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"content": "\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"58083,58093,58085,58089,58091,58090,58088\"]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fall, Santa Clara county residents will get a new source of water. This water is local and pristine. In fact, it's cleaner than almost anything coming out of taps today. But – for now at least – no one will drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, water from the $68 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a> will flow into segregated, purple pipes to irrigate lawns and cool power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the water is recycled from wastewater – sewage – from a wastewater treatment plant across the street. Engineers say it's possible to purify sewage water until it's cleaner than much of what residents drink today. The bigger challenge, they say, is convincing people to drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">The need\u003c/a> for this new Bay Area plant is well established, says \u003ca href=\"http://urbanwatererc.org/people\">Dick Luthy\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem> San Diego’s recycling plan nearly died in 2007 when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We're basically at the limits of our current water supply,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">California's population will increase in coming years. Climate change will make \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/06/09/forget-this-winter-western-snowpack-shrinking/\">snowmelt from the Sierra Mountains\u003c/a> more erratic. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/09/governor-girds-for-battle-over-delta-fix/\">Policy battles\u003c/a> over farms and endangered fish in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">the Delta\u003c/a> mean more competition for less supply. The important thing to realize, says Luthy, is that where we get our water and what we do with it have to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're realizing now,” he says, “is that the ways of the past are not the ways of the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes online, the plant will produce eight million gallons of purified water a day, using some of the most high-tech water purification systems available today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is microfiltration. Canisters filled with spaghetti-like fibers filter out anything larger than one micron – 1/300th of the width of a human hair – including bacteria. Next, high-pressure pumps force water through a reverse osmosis membrane, with pores so small they exclude anything larger than a water molecule, including viruses and traces of pharmaceuticals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the water gets zapped by ultraviolet rays to scramble the DNA of (and therefore sterilize) anything that might be left living in it. “We are removing 99.99 percent of all pathogens,” says Crystal Yezman, an engineer for the Santa Clara Valley Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose's been recycling water for more than a decade, but this water will be much cleaner. Theoretically, says plant spokesman Marty Grimes, you could drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike water from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">the embattled Delta\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/hetch-hetchy-aqueduct-big-fixes-for-big-quakes/\">Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, the supply – sewage – is basically boundless. And, as Grimes points out, local.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This water is ours,” he says. “No one can take it away”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58142 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"329\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg 1144w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-400x481.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-800x962.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-960x1155.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, at least, this water will be more expensive than current water sources, like the Delta or underground aquifers. It will also be more expensive than measures to conserve current water supply, like low-flow shower heads or more efficient toilets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But managers expect recycled water costs to fall in the future, as the practice becomes more common, and say that recycled water is much less expensive than other “new” sources of water, such as desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water recycling has been a tough sell here in California. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiego.gov/water/recycled/\">San Diego’s recycling plan\u003c/a> nearly died \u003ca href=\"http://www.10news.com/news/mayor-opposes-toilet-to-tap-water-supply-proposal\">in 2007\u003c/a> when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago \u003ca href=\"http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/people/bhaddad\">Brent Haddad\u003c/a>, an environmental engineer at UC Santa Cruz, noticed that he kept finding himself at industry meetings listening to water managers complaining about an “irrational” public unwilling to accept perfectly clean, recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on this, here's a terrific \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/08/16/139642271/why-cleaned-wastewater-stays-dirty-in-our-minds\">NPR story\u003c/a> from a couple years ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Haddad conducted a national survey, to try and understand this resistance and what it would take to change it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found it has nothing to do with level of education or any other personal demographic traits, like race, religion or salary,” says Haddad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fear about drinking recycled water, he says, is “a great equalizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you convince the public to embrace recycled water? Haddad says the first step is to explain to people how the water is treated, and why it is safe to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that process is explaining that Americans have effectively been drinking recycled water for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, cities along the Mississippi or Colorado Rivers. Cities treat their sewage and pump it back into the river. Downstream, other cities suck water from the river, treat it, and pipe it to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any city that gets its water from Colorado river, like Las Vegas and southern California utilities,” says Dave Smith, Managing Director for Water Reuse California. “are getting some of their water supply through incidental potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brent Haddad says another way to reassure customers is to use what he calls “psychological cleansing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to break the memory, the line of history of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, re-write the history of the water, editing out the part about sewage. One way to do this is to take recycled water and put it back into nature, for instance, a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That river is something that's comforting to people. We don’t have to think that the water came through a city. We just begin the history of the water in the river itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact California's Department of Public Health, which works with utilities to design water recycling facilities, currently requires this kind of “environmental buffer.” (Though the Department is currently reevaluating \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/node/7428\">that policy\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental buffer is built into the design of the world's largest water recycling facility, operated by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/water-recycling/californias-water-water-recycling-imitates-nature\">Orange County Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58107\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58107 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\" alt=\"A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\" width=\"400\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of a river, the county's Groundwater Replenishment System cleans treated sewage, then pumps it into underground aquifers, where it mixes with other water and eventually gets pumped up, re-treated, and piped to peoples’ houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers call these systems “indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We put it back into the ground and then eventually it becomes part of the water supply,” says the district's general manager Michael Markus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says getting water clean enough that it can be put back into an aquifer is the easy part. Much more of a challenge, he says, was convincing the public that the water would be safe enough to drink. The district decided on a policy of total transparency, he says, and started planning a series of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went to our local state elected officials, the health and medical community, environmental groups, Rotary clubs,” he says. “We talked to the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution, scouting troops... anyone who would want to hear or receive a presentation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole process took nine years. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocwd.com/ConservationEducation/ToursSpeakersBureau.aspx\">Tours of the facility\u003c/a> are still available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The irony is that when you put recycled water back into the ecosystem, it actually gets dirtier, and has to be treated again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says it's “frustrating” to watch this facility pump pristine water into a hole in the ground. But he realizes that winning people over to recycled water is an ongoing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process is farther along in Southern California. In Los Angeles, says Dave Smith, “One-fifth of the population is already getting part of their water supply from indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In West Texas, which faces critical water shortages, at least two recycling facilities skip the “environmental buffer” stage entirely, using advanced purification to treat wastewater and pump it directly to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Northern California, the process of use and acceptance is just beginning. When the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center opens up in late fall, the pristine water will be destined for golf courses and power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one day, if policies and public opinion change, it could be there for drinking, too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fall, Santa Clara county residents will get a new source of water. This water is local and pristine. In fact, it's cleaner than almost anything coming out of taps today. But – for now at least – no one will drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, water from the $68 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a> will flow into segregated, purple pipes to irrigate lawns and cool power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the water is recycled from wastewater – sewage – from a wastewater treatment plant across the street. Engineers say it's possible to purify sewage water until it's cleaner than much of what residents drink today. The bigger challenge, they say, is convincing people to drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">The need\u003c/a> for this new Bay Area plant is well established, says \u003ca href=\"http://urbanwatererc.org/people\">Dick Luthy\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem> San Diego’s recycling plan nearly died in 2007 when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We're basically at the limits of our current water supply,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">California's population will increase in coming years. Climate change will make \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/06/09/forget-this-winter-western-snowpack-shrinking/\">snowmelt from the Sierra Mountains\u003c/a> more erratic. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/09/governor-girds-for-battle-over-delta-fix/\">Policy battles\u003c/a> over farms and endangered fish in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">the Delta\u003c/a> mean more competition for less supply. The important thing to realize, says Luthy, is that where we get our water and what we do with it have to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're realizing now,” he says, “is that the ways of the past are not the ways of the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes online, the plant will produce eight million gallons of purified water a day, using some of the most high-tech water purification systems available today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is microfiltration. Canisters filled with spaghetti-like fibers filter out anything larger than one micron – 1/300th of the width of a human hair – including bacteria. Next, high-pressure pumps force water through a reverse osmosis membrane, with pores so small they exclude anything larger than a water molecule, including viruses and traces of pharmaceuticals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the water gets zapped by ultraviolet rays to scramble the DNA of (and therefore sterilize) anything that might be left living in it. “We are removing 99.99 percent of all pathogens,” says Crystal Yezman, an engineer for the Santa Clara Valley Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose's been recycling water for more than a decade, but this water will be much cleaner. Theoretically, says plant spokesman Marty Grimes, you could drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike water from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">the embattled Delta\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/hetch-hetchy-aqueduct-big-fixes-for-big-quakes/\">Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, the supply – sewage – is basically boundless. And, as Grimes points out, local.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This water is ours,” he says. “No one can take it away”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58142 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"329\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg 1144w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-400x481.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-800x962.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-960x1155.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, at least, this water will be more expensive than current water sources, like the Delta or underground aquifers. It will also be more expensive than measures to conserve current water supply, like low-flow shower heads or more efficient toilets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But managers expect recycled water costs to fall in the future, as the practice becomes more common, and say that recycled water is much less expensive than other “new” sources of water, such as desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water recycling has been a tough sell here in California. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiego.gov/water/recycled/\">San Diego’s recycling plan\u003c/a> nearly died \u003ca href=\"http://www.10news.com/news/mayor-opposes-toilet-to-tap-water-supply-proposal\">in 2007\u003c/a> when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago \u003ca href=\"http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/people/bhaddad\">Brent Haddad\u003c/a>, an environmental engineer at UC Santa Cruz, noticed that he kept finding himself at industry meetings listening to water managers complaining about an “irrational” public unwilling to accept perfectly clean, recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on this, here's a terrific \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/08/16/139642271/why-cleaned-wastewater-stays-dirty-in-our-minds\">NPR story\u003c/a> from a couple years ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Haddad conducted a national survey, to try and understand this resistance and what it would take to change it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found it has nothing to do with level of education or any other personal demographic traits, like race, religion or salary,” says Haddad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fear about drinking recycled water, he says, is “a great equalizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you convince the public to embrace recycled water? Haddad says the first step is to explain to people how the water is treated, and why it is safe to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that process is explaining that Americans have effectively been drinking recycled water for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, cities along the Mississippi or Colorado Rivers. Cities treat their sewage and pump it back into the river. Downstream, other cities suck water from the river, treat it, and pipe it to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any city that gets its water from Colorado river, like Las Vegas and southern California utilities,” says Dave Smith, Managing Director for Water Reuse California. “are getting some of their water supply through incidental potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brent Haddad says another way to reassure customers is to use what he calls “psychological cleansing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to break the memory, the line of history of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, re-write the history of the water, editing out the part about sewage. One way to do this is to take recycled water and put it back into nature, for instance, a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That river is something that's comforting to people. We don’t have to think that the water came through a city. We just begin the history of the water in the river itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact California's Department of Public Health, which works with utilities to design water recycling facilities, currently requires this kind of “environmental buffer.” (Though the Department is currently reevaluating \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/node/7428\">that policy\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental buffer is built into the design of the world's largest water recycling facility, operated by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/water-recycling/californias-water-water-recycling-imitates-nature\">Orange County Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58107\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58107 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\" alt=\"A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\" width=\"400\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of a river, the county's Groundwater Replenishment System cleans treated sewage, then pumps it into underground aquifers, where it mixes with other water and eventually gets pumped up, re-treated, and piped to peoples’ houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers call these systems “indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We put it back into the ground and then eventually it becomes part of the water supply,” says the district's general manager Michael Markus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says getting water clean enough that it can be put back into an aquifer is the easy part. Much more of a challenge, he says, was convincing the public that the water would be safe enough to drink. The district decided on a policy of total transparency, he says, and started planning a series of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went to our local state elected officials, the health and medical community, environmental groups, Rotary clubs,” he says. “We talked to the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution, scouting troops... anyone who would want to hear or receive a presentation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole process took nine years. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocwd.com/ConservationEducation/ToursSpeakersBureau.aspx\">Tours of the facility\u003c/a> are still available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The irony is that when you put recycled water back into the ecosystem, it actually gets dirtier, and has to be treated again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says it's “frustrating” to watch this facility pump pristine water into a hole in the ground. But he realizes that winning people over to recycled water is an ongoing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process is farther along in Southern California. In Los Angeles, says Dave Smith, “One-fifth of the population is already getting part of their water supply from indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In West Texas, which faces critical water shortages, at least two recycling facilities skip the “environmental buffer” stage entirely, using advanced purification to treat wastewater and pump it directly to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Northern California, the process of use and acceptance is just beginning. When the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center opens up in late fall, the pristine water will be destined for golf courses and power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On a summer day when the deep-blue water is filled with water-skiers, motorboats and kayaks, it’s hard to think of Lake Tahoe as anything but peaceful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But every four thousand years or so, that changes. Lake Tahoe sits on top of three fault lines. And when an earthquake happens beneath such a deep lake, it causes big problems. The largest fault, the West Tahoe Fault, shifts vertically during quakes. When it shoots up, it pushes up the lake water. Geologist Gordon Seitz explained that during earthquakes the displaced water, “has to flow downhill and generates a wave. And this is a tsunami wave. And that wave, when it hits the shore, is probably on the order of 20, 30 feet high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5754\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/tahoe-sub-2-e1374248384153.jpg\" alt=\"The barge serves as an operating base for the scientists studying Lake Tahoe's faults. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\" width=\"639\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5754\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The barge serves as an operating base for the scientists studying Lake Tahoe’s faults. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seitz, who works for the California Geological Survey, has been studying Tahoe’s faults since 1999. If he has a bit more urgency than you’d expect for someone studying a once-every-four millennia event, that’s because the last big quake happened, well, about 4,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I expect it to happen tomorrow? Perhaps not,” Seitz said. “But if it did happen I wouldn’t be completely surprised.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday afternoon, Seitz stood on a barge about 300 yards off the lake’s west shore. The barge is the operating base for a robotic submarine that is spending the week about a thousand feet below the lake’s surface, using high-definition cameras and ultrasound-like technology to examine the West Tahoe Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//instagram.com/p/b6nh4qyte7/embed/\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"612\" height=\"710\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seitz and other researchers have been studying sediment deposits and submerged trees on Tahoe’s shore for years, but these images will yield – he hopes, at least – the best evidence yet of what Tahoe’s last earthquake looked like. “We have a pretty good idea of when that happened right now,” he explained. “This will confirm that, hopefully, but also it will give us a new dimension and tell us more about the magnitude. Did it shift ten feet? Did it shift 20 feet?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, evidence suggests the last quake had a magnitude of 7.1 to 7.4. “Usually, the last earthquake gives you the best picture of what the next earthquake will be doing,” Seitz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tahoe barge is packed with cables, a crane, a generator and even a propane grill. In a metal shed, scientists monitor video feeds from the sub, along with data showing the machine’s depth, along with the temperature, oxygen and saline levels of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tahoe dives are a tune-up for the submarine and its Northern Illinois University crew. Their ultimate destination is Antarctica, where the sub will dive under ice shelves to conduct climate change-related research. So in addition to providing data for California researchers, the crew is working out kinks. Among them: a small leak that left the sub temporarily grounded when reporters visited the barge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly the type of problem that’s easier to fix on a sunny Lake Tahoe day than deep below an Antarctic ice shelf.