says Jon Eric Thalman of PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storing electricity is not something utilities have traditionally done. “On the grid, we generate the amount of power that is needed, minute-by-minute,” Thalman says. “We don’t store it and have it at the ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the electric grid is rapidly changing in California. When the sun is shining and the wind is blowing, solar and wind farms produce electricity much like traditional power plants do. But if clouds pass over a solar project, “the change in power can be 80 percent of its output, easily,” says Thalman. “Something has to make up that drop and it happens in seconds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3383\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/photo-216x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3383\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/photo-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"The battery holds seven hours of electricity for 2,400 homes. (Photo: PG&E)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3383\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The battery holds seven hours of electricity for 2,400 homes. (Photo: PG&E)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s where PG&E’s battery project comes in. While this project is small, PG&E says it’s a pilot for energy storage projects down the road. “It is one of the main ways to think about storing energy because it’s so flexible, but there are challenges as have to solve,” says Venkat Srinivasan, of the \u003ca title=\"JCESR - main\" href=\"http://www.jcesr.org/\">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research\u003c/a> at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are more expensive than we want them to be, but I think it’s a start,” he says. “It’s showing the proof of principal. I think we need more of these before we figure out if these are viable technologies that we can use on a big scale.” PG&E’s $18 million project was funded in part by a $3 million grant from the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluctuations in renewable energy are currently balanced by natural gas power plants. PG&E also has a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helms_Pumped_Storage_Plant\">“pumped hydro” project\u003c/a> where water is pumped uphill when there’s excess electricity and then generates power through a dam when demand peaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot things that batteries can do that traditional resources can’t,” says Thalman. “The question for utilities and the operators is: do we want to value that? Batteries and energy storage can respond a lot faster than traditional sources. That’s not something we value right now with a market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Public Utilities Commission is looking at setting energy storage goals for the state’s utilities, based on a law passed in 2010. Southern California Edison is required to \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-13/edison-seeking-energy-storage-to-meet-california-requirement.html\">add at least 50 MW of energy storage\u003c/a> to the grid as part of a larger plan for new power plants.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3243\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" alt=\"Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\" width=\"246\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is joining some of the nation’s leading scientists on Thursday to release a “call to action” on climate change — an unusual step for the scientific community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 500 scientists from around world signed a joint statement drafted by California scientists, in the hope of sending a unified message about the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big points we’re trying to make is that there’s not debate about the reality of these issues,” says UC Berkeley paleontologist Anthony Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement came about after Barnosky \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/06/06/scientists-uncover-evidence-of-impending-tipping-point-for-earth/\">published a paper\u003c/a> on climate change last year and got a phone call from Governor Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the course of the conversation he said, ‘Well, if all this stuff is such a big deal, why aren’t scientists shouting about it?’” says Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-page statement says that within this century, the Earth could be warmer than the human species has ever experienced. An increase in extreme storms, droughts and heat waves could cost society billions of dollars in the next few decades. Biodiversity could also decline, with at least 20 to 40 percent of species at increased risk of going extinct by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists can only do so much. At some point, society has to decide whether they’re going to fix these problems or not,” Barnosky says. “The point we’re making is that now is decision time. Every day we wait makes the problem harder, so we need to start immediately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the political rhetoric around climate change, Barnosky hopes their statement will help policymakers take on tough decisions about how to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3243\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" alt=\"Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\" width=\"246\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is joining some of the nation’s leading scientists on Thursday to release a “call to action” on climate change — an unusual step for the scientific community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 500 scientists from around world signed a joint statement drafted by California scientists, in the hope of sending a unified message about the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big points we’re trying to make is that there’s not debate about the reality of these issues,” says UC Berkeley paleontologist Anthony Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement came about after Barnosky \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/06/06/scientists-uncover-evidence-of-impending-tipping-point-for-earth/\">published a paper\u003c/a> on climate change last year and got a phone call from Governor Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the course of the conversation he said, ‘Well, if all this stuff is such a big deal, why aren’t scientists shouting about it?’” says Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Like all mammals, the Neanderthals breast-fed their babies. Scientists wanted to know: For how long? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12169.html\">Nature\u003c/a>, a team of researchers, including several from UC Berkeley, say they’ve answered that question by looking at the fossilized tooth of an eight-year old Neanderthal child, discovered in a Belgian cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asa Bradman is an environmental health scientist at UC Berkeley and a co-author on the paper. He says teeth are like a time capsule. