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"title": "Who Profits from Proposition 65? (Part One)",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/07/2013-07-01-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4862\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Prop-65-warning-e1372446825599.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4862\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4862 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Prop-65-warning-e1372446825599.jpg\" alt=\"Prop. 65 warning posted outside of a San Francisco auto parts store. (Mike Osborne/KQED)\" width=\"355\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prop. 65 warning posted outside of a San Francisco auto parts store. (Mike Osborne/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You’ve seen the signs all over California, on parking garages, gas stations, office buildings and convenience stores. “Warning,” they say, “this area contains a chemical known to cause cancer or birth defects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signs are there because of a law called \u003ca href=\"http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/background/p65plain.html\">Proposition 65\u003c/a>, passed by California voters in 1986 in order to reduce Californian’s exposure to toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now there’s an effort in Sacramento to revise the law, amid charges that Prop. 65 has prompted a flood of frivolous lawsuits that make millions of dollars for a select few and cause undue headaches for thousands of California businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really understand Proposition 65, consider an iceberg, says David Roe, who helped write the law when he was an attorney for the Environmental Defense Fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically,” Roe says, “you don’t see 95 percent of the effect of Prop 65.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those warning signs, Roe says, are just the tip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/chemicals_rev2_12001-e1372464530473.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/chemicals_rev2_12001-e1372464530473.png\" alt=\"Click to see larger image. (Produced by Mike Osborne, graphic by Yael Braha)\" width=\"641\" height=\"265\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4929\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see larger image. (Produced by Mike Osborne, graphic by Yael Braha)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The real base of the iceberg is made up of places where we see no signs at all, places businesses said, as Roe puts it, “I don’t want to tell people there’s a cancer-causing chemical in my hair dye, so I’m going to take it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roe says this has happened to hundreds of products, everything from raincoats to CD cases and the caps on wine bottles. Companies didn’t want to put a Prop. 65 warning label on their product, so they reformulated it to take the toxic chemical out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is a big market. So rather than create a separate product stream, companies now sell\u003cbr>\nthese reformulated products nationwide. “In effect,” says Roe, “the whole country is benefiting from one state’s law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Some attorneys have used Proposition 65 to extract quick, go-away settlements.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But there have been other consequences, too, consequences that critics of Prop. 65 consider to be the base of the iceberg. Those have been getting a lot of attention these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Governor Jerry Brown called for a \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18026\">broad reform\u003c/a> of Prop. 65, making warning signs more specific, revisiting the science of acceptable levels for some chemicals and taking steps to end what he called “frivolous shake-down lawsuits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a more limited Prop. 65 reform bill – \u003ca href=\"http://www.asmdc.org/members/a43/press-releases/mike-gatto-s-bill-to-protect-small-businesses-clears-assembly-judiciary-committee\">AB 227\u003c/a> – is being considered by the state legislature. (In May, the State Assembly approved the bill by a 72-0 vote, and it is now making its way through the State Senate.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AB 227 “seeks to correct some unintended consequences of an otherwise good law,” said its sponsor Mike Gatto, a Democratic assemblyman from LA, during a hearing in Sacramento last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some attorneys have used Proposition 65 to extract quick, go-away settlements from business owners who haven’t put up a sign, or simply haven’t put up the right sign, to warn people about everyday common household substances,” Gatto told fellow state legislators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed, Gatto’s bill would give restaurants, parking garages and other businesses a 14-day grace period to put up a sign and pay a $500 fee before being hit with legal costs or hefty settlement bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would give cover to people like Bette Kroening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroening owns Bette’s Oceanview Diner, a cozy neighborhood place on Fourth Street in Berkeley, known for its pancakes. In July 2006, Kroening got a letter from a private law firm, saying that the diner was in violation of Prop. 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroening was taken off guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I knew about Prop. 65 in terms of all the signs in the parking garages and all that kind of stuff,” she says. “I never imagined that applied to us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It did apply to them, specifically to a brand of old-timey soda the diner sold called Original Nehi Grape, which came in a glass bottle with an elaborate painted label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unbeknownst to Kroening, the paint contained a small amount of lead. Under Prop. 65, Kroenig should have had a warning sign on the cooler. She worried the violation could cost her thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know how far it was going to go. I felt really threatened,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, businesses have two choices when they get a letter like this: either settle with the law firm in an out-of-court settlement, or defend themselves against the charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the time, businesses settle out of court, often paying tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees, in addition to an often smaller civil penalty that’s divided between the state and the “private enforcer,” who filed the 60-day notice through his or her law firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, for example, the grocery store Berkeley Bowl paid $22,000 in an out-of-court settlement over charges that it failed to post a Prop. 65 sign warning customers that grilled hamburgers can contain a variety of carcinogenic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of that payment, $21,000 went to the Berkeley-based law firm the Chanler Group, to cover what attorney Cliff Chanler described as costs related to testing the hamburger patties and consulting experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Bowl also paid a $1,000 civil penalty, of which $750 went to the state and $250 to Chanler’s client, Whitney Leeman. (We’ll have more on the role of plaintiffs like Leeman in part two of this story, next week.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kroenig decided to fight. She put a warning sign up on her cooler, then called her lawyer. Eventually the case was dropped. She was never sure why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a year later the state attorney general’s office sent a complaint \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/prop65/Chanler_51107_letter.pdf?\">letter\u003c/a> to the private law firm, headed by Cliff Chanler, that had targeted Bette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter said yes, the lead on the bottles was a problem. But it said the way the firm was pursuing this issue was not in the public interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the letter, the firm had turned this lead bottle issue into a cash cow. It had sent out more that 600 letters, like the one Bette Kroenig got, collecting $9 million in attorney’s fees over the course of just a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This case and others like it “smack of shakedown lawsuits,” says John Coupal of the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association, “or at least leveraging people to comply with what may be very picayune violations of Prop. 65.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Cliff Chanler, terms like “frivolous” or “shakedown” are “only rhetoric or hyperbole from the other side.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chanler heads the Chanler Group. For over two decades, few, if any, law firms have \u003ca href=\"https://www.chanler.com/prop-65\">pursued\u003c/a> as many Prop. 65 cases as his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chanler says if he’s had a lot of cases, well, that’s because there are a lot of toxic chemicals in our midst, like all the Chinese imports that have flooded the market in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re living in a — it might [sound like] hyperbole to say [it] — we’re living in a toxic cesspool. You would not believe the amount of toxics we find in everyday items,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to the idea that these suits have become too profitable for his firm, and others like it? He says it’s the fair price for the work they do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law is written so that if someone like my firm ends up promoting the public interest in a substantial manner, we’re able to go seek our hourly effort from the settling defendant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That cost of that hourly effort is part of what’s being discussed in Sacramento right now. And if Prop. 65 gets an overhaul, it’ll also affect another group of people: the “citizen enforcers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week we’ll meet some of these citizen enforcers, and find out what role they play in the Prop 65 debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those warning signs, Roe says, are just the tip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/chemicals_rev2_12001-e1372464530473.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/chemicals_rev2_12001-e1372464530473.png\" alt=\"Click to see larger image. (Produced by Mike Osborne, graphic by Yael Braha)\" width=\"641\" height=\"265\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4929\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see larger image. (Produced by Mike Osborne, graphic by Yael Braha)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The real base of the iceberg is made up of places where we see no signs at all, places businesses said, as Roe puts it, “I don’t want to tell people there’s a cancer-causing chemical in my hair dye, so I’m going to take it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roe says this has happened to hundreds of products, everything from raincoats to CD cases and the caps on wine bottles. Companies didn’t want to put a Prop. 65 warning label on their product, so they reformulated it to take the toxic chemical out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is a big market. So rather than create a separate product stream, companies now sell\u003cbr>\nthese reformulated products nationwide. “In effect,” says Roe, “the whole country is benefiting from one state’s law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Some attorneys have used Proposition 65 to extract quick, go-away settlements.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But there have been other consequences, too, consequences that critics of Prop. 65 consider to be the base of the iceberg. Those have been getting a lot of attention these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Governor Jerry Brown called for a \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18026\">broad reform\u003c/a> of Prop. 65, making warning signs more specific, revisiting the science of acceptable levels for some chemicals and taking steps to end what he called “frivolous shake-down lawsuits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a more limited Prop. 65 reform bill – \u003ca href=\"http://www.asmdc.org/members/a43/press-releases/mike-gatto-s-bill-to-protect-small-businesses-clears-assembly-judiciary-committee\">AB 227\u003c/a> – is being considered by the state legislature. (In May, the State Assembly approved the bill by a 72-0 vote, and it is now making its way through the State Senate.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AB 227 “seeks to correct some unintended consequences of an otherwise good law,” said its sponsor Mike Gatto, a Democratic assemblyman from LA, during a hearing in Sacramento last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some attorneys have used Proposition 65 to extract quick, go-away settlements from business owners who haven’t put up a sign, or simply haven’t put up the right sign, to warn people about everyday common household substances,” Gatto told fellow state legislators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed, Gatto’s bill would give restaurants, parking garages and other businesses a 14-day grace period to put up a sign and pay a $500 fee before being hit with legal costs or hefty settlement bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would give cover to people like Bette Kroening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroening owns Bette’s Oceanview Diner, a cozy neighborhood place on Fourth Street in Berkeley, known for its pancakes. In July 2006, Kroening got a letter from a private law firm, saying that the diner was in violation of Prop. 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroening was taken off guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I knew about Prop. 65 in terms of all the signs in the parking garages and all that kind of stuff,” she says. “I never imagined that applied to us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It did apply to them, specifically to a brand of old-timey soda the diner sold called Original Nehi Grape, which came in a glass bottle with an elaborate painted label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unbeknownst to Kroening, the paint contained a small amount of lead. Under Prop. 65, Kroenig should have had a warning sign on the cooler. She worried the violation could cost her thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know how far it was going to go. I felt really threatened,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, businesses have two choices when they get a letter like this: either settle with the law firm in an out-of-court settlement, or defend themselves against the charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the time, businesses settle out of court, often paying tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees, in addition to an often smaller civil penalty that’s divided between the state and the “private enforcer,” who filed the 60-day notice through his or her law firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, for example, the grocery store Berkeley Bowl paid $22,000 in an out-of-court settlement over charges that it failed to post a Prop. 65 sign warning customers that grilled hamburgers can contain a variety of carcinogenic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of that payment, $21,000 went to the Berkeley-based law firm the Chanler Group, to cover what attorney Cliff Chanler described as costs related to testing the hamburger patties and consulting experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Bowl also paid a $1,000 civil penalty, of which $750 went to the state and $250 to Chanler’s client, Whitney Leeman. (We’ll have more on the role of plaintiffs like Leeman in part two of this story, next week.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kroenig decided to fight. She put a warning sign up on her cooler, then called her lawyer. Eventually the case was dropped. She was never sure why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a year later the state attorney general’s office sent a complaint \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/prop65/Chanler_51107_letter.pdf?\">letter\u003c/a> to the private law firm, headed by Cliff Chanler, that had targeted Bette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter said yes, the lead on the bottles was a problem. But it said the way the firm was pursuing this issue was not in the public interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the letter, the firm had turned this lead bottle issue into a cash cow. It had sent out more that 600 letters, like the one Bette Kroenig got, collecting $9 million in attorney’s fees over the course of just a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This case and others like it “smack of shakedown lawsuits,” says John Coupal of the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association, “or at least leveraging people to comply with what may be very picayune violations of Prop. 65.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Cliff Chanler, terms like “frivolous” or “shakedown” are “only rhetoric or hyperbole from the other side.