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a summer day when the deep-blue water is filled with water-skiers, motorboats and kayaks, it’s hard to think of Lake Tahoe as anything but peaceful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But every four thousand years or so, that changes. Lake Tahoe sits on top of three fault lines. And when an earthquake happens beneath such a deep lake, it causes big problems. The largest fault, the West Tahoe Fault, shifts vertically during quakes. When it shoots up, it pushes up the lake water. Geologist Gordon Seitz explained that during earthquakes the displaced water, “has to flow downhill and generates a wave. And this is a tsunami wave. And that wave, when it hits the shore, is probably on the order of 20, 30 feet high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5754\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/tahoe-sub-2-e1374248384153.jpg\" alt=\"The barge serves as an operating base for the scientists studying Lake Tahoe's faults. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\" width=\"639\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5754\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The barge serves as an operating base for the scientists studying Lake Tahoe’s faults. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seitz, who works for the California Geological Survey, has been studying Tahoe’s faults since 1999. If he has a bit more urgency than you’d expect for someone studying a once-every-four millennia event, that’s because the last big quake happened, well, about 4,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I expect it to happen tomorrow? Perhaps not,” Seitz said. “But if it did happen I wouldn’t be completely surprised.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday afternoon, Seitz stood on a barge about 300 yards off the lake’s west shore. The barge is the operating base for a robotic submarine that is spending the week about a thousand feet below the lake’s surface, using high-definition cameras and ultrasound-like technology to examine the West Tahoe Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>UPDATE: \u003c/strong>Plan Bay Area was approved just after midnight Friday morning by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission and the Association of Bay Area Governments. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regional planners are voting on a new land use plan for the Bay Area on Thursday evening. \u003ca href=\"http://onebayarea.org/regional-initiatives/plan-bay-area.html\">Plan Bay Area\u003c/a>, as it’s known, is designed to cut greenhouse gas emissions 15 percent per capita over the next 20 years by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/04/29/95579/\">focusing development in zones\u003c/a> close to downtown areas and transit hubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/traffic-16x9-e1374175950106.jpg\" alt=\"The plan aims to cut down on traffic by improving options for taking transit or walking. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5714\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plan aims to cut down on traffic by improving options for taking transit or walking. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The plan has faced opposition from several regional community groups, who object to some of the proposed growth zones, called “Priority Development Areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people still want a single family home,” says Susan Kirsch of Citizen Marin, a Marin County group. “Many of us believe we don’t need to go to the four, five and six story building with the level of density that they’re proposing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County and city governments would retain control over land use decisions, but jurisdictions that adopt the plan’s goals would receive prioritized funding through the One Bay Area grant program. It provides $14 billion over the next several decades for transportation projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really sets a broad tone for where do we want our region to head,” says Stephanie Reyes of the Greenbelt Alliance. “Plan Bay Area makes a very bold statement that the Bay Area is done with sprawl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Priority Development Areas under Plan Bay Area:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=MAP&q=select+col11+from+1SpdnZntbc_gMzJoNe96Qwv6pnw6AntwWT0PEAZ8&h=false&lat=37.80686032250714&lng=-122.0846837548828&z=9&t=1&l=col11&y=2&tmplt=2\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is the result of SB 375, a bill passed in 2008 requiring regional agencies to help meet California’s climate change goals through land use and transit planning. The Bay Area is expected to grow by 2 million people by 2040 and even under the plan, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/07/16/103764/\">greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Metropolitan Transpiration Commission and the Association of Bay Area Governments will \u003ca href=\"http://onebayarea.org/regional-initiatives/plan-bay-area/meetings-events/Public-Workshops-Public-Hearings.html?l2=meet_events&byid=10131\">vote on the plan Thursday night at 6:30pm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>UPDATE: \u003c/strong>Plan Bay Area was approved just after midnight Friday morning by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission and the Association of Bay Area Governments. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regional planners are voting on a new land use plan for the Bay Area on Thursday evening. \u003ca href=\"http://onebayarea.org/regional-initiatives/plan-bay-area.html\">Plan Bay Area\u003c/a>, as it’s known, is designed to cut greenhouse gas emissions 15 percent per capita over the next 20 years by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/04/29/95579/\">focusing development in zones\u003c/a> close to downtown areas and transit hubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/traffic-16x9-e1374175950106.jpg\" alt=\"The plan aims to cut down on traffic by improving options for taking transit or walking. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5714\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plan aims to cut down on traffic by improving options for taking transit or walking. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The plan has faced opposition from several regional community groups, who object to some of the proposed growth zones, called “Priority Development Areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people still want a single family home,” says Susan Kirsch of Citizen Marin, a Marin County group. “Many of us believe we don’t need to go to the four, five and six story building with the level of density that they’re proposing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County and city governments would retain control over land use decisions, but jurisdictions that adopt the plan’s goals would receive prioritized funding through the One Bay Area grant program. It provides $14 billion over the next several decades for transportation projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really sets a broad tone for where do we want our region to head,” says Stephanie Reyes of the Greenbelt Alliance. “Plan Bay Area makes a very bold statement that the Bay Area is done with sprawl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Priority Development Areas under Plan Bay Area:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=MAP&q=select+col11+from+1SpdnZntbc_gMzJoNe96Qwv6pnw6AntwWT0PEAZ8&h=false&lat=37.80686032250714&lng=-122.0846837548828&z=9&t=1&l=col11&y=2&tmplt=2\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is the result of SB 375, a bill passed in 2008 requiring regional agencies to help meet California’s climate change goals through land use and transit planning. The Bay Area is expected to grow by 2 million people by 2040 and even under the plan, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/07/16/103764/\">greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Metropolitan Transpiration Commission and the Association of Bay Area Governments will \u003ca href=\"http://onebayarea.org/regional-initiatives/plan-bay-area/meetings-events/Public-Workshops-Public-Hearings.html?l2=meet_events&byid=10131\">vote on the plan Thursday night at 6:30pm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5662\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-5662 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/RS4862_DrakesBayOysterHarvest20121204-16x9-e1374017457302.jpg\" alt=\"Drakes Bay Oyster Company farms oysters at Point Reyes National Seashore. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drakes Bay Oyster Company farms oysters at Point Reyes National Seashore. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The embattled \u003ca href=\"http://www.drakesbayoyster.com/#\">Drakes Bay Oyster Company\u003c/a> is facing a new challenge to its operations at Point Reyes National Seashore. The Sebastopol-based environmental group \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncriverwatch.org/index.php\">California River Watch \u003c/a>says that the oyster farm is polluting the waterway known as Drakes Estero, and is threatening to sue the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/RiverWatch_notice_to_DBOC__CWA_Violations_Notice_Ltr_06-24-13.pdf\">notice from California River Watch\u003c/a> warning the seafood company that it intends to file suit claims that the latter has violated the Clean Water Act:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Materials from operations at the oyster shucking and shellfish packing facility\u003cbr>\ncontaining biological waste such as shells, shellfish parts, unwanted shellfish and other pollutants such as bleach, ammonia, other cleaning solutions, as well as packaging wastes (plastic and paper), discharge from an outfall pipe directly into Drakes Estero.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Kevin Lunny, owner of the oyster company, counters that the threatened suit amounts to a shakedown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are no pollutants,” he claims. “The discharges that they’re talking about? From our shucking and packing operation? That all goes into a septic tank and into a septic system that’s pumped over the hill and disposed of under ground into a septic system. None of that meets receiving waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunny says he’s consulting with attorneys to figure out his next steps. Meanwhile, the oyster company is embroiled in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/oyster-farm/\">another legal fray\u003c/a>, over whether it can continue operating at all. A federal appeals court is currently considering that case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5662\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-5662 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/RS4862_DrakesBayOysterHarvest20121204-16x9-e1374017457302.jpg\" alt=\"Drakes Bay Oyster Company farms oysters at Point Reyes National Seashore. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drakes Bay Oyster Company farms oysters at Point Reyes National Seashore. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The embattled \u003ca href=\"http://www.drakesbayoyster.com/#\">Drakes Bay Oyster Company\u003c/a> is facing a new challenge to its operations at Point Reyes National Seashore. The Sebastopol-based environmental group \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncriverwatch.org/index.php\">California River Watch \u003c/a>says that the oyster farm is polluting the waterway known as Drakes Estero, and is threatening to sue the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/RiverWatch_notice_to_DBOC__CWA_Violations_Notice_Ltr_06-24-13.pdf\">notice from California River Watch\u003c/a> warning the seafood company that it intends to file suit claims that the latter has violated the Clean Water Act:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Materials from operations at the oyster shucking and shellfish packing facility\u003cbr>\ncontaining biological waste such as shells, shellfish parts, unwanted shellfish and other pollutants such as bleach, ammonia, other cleaning solutions, as well as packaging wastes (plastic and paper), discharge from an outfall pipe directly into Drakes Estero.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Kevin Lunny, owner of the oyster company, counters that the threatened suit amounts to a shakedown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are no pollutants,” he claims. “The discharges that they’re talking about? From our shucking and packing operation? That all goes into a septic tank and into a septic system that’s pumped over the hill and disposed of under ground into a septic system. None of that meets receiving waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunny says he’s consulting with attorneys to figure out his next steps. Meanwhile, the oyster company is embroiled in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/oyster-farm/\">another legal fray\u003c/a>, over whether it can continue operating at all. A federal appeals court is currently considering that case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "As World's Largest Solar Thermal Plant Opens, California Looks to End Solar Wars",
