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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/09/2013-09-02-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>More and more people are tracking sexual activity on their smartphones. We’re not talking about watching X-rated videos. Rather, we mean fertility apps for getting pregnant, the newest high-tech trend in helping people conceive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Natural Resources, a baby store in San Francisco’s Mission district, it’s not hard to find couples who track their sexual activity online. Lorraine Acosta is 15 weeks pregnant and attending her first pre-natal class. While the 30-year-old wants to give birth the old-fashioned way, she got pregnant with the help of an app called \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sleekbit.ovuview&hl=en&referrer=utm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_medium%3Dorganic%26utm_term%3Dovuview+iphone\">OvuView\u003c/a>. “I’m an Android user,” Acosta says, “so I like this app for Android.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OvuView has more than 18,000 reviews in the app store, and gets mostly five out of five stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a woman is ovulating, her body temperature at rest goes up a degree or so. The app asks you to log that temperature before getting out of bed every morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It synched with my alarm,” Acosta says. “So everyday when my alarm went on, the app also showed a notification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app also asks women to describe, on a daily basis, the quality of the mucus coming from their cervix. As the mucus goes from creamy and thick to clear like an egg white, a woman is getting more fertile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many women would feel anxious logging so much personal information, Acosta says the app made her feel more in control. The very month she and her husband Andres Ornelas wanted to conceive, she got pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acosta says the app did not dictate when she and her husband should have sex. “It just told me when I was more fertile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Is it for fertility or sexual preferences? I don’t know!”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Dozens of self-tracking apps have popped up on the market in the last few years to help women find their fertility window. One new high-profile app called \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/glow-conceive-confidence/id638021335?mt=8\">Glow \u003c/a>is going a step further, and asking some very personal questions about sexual activity—questions like: Was the woman’s position on the bottom, in front, on top, other? Was there a female orgasm? Was there emotional discomfort? Sad, angry, or stressed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acosta laughs when she reads through the list. “Is it for fertility or sexual preferences,” she said, “I don’t know!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ornelas raises his eyebrows. “I’m kind of curious what it does with the answers that you give it,” he says. “Those seem like questions that I’ve never seen related to fertility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s mostly right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fertility specialists say there’s no consensus on how stress can impact pregnancy. Studies show female orgasm has little to no effect on pregnancy. As to the impact of sexual positions on fertility—there’s not much serious research there, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7717\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/glowapp-e1377741180195-1024x813.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7717\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-7717\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/glowapp-e1377741180195-1024x813.jpg\" alt=\"Glow Founder Max Levchin says he's asking personal questions because his start-up is a science experiment.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"813\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glow Founder Max Levchin says he’s asking personal questions because his start-up is a science experiment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Glow is based in San Francisco. The founder, Max Levchin, is a computer scientist, and Levchin says his company is running a science experiment. “Part of our responsibility here,” he said, “is to actually gather enough data to run a study and say, ‘You know what? People conceived faster if they tried it on their back.’ Or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levchin is the same Big Data scientist who helped launch PayPal in 1999. The payment service looks at what people buy online to try to predict what they want next. Glow wants to use crowdsourcing to figure out if certain myths about pregnancy are actually facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as we have a couple hundred thousand data points,” Levchin says, “we’ll probably have the single largest study correlating sexual position to speed of conception.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glow stores all its data on the cloud. Sexual position is arguably more sensitive data than a credit card number, and this app does not\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>strip people’s names from their responses. Levchin says that’s a service, if a Glow app user needs to visit a fertility doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You actually want to show up with a log that that person can understand,” Levchin says. “They can look at and say, ‘Oh, you’ve been tracking your data. Let me tell you what your options are.