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because teeth grow in rings, kind of like trees do, you can actually date when a given layer of the tooth was put down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast milk is high in barium, which crystalizes in teeth, even before they emerge from a baby’s gum line. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bradman, UC Berkeley’s Brenda Eskenazi, and others on the team hypothesized that if they could learn how barium deposits correspond with age, they might reveal the breast-feeding histories of our distant cousins the Neanderthals, who roamed Europe 30,000 to 300,000 years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, they had to establish that their methodology worked. So, they tried it out with humans: a group of pregnant women recruited in Salinas, California as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://cerch.org/research-programs/chamacos/\">Health Assessment of Mothers and Children Study\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twice during pregnancy and at six-month intervals after birth, researchers asked the mothers whether they were using breast milk or formula, and noted the age at which mothers introduced food to their children. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3214\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NBF_Nature_cropped.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3214\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NBF_Nature_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Analysis of a Neanderthal tooth, showing Barium levels. (Photo courtesy Nature)\" width=\"640\" height=\"582\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Analysis of a Neanderthal tooth, showing Barium levels. (Photo courtesy Nature)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years later, when the kids started to lose their teeth, researchers brought those teeth in for lab analysis, to see how barium levels corresponded to breast feeding histories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did the same thing with macaque monkeys living at UC Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis of both species showed a clear breakdown of when barium levels were highest – i.e, during periods of exclusive breast feeding – and when they returned to “baseline” levels, after the child had weaned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the tooth,” says Bradman, “we can actually see a fingerprint, so to speak, of the milk intake during the life of the child.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, a team of scientists analyzed the fossilized tooth of an eight-year old Neanderthal child, some 100 thousand years old, found in Belgium’s Scladina cave. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The child was exclusively breastfed for about seven months and then continued to breastfeed up until 14 months,” says Bradman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s remarkably similar to the recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics for modern humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on this story, See Adam Cole’s excellent \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/05/21/185813855/Scientific-Tooth-Fairies-Investigate-Neanderthal-Breastfeeding\">article\u003c/a> on npr.org. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Like all mammals, the Neanderthals breast fed their babies. Scientists wanted to know: For how long? A team of researchers say they’ve answered that question by looking at the fossilized tooth of an eight-year old Neanderthal child discovered in a Belgian cave.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Like all mammals, the Neanderthals breast-fed their babies. Scientists wanted to know: For how long? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12169.html\">Nature\u003c/a>, a team of researchers, including several from UC Berkeley, say they’ve answered that question by looking at the fossilized tooth of an eight-year old Neanderthal child, discovered in a Belgian cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asa Bradman is an environmental health scientist at UC Berkeley and a co-author on the paper. He says teeth are like a time capsule. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because teeth grow in rings, kind of like trees do, you can actually date when a given layer of the tooth was put down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast milk is high in barium, which crystalizes in teeth, even before they emerge from a baby’s gum line. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bradman, UC Berkeley’s Brenda Eskenazi, and others on the team hypothesized that if they could learn how barium deposits correspond with age, they might reveal the breast-feeding histories of our distant cousins the Neanderthals, who roamed Europe 30,000 to 300,000 years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, they had to establish that their methodology worked. So, they tried it out with humans: a group of pregnant women recruited in Salinas, California as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://cerch.org/research-programs/chamacos/\">Health Assessment of Mothers and Children Study\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twice during pregnancy and at six-month intervals after birth, researchers asked the mothers whether they were using breast milk or formula, and noted the age at which mothers introduced food to their children. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3214\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NBF_Nature_cropped.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3214\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NBF_Nature_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Analysis of a Neanderthal tooth, showing Barium levels. (Photo courtesy Nature)\" width=\"640\" height=\"582\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Analysis of a Neanderthal tooth, showing Barium levels. (Photo courtesy Nature)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years later, when the kids started to lose their teeth, researchers brought those teeth in for lab analysis, to see how barium levels corresponded to breast feeding histories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did the same thing with macaque monkeys living at UC Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis of both species showed a clear breakdown of when barium levels were highest – i.e, during periods of exclusive breast feeding – and when they returned to “baseline” levels, after the child had weaned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the tooth,” says Bradman, “we can actually see a fingerprint, so to speak, of the milk intake during the life of the child.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, a team of scientists analyzed the fossilized tooth of an eight-year old Neanderthal child, some 100 thousand years old, found in Belgium’s Scladina cave. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The child was exclusively breastfed for about seven months and then continued to breastfeed up until 14 months,” says Bradman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s remarkably similar to the recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics for modern humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on this story, See Adam Cole’s excellent \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/05/21/185813855/Scientific-Tooth-Fairies-Investigate-Neanderthal-Breastfeeding\">article\u003c/a> on npr.org. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Animal Advocates Sue Caltrans Over Highway 101 Bird Deaths",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 177px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often nest in cities on buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\" width=\"177\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often build nests on the sides buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A construction project on Highway 101 in Marin and Sonoma Counties is taking a toll on nesting \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cliff_Swallow/id\">cliff swallows\u003c/a>. Environmental groups are suing Caltrans to remove a net that’s trapping and killing some of the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The netting on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/msn/\">Marin-Sonoma Narrows\u003c/a> project near Petaluma was intended to keep swallows from nesting on the overpass during construction. Instead, the net is entrapping them and birds are dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carter Dillard, the director of litigation for the Cotati-based \u003ca href=\"http://aldf.org/\">Animal Legal Defense Fund\u003c/a> said the net, which has been up since late March, violates federal law, and the suit demands that Caltrans remove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law was passed to protect wildlife that are an integral part of our ecosystem,” said Dillard. “There’s no excuse for killing these animals, and they’re dying in horrific ways. The agency should simply take down the netting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far the netting has claimed more than 100 swallows, according to Dillard. His group filed the lawsuit in federal court on Friday on behalf of five conservation organizations. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/chapter-7/subchapter-II\">Migratory Bird Treaty Act\u003c/a> prohibits killing migrating birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Caltrans spokesman said the department has a policy of not commenting on pending litigation.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 177px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often nest in cities on buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\" width=\"177\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often build nests on the sides buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A construction project on Highway 101 in Marin and Sonoma Counties is taking a toll on nesting \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cliff_Swallow/id\">cliff swallows\u003c/a>. Environmental groups are suing Caltrans to remove a net that’s trapping and killing some of the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The netting on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/msn/\">Marin-Sonoma Narrows\u003c/a> project near Petaluma was intended to keep swallows from nesting on the overpass during construction. Instead, the net is entrapping them and birds are dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carter Dillard, the director of litigation for the Cotati-based \u003ca href=\"http://aldf.org/\">Animal Legal Defense Fund\u003c/a> said the net, which has been up since late March, violates federal law, and the suit demands that Caltrans remove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law was passed to protect wildlife that are an integral part of our ecosystem,” said Dillard. “There’s no excuse for killing these animals, and they’re dying in horrific ways. The agency should simply take down the netting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far the netting has claimed more than 100 swallows, according to Dillard. His group filed the lawsuit in federal court on Friday on behalf of five conservation organizations. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/chapter-7/subchapter-II\">Migratory Bird Treaty Act\u003c/a> prohibits killing migrating birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Could Rooftop Solar Kill Utilities? California Grapples with Solar's Success",
"headTitle": "Could Rooftop Solar Kill Utilities? California Grapples with Solar’s Success | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-20-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2790\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2790\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has been a champion of solar incentive programs and so far, those policies have largely worked: the state is home to more than half of all rooftop solar projects in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they may have worked a little too well in one respect. As increasing numbers of Californians generate their own electricity, they rely less on electric utilities and that’s raising major questions about the future of California’s utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility business model has been largely the same for decades. Utilities build transmission lines, deliver power to customers and recover those costs via your monthly bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not hard to see why a customer like Chuck Pershing might make utilities nervous. “This is from PG&E,” he says, digging through a folder of bills. “Electric is $4.73. Here’s another which was $5.01.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck and his wife Suzanne Pershing pay next-to-nothing to Pacific Gas & Electric because of the solar panels atop their four-bedroom house in San Leandro. On a sunny afternoon, the panels are cranking out power – more than the couple are actually using. That extra power goes onto PG&E’s grid, where it supplies other homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see where it says ‘received,” says Pershing, pointing to his electric meter. “So PG&E is receiving from us right now 4.32 kilowatts per hour.” PG&E keeps track of this and credits the Pershings on their bill. While they still have to buy electricity from PG&E at night when there’s no sun, it’s effectively cancelled out by the extra power they feed back to PG&E during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/net_metering.php\">net energy metering\u003c/a>” and it helps solar projects like this one make financial sense. “It’s great,” says Pershing, who says he can’t resist going outside and checking the meter daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Victims of Success\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been