"headTitle": "As World’s Largest Solar Thermal Plant Opens, California Looks to End Solar Wars | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/07/2013-07-15-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"5477,5479,5480,5478,5482,5481,5484\" width=\"640\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few weeks, the largest solar plant of its kind in the world will start producing power in California’s Mojave Desert. The \u003ca href=\"http://ivanpahsolar.com/\">Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\u003c/a> will supply both Northern and Southern California, inching the state one step closer to its ambitious renewable energy goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like many of the large solar projects being built in the Mojave, Ivanpah ran into delays and controversy over its environmental impact. Now, in an effort to streamline the process, state officials are trying to broker an agreement between conservation groups and solar companies on a path forward for renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t use the solar technology most of us think of – those dark, silicon panels sitting on rooftops. The project harnesses the sun’s heat, reflecting off a field of 170,000 mirrors. They shimmer across a dry, dusty valley about five miles away from the California-Nevada state line, surrounding three 400-foot concrete towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can keep the sun’s energy – the rays of the sun – targeted back to the solar tower,” said Dave Beaudoin, construction manager for the $2.2 billion project, originally developed by Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The garage door-sized mirrors focus the heat on giant boilers on top of the towers, where water turns into steam. That steam powers a turbine that generates electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is definitely cutting-edge,” Beaudoin said. “It’s nothing I’ve ever done before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/solar_power_640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5532\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-5532\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/solar_power_640.jpg\" alt=\"solar_power_640\" width=\"640\" height=\"343\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah will supply about 140,000 homes in Pacific Gas & Electric and Southern California Edison territories when it comes fully online by the end of the year. But getting to that finish line has been a rough road for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years to get permits from almost a dozen state, federal and local agencies. The project became political fodder after getting a $1.6 billion federal loan guarantee, like the bankrupt solar company Solyndra. And then there’s the desert tortoise – the controversy that’s made Ivanpah famous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t have gray hairs before this project,” said Doug Davis, senior compliance manager for the project. Davis is looking at large mesh enclosures outside the field of mirrors, what he calls “Tortoise Head Start.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Head Start facility is mainly for the small guys,” Davis said. “Their shells are very soft, so very susceptible to ravens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5585\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_1505.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5585\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_1505.jpg\" alt=\"A desert tortoise in the Mojave Desert. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"350\" height=\"241\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A desert tortoise in the Mojave Desert. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Desert tortoises are a threatened species, so BrightSource relocates the ones found on the construction site. Young tortoises are held until they’re big enough to release. Several dozen adults have been moved offsite and are tracked with radio tags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BrightSource planned on finding just 35 desert tortoises when the project began, but came up with five times that number. That meant shutting down construction and doing another biological survey. “Almost every foot of our 3,500-acres, approximately, has been covered by a biologist at least ten times,” Davis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The relocation program has come at a cost: $55,000 per tortoise. It’s been watched closely by critics like Ileene Anderson of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/index.html\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>, one of the groups concerned over the loss of desert habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a big fan of the super-large projects,” she said. Utilities were on the hunt for large renewable energy contracts after California set a \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/03/29/ca-moves-forward-with-renewable-goals/\">goal of getting 33 percent\u003c/a> of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. There was a rush to get big solar farms underway to meet the Department of Energy’s loan guarantee program deadlines. In addition to Ivanpah, six other major solar projects are expected to open in California over the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the projects when they were first proposed and we would see the application, see where the map was, it was like ‘oh no, this is going to be a nightmare project,” said Anderson. “Put it on previously disturbed lands where there’s very few conflicts because the landscape has already been impacted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other environmental groups raised concerns from another perspective: climate change, something that could harm desert wildlife in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you care about desert tortoises, you better care about climate change,” said Carl Zichella of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “Without some large scale renewable energy projects we do not hit our climate goals. We do not replace fossil fuels with clean energy in this country. It just does not happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if we paved the whole California desert with solar plants, it’s not going to save the planet,” Anderson responded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/ivanpah_map_400/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5531\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-5531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/ivanpah_map_400.jpg\" alt=\"ivanpah_map_400\" width=\"400\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differing views sparked a “green vs. green” debate between those who wanted to file lawsuits to stop projects and those who didn’t want to see solar developers driven away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it has been tough,” Zichella said. “It’s been personally painful. We are very good at stopping things. We aren’t very good at building things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In end, with the threat of lawsuits in the air, environmental groups negotiated with BrightSource and other developers to set aside nature preserves in the desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to stem the conflict, California is trying to forge a smoother path for future projects through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan\u003c/a>. The idea is to divvy up the desert into zones suitable for renewable energy development and conservation areas that are off-limits. Solar developers, counties, conservation groups and federal and state agencies are hashing out the comprehensive plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karen Douglas of the California Energy Commission says it’s unusual to see all sides working together. “There is never any perfect consensus,” she said. “But we’ve got an opportunity with this partnership to put in place what we really think of as the ‘greenprint’ that will help us conserve our desert resources not only in the face of development but in the face of climate change.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m cautiously optimistic,” said Anderson. “Are they covering the right species in the plan and is it implementable? All those things are still to be determined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Western states have run into similar problems and are watching California’s effort. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Photos: Lauren Sommer, Josh Cassidy, Gabriela Quiros/KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few weeks, the largest solar plant of its kind in the world will start producing power in California’s Mojave Desert. The \u003ca href=\"http://ivanpahsolar.com/\">Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\u003c/a> will supply both Northern and Southern California, inching the state one step closer to its ambitious renewable energy goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like many of the large solar projects being built in the Mojave, Ivanpah ran into delays and controversy over its environmental impact. Now, in an effort to streamline the process, state officials are trying to broker an agreement between conservation groups and solar companies on a path forward for renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t use the solar technology most of us think of – those dark, silicon panels sitting on rooftops. The project harnesses the sun’s heat, reflecting off a field of 170,000 mirrors. They shimmer across a dry, dusty valley about five miles away from the California-Nevada state line, surrounding three 400-foot concrete towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can keep the sun’s energy – the rays of the sun – targeted back to the solar tower,” said Dave Beaudoin, construction manager for the $2.2 billion project, originally developed by Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The garage door-sized mirrors focus the heat on giant boilers on top of the towers, where water turns into steam. That steam powers a turbine that generates electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is definitely cutting-edge,” Beaudoin said. “It’s nothing I’ve ever done before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/solar_power_640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5532\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-5532\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/solar_power_640.jpg\" alt=\"solar_power_640\" width=\"640\" height=\"343\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah will supply about 140,000 homes in Pacific Gas & Electric and Southern California Edison territories when it comes fully online by the end of the year. But getting to that finish line has been a rough road for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years to get permits from almost a dozen state, federal and local agencies. The project became political fodder after getting a $1.6 billion federal loan guarantee, like the bankrupt solar company Solyndra. And then there’s the desert tortoise – the controversy that’s made Ivanpah famous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t have gray hairs before this project,” said Doug Davis, senior compliance manager for the project. Davis is looking at large mesh enclosures outside the field of mirrors, what he calls “Tortoise Head Start.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Head Start facility is mainly for the small guys,” Davis said. “Their shells are very soft, so very susceptible to ravens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5585\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_1505.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5585\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_1505.jpg\" alt=\"A desert tortoise in the Mojave Desert. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"350\" height=\"241\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A desert tortoise in the Mojave Desert. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Desert tortoises are a threatened species, so BrightSource relocates the ones found on the construction site. Young tortoises are held until they’re big enough to release. Several dozen adults have been moved offsite and are tracked with radio tags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BrightSource planned on finding just 35 desert tortoises when the project began, but came up with five times that number. That meant shutting down construction and doing another biological survey. “Almost every foot of our 3,500-acres, approximately, has been covered by a biologist at least ten times,” Davis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The relocation program has come at a cost: $55,000 per tortoise. It’s been watched closely by critics like Ileene Anderson of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/index.html\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>, one of the groups concerned over the loss of desert habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a big fan of the super-large projects,” she said. Utilities were on the hunt for large renewable energy contracts after California set a \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/03/29/ca-moves-forward-with-renewable-goals/\">goal of getting 33 percent\u003c/a> of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. There was a rush to get big solar farms underway to meet the Department of Energy’s loan guarantee program deadlines. In addition to Ivanpah, six other major solar projects are expected to open in California over the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the projects when they were first proposed and we would see the application, see where the map was, it was like ‘oh no, this is going to be a nightmare project,” said Anderson. “Put it on previously disturbed lands where there’s very few conflicts because the landscape has already been impacted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other environmental groups raised concerns from another perspective: climate change, something that could harm desert wildlife in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you care about desert tortoises, you better care about climate change,” said Carl Zichella of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “Without some large scale renewable energy projects we do not hit our climate goals. We do not replace fossil fuels with clean energy in this country. It just does not happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if we paved the whole California desert with solar plants, it’s not going to save the planet,” Anderson responded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/ivanpah_map_400/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5531\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-5531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/ivanpah_map_400.jpg\" alt=\"ivanpah_map_400\" width=\"400\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differing views sparked a “green vs. green” debate between those who wanted to file lawsuits to stop projects and those who didn’t want to see solar developers driven away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it has been tough,” Zichella said. “It’s been personally painful. We are very good at stopping things. We aren’t very good at building things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In end, with the threat of lawsuits in the air, environmental groups negotiated with BrightSource and other developers to set aside nature preserves in the desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to stem the conflict, California is trying to forge a smoother path for future projects through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan\u003c/a>. The idea is to divvy up the desert into zones suitable for renewable energy development and conservation areas that are off-limits. Solar developers, counties, conservation groups and federal and state agencies are hashing out the comprehensive plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karen Douglas of the California Energy Commission says it’s unusual to see all sides working together. “There is never any perfect consensus,” she said. “But we’ve got an opportunity with this partnership to put in place what we really think of as the ‘greenprint’ that will help us conserve our desert resources not only in the face of development but in the face of climate change.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m cautiously optimistic,” said Anderson. “Are they covering the right species in the plan and is it implementable? All those things are still to be determined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Western states have run into similar problems and are watching California’s effort. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Photos: Lauren Sommer, Josh Cassidy, Gabriela Quiros/KQED\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Air Travel: Why that Sardine Can of a Coach Section Could Save You",
"headTitle": "Air Travel: Why that Sardine Can of a Coach Section Could Save You | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5317\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0391.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5317\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5317\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0391.jpg\" alt=\"For safety, most airliners rely on the seat in front of you, as well as your seat belt. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"634\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For safety, most airliners rely on the seat in front of you, as well as your seat belt. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2013/07/07/nr-sf-plane-crash-survivor-eugene-rah.cnn.html\">video \u003c/a>posted by CNN on Sunday, passenger Eugene Rah credits his survival to something most coach passengers don’t have much familiarity with: a three-point seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been in cars since the 1960s. But they’re still a rare sight on airliners unless you’re in business-or-first class, like Eugene Rah was on Asiana Flight 214.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Luckily the seat I was sitting [in] it has one more strap coming across my chest, in addition to the one going around the waist, because it was a sleeper seat,” Rah told CNN. “If I did not have that, I’d have hit the ceiling. That’s how hard the impact was.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s this? First-class passengers get better, safer seat-belts than coach passengers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforappliedbiomechanics.org/index.php/people/faculty/37-researchers/42-robert-salzar\">Robert Salzar\u003c/a>, a scientist at the Center for Applied Biomechanics at the University of Virginia, it’s a little more complicated than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salzar says in order to pass FAA regulations, airplane seats undergo crash tests, just as cars do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a seat manufacturer, you design a seat and you have to get the seat certified by the FAA. And that involves placing a 50-percentile male crash test dummy in the seat and subjecting it to a frontal collision of a certain intensity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers have to show that something restrains the dummy from hitting his head on his knees, or something else in his vicinity. In coach, that’s what the seat in front of you does.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Inside the cabin, it would have felt like a “bad roller coaster ride.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a big impact, says Salzar, “your body pivots forward at the hip, and your face or your head is going impact the seat in front of you. And that seat is actually going to support your head and your neck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with a built-in screen or a phone, says Salzar, the surface of that seat-back is still pretty soft. It can save your life (or your back).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But up in first class, there’s a lot more space: room to stretch your legs, open a newspaper–and get seriously hurt in the event of a sudden jolt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing’s gonna support your head,” Salzar says. That’s why some airlines have added three-point harness systems, like those in your car, to first-class and bulkhead seats, he explained. “That makes up for the impact you’d normally get from the seat in front of you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in coach, that lap belt should keep you from flying out of your seat. But you’ve got to wear it the right way, which is why flight crews are always reminding us: “low and tight across your lap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Asiana214_int_NTSB.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5395\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Asiana214_int_NTSB.jpeg\" alt=\"The jumble of seats and deployed oxygen masks on board the crashed Asiana flight 214. (Photo: NTSB)\" width=\"600\" height=\"363\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The jumble of seats and deployed oxygen masks on board the crashed Asiana flight 214. (Photo: NTSB)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If your seat belt is high and riding on soft tissue of your abdomen and not across your pelvic girdle,” says Salzar, “you run the risk of abdominal injury.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abdominal injuries are among those suffered by survivors of the Asiana crash. So are spinal cord injuries and fractures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salzar says it’s way too early to speculate what could have caused the injuries passengers sustained in the Asiana crash. But it’s possible that the type of impact was beyond what most airplane seats are designed to handle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the video,” Salzar points out, the plane “managed to do a 360-degree spin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says inside the cabin, it would have felt like a “bad roller coaster ride.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going to have your neck wrenched around pretty bad. So you could have some lateral rolling, some torque on your spine. It’s going to be a fairly violent event. And that’s not what these seats are designed to protect against.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Asiana 777 was delivered in 2006. Newer planes, built after 2009, must have seats that can withstand greater impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet that standard, some manufacturers have added airbags to lap belts. And some are looking into what it would take to install three-point belt systems in coach seats, too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5317\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0391.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5317\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5317\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0391.jpg\" alt=\"For safety, most airliners rely on the seat in front of you, as well as your seat belt. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"634\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For safety, most airliners rely on the seat in front of you, as well as your seat belt. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2013/07/07/nr-sf-plane-crash-survivor-eugene-rah.cnn.html\">video \u003c/a>posted by CNN on Sunday, passenger Eugene Rah credits his survival to something most coach passengers don’t have much familiarity with: a three-point seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been in cars since the 1960s. But they’re still a rare sight on airliners unless you’re in business-or-first class, like Eugene Rah was on Asiana Flight 214.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Luckily the seat I was sitting [in] it has one more strap coming across my chest, in addition to the one going around the waist, because it was a sleeper seat,” Rah told CNN. “If I did not have that, I’d have hit the ceiling. That’s how hard the impact was.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s this? First-class passengers get better, safer seat-belts than coach passengers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforappliedbiomechanics.org/index.php/people/faculty/37-researchers/42-robert-salzar\">Robert Salzar\u003c/a>, a scientist at the Center for Applied Biomechanics at the University of Virginia, it’s a little more complicated than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salzar says in order to pass FAA regulations, airplane seats undergo crash tests, just as cars do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a seat manufacturer, you design a seat and you have to get the seat certified by the FAA. And that involves placing a 50-percentile male crash test dummy in the seat and subjecting it to a frontal collision of a certain intensity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers have to show that something restrains the dummy from hitting his head on his knees, or something else in his vicinity. In coach, that’s what the seat in front of you does.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Inside the cabin, it would have felt like a “bad roller coaster ride.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a big impact, says Salzar, “your body pivots forward at the hip, and your face or your head is going impact the seat in front of you. And that seat is actually going to support your head and your neck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with a built-in screen or a phone, says Salzar, the surface of that seat-back is still pretty soft. It can save your life (or your back).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But up in first class, there’s a lot more space: room to stretch your legs, open a newspaper–and get seriously hurt in the event of a sudden jolt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing’s gonna support your head,” Salzar says. That’s why some airlines have added three-point harness systems, like those in your car, to first-class and bulkhead seats, he explained. “That makes up for the impact you’d normally get from the seat in front of you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in coach, that lap belt should keep you from flying out of your seat. But you’ve got to wear it the right way, which is why flight crews are always reminding us: “low and tight across your lap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Asiana214_int_NTSB.