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctor Marcelle Cedars is a fertility specialist at the University of California San Francisco. She is skeptical of the medical value of fertility tracking apps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cedars says she tries to make things as simple and low stress as possible for couples early in the process. “The more sort of boxes you put around their sexuality, to me, tends to increase stress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cedars points out the data that Glow is collecting may not end up being useful for science: the women who choose to use Glow may not represent women in general. And these women may not tell the truth about their sexual activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cedars also says fertility apps have to be crystal clear about whom they cannot help. These apps assume a woman is ovulating regularly. “But if you’re having periods every two to three months,” she says, “you may not be ovulating at all. There need to be some windows saying, ‘maybe you should talk to your doctor.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Glow app is free. Founder Max Levchin says he’s not worried about making money just yet. He’s focused on getting new users.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“As soon as we have a couple hundred thousand data points, we’ll probably have the single largest study correlating sexual position to speed of conception.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Levchin put a million dollars of his own money into Glow First, a non-profit fund offered as a premium service for app users who need to see a fertility specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a strong way to drive adoption so people use the app,” says Andrew Farquharson, Managing Director of InCube Ventures, “but over time that approach isn’t going to be sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farquharson is a venture capitalist who invests in life science apps, but he says fertility apps are not ripe for investment because they don’t improve medical outcomes. With diabetes and heart patients, monitors that track blood sugar and heart rate “are better than going to a doctor once a day because they operate continuously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s waiting for products like Glow to integrate sensors. “When women don’t have to pee on a stick to know if they’re pregnant, I’ll reconsider.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levchin is toying with other ways to make his app profitable. Currently Glow has a companion edition for the partner of the woman trying to conceive. Using data about her mood and ovulation, Levchin says, Glow makes suggestions like, “This might be an excellent time to send a bouquet of flowers or book a spa trip.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levchin says he’s not yet planning to integrate such features with commercial websites like flowers.com or hotels.com. “But since I am on Yelp’s board,” he says, “I know exactly where to look for the best florists and spa. And we actually talked about it when we were designing this thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andres Ornelas, the father-to-be from the baby store, calls that idea “kind of creepy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ornelas is a fan of self-tracking, but doesn’t want an app that intrudes on his marriage. “If an app told me, ‘Oh it’s that time of the month to buy flowers for your wife,’ then I feel like I’m not giving them the flowers. I feel like the app is doing it for me, so it’s pointless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the guy who always forgets to buy flowers might just like that feature. Fertility apps are still seeking their niche. After all, they’re only in their infancy. The start-up Glow hasn’t even reached its first trimester.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app also asks women to describe, on a daily basis, the quality of the mucus coming from their cervix. As the mucus goes from creamy and thick to clear like an egg white, a woman is getting more fertile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many women would feel anxious logging so much personal information, Acosta says the app made her feel more in control. The very month she and her husband Andres Ornelas wanted to conceive, she got pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acosta says the app did not dictate when she and her husband should have sex. “It just told me when I was more fertile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Is it for fertility or sexual preferences? I don’t know!”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Dozens of self-tracking apps have popped up on the market in the last few years to help women find their fertility window. One new high-profile app called \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/glow-conceive-confidence/id638021335?mt=8\">Glow \u003c/a>is going a step further, and asking some very personal questions about sexual activity—questions like: Was the woman’s position on the bottom, in front, on top, other? Was there a female orgasm? Was there emotional discomfort? Sad, angry, or stressed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acosta laughs when she reads through the list. “Is it for fertility or sexual preferences,” she said, “I don’t know!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ornelas raises his eyebrows. “I’m kind of curious what it does with the answers that you give it,” he says. “Those seem like questions that I’ve never seen related to fertility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s mostly right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fertility specialists say there’s no consensus on how stress can impact pregnancy. Studies show female orgasm has little to no effect on pregnancy. As to the impact of sexual positions on fertility—there’s not much serious research there, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7717\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/glowapp-e1377741180195-1024x813.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7717\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-7717\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/glowapp-e1377741180195-1024x813.jpg\" alt=\"Glow Founder Max Levchin says he's asking personal questions because his start-up is a science experiment.