a great program so far,” says David Rubin, who works on net-metering at PG&E. “It was an appropriate thing to do to help the solar market grow. We do, however have a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 85,000 PG&E customers have gone solar. Under state law, once these homegrown electrons make up five percent of peak demand, utilities don’t have to buy the power anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, Rubin says, is that solar customers aren’t paying their fair share. “Solar customers really use the grid more intensively than non-solar customers,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=GVIZ&t=LINE&gco_vAxes=%5B%7B%22title%22%3Anull%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%7D%2C%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%7D%5D&gco_curveType=&gco_booleanRole=certainty&gco_lineWidth=2&gco_hAxis=%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindowMode%22%3Anull%7D&gco_legend=in&gco_title=Customer+Solar+Projects+in+California%E2%80%99s+Investor-Owned+Utilities&gco_series=%7B%220%22%3A%7B%22lineWidth%22%3A2%2C+%22pointSize%22%3A7%7D%7D&gco_theme=maximized&containerId=gviz_canvas&isXyPlot=true&q=select+col0%2C+col1+from+1gpYZLkIhgjxu_Q7f-N_4gXUtncn1MDyEbkuIE-U&qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&qe=+order+by+col0+asc+limit+12&width=500&height=300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone pays for the grid – building and maintaining the wires and substations – through the price of electricity. By reducing their bills close to zero, Rubin says solar customers avoid paying for power lines they’re still using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those costs then become the responsibility of our other customers,” he says, who subsidize about $200 million a year in lost electricity sales. That’s why the state’s big utilities are bringing the issue to the California Public Utilities Commission, the agency that sets power prices. Utilities want to see the net-metering program changed, so solar customers get smaller credits or are charged a fixed monthly fee to support the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t think that we are losing customers,” says Rubin. “We are proud that we represent that largest number of solar customers within the country. We just want to make sure it grows in a sustainable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The utility anxiety is palpable,” says Edward Fenster, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunrunhome.com/\">Sunrun\u003c/a>, a residential solar company based in San Francisco. He says the growth of rooftop solar is a fundamental threat to utilities and the monopoly they’ve held.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has never had to compete in 140 years,” Fenster says. “It doesn’t have a sales force. Utilities just can’t raise rates forever now, without having to worry about a competitive force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar companies don’t dispute that their customers still need PG&E’s grid. “In theory you should pay something for that,” says Fenster. “That said, you’re also providing a benefit to everybody, which is that you’re reducing the need for the utility to invest in transmission and power generation, saving everybody money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Several Bay Area solar companies including Sunrun recently formed the\u003ca href=\"http://allianceforsolarchoice.com/\"> Alliance for Solar Choice\u003c/a>, a coalition set up to defend net metering. Fenster says they only expect to fight more of these battles as solar claims more of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a 20-year journey for us,” Fenster says. “But again, I think the populous is very much behind solar. I mean, being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real concern is that as we move toward higher and higher levels of renewable power on the customer side, we’re going to see bigger shortfalls and the utilities are going to have to raise more revenue,” says Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: as utilities raise electricity prices, it encourages more of their customers to go solar. That equals an even bigger shortfall and utilities raise prices again. It quickly becomes what Bornstein calls a “death spiral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even for those who hate utilities, it’s not a death spiral that should make them happy because none of these solar customers are really energy independent,” says Borenstien. “They still require having a grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission is expected to release its net-metering analysis by the end of the summer. Many say whatever regulators decide to do, it will set a precedent not just for solar customers in California, but for the solar industry across the country.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-20-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2790\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2790\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has been a champion of solar incentive programs and so far, those policies have largely worked: the state is home to more than half of all rooftop solar projects in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they may have worked a little too well in one respect. As increasing numbers of Californians generate their own electricity, they rely less on electric utilities and that’s raising major questions about the future of California’s utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility business model has been largely the same for decades. Utilities build transmission lines, deliver power to customers and recover those costs via your monthly bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not hard to see why a customer like Chuck Pershing might make utilities nervous. “This is from PG&E,” he says, digging through a folder of bills. “Electric is $4.73. Here’s another which was $5.01.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck and his wife Suzanne Pershing pay next-to-nothing to Pacific Gas & Electric because of the solar panels atop their four-bedroom house in San Leandro. On a sunny afternoon, the panels are cranking out power – more than the couple are actually using. That extra power goes onto PG&E’s grid, where it supplies other homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see where it says ‘received,” says Pershing, pointing to his electric meter. “So PG&E is receiving from us right now 4.32 kilowatts per hour.” PG&E keeps track of this and credits the Pershings on their bill. While they still have to buy electricity from PG&E at night when there’s no sun, it’s effectively cancelled out by the extra power they feed back to PG&E during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/net_metering.php\">net energy metering\u003c/a>” and it helps solar projects like this one make financial sense. “It’s great,” says Pershing, who says he can’t resist going outside and checking the meter daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Victims of