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5395\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Asiana214_int_NTSB.jpeg\" alt=\"The jumble of seats and deployed oxygen masks on board the crashed Asiana flight 214. (Photo: NTSB)\" width=\"600\" height=\"363\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The jumble of seats and deployed oxygen masks on board the crashed Asiana flight 214. (Photo: NTSB)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If your seat belt is high and riding on soft tissue of your abdomen and not across your pelvic girdle,” says Salzar, “you run the risk of abdominal injury.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abdominal injuries are among those suffered by survivors of the Asiana crash. So are spinal cord injuries and fractures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salzar says it’s way too early to speculate what could have caused the injuries passengers sustained in the Asiana crash. But it’s possible that the type of impact was beyond what most airplane seats are designed to handle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the video,” Salzar points out, the plane “managed to do a 360-degree spin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says inside the cabin, it would have felt like a “bad roller coaster ride.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going to have your neck wrenched around pretty bad. So you could have some lateral rolling, some torque on your spine. It’s going to be a fairly violent event. And that’s not what these seats are designed to protect against.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Asiana 777 was delivered in 2006. Newer planes, built after 2009, must have seats that can withstand greater impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet that standard, some manufacturers have added airbags to lap belts. And some are looking into what it would take to install three-point belt systems in coach seats, too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Who Profits from Proposition 65? (Part Two)",
"headTitle": "Who Profits from Proposition 65? (Part Two) | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/07/2013-07-08-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Part One of this series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sacramento this month, lawmakers are considering sweeping changes to a landmark state environmental law. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/background/p65plain.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 65\u003c/a>, passed by California voters in 1986, requires warning labels on any product, sold in the state, that’s known to contain a chemical that can cause cancer or reproductive harm. It’s the reason for those those placards you see on public buildings, warning about possible exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/warning-4x3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/warning-4x3.jpg\" alt=\"warning-4x3\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5007\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">helped reduce toxic chemicals\u003c/a> in thousands of products. But critics complain it is also making too much money for a small group of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some businesses, the first introduction to Prop. 65 is the arrival of a “\u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/prop65/add-60-day-notice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">60-day notice\u003c/a>,” informing them that they are in violation of Prop. 65 and in danger of being sued. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened to Bette and Manfred Kroening, who own Bette’s Oceanview Diner in Berkeley. In 2006, they received a \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-day-notice-search-results?field_prop65_report_year_value=&field_prop65_id_value=&field_prop65_plaintiff_value=&field_prop65_defendant_value=bette%27s&date_filter%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=&date_filter%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_prop65_product_value=&sort_by=field_prop65_id_value&sort_order=DESC&items_per_page=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">60-day notice\u003c/a> saying that small amounts of lead had been detected on bottles of Original Nehi Grape soda the diner served. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By law, the diner should should had a Prop. 65 sign posted, warning customers about the lead, the letter said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bette Kroening noticed a name on the letter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw this name Whitney Leeman all over the place and that this was a person involved up and down California, I felt, looking for opportunities to find people like us to make some money. That’s what I thought.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroening had stumbled onto a small and little-known subculture of people who have a special relationship to Proposition 65. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re called \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/regulations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private enforcers\u003c/a>, and they send out letters like the one Bette received to dozens of businesses a year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the business and private enforcer reach a settlement, the business owner typically does three things: put up a Prop. 65 sign or remove the toxic chemical, pay the enforcer’s attorney fees and costs and also pay a civil penalty. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of that penalty, 75 percent goes to the state, and 25 percent goes to the private enforcer. For the most active private enforcers, this work \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/prop65/Alpert_Report2012.pdf?\">can top\u003c/a> $100,000 in a year, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state database\u003c/a>, run by the Attorney General’s office, which tracks all Proposition 65 cases. Typically, a much larger amount goes to the law firm that represents the private enforcer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Cliff Chanler heads \u003ca href=\"https://www.chanler.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Chanler Group\u003c/a>, a Berkeley law firm that represents some of the most active private enforcers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.chanler.com/prop-65\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop. 65\u003c/a> has been “more than a majority of our firm’s case load,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-two/attachment/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5191\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/attachment.jpg\" alt=\"attachment\" width=\"1300\" height=\"1076\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5191\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chanler says the Bette’s Diner incident was part of a larger and successful case against the Dr. Pepper Bottling Company of West Jefferson. And in the end, Bette didn’t have to pay a fine. “We settled with Dr. Pepper, achieving a great public benefit, raising $1,000,000 [for the state, in penalties] and releasing Bette’s Diner of all liability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, Chanler received\u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/prop65/Chanler_51107_letter.pdf?\"> a letter \u003c/a>from the Attorney General’s office, expressing concern over how such cases had been handled. “Your clients have collected significant sums of money from businesses that have little or no liability for past violations, and an amount of attorney fees that appears to exceed a reasonable amount,” the letter read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Chanler, “we fight the good fight against people who have a lot of resources and have put millions of millions of different items on the marketplace without alerting the consumer so they can make a choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fighting the good fight can be pretty lucrative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the California Attorney General’s public database, Chanler’s firm has collected millions of dollars working on Prop. 65 cases over the years. His clients, like Whitney Leeman, can make hundreds of thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s red meat to critics of Prop 65, such as John Coupal, president of the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly they’ve set up a cottage industry,” says Coupal. “You have a law that’s essentially been rendered meaningless except for those who are able to engage the judicial process to make themselves a very good living.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to learn more about private enforcers and what motivates them. I started with Whitney Leeman, who sent the letter to Bette’s Diner seven years ago\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the state database, Leeman’s filed \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-day-notice-search-results?field_prop65_report_year_value=&field_prop65_id_value=&field_prop65_plaintiff_value=leeman&field_prop65_defendant_value=&date_filter%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=&date_filter%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_prop65_product_value=&sort_by=field_prop65_id_value&sort_order=DESC&items_per_page=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">232 notices\u003c/a> to businesses across California. She’s gone after pthalates in \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-Day-Notice-2013-00567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greeting cards\u003c/a>, carcinogens such as benzoanthracenes in \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-Day-Notice-2012-00684\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grilled hamburger\u003c/a>s and lead in \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-Day-Notice-2008-00061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eye shadow\u003c/a>. This work has netted her somewhere in the neighborhood of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leeman also works for the California Air Resources Board, a state agency that regulates air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sit well with John Coupal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s out there on the one hand working for the regulatory agency, but also pursuing a personal agenda,” says Coupal. “So it does strike me as presenting a pretty clear conflict of interest.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leeman declined to be interviewed. But in response to our questions, Chanler sent an email with Leeman’s “thoughts as interpreted and conveyed by me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The email said there’s no conflict of interest that Leeman’s aware of. She does her Prop. 65 work outside of office hours, and the work hasn’t involved air quality issues. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tried to speak to another of Chanler’s clients: Russell Brimer. According to the state database, Brimer has sent out \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-day-notice-search-results?field_prop65_report_year_value=&field_prop65_id_value=&field_prop65_plaintiff_value=Brimer&field_prop65_defendant_value=&date_filter%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=&date_filter%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_prop65_product_value=&sort_by=field_prop65_id_value&sort_order=DESC&items_per_page=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,057\u003c/a> notices since 2004 and earned at least $600,000 in that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chanler said Brimer didn’t want to be interviewed, adding that Brimer is 41, lives in Emeryville, and works as a private investigator and security guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chanler set up a conference call with another of his clients: Anthony Held, who has a PhD in environmental engineering from UC Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My motivation in this field,” said Held, “is to identify and reduce the source of environmental pollutants and the harm that can come from them.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the database, Held has filed \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-day-notice-search-results?field_prop65_report_year_value=&field_prop65_id_value=&field_prop65_plaintiff_value=Held&field_prop65_defendant_value=&date_filter%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=&date_filter%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_prop65_product_value=&sort_by=field_prop65_id_value&sort_order=DESC&items_per_page=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">720 cases\u003c/a> and earned at least half a million dollars. Held says he’s proud of the work he’s done. \u003cbr>\n \u003cbr>\n“As to whether people would indicate ulterior motives, I think that could be said of any profession,” Held told me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private enforcers are “possibly an efficient form of enforcement,” says David Engstrom, an associate professor at Stanford Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there are two ways a law like Prop 65 could have been written. One, establish an office of government prosecutors to enforce it. But often, Engstrom says, they drop the ball. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Government regulators may be too lax,” he says. “Prosecutors [may] be unwilling to bring cases that it would be good for society to have brought.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves the option number two, the private sector, including advocacy groups and private individuals like Russell Brimer and lawyers like Cliff Chanler. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engstrom says the risk here is too much enforcement: too many suits, including some that may not be in the public interest. This is “just throwing spaghetti at the wall and hoping something will stick,” as Engstrom describes it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer in Sacramento, lawmakers say they’re looking for a happy medium. One bill, AB 227, sponsored by Democratic Assemblyman Mike Gatto from Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asmdc.org/members/a43/press-releases/mike-gatto-s-bill-to-protect-small-businesses-unanimously-passes-assembly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">passed the State Assembly\u003c/a> 71-0 in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AB227 would give certain businesses, including restaurants, a 14-day grace period to put up a sign and avoid big penalties and attorneys fees. That would mean less money for citizen enforcers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broader proposal\u003c/a> from Governor Jerry Brown would, among other things, cap attorney’s fees to make Prop 65 less lucrative for lawyers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal: Not too much enforcement, not too little, just about right.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Proposition 65 is enforced by, among others, a small and little-known subculture of \"private enforcers,\" and their attorneys who profit from settlements with businesses found to be in violation of the law. Critics call it a \"cottage industry;\" others say it's an efficient way to protect consumers from toxic chemicals. \r\n",
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"description": "Proposition 65 is enforced by, among others, a small and little-known subculture of "private enforcers," and their attorneys who profit from settlements with businesses found to be in violation of the law. Critics call it a "cottage industry;" others say it's an efficient way to protect consumers from toxic chemicals. \r\n",
"title": "Who Profits from Proposition 65? (Part Two) | KQED",
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"headline": "Who Profits from Proposition 65? (Part Two)",
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"slug": "who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-two",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/07/2013-07-08-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Part One of this series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sacramento this month, lawmakers are considering sweeping changes to a landmark state environmental law. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/background/p65plain.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 65\u003c/a>, passed by California voters in 1986, requires warning labels on any product, sold in the state, that’s known to contain a chemical that can cause cancer or reproductive harm. It’s the reason for those those placards you see on public buildings, warning about possible exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/warning-4x3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/warning-4x3.jpg\" alt=\"warning-4x3\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5007\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">helped reduce toxic chemicals\u003c/a> in thousands of products. But critics complain it is also making too much money for a small group of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some businesses, the first introduction to Prop. 65 is the arrival of a “\u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/prop65/add-60-day-notice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">60-day notice\u003c/a>,” informing them that they are in violation of Prop. 65 and in danger of being sued. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened to Bette and Manfred Kroening, who own Bette’s Oceanview Diner in Berkeley. In 2006, they received a \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-day-notice-search-results?field_prop65_report_year_value=&field_prop65_id_value=&field_prop65_plaintiff_value=&field_prop65_defendant_value=bette%27s&date_filter%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=&date_filter%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_prop65_product_value=&sort_by=field_prop65_id_value&sort_order=DESC&items_per_page=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">60-day notice\u003c/a> saying that small amounts of lead had been detected on bottles of Original Nehi Grape soda the diner served. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By law, the diner should should had a Prop. 65 sign posted, warning customers about the lead, the letter said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bette Kroening noticed a name on the letter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw this name Whitney Leeman all over the place and that this was a person involved up and down California, I felt, looking for opportunities to find people like us to make some money. That’s what I thought.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroening had stumbled onto a small and little-known subculture of people who have a special relationship to Proposition 65. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re called \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/regulations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private enforcers\u003c/a>, and they send out letters like the one Bette received to dozens of businesses a year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the business and private enforcer reach a settlement, the business owner typically does three things: put up a Prop. 65 sign or remove the toxic chemical, pay the enforcer’s attorney fees and costs and also pay a civil penalty. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of that penalty, 75 percent goes to the state, and 25 percent goes to the private enforcer. For the most active private enforcers, this work \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/prop65/Alpert_Report2012.pdf?\">can top\u003c/a> $100,000 in a year, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state database\u003c/a>, run by the Attorney General’s office, which tracks all Proposition 65 cases. Typically, a much larger amount goes to the law firm that represents the private enforcer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Cliff Chanler heads \u003ca href=\"https://www.chanler.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Chanler Group\u003c/a>, a Berkeley law firm that represents some of the most active private enforcers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.chanler.com/prop-65\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop. 65\u003c/a> has been “more than a majority of our firm’s case load,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-two/attachment/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5191\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/attachment.jpg\" alt=\"attachment\" width=\"1300\" height=\"1076\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5191\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chanler says the Bette’s Diner incident was part of a larger and successful case against the Dr. Pepper Bottling Company of West Jefferson. And in the end, Bette didn’t have to pay a fine. “We settled with Dr. Pepper, achieving a great public benefit, raising $1,000,000 [for the state, in penalties] and releasing Bette’s Diner of all liability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, Chanler received\u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/prop65/Chanler_51107_letter.pdf?\"> a letter \u003c/a>from the Attorney General’s office, expressing concern over how such cases had been handled. “Your clients have collected significant sums of money from businesses that have little or no liability for past violations, and an amount of attorney fees that appears to exceed a reasonable amount,” the letter read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Chanler, “we fight the good fight against people who have a lot of resources and have put millions of millions of different items on the marketplace without alerting the consumer so they can make a choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fighting the good fight can be pretty lucrative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the California Attorney General’s public database, Chanler’s firm has collected millions of dollars working on Prop. 65 cases over the years. His clients, like Whitney Leeman, can make hundreds of thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s red meat to critics of Prop 65, such as John Coupal, president of the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly they’ve set up a cottage industry,” says Coupal. “You have a law that’s essentially been rendered meaningless except for those who are able to engage the judicial process to make themselves a very good living.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to learn more about private enforcers and what motivates them. I started with Whitney Leeman, who sent the letter to Bette’s Diner seven years ago\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the state database, Leeman’s filed \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-day-notice-search-results?field_prop65_report_year_value=&field_prop65_id_value=&field_prop65_plaintiff_value=leeman&field_prop65_defendant_value=&date_filter%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=&date_filter%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_prop65_product_value=&sort_by=field_prop65_id_value&sort_order=DESC&items_per_page=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">232 notices\u003c/a> to businesses across California. She’s gone after pthalates in \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-Day-Notice-2013-00567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greeting cards\u003c/a>, carcinogens such as benzoanthracenes in \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-Day-Notice-2012-00684\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grilled hamburger\u003c/a>s and lead in \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-Day-Notice-2008-00061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eye shadow\u003c/a>. This work has netted her somewhere in the neighborhood of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leeman also works for the California Air Resources Board, a state agency that regulates air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sit well with John Coupal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s out there on the one hand working for the regulatory agency, but also pursuing a personal agenda,” says Coupal. “So it does strike me as presenting a pretty clear conflict of interest.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leeman declined to be interviewed. But in response to our questions, Chanler sent an email with Leeman’s “thoughts as interpreted and conveyed by me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The email said there’s no conflict of interest that Leeman’s aware of. She does her Prop. 65 work outside of office hours, and the work hasn’t involved air quality issues. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tried to speak to another of Chanler’s clients: Russell Brimer. According to the state database, Brimer has sent out \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-day-notice-search-results?field_prop65_report_year_value=&field_prop65_id_value=&field_prop65_plaintiff_value=Brimer&field_prop65_defendant_value=&date_filter%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=&date_filter%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_prop65_product_value=&sort_by=field_prop65_id_value&sort_order=DESC&items_per_page=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,057\u003c/a> notices since 2004 and earned at least $600,000 in that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chanler said Brimer didn’t want to be interviewed, adding that Brimer is 41, lives in Emeryville, and works as a private investigator and security guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chanler set up a conference call with another of his clients: Anthony Held, who has a PhD in environmental engineering from UC Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My motivation in this field,” said Held, “is to identify and reduce the source of environmental pollutants and the harm that can come from them.