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"813\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glow Founder Max Levchin says he’s asking personal questions because his start-up is a science experiment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Glow is based in San Francisco. The founder, Max Levchin, is a computer scientist, and Levchin says his company is running a science experiment. “Part of our responsibility here,” he said, “is to actually gather enough data to run a study and say, ‘You know what? People conceived faster if they tried it on their back.’ Or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levchin is the same Big Data scientist who helped launch PayPal in 1999. The payment service looks at what people buy online to try to predict what they want next. Glow wants to use crowdsourcing to figure out if certain myths about pregnancy are actually facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as we have a couple hundred thousand data points,” Levchin says, “we’ll probably have the single largest study correlating sexual position to speed of conception.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glow stores all its data on the cloud. Sexual position is arguably more sensitive data than a credit card number, and this app does not\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>strip people’s names from their responses. Levchin says that’s a service, if a Glow app user needs to visit a fertility doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You actually want to show up with a log that that person can understand,” Levchin says. “They can look at and say, ‘Oh, you’ve been tracking your data. Let me tell you what your options are.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctor Marcelle Cedars is a fertility specialist at the University of California San Francisco. She is skeptical of the medical value of fertility tracking apps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cedars says she tries to make things as simple and low stress as possible for couples early in the process. “The more sort of boxes you put around their sexuality, to me, tends to increase stress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cedars points out the data that Glow is collecting may not end up being useful for science: the women who choose to use Glow may not represent women in general. And these women may not tell the truth about their sexual activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cedars also says fertility apps have to be crystal clear about whom they cannot help. These apps assume a woman is ovulating regularly. “But if you’re having periods every two to three months,” she says, “you may not be ovulating at all. There need to be some windows saying, ‘maybe you should talk to your doctor.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Glow app is free. Founder Max Levchin says he’s not worried about making money just yet. He’s focused on getting new users.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“As soon as we have a couple hundred thousand data points, we’ll probably have the single largest study correlating sexual position to speed of conception.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Levchin put a million dollars of his own money into Glow First, a non-profit fund offered as a premium service for app users who need to see a fertility specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a strong way to drive adoption so people use the app,” says Andrew Farquharson, Managing Director of InCube Ventures, “but over time that approach isn’t going to be sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farquharson is a venture capitalist who invests in life science apps, but he says fertility apps are not ripe for investment because they don’t improve medical outcomes. With diabetes and heart patients, monitors that track blood sugar and heart rate “are better than going to a doctor once a day because they operate continuously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s waiting for products like Glow to integrate sensors. “When women don’t have to pee on a stick to know if they’re pregnant, I’ll reconsider.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levchin is toying with other ways to make his app profitable. Currently Glow has a companion edition for the partner of the woman trying to conceive. Using data about her mood and ovulation, Levchin says, Glow makes suggestions like, “This might be an excellent time to send a bouquet of flowers or book a spa trip.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levchin says he’s not yet planning to integrate such features with commercial websites like flowers.com or hotels.com. “But since I am on Yelp’s board,” he says, “I know exactly where to look for the best florists and spa. And we actually talked about it when we were designing this thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andres Ornelas, the father-to-be from the baby store, calls that idea “kind of creepy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ornelas is a fan of self-tracking, but doesn’t want an app that intrudes on his marriage. “If an app told me, ‘Oh it’s that time of the month to buy flowers for your wife,’ then I feel like I’m not giving them the flowers. I feel like the app is doing it for me, so it’s pointless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the guy who always forgets to buy flowers might just like that feature. Fertility apps are still seeking their niche. After all, they’re only in their infancy. The start-up Glow hasn’t even reached its first trimester.