Success\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been a great program so far,” says David Rubin, who works on net-metering at PG&E. “It was an appropriate thing to do to help the solar market grow. We do, however have a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 85,000 PG&E customers have gone solar. Under state law, once these homegrown electrons make up five percent of peak demand, utilities don’t have to buy the power anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, Rubin says, is that solar customers aren’t paying their fair share. “Solar customers really use the grid more intensively than non-solar customers,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=GVIZ&t=LINE&gco_vAxes=%5B%7B%22title%22%3Anull%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%7D%2C%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%7D%5D&gco_curveType=&gco_booleanRole=certainty&gco_lineWidth=2&gco_hAxis=%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindowMode%22%3Anull%7D&gco_legend=in&gco_title=Customer+Solar+Projects+in+California%E2%80%99s+Investor-Owned+Utilities&gco_series=%7B%220%22%3A%7B%22lineWidth%22%3A2%2C+%22pointSize%22%3A7%7D%7D&gco_theme=maximized&containerId=gviz_canvas&isXyPlot=true&q=select+col0%2C+col1+from+1gpYZLkIhgjxu_Q7f-N_4gXUtncn1MDyEbkuIE-U&qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&qe=+order+by+col0+asc+limit+12&width=500&height=300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone pays for the grid – building and maintaining the wires and substations – through the price of electricity. By reducing their bills close to zero, Rubin says solar customers avoid paying for power lines they’re still using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those costs then become the responsibility of our other customers,” he says, who subsidize about $200 million a year in lost electricity sales. That’s why the state’s big utilities are bringing the issue to the California Public Utilities Commission, the agency that sets power prices. Utilities want to see the net-metering program changed, so solar customers get smaller credits or are charged a fixed monthly fee to support the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t think that we are losing customers,” says Rubin. “We are proud that we represent that largest number of solar customers within the country. We just want to make sure it grows in a sustainable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The utility anxiety is palpable,” says Edward Fenster, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunrunhome.com/\">Sunrun\u003c/a>, a residential solar company based in San Francisco. He says the growth of rooftop solar is a fundamental threat to utilities and the monopoly they’ve held.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has never had to compete in 140 years,” Fenster says. “It doesn’t have a sales force. Utilities just can’t raise rates forever now, without having to worry about a competitive force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar companies don’t dispute that their customers still need PG&E’s grid. “In theory you should pay something for that,” says Fenster. “That said, you’re also providing a benefit to everybody, which is that you’re reducing the need for the utility to invest in transmission and power generation, saving everybody money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Several Bay Area solar companies including Sunrun recently formed the\u003ca href=\"http://allianceforsolarchoice.com/\"> Alliance for Solar Choice\u003c/a>, a coalition set up to defend net metering. Fenster says they only expect to fight more of these battles as solar claims more of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a 20-year journey for us,” Fenster says. “But again, I think the populous is very much behind solar. I mean, being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real concern is that as we move toward higher and higher levels of renewable power on the customer side, we’re going to see bigger shortfalls and the utilities are going to have to raise more revenue,” says Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: as utilities raise electricity prices, it encourages more of their customers to go solar. That equals an even bigger shortfall and utilities raise prices again. It quickly becomes what Bornstein calls a “death spiral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even for those who hate utilities, it’s not a death spiral that should make them happy because none of these solar customers are really energy independent,” says Borenstien. “They still require having a grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission is expected to release its net-metering analysis by the end of the summer. Many say whatever regulators decide to do, it will set a precedent not just for solar customers in California, but for the solar industry across the country.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2909 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/525281main_earth-4x3-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Image: NASA JPL)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway graphic of the Earth, showing the outermost crust, mantle (red) and core. (Image: NASA JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not chewy or chocolate cream, nor is it a raging sea guarded by giant lizards, as in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_%281959_film%29\">1959 film adaptation\u003c/a> of Jules Verne’s classic \u003cem>A Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here’s a high school geology refresher: the Earth has an outer core and an inner core. The outer is liquid metal, and the inner core — we thought — was a solid ball of hot iron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when seismic waves pass through the inner core, they sometimes behave strangely, moving at different speeds, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to explain, though, what about iron might be causing these interesting phenomena, that’s what we didn’t have much information on,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://pangea.stanford.edu/people/faculty/wendy-mao\">Wendy Mao\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she and Arianna Gleason, a post-doc at Stanford, applied the same amount of pressure to iron that they think it’s under at the center of the earth — about three million times as much pressure as at sea level — it was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1808.html\">surprisingly soft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, it’s much harder than silly putty,” Mao says. But conditions at the core are so different from the surface, it’s hard to really compare it to anything here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mao says, knowing the iron at the core is weak helps explain the strange behavior of seismic waves, and will help scientists better understand other quirks about our planet.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"order": 9
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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