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the database, Held has filed \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/prop65/60-day-notice-search-results?field_prop65_report_year_value=&field_prop65_id_value=&field_prop65_plaintiff_value=Held&field_prop65_defendant_value=&date_filter%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=&date_filter%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_prop65_product_value=&sort_by=field_prop65_id_value&sort_order=DESC&items_per_page=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">720 cases\u003c/a> and earned at least half a million dollars. Held says he’s proud of the work he’s done. \u003cbr>\n \u003cbr>\n“As to whether people would indicate ulterior motives, I think that could be said of any profession,” Held told me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private enforcers are “possibly an efficient form of enforcement,” says David Engstrom, an associate professor at Stanford Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there are two ways a law like Prop 65 could have been written. One, establish an office of government prosecutors to enforce it. But often, Engstrom says, they drop the ball. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Government regulators may be too lax,” he says. “Prosecutors [may] be unwilling to bring cases that it would be good for society to have brought.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves the option number two, the private sector, including advocacy groups and private individuals like Russell Brimer and lawyers like Cliff Chanler. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engstrom says the risk here is too much enforcement: too many suits, including some that may not be in the public interest. This is “just throwing spaghetti at the wall and hoping something will stick,” as Engstrom describes it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer in Sacramento, lawmakers say they’re looking for a happy medium. One bill, AB 227, sponsored by Democratic Assemblyman Mike Gatto from Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asmdc.org/members/a43/press-releases/mike-gatto-s-bill-to-protect-small-businesses-unanimously-passes-assembly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">passed the State Assembly\u003c/a> 71-0 in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AB227 would give certain businesses, including restaurants, a 14-day grace period to put up a sign and avoid big penalties and attorneys fees. That would mean less money for citizen enforcers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broader proposal\u003c/a> from Governor Jerry Brown would, among other things, cap attorney’s fees to make Prop 65 less lucrative for lawyers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal: Not too much enforcement, not too little, just about right.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What the Heat Wave Means for California's Crops",
"headTitle": "What the Heat Wave Means for California’s Crops | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The heat wave that pushed inland temperatures into triple-digits for days is finally wearing off, but farmers are still figuring out how it will affect their crops. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a mixed bag, depending on what a farmer grows. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_24291-e1348179997154.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_24291-e1348179997154\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-5114\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fruit can actually get sunburned,” explains Dave Kranz of the California Farm Bureau. Walnuts and tomatoes can, too. So, Kranz says, some farmers paint a protective coating on the fruits, to help reflect the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk production may go down, too, since, Kranz says, “dairy cows will get a little bit stressed in hot weather, just like people can be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other crops are happily soaking up the rays. Roger Scommegna from Napa-based Three Thieves Winery says the hot weather means the grapes are producing a lot of sugar, which is a good thing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really good time for a heat wave. If we’re going to have one, right now is a good time,” he says. “We’re going to get some good growth out of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scommegna says he adjusts hours when there’s a heat wave, to help keep farmworkers safe; they start earlier, and get out of the fields before the hottest part of the day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what — if any — impact the heat will have on harvests or on prices at the store. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDERCsYdK9g?list=PLpGHT1n4-mAugi9xQL3m0a-0z8wA9fRNe\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he and his engineering students look at wild birds for inspiration, then come back into the lab and train birds there to perform similar feats, which they film with high speed cameras. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Get Involved\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lentink is looking for volunteers. You can \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1AUT5KBJfDPuP2dLXg8FX5OhXeyCzc6CUnhpWd_fdVoE/viewform\">apply\u003c/a> to borrow his high speed camera and film birds in the field.\u003cbr>\n[/box]”You really learn about the exquisite maneuvers the birds are capable of making,” says Lentink. He and his students have observed phenomena no one’s ever seen before, because they happen so fast. For instance, a hummingbird doing what he refers to as “a wet dog shake.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was doing it so fast, it was doing it faster than any other vertebrate on the planet,” says Lentink. “Twice as fast as a mouse, which was the fastest that had been documented so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SoSCMDsoJU?list=PLpGHT1n4-mAugi9xQL3m0a-0z8wA9fRNe\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passenger jets and big drones do OK — they can fly through turbulence, or steer around it. But smaller drones don’t fare as well with complex flight situations like gusting winds or sudden turns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds are somehow capable of dealing with that and none of our robots can.” And, he says, no one quite knows how birds do it. “Straight flight has been studied very much. How birds turn has been studied much less. There’s just a lot we don’t know about how birds fly through complicated terrain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lentink says by learning from birds, engineers might be able to design better flying robots that could be used in search and rescue or for monitoring crops. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he’s looking for help. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so many birds and so many possible species we could film,” he says, and the engineers he’s working with don’t necessarily know the most interesting ones, or where to film them. So if you have ideas, you can \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1AUT5KBJfDPuP2dLXg8FX5OhXeyCzc6CUnhpWd_fdVoE/viewform\">apply\u003c/a> to borrow their very high speed camera and capture video for the project. (My votes? I’d like to see super-slow motion \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/barn_swallow/id\">barn swallows\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/coopers_hawk/id\">Cooper’s hawk\u003c/a> crashing through a forest.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Temperatures in parts of the Bay Area topped a hundred degrees Monday, with more hot weather expected this week. The National Weather Service has issued an excessive heat warning for Northern California effective through the July 4\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> holiday. Cities including \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2013/07/01/5536125/sacramento-opens-cooling-centers.htmlhttp://www.sacbee.com/2013/07/01/5536125/sacramento-opens-cooling-centers.html\">Sacramento\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/san-jose-neighborhoods/ci_23579185/cambrian-residents-offered-cooling-off-center\">San Jose\u003c/a> are running cooling centers for residents seeking relief from the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing triple-digit temperatures all the way from south of Mount Shasta to Bakersfield and inland California,” said meteorologist Drew Peterson of the National Weather Service. “And we are expecting triple-digit temperatures to continue throughout most of the Valley through Friday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern Californians aren’t sweating it out alone. The high pressure system causing this heat wave extends from Arizona and Nevada all the way into Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4987\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/deathvalley-e1372724869280.jpg\" alt=\"Bust it Away Photography/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/bustitaway/8123665726/in/photostream/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Death Valley may break its own record for hottest place on Earth. (Bust it Away Photography/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while prolonged triple-digit temperatures are unusual for Northern California, periods of extreme heat have occurred in the recent past. “The last time we had something like this was in 2006,” said Peterson. “There were about 163 deaths here in California, and anywhere from 250,000 to a million livestock were lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile tourists in Death Valley are watching the thermometer, hoping to witness the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/06/death-valley-furnace-creek-heat-record-temperature/66693/\">highest temperature\u003c/a> ever recorded on Earth. Temperatures on Sunday tied the Death Valley record for the month of June. Death Valley holds the current world record at 134 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat wave will reach a peak on Tuesday or Wednesday, and meteorologists expect it to subside by the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Temperatures in parts of the Bay Area topped a hundred degrees Monday, with more hot weather expected this week. The National Weather Service has issued an excessive heat warning for Northern California effective through the July 4\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> holiday. Cities including \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2013/07/01/5536125/sacramento-opens-cooling-centers.htmlhttp://www.sacbee.com/2013/07/01/5536125/sacramento-opens-cooling-centers.html\">Sacramento\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/san-jose-neighborhoods/ci_23579185/cambrian-residents-offered-cooling-off-center\">San Jose\u003c/a> are running cooling centers for residents seeking relief from the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing triple-digit temperatures all the way from south of Mount Shasta to Bakersfield and inland California,” said meteorologist Drew Peterson of the National Weather Service. “And we are expecting triple-digit temperatures to continue throughout most of the Valley through Friday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern Californians aren’t sweating it out alone. The high pressure system causing this heat wave extends from Arizona and Nevada all the way into Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4987\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/deathvalley-e1372724869280.jpg\" alt=\"Bust it Away Photography/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/bustitaway/8123665726/in/photostream/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Death Valley may break its own record for hottest place on Earth. (Bust it Away Photography/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while prolonged triple-digit temperatures are unusual for Northern California, periods of extreme heat have occurred in the recent past. “The last time we had something like this was in 2006,” said Peterson. “There were about 163 deaths here in California, and anywhere from 250,000 to a million livestock were lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile tourists in Death Valley are watching the thermometer, hoping to witness the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/06/death-valley-furnace-creek-heat-record-temperature/66693/\">highest temperature\u003c/a> ever recorded on Earth. Temperatures on Sunday tied the Death Valley record for the month of June. Death Valley holds the current world record at 134 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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