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-26-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As wildland fires continue to rage around Northern California, they’re charring the landscape, forcing evacuations and straining firefighting budgets, but extreme events like this may also be driving public opinion toward more action on climate change. And Anthony Barnosky hopes to catch that wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He heads the \u003ca title=\"UCB - Barnosky Lab\" href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/a-d-barnosky-publications.html\">Barnosky Lab\u003c/a> at the University of California Berkeley, which studies “global change.” He’s the author of \u003cem>Heatstroke\u003c/em> and two other books about the climate challenge (one forthcoming in the spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7523\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7523 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_5570-170x162.jpeg\" alt=\"IMG_5570\" width=\"170\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Barnosky studies the effects climate change will have on the environment at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">Recent polling\u003c/a> shows that Californians are not just taking climate change seriously, but two-out-of-three believe that they’re already seeing the impacts. Barnosky agrees — and he senses (if you’ll forgive the pun) a sea change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the general public has finally tipped over the hump,” Barnosky told me in a recent interview at KQED. “Over the past few years, we’ve been seeing and living climate change,” he said, referring to extreme weather events and encroaching seas. “We’ve seen water pouring into the New York subway system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky also cited the 24,000 wildfires so far this year in the western U.S., along with heat waves and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s experienced some climate change in the past few years,” he said. “What hasn’t happened yet is for that majority feeling, if you will, to percolate up to our political leaders. So I think we’re on the cusp of that being able to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s been happening in California. In May, Barnosky and more than 500 scientists joined Governor Brown in signing a “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">consensus statement\u003c/a>” affirming the climate crisis and calling for more action. And Brown continues to fret publicly about the lack of urgency in many quarters of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a complete disproportion between the knowledge about and the magnitude of climate change and what it’s gonna do to our way of life, and our response,” Brown told an audience at the July Intersolar conference in San Francisco. “The response is feeble compared to the challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus PDF\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Consensus-Statement-For-Web-6-02-13.pdf\">Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humanity’s Life Support Systems in the 21st Century\u003c/a>” (temporarily hosted by a related website at Stanford), written by Barnosky and 15 other scientists, is the centerpiece of a new push by scientists to advance the climate policy agenda and other sustainability issues. Since its May unveiling with the governor, the number of scientists endorsing it worldwide has about doubled, and it’s now \u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">open for anyone to sign\u003c/a> on.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re tired of talking just to other scientists.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s scientists trying to bridge that gap,” Barnosky explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"AGU - climate position\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/sci_pol/pdf/position_statements/AGU_Climate_Statement_new.pdf\">recent statement\u003c/a> from the 61,000-member American Geophysical Union amped up its position on climate change, saying flatly that, “humanity” is the major cause, and that ”rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Barnosky laments,”We’re tired of talking just to other scientists. Somehow the message has not made it out in a way that has resulted in meaningful action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossing the great divide from science to “activism” is a leap that many scientists just aren’t comfortable making and I was wondering how Barnosky reconciles that with projects like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is say, ‘Here is the sound science. Do with it what you will but know that this [increasingly severe climate impacts] is going to happen if you don’t act on it.’ So it’s all about making the conscious choice and knowing what the risks are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surveys suggest that Barnosky has his work cut out for him. A \u003ca title=\"Gallup - poll\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/161645/americans-concerns-global-warming-rise.aspx\">national Gallup poll\u003c/a> in March showed almost the mirror image of California, with nearly two-out-of-three respondents saying they didn’t see climate change as a threat in their lifetimes — about the same number as ten years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about a generation to change these things,” said Barnosky. “I would hope that we are on the cusp of that change, if we keep the pressure on, so to speak.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky says that “pressure” will include a major web presence and outreach through social media, starting this fall, and adds that while there is still time to act, “decision time is now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/162562526/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In California, polling shows that most people think climate change is already having an effect. But scientists are concerned that politicians are not acting fast enough. Now a UC Berkeley professor is urging other scientists to speak out. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-26-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As wildland fires continue to rage around Northern California, they’re charring the landscape, forcing evacuations and straining firefighting budgets, but extreme events like this may also be driving public opinion toward more action on climate change. And Anthony Barnosky hopes to catch that wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He heads the \u003ca title=\"UCB - Barnosky Lab\" href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/a-d-barnosky-publications.html\">Barnosky Lab\u003c/a> at the University of California Berkeley, which studies “global change.” He’s the author of \u003cem>Heatstroke\u003c/em> and two other books about the climate challenge (one forthcoming in the spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7523\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7523 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_5570-170x162.jpeg\" alt=\"IMG_5570\" width=\"170\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Barnosky studies the effects climate change will have on the environment at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">Recent polling\u003c/a> shows that Californians are not just taking climate change seriously, but two-out-of-three believe that they’re already seeing the impacts. Barnosky agrees — and he senses (if you’ll forgive the pun) a sea change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the general public has finally tipped over the hump,” Barnosky told me in a recent interview at KQED. “Over the past few years, we’ve been seeing and living climate change,” he said, referring to extreme weather events and encroaching seas. “We’ve seen water pouring into the New York subway system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky also cited the 24,000 wildfires so far this year in the western U.S., along with heat waves and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s experienced some climate change in the past few years,” he said. “What hasn’t happened yet is for that majority feeling, if you will, to percolate up to our political leaders. So I think we’re on the cusp of that being able to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s been happening in California. In May, Barnosky and more than 500 scientists joined Governor Brown in signing a “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">consensus statement\u003c/a>” affirming the climate crisis and calling for more action. And Brown continues to fret publicly about the lack of urgency in many quarters of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a complete disproportion between the knowledge about and the magnitude of climate change and what it’s gonna do to our way of life, and our response,” Brown told an audience at the July Intersolar conference in San Francisco. “The response is feeble compared to the challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus PDF\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Consensus-Statement-For-Web-6-02-13.pdf\">Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humanity’s Life Support Systems in the 21st Century\u003c/a>” (temporarily hosted by a related website at Stanford), written by Barnosky and 15 other scientists, is the centerpiece of a new push by scientists to advance the climate policy agenda and other sustainability issues. Since its May unveiling with the governor, the number of scientists endorsing it worldwide has about doubled, and it’s now \u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">open for anyone to sign\u003c/a> on.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re tired of talking just to other scientists.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s scientists trying to bridge that gap,” Barnosky explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"AGU - climate position\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/sci_pol/pdf/position_statements/AGU_Climate_Statement_new.pdf\">recent statement\u003c/a> from the 61,000-member American Geophysical Union amped up its position on climate change, saying flatly that, “humanity” is the major cause, and that ”rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Barnosky laments,”We’re tired of talking just to other scientists. Somehow the message has not made it out in a way that has resulted in meaningful action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossing the great divide from science to “activism” is a leap that many scientists just aren’t comfortable making and I was wondering how Barnosky reconciles that with projects like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is say, ‘Here is the sound science. Do with it what you will but know that this [increasingly severe climate impacts] is going to happen if you don’t act on it.’ So it’s all about making the conscious choice and knowing what the risks are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surveys suggest that Barnosky has his work cut out for him. A \u003ca title=\"Gallup - poll\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/161645/americans-concerns-global-warming-rise.aspx\">national Gallup poll\u003c/a> in March showed almost the mirror image of California, with nearly two-out-of-three respondents saying they didn’t see climate change as a threat in their lifetimes — about the same number as ten years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about a generation to change these things,” said Barnosky. “I would hope that we are on the cusp of that change, if we keep the pressure on, so to speak.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky says that “pressure” will include a major web presence and outreach through social media, starting this fall, and adds that while there is still time to act, “decision time is now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/162562526/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A chunk of a rare meteorite is landing permanently at University of California, Davis. The university just acquired a piece of \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/\">the rock\u003c/a>, which fell in Northern California last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7357\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-LindaWelzenbach_Smithsonian-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-LindaWelzenbach_Smithsonian-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The main mass of the rare Sutter's Mill meteorite before it was divided up between five scientific institutions. (Linda Welzenbach/Smithsonian Institution)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The main mass of the rare Sutter’s Mill meteorite before it was divided up between five scientific institutions. (Linda Welzenbach/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before the meteorite slammed into Earth it had been minding its own business in the solar system for more than 4.5 billion years. The meteorite’s age makes it rare and valuable. It contains dust from ancient stars that exploded — the same stuff that eventually formed our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason that we’re excited about this meteorite is, [it] witnessed the beginning of the solar system,” said \u003ca href=\"http://geology.