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chanler heads the Chanler Group. For over two decades, few, if any, law firms have \u003ca href=\"https://www.chanler.com/prop-65\">pursued\u003c/a> as many Prop. 65 cases as his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chanler says if he’s had a lot of cases, well, that’s because there are a lot of toxic chemicals in our midst, like all the Chinese imports that have flooded the market in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re living in a — it might [sound like] hyperbole to say [it] — we’re living in a toxic cesspool. You would not believe the amount of toxics we find in everyday items,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to the idea that these suits have become too profitable for his firm, and others like it? He says it’s the fair price for the work they do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law is written so that if someone like my firm ends up promoting the public interest in a substantial manner, we’re able to go seek our hourly effort from the settling defendant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That cost of that hourly effort is part of what’s being discussed in Sacramento right now. And if Prop. 65 gets an overhaul, it’ll also affect another group of people: the “citizen enforcers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week we’ll meet some of these citizen enforcers, and find out what role they play in the Prop 65 debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Official Welcomes Obama's Climate Program",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4727\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/smokestack-4x3-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4727\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama introduced his long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/149882710/President%E2%80%99s-Climate-Action-Plan\">plan to combat climate change\u003c/a> in a speech today at Georgetown. He’s directing the EPA to limit greenhouse gas emissions from new and existing power plants, supporting more renewable energy development and expanding efficiency standards for appliances. He’s also funding local initiatives to build more resilient infrastructure and calling for an end to public financing for new overseas coal plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials are welcoming the plan. Mary Nichols, who heads the California Air Resources Board, the agency that regulates pollution, said it’s a good fit with the state’s efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California benefits enormously from having the federal government step up with a climate program,” she said. “It can only enhance our activities if we have a strong federal partner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which is managed by the Air Board, already limits carbon emissions from power plants in the state. Nichols says she expects Obama’s plan will provide more federal funding for state projects, including one to reduce pollution from \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onroadhd/onroadhd.htm\">diesel trucks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science managing editor Paul Rogers writes for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/politics-government/ci_23532865/obama-announces-sweeping-new-global-warming-plan\">Mercury News\u003c/a> on the impacts the plan will have in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://extras.mercurynews.com/mercurynews-fb.png\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/politics-government/ci_23532865/obama-announces-sweeping-new-global-warming-plan\">Obama announces sweeping new global warming plan\u003c/a>In the largest environmental initiative of his presidency, President Obama will announce this morning the nation’s first mandatory restrictions on greenhouse gases from new and existing power plants. The rules, which be drafted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, are set to be unveiled at a mid-morning speech Obama is scheduled to deliver at Georgetown University.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercurynews\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/25/195466923/obama-to-lay-out-broad-plan-to-address-climate-change\">NPR has a national perspective\u003c/a> on the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/06/25/climate_custom-8d5e9d46bcd08378e49a7871931d62c58cea5d98.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/25/195466923/obama-to-lay-out-broad-plan-to-address-climate-change\">Obama To Lay Out Broad Plan To Address Climate Change\u003c/a>President Obama is expected to announce a sweeping plan to address climate change this afternoon. Read the plan and a White House fact sheet. The president has framed this issue as a moral responsibility, to leave the Earth in good shape for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Npr\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4727\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/smokestack-4x3-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4727\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama introduced his long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/149882710/President%E2%80%99s-Climate-Action-Plan\">plan to combat climate change\u003c/a> in a speech today at Georgetown. He’s directing the EPA to limit greenhouse gas emissions from new and existing power plants, supporting more renewable energy development and expanding efficiency standards for appliances. He’s also funding local initiatives to build more resilient infrastructure and calling for an end to public financing for new overseas coal plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials are welcoming the plan. Mary Nichols, who heads the California Air Resources Board, the agency that regulates pollution, said it’s a good fit with the state’s efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California benefits enormously from having the federal government step up with a climate program,” she said. “It can only enhance our activities if we have a strong federal partner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which is managed by the Air Board, already limits carbon emissions from power plants in the state. Nichols says she expects Obama’s plan will provide more federal funding for state projects, including one to reduce pollution from \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onroadhd/onroadhd.htm\">diesel trucks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science managing editor Paul Rogers writes for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/politics-government/ci_23532865/obama-announces-sweeping-new-global-warming-plan\">Mercury News\u003c/a> on the impacts the plan will have in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://extras.mercurynews.com/mercurynews-fb.png\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/politics-government/ci_23532865/obama-announces-sweeping-new-global-warming-plan\">Obama announces sweeping new global warming plan\u003c/a>In the largest environmental initiative of his presidency, President Obama will announce this morning the nation’s first mandatory restrictions on greenhouse gases from new and existing power plants. The rules, which be drafted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, are set to be unveiled at a mid-morning speech Obama is scheduled to deliver at Georgetown University.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercurynews\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/25/195466923/obama-to-lay-out-broad-plan-to-address-climate-change\">NPR has a national perspective\u003c/a> on the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/06/25/climate_custom-8d5e9d46bcd08378e49a7871931d62c58cea5d98.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/25/195466923/obama-to-lay-out-broad-plan-to-address-climate-change\">Obama To Lay Out Broad Plan To Address Climate Change\u003c/a>President Obama is expected to announce a sweeping plan to address climate change this afternoon. Read the plan and a White House fact sheet. The president has framed this issue as a moral responsibility, to leave the Earth in good shape for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Npr\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Battle Rages Over East Bay Wildfire Plan",
"headTitle": "Battle Rages Over East Bay Wildfire Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-24-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Wildfire season in California started early this year, and researchers say the fires are \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201306060930\">burning stronger\u003c/a> because of the dry winter. The news is adding urgency to the effort to prevent fires like the 1991 Oakland Hills blaze that killed 25 people and destroyed more than 3,000 homes. But a proposal to cut 100,000 eucalyptus trees or more has stirred up controversy, and now, a long-running battle over the plan is coming to a head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rooting Out Non-Native Plants\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne hot late-spring morning Tom Klatt, the environmental projects manager for University of California, Berkeley, brings me to a piece of the school’s land he’s particularly proud of, at the top of Claremont Canyon in the Berkeley hills. The university has logged all the eucalyptus trees here, and is removing other non-native plants in an effort to reduce the risk of wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/eucalyptus_rev1_900-e1372134472209.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4657 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/eucalyptus_rev1_900-e1372134472209.jpg\" alt=\"Update: The city of Oakland has clarified their language in the EIR and has decided to pursue a thinning approach similar to East Bay Parks.\" width=\"403\" height=\"502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Update: The city of Oakland has clarified their language in the EIR and has decided to pursue a thinning approach similar to East Bay Parks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Klatt’s wearing a business suit, but he’s not above pulling up a few weeds as we walk. He yanks out poison hemlock that’s growing along the trail into the canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we started this, this was a dark and shadowy tunnel of eucalyptus trees,” Klatt says. Now, it’s a sun-dappled spot; the hiking trail weaves through oak, bay and redwood trees. Those are native trees, as opposed to the eucalyptus, which are originally from Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a forest, and this forest still can burn, but it doesn’t have the contribution of the eucalyptus litter. It doesn’t have the very tall trees that can ignite in crown fires and throw burning embers,” says Klatt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unkempt eucalyptus grove is a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/06/12/eucalyptus-california-icon-fire-hazard-and-invasive-species/\">fire hazard\u003c/a>, Klatt says. The oils in the trees burn easily, and when burning leaves and bark catch the wind, they can spread the fire rapidly. That’s why, more than ten years ago, the school began removing the eucalyptus from this piece of property, and why it wants to cut down about 50,000 more trees here and in two other locations in the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley, along with the city of Oakland and the East Bay Regional Park District, is applying for a $5.6 million \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Home.aspx\">grant from FEMA\u003c/a> to remove eucalyptus. The project covers almost 1,000 acres on park, university and city land. There are already fire mitigation projects going on here, like the one Klatt showed me, but this grant would expand the work. All told, 100,000 trees or more would be cut under the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4622\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4622\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_5369-e1371855710317.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Klatt, environmental projects manager for UC Berkeley. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Klatt, environmental projects manager for UC Berkeley. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire in the Hills\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe East Bay hills are susceptible to fire, and whether or not eucalyptus are there won’t change that. The summers are dry and hot, and the Diablo winds — the East Bay’s version of the Santa Ana winds — can whip a spark into a wildfire. The wind was a major player in the 1991 fire. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calema.ca.gov%2Ffireandrescue%2Fdocuments%2Fafter%2520action%2Fthe%2520east%2520bay%2520hills%2520fire%2520-%2520usfa-tr-060%2520-%2520october%25201991.pdf&ei=a8vEUYeNOcf0iQK3tYCABw&usg=AFQjCNGbZE_KWO4sOVRbTMPIujhOa3aUnA&sig2=ICHqCqrsn5aL81Py8RCSDQ&bvm=bv.48293060,d.cGE&cad=rja\">FEMA report\u003c/a> found a host of factors contributed to it being the disaster that it was: lack of coordination between the agencies fighting the fire, lack of water, people getting trapped on the narrow winding streets and wood roofs bursting into flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mike Martin, a battalion chief with CalFire who fought that fire, says the eucalyptus played a role, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/openspaces/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8748\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-8748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/hdpublicplaces-mod.jpg\" alt=\"hdpublicplaces-mod\" width=\"200\" height=\"46\">\u003c/a>“Early on in the fire, it hit some eucalyptus coming out of the Marlborough Terrace area, and it just put out a huge barrage of burning embers downwind from the fire,” Martin recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those embers spread the fire, catching on vegetation and roofs. Martin says a single eucalyptus isn’t necessarily a fire hazard. It’s when there’s a bunch of them, shedding leaves and bark into heaps on the forest floor, that there can be disastrous results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something like that is burning, there is nothing in our arsenal that can compete with it,” says Martin. “You’re not gonna find any firefighters saying eucalyptus aren’t a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Backlash Against the Plan\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“It’s unfortunate that the ’91 fire is used as justification of this project because what really went wrong is not trees,” says Dan Grassetti, the founder of the Hills Conservation Network, a group opposed to the plan. They sued the park district over a related eucalyptus removal project, and is happier with the tactic East Bay Parks is taking now — thinning the eucalyptus groves on their land, rather than cutting them down wholesale. But Grassetti’s group has been fighting UC Berkeley’s plan to remove all the eucalyptus on its property since 2005, and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.hillsconservationnetwork.org/HillsConservation3/Blog/Entries/2013/6/20_Next_Steps_files/HCN_Report_FINAL_06-17-2013b.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> responding to FEMA’s draft environmental impact statement on the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community’s been given a false choice,” he says. “The choice that UC’s put out there has been, either do what we want to do, or we do nothing. And that is just totally bogus as far as we’re concerned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4617\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_5360-e1371855484412.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Grassetti, founder of the Hills Conservation Network. (Molly Samuel/KQED) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Grassetti, founder of the Hills Conservation Network. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grassetti brings me to a spot in Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve that he thinks is a good example of how to limit fire risk — and keep the eucalyptus. A red-shouldered hawk calls behind us as we look down a shady hill at a forest of eucalyptus trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, we’re standing here right now, and I would argue that it smells pretty good. And it’s kind of a pleasant environment. It’s shady. It’s cool. It’s good habitat,” Grassetti says. There’s space between the trees, and the ground below them is mostly clear of bark and leaves. “This is probably our ideal of how a eucalyptus grove could be maintained in the hills here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassetti argues, if UC Berkeley maintained its eucalyptus groves like this one, they wouldn’t be a fire hazard. But Klatt says keeping any of the trees isn’t sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as you leave a single eucalyptus tree here that drops 20,000-plus seeds per year, you can be assured that you’re going to have regeneration of the species. So thinning it doesn’t get you out of the eucalyptus management business, doesn’t get you out of cleaning up the forest floor business and it isn’t really a solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re never going to get a consensus on environmental issues in the San Francisco Bay Area. We pretty much accept that.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Grassetti and Klatt are on either end of the spectrum here. The Sierra Club has \u003ca href=\"http://theyodeler.org/?p=7539\">endorsed the plan\u003c/a>. But when it comes to cutting the eucalyptus, many community members fall somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I realize that the eucalyptus are a fire hazard, and for that reason it’s hard to object to that,” says Barbara Bauer. She lives near Claremont Canyon where she walks her dogs, Pal and Tempo. She was there for the ’91 fire; she had to evacuate and watched the hills burn. But she’s not on board with the plan to remove other trees, including acacia and Monterey pine. “I have real feelings for the trees that don’t necessarily have to go, for any good reason.