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/yin.php\">Qing-Zhu Yin\u003c/a>, a geologist who specializes in meteorites at UC Davis. “If we want to unlock the secret of what happened 4 1/2 billion years ago leading to the formation of the solar system, this was a bystander from that point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7353\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-1280-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7353 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-1280-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"UC Davis geology professor Qing-Zhu Yin holds a fragment of the Sutter's Mill meteorite, a different piece than the one UC Davis just acquired. (Gregory Urquiaga/UC Davis)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Davis geology professor Qing-Zhu Yin holds a fragment of the Sutter’s Mill meteorite, a different piece than the one UC Davis just acquired. (Gregory Urquiaga/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the meteorite landed near Sutter’s Mill in April of last year, Yin and his students went to look for pieces of it. However, they didn’t find the largest piece until someone emailed Yin after attending a public lecture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I saw it, [I thought] this is it,” Qin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This piece of the meteorite is being divided between five scientific institutions. Yin says Davis’s piece may be put on display in the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can see renderings of the meteorite on \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/user/YinLabatUCDavis?feature=watch\">YouTube\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "UC Davis is acquiring a chunk of meteorite that landed in Northern California last year. The meteorite's age makes it rare and valuable. It contains dust from ancient stars that exploded, the same stuff that eventually formed our solar system.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A chunk of a rare meteorite is landing permanently at University of California, Davis. The university just acquired a piece of \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/\">the rock\u003c/a>, which fell in Northern California last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7357\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-LindaWelzenbach_Smithsonian-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-LindaWelzenbach_Smithsonian-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The main mass of the rare Sutter's Mill meteorite before it was divided up between five scientific institutions. (Linda Welzenbach/Smithsonian Institution)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The main mass of the rare Sutter’s Mill meteorite before it was divided up between five scientific institutions. (Linda Welzenbach/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before the meteorite slammed into Earth it had been minding its own business in the solar system for more than 4.5 billion years. The meteorite’s age makes it rare and valuable. It contains dust from ancient stars that exploded — the same stuff that eventually formed our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason that we’re excited about this meteorite is, [it] witnessed the beginning of the solar system,” said \u003ca href=\"http://geology.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/yin.php\">Qing-Zhu Yin\u003c/a>, a geologist who specializes in meteorites at UC Davis. “If we want to unlock the secret of what happened 4 1/2 billion years ago leading to the formation of the solar system, this was a bystander from that point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7353\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-1280-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7353 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/meteorite-1280-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"UC Davis geology professor Qing-Zhu Yin holds a fragment of the Sutter's Mill meteorite, a different piece than the one UC Davis just acquired. (Gregory Urquiaga/UC Davis)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Davis geology professor Qing-Zhu Yin holds a fragment of the Sutter’s Mill meteorite, a different piece than the one UC Davis just acquired. (Gregory Urquiaga/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the meteorite landed near Sutter’s Mill in April of last year, Yin and his students went to look for pieces of it. However, they didn’t find the largest piece until someone emailed Yin after attending a public lecture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I saw it, [I thought] this is it,” Qin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This piece of the meteorite is being divided between five scientific institutions. Yin says Davis’s piece may be put on display in the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can see renderings of the meteorite on \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/user/YinLabatUCDavis?feature=watch\">YouTube\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Is Raising Shasta Dam the Best Bet for California’s Water Supply?",