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other concerns. Jeannie McKenzie raises goats and chickens in the backyard of her Oakland hills home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing I am most concerned about is these herbicides in our hills at the top of our watershed that is coming down through our properties,” says McKenzie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herbicides would be applied directly to the stumps of the eucalyptus as soon as they’re cut, to prevent regrowth. But Klatt says there would likely be some spraying, too, to control other weeds, which isn’t described in the draft environmental impact statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klatt says he’s not surprised the plan’s been so controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never going to get a consensus on environmental issues in the San Francisco Bay Area. We pretty much accept that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FEMA plans to begin working on the final environmental impact statement this summer. That will decide what – if any – elements of this plan they’ll fund. Klatt says the money would help them move faster, but either way, they’ll continue cutting, to try to limit the risk of another catastrophic wildfire in the hills.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A proposal to cut 100,000 eucalyptus trees or more has stirred up controversy, and now, a long-running battle over the plan is coming to a head. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-24-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Wildfire season in California started early this year, and researchers say the fires are \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201306060930\">burning stronger\u003c/a> because of the dry winter. The news is adding urgency to the effort to prevent fires like the 1991 Oakland Hills blaze that killed 25 people and destroyed more than 3,000 homes. But a proposal to cut 100,000 eucalyptus trees or more has stirred up controversy, and now, a long-running battle over the plan is coming to a head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rooting Out Non-Native Plants\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne hot late-spring morning Tom Klatt, the environmental projects manager for University of California, Berkeley, brings me to a piece of the school’s land he’s particularly proud of, at the top of Claremont Canyon in the Berkeley hills. The university has logged all the eucalyptus trees here, and is removing other non-native plants in an effort to reduce the risk of wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/eucalyptus_rev1_900-e1372134472209.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4657 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/eucalyptus_rev1_900-e1372134472209.jpg\" alt=\"Update: The city of Oakland has clarified their language in the EIR and has decided to pursue a thinning approach similar to East Bay Parks.\" width=\"403\" height=\"502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Update: The city of Oakland has clarified their language in the EIR and has decided to pursue a thinning approach similar to East Bay Parks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Klatt’s wearing a business suit, but he’s not above pulling up a few weeds as we walk. He yanks out poison hemlock that’s growing along the trail into the canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we started this, this was a dark and shadowy tunnel of eucalyptus trees,” Klatt says. Now, it’s a sun-dappled spot; the hiking trail weaves through oak, bay and redwood trees. Those are native trees, as opposed to the eucalyptus, which are originally from Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a forest, and this forest still can burn, but it doesn’t have the contribution of the eucalyptus litter. It doesn’t have the very tall trees that can ignite in crown fires and throw burning embers,” says Klatt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unkempt eucalyptus grove is a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/06/12/eucalyptus-california-icon-fire-hazard-and-invasive-species/\">fire hazard\u003c/a>, Klatt says. The oils in the trees burn easily, and when burning leaves and bark catch the wind, they can spread the fire rapidly. That’s why, more than ten years ago, the school began removing the eucalyptus from this piece of property, and why it wants to cut down about 50,000 more trees here and in two other locations in the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley, along with the city of Oakland and the East Bay Regional Park District, is applying for a $5.6 million \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Home.aspx\">grant from FEMA\u003c/a> to remove eucalyptus. The project covers almost 1,000 acres on park, university and city land. There are already fire mitigation projects going on here, like the one Klatt showed me, but this grant would expand the work. All told, 100,000 trees or more would be cut under the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4622\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4622\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_5369-e1371855710317.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Klatt, environmental projects manager for UC Berkeley. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Klatt, environmental projects manager for UC Berkeley. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire in the Hills\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe East Bay hills are susceptible to fire, and whether or not eucalyptus are there won’t change that. The summers are dry and hot, and the Diablo winds — the East Bay’s version of the Santa Ana winds — can whip a spark into a wildfire. The wind was a major player in the 1991 fire. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calema.ca.gov%2Ffireandrescue%2Fdocuments%2Fafter%2520action%2Fthe%2520east%2520bay%2520hills%2520fire%2520-%2520usfa-tr-060%2520-%2520october%25201991.pdf&ei=a8vEUYeNOcf0iQK3tYCABw&usg=AFQjCNGbZE_KWO4sOVRbTMPIujhOa3aUnA&sig2=ICHqCqrsn5aL81Py8RCSDQ&bvm=bv.48293060,d.cGE&cad=rja\">FEMA report\u003c/a> found a host of factors contributed to it being the disaster that it was: lack of coordination between the agencies fighting the fire, lack of water, people getting trapped on the narrow winding streets and wood roofs bursting into flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mike Martin, a battalion chief with CalFire who fought that fire, says the eucalyptus played a role, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/openspaces/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8748\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-8748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/hdpublicplaces-mod.jpg\" alt=\"hdpublicplaces-mod\" width=\"200\" height=\"46\">\u003c/a>“Early on in the fire, it hit some eucalyptus coming out of the Marlborough Terrace area, and it just put out a huge barrage of burning embers downwind from the fire,” Martin recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those embers spread the fire, catching on vegetation and roofs. Martin says a single eucalyptus isn’t necessarily a fire hazard. It’s when there’s a bunch of them, shedding leaves and bark into heaps on the forest floor, that there can be disastrous results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something like that is burning, there is nothing in our arsenal that can compete with it,” says Martin. “You’re not gonna find any firefighters saying eucalyptus aren’t a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Backlash Against the Plan\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“It’s unfortunate that the ’91 fire is used as justification of this project because what really went wrong is not trees,” says Dan Grassetti, the founder of the Hills Conservation Network, a group opposed to the plan. They sued the park district over a related eucalyptus removal project, and is happier with the tactic East Bay Parks is taking now — thinning the eucalyptus groves on their land, rather than cutting them down wholesale. But Grassetti’s group has been fighting UC Berkeley’s plan to remove all the eucalyptus on its property since 2005, and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.hillsconservationnetwork.org/HillsConservation3/Blog/Entries/2013/6/20_Next_Steps_files/HCN_Report_FINAL_06-17-2013b.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> responding to FEMA’s draft environmental impact statement on the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community’s been given a false choice,” he says. “The choice that UC’s put out there has been, either do what we want to do, or we do nothing. And that is just totally bogus as far as we’re concerned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4617\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_5360-e1371855484412.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Grassetti, founder of the Hills Conservation Network. (Molly Samuel/KQED) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Grassetti, founder of the Hills Conservation Network. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grassetti brings me to a spot in Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve that he thinks is a good example of how to limit fire risk — and keep the eucalyptus. A red-shouldered hawk calls behind us as we look down a shady hill at a forest of eucalyptus trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, we’re standing here right now, and I would argue that it smells pretty good. And it’s kind of a pleasant environment. It’s shady. It’s cool. It’s good habitat,” Grassetti says. There’s space between the trees, and the ground below them is mostly clear of bark and leaves. “This is probably our ideal of how a eucalyptus grove could be maintained in the hills here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassetti argues, if UC Berkeley maintained its eucalyptus groves like this one, they wouldn’t be a fire hazard. But Klatt says keeping any of the trees isn’t sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as you leave a single eucalyptus tree here that drops 20,000-plus seeds per year, you can be assured that you’re going to have regeneration of the species. So thinning it doesn’t get you out of the eucalyptus management business, doesn’t get you out of cleaning up the forest floor business and it isn’t really a solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re never going to get a consensus on environmental issues in the San Francisco Bay Area. We pretty much accept that.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Grassetti and Klatt are on either end of the spectrum here. The Sierra Club has \u003ca href=\"http://theyodeler.org/?p=7539\">endorsed the plan\u003c/a>. But when it comes to cutting the eucalyptus, many community members fall somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I realize that the eucalyptus are a fire hazard, and for that reason it’s hard to object to that,” says Barbara Bauer. She lives near Claremont Canyon where she walks her dogs, Pal and Tempo. She was there for the ’91 fire; she had to evacuate and watched the hills burn. But she’s not on board with the plan to remove other trees, including acacia and Monterey pine. “I have real feelings for the trees that don’t necessarily have to go, for any good reason.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other concerns. Jeannie McKenzie raises goats and chickens in the backyard of her Oakland hills home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing I am most concerned about is these herbicides in our hills at the top of our watershed that is coming down through our properties,” says McKenzie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herbicides would be applied directly to the stumps of the eucalyptus as soon as they’re cut, to prevent regrowth. But Klatt says there would likely be some spraying, too, to control other weeds, which isn’t described in the draft environmental impact statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klatt says he’s not surprised the plan’s been so controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never going to get a consensus on environmental issues in the San Francisco Bay Area. We pretty much accept that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FEMA plans to begin working on the final environmental impact statement this summer. That will decide what – if any – elements of this plan they’ll fund. Klatt says the money would help them move faster, but either way, they’ll continue cutting, to try to limit the risk of another catastrophic wildfire in the hills.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Work Begins on Largest Dam Removal Project in California History",
"title": "Work Begins on Largest Dam Removal Project in California History",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>CARMEL VALLEY -- A ceremonial groundbreaking in Carmel Valley on Friday marks the beginning of the end for the 92-year-old San Clemente Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org/\">dam removal project\u003c/a> in California history comes nearly 20 years after state inspectors declared the 106-foot-tall concrete structure unsafe and at risk of collapse in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an earthquake were to cause it to have any breaks it would collapse quickly,” said Trish Chapman, regional manager for the state \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservancy.org/\">Coastal Conservancy\u003c/a>, which is helping fund the $84 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most dams, the reservoir has accumulated sediment over the years, so much that it’s now 95 percent silted up and no longer provides water to the Monterey Peninsula. Altogether, 2.5 million cubic yards of sand, gravel and other sediment – enough to fill 767 Olympic swimming pools – has piled up behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-57020 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"steelhead trout\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-400x442.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-1180x1305.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-960x1062.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam’s owner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/\">California American Water Company\u003c/a>, based in Coronado, will pay $49 million toward the project, funded through rate increases on Monterey water customers that amount to about $2.55 a month for average residential users over the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam demolition “is a similar situation to how you plan for decommissioning a nuclear plant,” said California American Water President Robert MacLean. “It’s a matter of ‘when’ not ‘if.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will 1,500 homes and structures downstream be safer after the three-year project is completed, but removing the dam also will help restore habitat for red-legged frogs and steelhead trout whose numbers have plummeted in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 has dwindled to 249 this year, in part because the dam blocks the fish’s migration to and from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited because we’ve been relocating these frogs and fish—now we’re going to let nature take over and let her do what she does best,” said Brian Stranko, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, which contributed $1 million to the removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the project, construction crews will permanently reroute the Carmel River for about half a mile around the sediment, then tear the dam down over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57056 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-800x716.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-400x358.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project, which also received some funding from federal grants, is being watched as a possible model for other dam removals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of where the community came together and recognized there is a reason why people and river would benefit from taking [the dam] down,” said William Irvin, president of \u003ca href=\"www.americanrivers.org/%E2%80%8E\">American Rivers\u003c/a>, an environmental group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest dam removal project in the country was the demolition of the 108-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam\u003c/a> and the 210-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/removal-of-the-glines-canyon-dam.htm\">Glines Canyon Dam\u003c/a> near Port Angeles, Washington, a project that began in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That demolition released more than 24 million cubic yards of silt and other debris downstream. Ecologists are still waiting to find out how it will affect fish and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irvin said that projects like the San Clemente are part of a broader movement, one that favors dam removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are approximately 79,000 dams in the U.S., according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a>. Thousands of them are obsolete, silted up or otherwise suited for removal, although finding the funding to remove them and figuring out what to do with the millions of tons of sediment behind them often pose major challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a while we were building dams all the time, but our understanding of rivers has evolved and we know the value of them,” Irvin said. “It’s a golden age for river restoration and we’re just at the beginning of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>CARMEL VALLEY -- A ceremonial groundbreaking in Carmel Valley on Friday marks the beginning of the end for the 92-year-old San Clemente Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org/\">dam removal project\u003c/a> in California history comes nearly 20 years after state inspectors declared the 106-foot-tall concrete structure unsafe and at risk of collapse in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an earthquake were to cause it to have any breaks it would collapse quickly,” said Trish Chapman, regional manager for the state \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservancy.org/\">Coastal Conservancy\u003c/a>, which is helping fund the $84 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most dams, the reservoir has accumulated sediment over the years, so much that it’s now 95 percent silted up and no longer provides water to the Monterey Peninsula. Altogether, 2.5 million cubic yards of sand, gravel and other sediment – enough to fill 767 Olympic swimming pools – has piled up behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-57020 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"steelhead trout\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-400x442.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-1180x1305.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-960x1062.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam’s owner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/\">California American Water Company\u003c/a>, based in Coronado, will pay $49 million toward the project, funded through rate increases on Monterey water customers that amount to about $2.55 a month for average residential users over the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam demolition “is a similar situation to how you plan for decommissioning a nuclear plant,” said California American Water President Robert MacLean. “It’s a matter of ‘when’ not ‘if.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will 1,500 homes and structures downstream be safer after the three-year project is completed, but removing the dam also will help restore habitat for red-legged frogs and steelhead trout whose numbers have plummeted in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 has dwindled to 249 this year, in part because the dam blocks the fish’s migration to and from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited because we’ve been relocating these frogs and fish—now we’re going to let nature take over and let her do what she does best,” said Brian Stranko, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, which contributed $1 million to the removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the project, construction crews will permanently reroute the Carmel River for about half a mile around the sediment, then tear the dam down over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57056 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-800x716.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-400x358.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project, which also received some funding from federal grants, is being watched as a possible model for other dam removals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of where the community came together and recognized there is a reason why people and river would benefit from taking [the dam] down,” said William Irvin, president of \u003ca href=\"www.americanrivers.org/%E2%80%8E\">American Rivers\u003c/a>, an environmental group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest dam removal project in the country was the demolition of the 108-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam\u003c/a> and the 210-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/removal-of-the-glines-canyon-dam.htm\">Glines Canyon Dam\u003c/a> near Port Angeles, Washington, a project that began in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That demolition released more than 24 million cubic yards of silt and other debris downstream. Ecologists are still waiting to find out how it will affect fish and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irvin said that projects like the San Clemente are part of a broader movement, one that favors dam removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are approximately 79,000 dams in the U.S., according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a>. Thousands of them are obsolete, silted up or otherwise suited for removal, although finding the funding to remove them and figuring out what to do with the millions of tons of sediment behind them often pose major challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a while we were building dams all the time, but our understanding of rivers has evolved and we know the value of them,” Irvin said. “It’s a golden age for river restoration and we’re just at the beginning of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "With Condors on the Brink, California Considers a Lead-Bullet Ban for Hunters",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-17-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56773\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After teetering on the brink of extinction 30 years ago, the California condor has made a gradual recovery in the state. But scientists say hunters are hampering a full recovery – not because they’re shooting at condors, but because the giant scavenger birds swallow lead bullet fragments when hunters leave an animal carcass behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legislature is considering a bill that would ban the use of lead bullets in hunting across the state. It would be the first statewide ban in the country and in the midst of a tense national debate over gun rights, the bill, AB 711, is raising controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slow Progress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The condor’s incremental recovery has taken longer than many expected, demanding substantial resources. “There’s plenty of other species to be focusing on,” said Kelly Sorenson, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ventanaws.org/\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>. “But instead we’re entrenched in this very intensive effort to save this species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson is ensconced in a spot along the Pacific Coast Highway, overlooking a large, rotting gray whale carcass, washed up on a beach. The windswept stretch of Big Sur coast is prime condor country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56800\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56800\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"condor-biobox-1200\" width=\"353\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Oh yeah, from a condor point of view this is a smorgasbord,” Sorenson says. “This is dinner for months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over the hill, two condors come soaring out of the trees. “This might be a breeding pair,” he says. “They’re both adults, I can tell from here. They have a bright red head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condors resemble turkey vultures, but dominate the skies with an imposing nine-foot wingspan. Sorenson scans their wings with binoculars, looking for numbers. “I can almost make it out. It looks like it might be 51.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t many condors without numbered tags, because most were born in captivity. Centuries ago, condors ranged from Canada to Texas. But by 1982, under pressure from hunting and habitat loss, only 22 remained. Scientists took them out of the wild in a last-ditch effort to save the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fortunately they bred very well in captivity and we started reintroducing condors to Big Sur in 1997,” Sorenson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a slow recovery since. Today, there are about 400 condors in California, Arizona and Mexico, including a large portion in captivity. On California’s central coast, just 70 live in the wild. It could be why Sorenson is having trouble shaking what happened the day before we met. His team found one of those condors dead, a male that Sorensen had been tracking for 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s what makes it especially hard when one of those birds dies,” he says. “But if it’s what it usually is, which is lead poisoning, it makes it even harder to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson’s team traps condors twice a year to test for lead poisoning. If they catch a case in time, the bird is taken to a treatment center in Southern California. Ten condors have already been treated this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Condor Forensics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56804\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56804 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200-576x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"403\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The problem is really epidemic,” says toxicologist Myra Finkelstein. “These California condors are exposed to chronic harmful levels of lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lab at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Finkelstein holds up a vial with a small shard of metal: a lead bullet fragment found in the digestive system of a dead condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is enough lead to poison and potentially kill a condor,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, condors will feed on any dead animal, including carcasses or partial carcasses left by hunters or ranchers. “They’ll come to eat it and they inadvertently will also ingest these fragments,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through tests on hundreds of condor blood samples and feathers, Finkelstein’s lab has worked to trace the source of lead. In the majority of cases, she says it matches the \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/condors-and-lead.html\">chemical profile of lead bullets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, former Governor Arnold Schwarzengger banned the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/condor/\">lead bullets in hunting\u003c/a> in 1997, but only in condor territory. Condors are still showing high levels of lead, which can shut down their digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It only takes one meal so that’s why the problem is so severe,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the California legislature is considering taking the ban a step further by banning lead bullets for hunting statewide. Lead ammunition could still be used at shooting ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Casting Doubt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know exactly what the source of the soluble lead is,” says Chuck Michel, an attorney for the National Rifle Association. “There are multiple sources of soluble lead in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56808 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200-585x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"410\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The NRA and other gun groups have targeted the scientific research, saying the lead could be coming from paint or garbage dumps. Hunters could use copper ammunition as an alternative, but it’s often twice as expensive. A box of 20 rounds that costs $25 for lead, goes for around $50 for copper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It prices a lot of people out of the market,” says Michel. “If it’s mandatory, there’s really going to be a lot less people that can afford to go hunting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why gun groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.huntfortruth.org/site/\">see the bill as a threat\u003c/a>. “This is a way to bring a cultural attack on hunting and sportsmen and women,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We heard all the same arguments in the late 80s and early 90s,” says Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society of the United States, referring to when lead shot was banned in duck-and-goose hunting nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually restrains very little about activities with guns,” she says. “It just requires that a bullet be made of one metal rather than another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead was phased out of paint and gasoline decades ago. While AB 711 wouldn’t prohibit the sale of lead bullets, Fearing believes it would still be effective and could help other wildlife that also scavenge, like eagles and hawks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just going to take some time, quite frankly, for ranchers and others to switch the ammunition they use on their properties and just for the culture within the hunting community to move to a place where they accept their responsibility,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lead ammunition bill has already passed the California Assembly and is now being considered by the state Senate, where its chances look favorable.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-17-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56773\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After teetering on the brink of extinction 30 years ago, the California condor has made a gradual recovery in the state. But scientists say hunters are hampering a full recovery – not because they’re shooting at condors, but because the giant scavenger birds swallow lead bullet fragments when hunters leave an animal carcass behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legislature is considering a bill that would ban the use of lead bullets in hunting across the state. It would be the first statewide ban in the country and in the midst of a tense national debate over gun rights, the bill, AB 711, is raising controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slow Progress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The condor’s incremental recovery has taken longer than many expected, demanding substantial resources. “There’s plenty of other species to be focusing on,” said Kelly Sorenson, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ventanaws.org/\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>. “But instead we’re entrenched in this very intensive effort to save this species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson is ensconced in a spot along the Pacific Coast Highway, overlooking a large, rotting gray whale carcass, washed up on a beach. The windswept stretch of Big Sur coast is prime condor country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56800\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56800\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"condor-biobox-1200\" width=\"353\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Oh yeah, from a condor point of view this is a smorgasbord,” Sorenson says. “This is dinner for months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over the hill, two condors come soaring out of the trees. “This might be a breeding pair,” he says. “They’re both adults, I can tell from here. They have a bright red head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condors resemble turkey vultures, but dominate the skies with an imposing nine-foot wingspan. Sorenson scans their wings with binoculars, looking for numbers. “I can almost make it out. It looks like it might be 51.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t many condors without numbered tags, because most were born in captivity. Centuries ago, condors ranged from Canada to Texas. But by 1982, under pressure from hunting and habitat loss, only 22 remained. Scientists took them out of the wild in a last-ditch effort to save the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fortunately they bred very well in captivity and we started reintroducing condors to Big Sur in 1997,” Sorenson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a slow recovery since. Today, there are about 400 condors in California, Arizona and Mexico, including a large portion in captivity. On California’s central coast, just 70 live in the wild. It could be why Sorenson is having trouble shaking what happened the day before we met. His team found one of those condors dead, a male that Sorensen had been tracking for 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s what makes it especially hard when one of those birds dies,” he says. “But if it’s what it usually is, which is lead poisoning, it makes it even harder to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson’s team traps condors twice a year to test for lead poisoning. If they catch a case in time, the bird is taken to a treatment center in Southern California. Ten condors have already been treated this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Condor Forensics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56804\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56804 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200-576x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"403\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The problem is really epidemic,” says toxicologist Myra Finkelstein. “These California condors are exposed to chronic harmful levels of lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lab at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Finkelstein holds up a vial with a small shard of metal: a lead bullet fragment found in the digestive system of a dead condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is enough lead to poison and potentially kill a condor,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, condors will feed on any dead animal, including carcasses or partial carcasses left by hunters or ranchers. “They’ll come to eat it and they inadvertently will also ingest these fragments,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through tests on hundreds of condor blood samples and feathers, Finkelstein’s lab has worked to trace the source of lead. In the majority of cases, she says it matches the \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/condors-and-lead.html\">chemical profile of lead bullets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, former Governor Arnold Schwarzengger banned the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/condor/\">lead bullets in hunting\u003c/a> in 1997, but only in condor territory. Condors are still showing high levels of lead, which can shut down their digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It only takes one meal so that’s why the problem is so severe,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the California legislature is considering taking the ban a step further by banning lead bullets for hunting statewide. Lead ammunition could still be used at shooting ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Casting Doubt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know exactly what the source of the soluble lead is,” says Chuck Michel, an attorney for the National Rifle Association. “There are multiple sources of soluble lead in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56808 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200-585x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"410\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The NRA and other gun groups have targeted the scientific research, saying the lead could be coming from paint or garbage dumps. Hunters could use copper ammunition as an alternative, but it’s often twice as expensive. A box of 20 rounds that costs $25 for lead, goes for around $50 for copper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It prices a lot of people out of the market,” says Michel. “If it’s mandatory, there’s really going to be a lot less people that can afford to go hunting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why gun groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.huntfortruth.org/site/\">see the bill as a threat\u003c/a>. “This is a way to bring a cultural attack on hunting and sportsmen and women,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We heard all the same arguments in the late 80s and early 90s,” says Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society of the United States, referring to when lead shot was banned in duck-and-goose hunting nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually restrains very little about activities with guns,” she says. “It just requires that a bullet be made of one metal rather than another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead was phased out of paint and gasoline decades ago. While AB 711 wouldn’t prohibit the sale of lead bullets, Fearing believes it would still be effective and could help other wildlife that also scavenge, like eagles and hawks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just going to take some time, quite frankly, for ranchers and others to switch the ammunition they use on their properties and just for the culture within the hunting community to move to a place where they accept their responsibility,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Stanford X-Rays Bring a 200-Year-Old Opera Back to Life",