"headTitle": "Is Raising Shasta Dam the Best Bet for California’s Water Supply? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-19-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio report by KQED Science Editor Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7208\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shasta is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Lake is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just north of Redding sits the imposing Shasta Dam, and behind it, the largest single reservoir in California, accounting for about 17 percent of the state’s total water storage capacity. Government officials are now completing plans to make Shasta Lake even larger by raising the height of the dam. The proposed dam expansion is motivated by California’s projected population growth and increasingly limited water storage options. The estimated cost of adding 18 1/2 feet to the 600-foot edifice is over $1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsurprisingly, the expansion proposal has sparked intense debates among local residents, Central Valley farmers, environmentalists, tribal groups and developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Same War, New Battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tempting to say, “Welcome to the newest chapter in California’s never-ending battles over water” — though it’s not really new. The idea dates back at least a decade, to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calwater.ca.gov/\">CALFED Bay-Delta water planning initiative\u003c/a>. But the proposal is getting fresh buzz now that the federal Bureau of Reclamation has issued a draft \u003ca title=\"USBOR - Shasta\" href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/nepa/nepa_projdetails.cfm?Project_ID=1915\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the plan recommending the extra 18 1/2 feet, and political pressure for more water storage is mounting in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you want to change anything in California water, it’s a big deal” said Jay Lund, who directs the \u003ca title=\"UCD - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a> at the University of California Davis. “There’s always 500 different interests lined up on 500 different sides. There’s always going to be someone who’s unhappy, and they all have lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-7220\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05-640.jpg\" alt=\"shasta-map05\" width=\"1200\" height=\"868\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the Shasta Dam proposal, a bit of historical perspective is helpful. When the dam was originally conceived in the 1930s, it was designed to be about 800 feet high. But the dam construction coincided with the outbreak of World War II, so limited manpower and scarce resources forced planners to scale back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Shasta Dam currently stands at 602 feet, or about 200 feet lower than originally envisaged. So while it’s therefore possible (from a purely engineering standpoint) to raise the dam by an additional 200 feet, no one is seriously considering that. Federal engineers say the proposed 18 1/2 feet of additional concrete would add about 14 percent to the lake’s existing capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for adding capacity is to have a bigger bank for stockpiling water in wet years, which could then be tapped during dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious, immediate consequence of an 18 1/2 foot raise is that several homes and businesses along the shoreline would be inundated, forcing the government to compensate property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water’s going to come up, so it’s going to take 11 of my 15 cabins out,” said Harold Jones, unrolling an aerial photo of his property. He and his wife have owned the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shasta-cabins.com/\">Sugarloaf Cottages\u003c/a> on the Sacramento River arm of Lake Shasta for 20 years. He said a government buyout of his property will push him into early retirement, with few alternate job prospects. “If they send us on our way and I lose my income, how am I going to support my family?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7238\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7238\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\" alt=\"Jones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harold Jones owns Sugarloaf Cottages, which would be inundated if the lake level rose. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jones and others believe that raising the lake will be the death knell for the resort town of Lakehead, which is a tiny town whose year-round population of about 500 balloons with the influx of boaters during the summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.winnememwintu.us/\">Winnemem Wintu\u003c/a> tribe of Native Americans have been railing against the raise. When the dam was first constructed in 1945, they lost lands they claim as part of their heritage. They argue that the proposed expansion would lead to the further demise of their cultural legacy, including the inundation of 60-to-80 of their remaining sacred sites, many still used for tribal rituals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the debate is \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd/default2.asp?cwide=1920\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, a politically powerful agency that supplies water mostly to farmers in the San Joaquin Valley. Westlands is a major beneficiary of Shasta water and would pay approximately 20 percent — or $200 million — of the estimated construction costs. Westlands general manager, Tom Birmingham, talks like it’s a bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about creating surface storage in the state of California, this is the best project in terms of bang for your buck from the perspective of providing water for fisheries, providing water for human uses and providing hydroelectric generation,” Birmingham told us in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kl3e4__IIA4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Three Big Ideas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other surface storage proposals of comparable cost and magnitude include \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/NODOS%20Project%20Docs/Sites_FAQ.pdf\">Sites Reservoir\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/USJ%20Project%20Docs/Temperance_FAQ.pdf\">Temperance