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"content": "\u003cp>When, 216 years ago, someone mysteriously blacked out pages from the French opera Médée with charcoal, the music was lost to history. Now, scientists at Stanford’s National Accelerator Laboratory have brought those long-lost notes back to life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4174\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 452px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Image-3.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4174\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Image-3.png\" alt=\"The smudged out pages of the 1797 score of Médée and the new reconstruction, made by shooting X-rays at the paper to reveal the notes beneath. (SLAC)\" width=\"452\" height=\"407\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4174\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The smudged out pages of the 1797 score of Médée and the new reconstruction, made by shooting X-rays at the paper to reveal the notes beneath. (SLAC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini was born in Florence, Italy in 1760. He befriended Beethoven in Vienna and died in Paris in 1842.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherubini was a renowned composer, but — according to legend — critics thought his opera “Médée,” based on the Greek tale of vengeance, dragged on a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe that’s why Cherubini, or someone else, used charcoal to smudge out a page and a half of the score.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two hundred and sixteen years later, scientists at Stanford used X-rays to detect iron in the ink Cherubini had used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists bombarded the score with an X-ray beam produced by SLAC’s synchrotron lightsource. The beam, narrower than a human hair, caused iron particles in the original ink to release X-ray fluorescence, allowing scientists to distinguish the ink from the charcoal that had obscured it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”http://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/96363011″ params=”” width=” 100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We scan the beam across, back and forth, back and forth,” said SLAC physicist Uwe Bergmann, “and every time this thin X-ray beam hits one of those iron particles in the ink, it sends out this flourescent signal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The X-rays were also able to detect zinc in the ink used to print horizontal staff lines onto the paper. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about eight hours of scanning per page, the score became visible, and the music — the final lines of the aria “Du trouble affreux qui me dévore” (“The terrible disorder that consumes me”) — could finally be played. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4173\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 949px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Image-1.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4173\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Image-1.png\" alt=\"Top Left: The staff lines were printed with ink containing large quantities of zinc. When the sensors only look for X-rays associated with zinc, the obscured staff lines become clearly visible. Top Right: The handwritten musical notes were drawn using an iron gall ink. When focusing on only X-rays associated with iron, the musical notes reappear from behind the black smudges. Bottom Left: The front of the page combining the musical staffs and notes. Bottom Right: The back of the page. (SLAC)\" width=\"949\" height=\"898\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4173\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top Left: The staff lines were printed with ink containing large quantities of zinc. When the sensors only look for X-rays associated with zinc, the obscured staff lines become clearly visible. Top Right: The handwritten musical notes were drawn using an iron gall ink. When focusing on only X-rays associated with iron, the musical notes reappear from behind the black smudges. Bottom Left: The front of the page combining the musical staffs and notes. Bottom Right: The back of the page. (SLAC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When, 216 years ago, someone mysteriously blacked out pages from the French opera Médée with charcoal, the music was lost to history. Now, scientists at Stanford’s National Accelerator Laboratory have brought those long-lost notes back to life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4174\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 452px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Image-3.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4174\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Image-3.png\" alt=\"The smudged out pages of the 1797 score of Médée and the new reconstruction, made by shooting X-rays at the paper to reveal the notes beneath. (SLAC)\" width=\"452\" height=\"407\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4174\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The smudged out pages of the 1797 score of Médée and the new reconstruction, made by shooting X-rays at the paper to reveal the notes beneath. (SLAC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini was born in Florence, Italy in 1760. He befriended Beethoven in Vienna and died in Paris in 1842.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherubini was a renowned composer, but — according to legend — critics thought his opera “Médée,” based on the Greek tale of vengeance, dragged on a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe that’s why Cherubini, or someone else, used charcoal to smudge out a page and a half of the score.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two hundred and sixteen years later, scientists at Stanford used X-rays to detect iron in the ink Cherubini had used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists bombarded the score with an X-ray beam produced by SLAC’s synchrotron lightsource. The beam, narrower than a human hair, caused iron particles in the original ink to release X-ray fluorescence, allowing scientists to distinguish the ink from the charcoal that had obscured it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”http://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/96363011″&visual=true&””'\n title='”http://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/96363011″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We scan the beam across, back and forth, back and forth,” said SLAC physicist Uwe Bergmann, “and every time this thin X-ray beam hits one of those iron particles in the ink, it sends out this flourescent signal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The X-rays were also able to detect zinc in the ink used to print horizontal staff lines onto the paper. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about eight hours of scanning per page, the score became visible, and the music — the final lines of the aria “Du trouble affreux qui me dévore” (“The terrible disorder that consumes me”) — could finally be played. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4173\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 949px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Image-1.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4173\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Image-1.png\" alt=\"Top Left: The staff lines were printed with ink containing large quantities of zinc. When the sensors only look for X-rays associated with zinc, the obscured staff lines become clearly visible. Top Right: The handwritten musical notes were drawn using an iron gall ink. When focusing on only X-rays associated with iron, the musical notes reappear from behind the black smudges. Bottom Left: The front of the page combining the musical staffs and notes. Bottom Right: The back of the page. (SLAC)\" width=\"949\" height=\"898\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4173\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top Left: The staff lines were printed with ink containing large quantities of zinc. When the sensors only look for X-rays associated with zinc, the obscured staff lines become clearly visible. Top Right: The handwritten musical notes were drawn using an iron gall ink. When focusing on only X-rays associated with iron, the musical notes reappear from behind the black smudges. Bottom Left: The front of the page combining the musical staffs and notes. Bottom Right: The back of the page. (SLAC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Southern California Nuclear Plant to Shut Down for Good",
"headTitle": "Southern California Nuclear Plant to Shut Down for Good | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/sanonofrebanner.jpg\" alt=\"sanonofrebanner\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Southern California Edison is retiring the \u003ca href=\"http://www.songscommunity.com/\">San Onofre\u003c/a> nuclear power plant. The plant has not operated since January 2012, when a radioactive leak was discovered in one of its generators. The permanent closure could put pressure on California’s electrical grid in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Independent System Operator, which manages the grid, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_23412261/closure-southern-california-nuke-plant-shouldnt-lead-blackouts\">does not expect statewide problems with power supply\u003c/a>, though there \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/SummerOutlook_PowerGridIdentifiesLocalReliabilityConcerns_SouthernCaliforniaDuringHeatWaves.pdf\">could be impacts in Southern California\u003c/a> as people crank up their air conditioners this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an overall state, perspective I’m not concerned about energy, other than the local pocket in San Diego and south of Los Angeles,” said Steve Berberich of the California Independent System Operator, the entity that balances the state’s electric grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State energy regulators were already planning for the summer without the nuclear plant’s 2,000 megawatts of power. Several transmission corridors were improved so more electricity could be imported into the area and a handful of new power plants are expected to come online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will get through this summer, assuming we don’t have any major catastrophes or fire,” says Berberich. “I think we can squeak by.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California’s power supplies \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/as-renewables-boom-california-struggles-to-quit-coal/\">were already constrained\u003c/a>, as several large natural gas plants on the coast are being retrofitted or replaced. The plants use hundreds of millions of gallons of seawater for cooling, a technology that’s being phased out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those changes in mind, the California Public Utilities Commission \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/california-requires-50mw-of-energy-storage-for-local-capacity-requirements-191087921.html\">approved a long-term energy plan\u003c/a> for Southern California Edison earlier this year. The utility will add 1,400-to-1,800 megawatts of power by 2021, with the majority coming from new natural gas plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The time-frame for me to be able to sleep better is really probably 2015,” said Berberich. “Let me just say, next summer I don’t expect to be quite as challenging as this summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decommissioning Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Public Utilities Commission is reviewing how Southern California Edison customers could be hit with the costs associated with the San Onofre plant, including maintenance and cost of replacing its power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decommissioning the nuclear plant could also cost billions, a price tag that’s generally covered by a trust fund. “Each of the nuclear plants has a decommissioning trust fund so over time they’re paying into that fund,” says Edward Randolph, energy division director at the California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the questions that will come up is: the decommissioning fund for San Onofre is not fully funded yet since it wasn’t expected to go offline yet,” he said. “So an additional question would be: how do you fund the decommissioning when the trust fund is not fully funded yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Onofre is one of two nuclear power plants in the state. The other is \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/whats-next-for-nuclear/\">PG&E’s Diablo Canyon\u003c/a> power plant near San Luis Obispo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-51b205b0/turbine/la-me-ln-san-onofre-shutdown-20130607/400/16x9\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-san-onofre-shutdown-20130607,0,865861.story\">Activists praise San Onofre closure, but 1,100 layoffs expected\u003c/a>Anti-nuclear activists and Sen. Barbara Boxer celebrated Southern California Edison’s announcement Friday that the troubled San Onofre nuclear plant will be permanently retired. The coastal plant near San Clemente once supplied power to about 1.4 million homes in Southern California but has been shuttered since January 2012 when a tube in its newly replaced steam generators leaked a small amount of radioactive steam, leading to the discovery that the tubes were wearing down at an unusual rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Latimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The San Onofre nuclear plant has not operated since January 2012, when a radioactive leak was discovered in one of its generators. The permanent closure could put pressure on California's electrical grid in the long-term. The California Independent System Operator, which manages the grid, does not expect statewide problems with power supply this summer. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/sanonofrebanner.jpg\" alt=\"sanonofrebanner\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Southern California Edison is retiring the \u003ca href=\"http://www.songscommunity.com/\">San Onofre\u003c/a> nuclear power plant. The plant has not operated since January 2012, when a radioactive leak was discovered in one of its generators. The permanent closure could put pressure on California’s electrical grid in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Independent System Operator, which manages the grid, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_23412261/closure-southern-california-nuke-plant-shouldnt-lead-blackouts\">does not expect statewide problems with power supply\u003c/a>, though there \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/SummerOutlook_PowerGridIdentifiesLocalReliabilityConcerns_SouthernCaliforniaDuringHeatWaves.pdf\">could be impacts in Southern California\u003c/a> as people crank up their air conditioners this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an overall state, perspective I’m not concerned about energy, other than the local pocket in San Diego and south of Los Angeles,” said Steve Berberich of the California Independent System Operator, the entity that balances the state’s electric grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State energy regulators were already planning for the summer without the nuclear plant’s 2,000 megawatts of power. Several transmission corridors were improved so more electricity could be imported into the area and a handful of new power plants are expected to come online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will get through this summer, assuming we don’t have any major catastrophes or fire,” says Berberich. “I think we can squeak by.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California’s power supplies \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/as-renewables-boom-california-struggles-to-quit-coal/\">were already constrained\u003c/a>, as several large natural gas plants on the coast are being retrofitted or replaced. The plants use hundreds of millions of gallons of seawater for cooling, a technology that’s being phased out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those changes in mind, the California Public Utilities Commission \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/california-requires-50mw-of-energy-storage-for-local-capacity-requirements-191087921.html\">approved a long-term energy plan\u003c/a> for Southern California Edison earlier this year. The utility will add 1,400-to-1,800 megawatts of power by 2021, with the majority coming from new natural gas plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The time-frame for me to be able to sleep better is really probably 2015,” said Berberich. “Let me just say, next summer I don’t expect to be quite as challenging as this summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decommissioning Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Public Utilities Commission is reviewing how Southern California Edison customers could be hit with the costs associated with the San Onofre plant, including maintenance and cost of replacing its power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decommissioning the nuclear plant could also cost billions, a price tag that’s generally covered by a trust fund. “Each of the nuclear plants has a decommissioning trust fund so over time they’re paying into that fund,” says Edward Randolph, energy division director at the California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the questions that will come up is: the decommissioning fund for San Onofre is not fully funded yet since it wasn’t expected to go offline yet,” he said. “So an additional question would be: how do you fund the decommissioning when the trust fund is not fully funded yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Onofre is one of two nuclear power plants in the state. The other is \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/whats-next-for-nuclear/\">PG&E’s Diablo Canyon\u003c/a> power plant near San Luis Obispo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-51b205b0/turbine/la-me-ln-san-onofre-shutdown-20130607/400/16x9\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-san-onofre-shutdown-20130607,0,865861.story\">Activists praise San Onofre closure, but 1,100 layoffs expected\u003c/a>Anti-nuclear activists and Sen. Barbara Boxer celebrated Southern California Edison’s announcement Friday that the troubled San Onofre nuclear plant will be permanently retired. The coastal plant near San Clemente once supplied power to about 1.4 million homes in Southern California but has been shuttered since January 2012 when a tube in its newly replaced steam generators leaked a small amount of radioactive steam, leading to the discovery that the tubes were wearing down at an unusual rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Latimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Deep-Sea Garbage Caught on Video",
"headTitle": "Deep-Sea Garbage Caught on Video | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4005\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" alt=\"A Coke bottle with Asian lettering was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Korean Coke bottle was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve all heard about the problem of trash in the oceans and seen photos of the Pacific Garbage patch and other plastic “gyres,” which coat hundreds of thousands of square ocean miles with plastic flotsam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the heavy stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute shows that trash is also accumulating in the deep sea, as much as two and a half miles beneath the ocean surface. And there’s video to prove it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOZngsJU2k0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MBARI researchers reviewed 18,000 hours of video footage collected by the Institute’s remote operated submarines, or ROVs, over the past 22 years. They found 1,500 observations of garbage, spotted between between Vancouver Island and the Gulf of California, and as far west as Hawaii. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the garbage was made of plastic, and half of that consisted of plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4014\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4041\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4041\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" alt=\"This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4041\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one case, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/containers/containers-release.html\">entire shipping container\u003c/a> came to rest on the sea floor about 12 miles outside Monterey Bay. MBARI estimates about 10,000 containers topple off ships a year and become part of the permanent deep sea-scape. (MBARI researchers are now finishing up a study of how these containers affect the ocean environment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" alt=\"Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that while it’s theoretically possible to do some clean-up, it’d be much better to keep the stuff from getting there in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4007\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most frustrating thing for me is that most of the material we saw — glass, metal, paper, plastic — could be recycled,” notes MBARI’s Kyra Schlining, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/deep-debris/deep-debris-release.html\">study\u003c/a>’s lead author. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4009\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1571px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" alt=\"This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1571\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4009\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4006\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" alt=\"This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI) \" width=\"1620\" height=\"971\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4006\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "MBARI researchers found garbage as deep as two and a half miles off the coast of California. A third of the garbage was made of plastic (half of that was plastic bags). Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4005\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" alt=\"A Coke bottle with Asian lettering was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Korean Coke bottle was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve all heard about the problem of trash in the oceans and seen photos of the Pacific Garbage patch and other plastic “gyres,” which coat hundreds of thousands of square ocean miles with plastic flotsam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the heavy stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute shows that trash is also accumulating in the deep sea, as much as two and a half miles beneath the ocean surface. And there’s video to prove it. \u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mOZngsJU2k0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mOZngsJU2k0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>MBARI researchers reviewed 18,000 hours of video footage collected by the Institute’s remote operated submarines, or ROVs, over the past 22 years. They found 1,500 observations of garbage, spotted between between Vancouver Island and the Gulf of California, and as far west as Hawaii. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the garbage was made of plastic, and half of that consisted of plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4014\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4041\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4041\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" alt=\"This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4041\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one case, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/containers/containers-release.html\">entire shipping container\u003c/a> came to rest on the sea floor about 12 miles outside Monterey Bay. MBARI estimates about 10,000 containers topple off ships a year and become part of the permanent deep sea-scape. (MBARI researchers are now finishing up a study of how these containers affect the ocean environment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" alt=\"Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that while it’s theoretically possible to do some clean-up, it’d be much better to keep the stuff from getting there in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4007\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most frustrating thing for me is that most of the material we saw — glass, metal, paper, plastic — could be recycled,” notes MBARI’s Kyra Schlining, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/deep-debris/deep-debris-release.html\">study\u003c/a>’s lead author. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4009\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1571px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" alt=\"This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1571\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4009\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4006\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" alt=\"This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI) \" width=\"1620\" height=\"971\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4006\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sizing Up Tsunamis By Their Sound Waves",
"headTitle": "Sizing Up Tsunamis By Their Sound Waves | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_05241.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3943\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_05241.jpg\" alt=\"Crescent City carnage: the 2011 earthquake off Japan caused millions in damage along the California coast. (Photo: Craig Miller / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crescent City carnage: the 2011 earthquake off Japan caused millions in damage along the California coast. (Photo: Craig Miller / KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Stanford may have found a way to build a better warning system for tsunamis. The key is listening, for the earthquake’s sonic signature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When earthquakes rumble below the ocean floor, they can trigger the big killer waves we call \u003ca title=\"NOAA - Tsunami\" href=\"http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/\">tsunamis\u003c/a>. But they also make sound waves. And those race ahead at ten times the speed of the ocean waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sound waves are very sensitive to vertical sea floor uplift, exactly the same thing that’s exciting the tsunamis,” says Eric Dunham, the Stanford geophysicist whose team at Stanford stumbled on that connection when they were \u003ca title=\"Bulletin - article\" href=\"http://pangea.stanford.edu/~edunham/publications/Kozdon_Dunham_Tohoku_BSSA13.pdf\">modeling the 2011 tsunami\u003c/a> that claimed more than 15,000 lives in Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When making plots of that, we just saw incredibly huge-amplitude sound waves, which is not something we were really expecting, Dunham told me in a phone interview. “It is,” he added, “something that’s obvious in retrospect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those sound waves are the sonic signature that, if captured in real time, could give scientists a critical piece of information that’s been missing: the height of the waves likely to make landfall. Current systems can estimate the magnitude of an undersea quake, but not whether the slip of the fault occurred far beneath the ocean floor, or close to it. And that’s important.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Shallow slip is what causes sea floor uplift and hence, large tsunamis.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Shallow slip is what causes sea floor uplift and hence, large tsunamis,” explains Dunham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunham says that knowing the sonic signature in real time could have signalled to people in Japan the enormity of the waves heading for them 10 or 15 minutes sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of sonic monitoring wouldn’t be cheap or simple. It would require a network of underwater microphones called hydrophones, listening for sub-sea quakes, and fast computers to quickly analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunham thinks a warning system based on the concept would be most helpful in areas near subduction zones, such as Japan and the U.S. Pacific Northwest, less so along the California coast. The \u003ca title=\"Live Science - Tohoku\" href=\"http://www.livescience.com/27776-tohoku-two-years-later-geology.html\">2011 Tohoku quake\u003c/a> erupted in the Japan Trench, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - glossary\" href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=subduction%20zone\">subduction zone\u003c/a> just 43 miles off the coast of Japan. Hours later, it did nearly $60 million in \u003ca title=\"CW - blog post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/03/13/crescent-city-its-a-mess-all-right/\">damage along the California coast\u003c/a>, but by then Californians had a pretty good idea of what was coming. The Japanese had only about 30 minutes warning and were caught off guard by the height of the waves, which overwhelmed defenses at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunham’s work, developed with Jeremy Kozdon, now an assistant professor at the Navel Postgraduate School, is \u003ca title=\"Journal - article\" href=\"http://pangea.stanford.edu/~edunham/publications/Kozdon_Dunham_Tohoku_BSSA13.pdf\">described in the current issue\u003c/a> of \u003cem>The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_05241.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3943\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_05241.jpg\" alt=\"Crescent City carnage: the 2011 earthquake off Japan caused millions in damage along the California coast. (Photo: Craig Miller / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crescent City carnage: the 2011 earthquake off Japan caused millions in damage along the California coast. (Photo: Craig Miller / KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Stanford may have found a way to build a better warning system for tsunamis. The key is listening, for the earthquake’s sonic signature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When earthquakes rumble below the ocean floor, they can trigger the big killer waves we call \u003ca title=\"NOAA - Tsunami\" href=\"http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/\">tsunamis\u003c/a>. But they also make sound waves. And those race ahead at ten times the speed of the ocean waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sound waves are very sensitive to vertical sea floor uplift, exactly the same thing that’s exciting the tsunamis,” says Eric Dunham, the Stanford geophysicist whose team at Stanford stumbled on that connection when they were \u003ca title=\"Bulletin - article\" href=\"http://pangea.stanford.edu/~edunham/publications/Kozdon_Dunham_Tohoku_BSSA13.pdf\">modeling the 2011 tsunami\u003c/a> that claimed more than 15,000 lives in Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When making plots of that, we just saw incredibly huge-amplitude sound waves, which is not something we were really expecting, Dunham told me in a phone interview. “It is,” he added, “something that’s obvious in retrospect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those sound waves are the sonic signature that, if captured in real time, could give scientists a critical piece of information that’s been missing: the height of the waves likely to make landfall. Current systems can estimate the magnitude of an undersea quake, but not whether the slip of the fault occurred far beneath the ocean floor, or close to it. And that’s important.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Shallow slip is what causes sea floor uplift and hence, large tsunamis.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Shallow slip is what causes sea floor uplift and hence, large tsunamis,” explains Dunham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunham says that knowing the sonic signature in real time could have signalled to people in Japan the enormity of the waves heading for them 10 or 15 minutes sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of sonic monitoring wouldn’t be cheap or simple. It would require a network of underwater microphones called hydrophones, listening for sub-sea quakes, and fast computers to quickly analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunham thinks a warning system based on the concept would be most helpful in areas near subduction zones, such as Japan and the U.S. Pacific Northwest, less so along the California coast. The \u003ca title=\"Live Science - Tohoku\" href=\"http://www.livescience.com/27776-tohoku-two-years-later-geology.html\">2011 Tohoku quake\u003c/a> erupted in the Japan Trench, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - glossary\" href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=subduction%20zone\">subduction zone\u003c/a> just 43 miles off the coast of Japan. Hours later, it did nearly $60 million in \u003ca title=\"CW - blog post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/03/13/crescent-city-its-a-mess-all-right/\">damage along the California coast\u003c/a>, but by then Californians had a pretty good idea of what was coming. The Japanese had only about 30 minutes warning and were caught off guard by the height of the waves, which overwhelmed defenses at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunham’s work, developed with Jeremy Kozdon, now an assistant professor at the Navel Postgraduate School, is \u003ca title=\"Journal - article\" href=\"http://pangea.stanford.edu/~edunham/publications/Kozdon_Dunham_Tohoku_BSSA13.pdf\">described in the current issue\u003c/a> of \u003cem>The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Bay Shipping Lanes Narrowed to Protect Whales",
"headTitle": "San Francisco Bay Shipping Lanes Narrowed to Protect Whales | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3904\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/BLUE_NewLanes_600dpi.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3904\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/BLUE_NewLanes_600dpi.jpg\" alt=\"The existing shipping lanes (shown in grey on the left) are now narrowed (as seen on the right). The blue areas show areas where blue whales are found. (Image: Andrea Dransfield SFSU data from ACCESS a partnership between NOAA & PRBO)\" width=\"640\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The existing shipping lanes (shown in grey on the left) are now narrowed (as seen on the right). The blue areas show where humpback whales are commonly found. (Image: Andrea Dransfield SFSU with data from ACCESS – NOAA & PRBO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cargo ships coming into San Francisco Bay must now follow new, narrower shipping lanes as they approach the Golden Gate. The change is designed to protect whales off the coast, as increasing numbers have been struck and killed by large ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is getting worse and that’s to be expected,” said John Calambokidis, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/\">Cascadia Research Collective\u003c/a> who has tracked whale strikes. “The ships are getting larger, more numerous and faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to federal scientists, at least 20 whales have been killed and 10 whales have been injured or possibly killed off the California coast since 1988. But many believe most whale strikes go undetected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/04/1942-thumb-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1944\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/04/1942-thumb-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales are commonly seen feeding offshore in the summer. (Image: Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales are commonly seen feeding offshore in the summer. (Image: Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Most ships that come in with a whale wrapped around their bow are often unaware of it,” said Calambokidis. “We suspect many of these strikes are unknown to these larger ships, with most of the whales not being discovered or sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold waters outside of San Francisco Bay provide a rich feeding ground for humpback and blue whales. Gray whales are often seen close to shore as they migrate through in the winter and spring. “We’re particularly concerned about blue whales not only because of the number of ship strikes, but also because blue whales have not been showing recovery off the West Coast,” Calambokidis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/protect/shipstrike/policy.html\">new rules\u003c/a> extend the three main shipping lanes to San Francisco Bay, so ships are funneled into smaller zones as they approach shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might add a slight amount of time and cost to the ship transit but we still think they’re good choices to make,” says John Berge with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmsaship.com/\">Pacific Merchant Shipping Association\u003c/a>. “Nobody on a ship wants to hit anything, least of all a whale, just as nobody driving down a highway wants to hit anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would really call them modest,” said Calambokidis. “While I think they represent progress, we also have to recognize that they were the easiest first steps. This might reduce the incidence of ships strikes in the tens of percent, but they won’t eliminate it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dynamically Changing Shipping Lanes with Help From Citizen Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new changes are year-round, federal official with NOAA and the Coast Guard are also hoping to create dynamically changing shipping lanes, based on real-time whale tracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3909\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\" width=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These “dynamic management areas” would go into effect when whales are spotted in a shipping lane. A temporary speed limit would go into effect, slowing ships down and encouraging them to use the other approaches to the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To gather whale-tracking data, the federal marine sanctuaries off the coast are teaming up with non-profits to create a citizen science app called “Spotter,” available soon online. They’re asking whale watching boats, recreational boats, commercial fishermen and members of the public to report when they spot whales offshore. The data will feed into \u003ca href=\"http://whaleaware.org/\">WhaleAware.org\u003c/a>, managed by PRBO Conservation Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re testing this first year to see if we get enough data,” says Michael Carver of Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA scientists are also training cargo ship crews to use the app. “It’s really in their best interest,” Carver says. “It’s a temporary speed limit, but not a permanent reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cargo ships must use smaller shipping lanes when approaching San Francisco Bay to keep from hitting whales. At least 20 whales have been killed and 10 whales have been injured or possibly killed off the California coast since the late-80s.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3904\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/BLUE_NewLanes_600dpi.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3904\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/BLUE_NewLanes_600dpi.jpg\" alt=\"The existing shipping lanes (shown in grey on the left) are now narrowed (as seen on the right). The blue areas show areas where blue whales are found. (Image: Andrea Dransfield SFSU data from ACCESS a partnership between NOAA & PRBO)\" width=\"640\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The existing shipping lanes (shown in grey on the left) are now narrowed (as seen on the right). The blue areas show where humpback whales are commonly found. (Image: Andrea Dransfield SFSU with data from ACCESS – NOAA & PRBO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cargo ships coming into San Francisco Bay must now follow new, narrower shipping lanes as they approach the Golden Gate. The change is designed to protect whales off the coast, as increasing numbers have been struck and killed by large ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is getting worse and that’s to be expected,” said John Calambokidis, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/\">Cascadia Research Collective\u003c/a> who has tracked whale strikes. “The ships are getting larger, more numerous and faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to federal scientists, at least 20 whales have been killed and 10 whales have been injured or possibly killed off the California coast since 1988. But many believe most whale strikes go undetected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/04/1942-thumb-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1944\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/04/1942-thumb-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales are commonly seen feeding offshore in the summer. (Image: Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales are commonly seen feeding offshore in the summer. (Image: Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Most ships that come in with a whale wrapped around their bow are often unaware of it,” said Calambokidis. “We suspect many of these strikes are unknown to these larger ships, with most of the whales not being discovered or sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold waters outside of San Francisco Bay provide a rich feeding ground for humpback and blue whales. Gray whales are often seen close to shore as they migrate through in the winter and spring. “We’re particularly concerned about blue whales not only because of the number of ship strikes, but also because blue whales have not been showing recovery off the West Coast,” Calambokidis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/protect/shipstrike/policy.html\">new rules\u003c/a> extend the three main shipping lanes to San Francisco Bay, so ships are funneled into smaller zones as they approach shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might add a slight amount of time and cost to the ship transit but we still think they’re good choices to make,” says John Berge with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmsaship.com/\">Pacific Merchant Shipping Association\u003c/a>. “Nobody on a ship wants to hit anything, least of all a whale, just as nobody driving down a highway wants to hit anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would really call them modest,” said Calambokidis. “While I think they represent progress, we also have to recognize that they were the easiest first steps. This might reduce the incidence of ships strikes in the tens of percent, but they won’t eliminate it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dynamically Changing Shipping Lanes with Help From Citizen Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new changes are year-round, federal official with NOAA and the Coast Guard are also hoping to create dynamically changing shipping lanes, based on real-time whale tracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3909\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\" width=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These “dynamic management areas” would go into effect when whales are spotted in a shipping lane. A temporary speed limit would go into effect, slowing ships down and encouraging them to use the other approaches to the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To gather whale-tracking data, the federal marine sanctuaries off the coast are teaming up with non-profits to create a citizen science app called “Spotter,” available soon online. They’re asking whale watching boats, recreational boats, commercial fishermen and members of the public to report when they spot whales offshore. The data will feed into \u003ca href=\"http://whaleaware.org/\">WhaleAware.org\u003c/a>, managed by PRBO Conservation Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re testing this first year to see if we get enough data,” says Michael Carver of Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA scientists are also training cargo ship crews to use the app. “It’s really in their best interest,” Carver says. “It’s a temporary speed limit, but not a permanent reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "When Will Mental Illness Be Diagnosed With a Lab Test?",
"headTitle": "When Will Mental Illness Be Diagnosed With a Lab Test? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://kqed02.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-03-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/KQED_CN-PTSD-AD_dts_Scaled.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3769\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/KQED_CN-PTSD-AD_dts_Scaled.jpg\" alt=\"MRIs of two brains show a slightly smaller amygdala in the brain of a man with PTSD. (Photo courtesy Michael Weiner)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two MRI scans show a slightly smaller amygdala in the brain of a man with PTSD. (Photo courtesy Michael Weiner)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Say you’re a doctor and a patient comes in complaining of chest pains. You’d want to know what was causing them. So you’d run lab tests, looking for signs of a heart attack or some other problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s standard procedure across medicine, except in the case of mental illness. It’s the last area of medicine where there are virtually no lab tests to indicate what’s wrong. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has become a major challenge across the field of psychiatry: to give those who suffer from mental illnesses like schizophrenia and depression the same sort of scientific certainty doctors have recently begun to provide to people with Alzheimer’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People like Robin Jones.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n“Something is different.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, Jones found himself in a parking lot. He had no idea where his car was. This was unlike him. Jones is a scientist who used to work on nuclear power plants. He’s always been good with details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the one who parked it there!” Jones recalls thinking. “Why can’t I remember?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At work, he had a hard time finding the right words and making persuasive arguments to his colleagues. He’d come home and tell his wife, Anne, “Something’s different.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He would say his brain didn’t feel like it was working the same way it used to,” she recalls. “We said, ‘Well, why not talk to your primary care physician about it?’ And that started a cascade of events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the Joneses made it to the \u003ca href=\"http://neurology.stanford.edu/memory/\">Stanford Center for Memory Disorders\u003c/a>, where Robin went through the standard run-up for Alzheimer’s disease, memorizing lists of words, and so on. But he did pretty well on them, says Mike Greicius, the center’s medical director, better than you’d expect from someone in the early stages of the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He didn’t fit neatly into this classic presentation of Alzheimer’s disease,” says Greicius. “That’s one of the reasons that, fairly early on, we started talking about biomarkers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These biomarkers refer to lab tests, and they’re a very recent development in Alzheimer’s disease care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One test uses a PET scan that can detect amyloid, a protein that takes on an abnormal shape in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. The second test requires a lumbar puncture to look for traces of amyloid and tau, another protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease, in the patient’s spinal fluid. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin chose the spinal fluid test. “It seemed to me it would sharpen up my understanding of what was happening,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nTests for Alzheimer’s disease signal changes across mental health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Alzheimer’s was diagnosed more or less the same way other mental illnesses, such as autism or schizophrenia, are diagnosed: by asking patients how they feel and observing how they behave. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed when scientists discovered biomarkers for Alzheimer’s: the tau and amyloid proteins that are signatures of the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, it was a matter of finding tests that could pick up those biomarkers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Weiner, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.radiology.ucsf.edu/cind\">Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases\u003c/a> at San Francisco’s VA Medical Center, says the same thing happened with heart disease a generation ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was a medical student 40 years ago, patients would come in with chest pains and we’d spend a lot of time talking to them,” Weiner says. “‘Where is the pain in the chest? What’s going on? How does it radiate in your arm?’” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That whole process changed when scientists discovered biomarkers of heart disease, for example, certain enzymes that leak into the bloodstream when the heart is damaged. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nowadays,” says Weiner, “you draw blood enzymes. And if a person has a rise in certain enzymes, we say they had a heart attack. And if they didn’t, we say you didn’t have a heart attack.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the name of the game in psychiatry today: to understand the underlying brain diseases behind mental illness and find ways to test for them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBetter tools for diagnosing PTSD\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest efforts is directed out of NYU’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.med.nyu.edu/\">Langone Medical Center\u003c/a>, where Charles Marmar chairs the psychiatry department and leads a $28 million dollar effort to look for biomarkers of post traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain damage, diseases that are often under-reported and under-treated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marmar believes that one day — maybe within a decade or two — simple tests, much like home pregnancy tests, will indicate whether people are suffering from PTSD or possibly even autism or schizophrenia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Blood, urine and cerebral spinal fluid will, over time, have something very important to say about risks for psychiatric illness, the presence or absence of illness and the prognosis of a given depressive illness,” says Marmar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, importantly, he says, whether a treatment – be it talk therapy or drugs – is working. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of PTSD, he says, the first step is to look for biomarkers, what he calls the “biological footprint of learned fear,” that could be detectable in a lab test. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice as a diagnostic tool\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these diseases may announce themselves in other ways, too, for example, in the way people talk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.sri.com/\">SRI International\u003c/a>, a non-profit research group in Menlo Park, scientists are developing computer algorithms to look for voice signatures of people with PTSD. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SRI’s Dimitra Vergyri plays a recording of three voices saying the word “no.” The first sounds disappointed, the second impatient, the third – with a happy laugh – sounds “entertained,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Ftracks%2F94724399\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to show that there are features that we can extract automatically, measure them, and they can be an indicator of a very specific emotional state,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea here is that you could take voice recordings of, say, returning soldiers, and use the algorithm to flag which of them might be more at risk for psychological problems. Then, make sure they don’t slip through the cracks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Marmar, head of the NYU effort, believes tests like these will change the field of psychiatry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we advance biomarkers, we will demystify and de-stigmatize psychiatric illness,” says Marmar. “We will make [mental health] part of normal care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The results come back \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slowly, that is what’s happening in Alzheimer’s disease, and in the case of Robin Jones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin’s wife, Anne, was the first to learn the results of his Alzheimer’s test, which came back positive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her first reaction, she says, was simply sadness. But after that came “a certain amount of relief.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s relief knowing why your arm hurts, or why you have a bad cough. Knowing how to chart out the rest of our time together.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Anne took a trip alone to Florence to see the great works of art she studied as an art history major in college. She left a note for Robin, reminding him where she had gone and thanking him for the opportunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a concrete diagnosis, she says, helped her recognize a window for such adventures, before her care-taking responsibilities begin to keep her closer to home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test, she says, gave them both certainty and the ability to focus on what lies ahead. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://kqed02.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-03-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/KQED_CN-PTSD-AD_dts_Scaled.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3769\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/KQED_CN-PTSD-AD_dts_Scaled.jpg\" alt=\"MRIs of two brains show a slightly smaller amygdala in the brain of a man with PTSD. (Photo courtesy Michael Weiner)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two MRI scans show a slightly smaller amygdala in the brain of a man with PTSD. (Photo courtesy Michael Weiner)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Say you’re a doctor and a patient comes in complaining of chest pains. You’d want to know what was causing them. So you’d run lab tests, looking for signs of a heart attack or some other problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s standard procedure across medicine, except in the case of mental illness. It’s the last area of medicine where there are virtually no lab tests to indicate what’s wrong. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has become a major challenge across the field of psychiatry: to give those who suffer from mental illnesses like schizophrenia and depression the same sort of scientific certainty doctors have recently begun to provide to people with Alzheimer’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People like Robin Jones.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n“Something is different.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, Jones found himself in a parking lot. He had no idea where his car was. This was unlike him. Jones is a scientist who used to work on nuclear power plants. He’s always been good with details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the one who parked it there!” Jones recalls thinking. “Why can’t I remember?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At work, he had a hard time finding the right words and making persuasive arguments to his colleagues. He’d come home and tell his wife, Anne, “Something’s different.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He would say his brain didn’t feel like it was working the same way it used to,” she recalls. “We said, ‘Well, why not talk to your primary care physician about it?’ And that started a cascade of events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the Joneses made it to the \u003ca href=\"http://neurology.stanford.edu/memory/\">Stanford Center for Memory Disorders\u003c/a>, where Robin went through the standard run-up for Alzheimer’s disease, memorizing lists of words, and so on. But he did pretty well on them, says Mike Greicius, the center’s medical director, better than you’d expect from someone in the early stages of the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He didn’t fit neatly into this classic presentation of Alzheimer’s disease,” says Greicius. “That’s one of the reasons that, fairly early on, we started talking about biomarkers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These biomarkers refer to lab tests, and they’re a very recent development in Alzheimer’s disease care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One test uses a PET scan that can detect amyloid, a protein that takes on an abnormal shape in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. The second test requires a lumbar puncture to look for traces of amyloid and tau, another protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease, in the patient’s spinal fluid. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin chose the spinal fluid test. “It seemed to me it would sharpen up my understanding of what was happening,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nTests for Alzheimer’s disease signal changes across mental health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Alzheimer’s was diagnosed more or less the same way other mental illnesses, such as autism or schizophrenia, are diagnosed: by asking patients how they feel and observing how they behave. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed when scientists discovered biomarkers for Alzheimer’s: the tau and amyloid proteins that are signatures of the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, it was a matter of finding tests that could pick up those biomarkers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Weiner, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.radiology.ucsf.edu/cind\">Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases\u003c/a> at San Francisco’s VA Medical Center, says the same thing happened with heart disease a generation ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was a medical student 40 years ago, patients would come in with chest pains and we’d spend a lot of time talking to them,” Weiner says. “‘Where is the pain in the chest? What’s going on? How does it radiate in your arm?’” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That whole process changed when scientists discovered biomarkers of heart disease, for example, certain enzymes that leak into the bloodstream when the heart is damaged. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nowadays,” says Weiner, “you draw blood enzymes. And if a person has a rise in certain enzymes, we say they had a heart attack. And if they didn’t, we say you didn’t have a heart attack.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the name of the game in psychiatry today: to understand the underlying brain diseases behind mental illness and find ways to test for them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBetter tools for diagnosing PTSD\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest efforts is directed out of NYU’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.med.nyu.edu/\">Langone Medical Center\u003c/a>, where Charles Marmar chairs the psychiatry department and leads a $28 million dollar effort to look for biomarkers of post traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain damage, diseases that are often under-reported and under-treated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marmar believes that one day — maybe within a decade or two — simple tests, much like home pregnancy tests, will indicate whether people are suffering from PTSD or possibly even autism or schizophrenia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Blood, urine and cerebral spinal fluid will, over time, have something very important to say about risks for psychiatric illness, the presence or absence of illness and the prognosis of a given depressive illness,” says Marmar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, importantly, he says, whether a treatment – be it talk therapy or drugs – is working. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of PTSD, he says, the first step is to look for biomarkers, what he calls the “biological footprint of learned fear,” that could be detectable in a lab test. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice as a diagnostic tool\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these diseases may announce themselves in other ways, too, for example, in the way people talk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.sri.com/\">SRI International\u003c/a>, a non-profit research group in Menlo Park, scientists are developing computer algorithms to look for voice signatures of people with PTSD. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SRI’s Dimitra Vergyri plays a recording of three voices saying the word “no.” The first sounds disappointed, the second impatient, the third – with a happy laugh – sounds “entertained,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Ftracks%2F94724399\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to show that there are features that we can extract automatically, measure them, and they can be an indicator of a very specific emotional state,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea here is that you could take voice recordings of, say, returning soldiers, and use the algorithm to flag which of them might be more at risk for psychological problems. Then, make sure they don’t slip through the cracks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Marmar, head of the NYU effort, believes tests like these will change the field of psychiatry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we advance biomarkers, we will demystify and de-stigmatize psychiatric illness,” says Marmar. “We will make [mental health] part of normal care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The results come back \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slowly, that is what’s happening in Alzheimer’s disease, and in the case of Robin Jones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin’s wife, Anne, was the first to learn the results of his Alzheimer’s test, which came back positive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her first reaction, she says, was simply sadness. But after that came “a certain amount of relief.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s relief knowing why your arm hurts, or why you have a bad cough. Knowing how to chart out the rest of our time together.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Anne took a trip alone to Florence to see the great works of art she studied as an art history major in college. She left a note for Robin, reminding him where she had gone and thanking him for the opportunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a concrete diagnosis, she says, helped her recognize a window for such adventures, before her care-taking responsibilities begin to keep her closer to home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Climate Change Could Decimate California's Native Fish",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3830\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3830 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS441_coho_salmon-4x3-e1370037122796.jpg\" alt=\"A coho salmon in its spawning stage. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"230\" height=\"173\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coho salmon in its spawning stage. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many freshwater fish species are already in decline in California, because of dams, pumping water out of the Delta or habitat loss in urban areas. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0063883\">new study\u003c/a> suggests climate change will make things much worse, driving nearly 100 native species either to extinction, or to very low numbers, by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an issue because, one thing, a lot of these are things like salmon and steelhead,” said \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/peter-b-moyle?destination=user/15\">Pete Moyle\u003c/a>, a fish biologist at UC Davis, and lead author of the study. “The other part of it is that most of these fish are species — or runs of salmon, for example — that are found only in California. So we have a very distinctive fish fauna. And it can’t be replaced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his study, published in PLOS ONE, Moyle found that warmer water temperatures and altered weather patterns are to blame, though some invasive fish stand to benefit from the changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531,0,3475642.story\">LA Times\u003c/a> goes into more detail:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-51a7f6f1/turbine/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531/400/16x9\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531,0,3475642.story\">California native fish could disappear with climate change\u003c/a>The authors of a new study published online in the journal PLOS ONE used 20 metrics — including species population trends, physiological tolerance to temperature increase and ability to disperse — to gauge the vulnerability of native fishes to climate change.\n\u003cp>The results: 82% of 121 native species were deemed highly vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Latimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": " A new study suggests climate change could drive nearly 100 native species either to extinction, or to very low numbers, by the end of the century. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3830\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3830 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS441_coho_salmon-4x3-e1370037122796.jpg\" alt=\"A coho salmon in its spawning stage. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"230\" height=\"173\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coho salmon in its spawning stage. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many freshwater fish species are already in decline in California, because of dams, pumping water out of the Delta or habitat loss in urban areas. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0063883\">new study\u003c/a> suggests climate change will make things much worse, driving nearly 100 native species either to extinction, or to very low numbers, by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an issue because, one thing, a lot of these are things like salmon and steelhead,” said \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/peter-b-moyle?destination=user/15\">Pete Moyle\u003c/a>, a fish biologist at UC Davis, and lead author of the study. “The other part of it is that most of these fish are species — or runs of salmon, for example — that are found only in California. So we have a very distinctive fish fauna. And it can’t be replaced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his study, published in PLOS ONE, Moyle found that warmer water temperatures and altered weather patterns are to blame, though some invasive fish stand to benefit from the changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531,0,3475642.story\">LA Times\u003c/a> goes into more detail:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-51a7f6f1/turbine/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531/400/16x9\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531,0,3475642.story\">California native fish could disappear with climate change\u003c/a>The authors of a new study published online in the journal PLOS ONE used 20 metrics — including species population trends, physiological tolerance to temperature increase and ability to disperse — to gauge the vulnerability of native fishes to climate change.\n\u003cp>The results: 82% of 121 native species were deemed highly vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Latimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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