Flat\u003c/a>. These projects have larger potential storage capacity, but also come with greater costs. Spokespeople for the Bureau of Reclamation expect draft environmental impact statements for both Sites Reservoir and Temperance Flat to be released in late-2013 or early-2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birmingham and the Bureau of Reclamation claim that the deeper pool of water behind Shasta Dam would allow more frequent releases of cold water to benefit \u003ca title=\"NMFS - salmon - steelhead\" href=\"http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/Steelhead_NCS.htm\">threatened salmon and other fish\u003c/a> downstream. Several environmental and fish advocacy groups beg to differ, saying there are more effective and cost-efficient ways to protect Central Valley salmon than a billion-dollar dam project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although theoretically there could be additional cold water — and there’s no doubt more of that is always better — it’s not guaranteed,” said John McManus, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. “Add to that the certainty that more water would be channeled north to south across the Delta, which will almost certainly entrain more salmon in the pumps or pull them off their natural migration path to their death in the interior delta, and this is a bad idea for salmon,” McManus wrote in an email to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A crucial point is that raising Shasta dam would not \u003cem>create\u003c/em> water, it would only add storage potential. All in all, Lund is skeptical that spending over $1 billion is the best strategy for ensuring a healthy water supply, let alone water for fish. “I think it depends on what you want to accomplish,” says Lund. “If you’re going to add a large amount of surface storage to the system, Shasta is probably one of the better places to put it. But it does cost you money, and my question is ‘Is that the best investment of that money?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"CA Water Blog - Lund\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2012/02/22/expanding-water-storage-capacity-in-california/\">Lund has argued for a more “holistic” approach\u003c/a> to California’s water conundrum, assessing the combined benefits of conservation and integrated management of surface and groundwater, rather than looking at big, individual engineering projects. “That’s the big fallacy around much of the discussion about storage in California,” says Lund. “We have a water shortage, not necessarily a storage shortage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal to raise Shasta requires Congressional approval. The next step will be for the Bureau of Reclamation to submit a final recommendation to the Department of Interior. If Congress approves funding for raising Shasta, it’s expected that the issue will wind up before the courts. After all, this is California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-19-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio report by KQED Science Editor Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7208\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shasta is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Lake is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just north of Redding sits the imposing Shasta Dam, and behind it, the largest single reservoir in California, accounting for about 17 percent of the state’s total water storage capacity. Government officials are now completing plans to make Shasta Lake even larger by raising the height of the dam. The proposed dam expansion is motivated by California’s projected population growth and increasingly limited water storage options. The estimated cost of adding 18 1/2 feet to the 600-foot edifice is over $1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsurprisingly, the expansion proposal has sparked intense debates among local residents, Central Valley farmers, environmentalists, tribal groups and developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Same War, New Battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tempting to say, “Welcome to the newest chapter in California’s never-ending battles over water” — though it’s not really new. The idea dates back at least a decade, to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calwater.ca.gov/\">CALFED Bay-Delta water planning initiative\u003c/a>. But the proposal is getting fresh buzz now that the federal Bureau of Reclamation has issued a draft \u003ca title=\"USBOR - Shasta\" href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/nepa/nepa_projdetails.cfm?Project_ID=1915\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the plan recommending the extra 18 1/2 feet, and political pressure for more water storage is mounting in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you want to change anything in California water, it’s a big deal” said Jay Lund, who directs the \u003ca title=\"UCD - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a> at the University of California Davis. “There’s always 500 different interests lined up on 500 different sides. There’s always going to be someone who’s unhappy, and they all have lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-7220\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05-640.jpg\" alt=\"shasta-map05\" width=\"1200\" height=\"868\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the Shasta Dam proposal, a bit of historical perspective is helpful. When the dam was originally conceived in the 1930s, it was designed to be about 800 feet high. But the dam construction coincided with the outbreak of World War II, so limited manpower and scarce resources forced planners to scale back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Shasta Dam currently stands at 602 feet, or about 200 feet lower than originally envisaged. So while it’s therefore possible (from a purely engineering standpoint) to raise the dam by an additional 200 feet, no one is seriously considering that. Federal engineers say the proposed 18 1/2 feet of additional concrete would add about 14 percent to the lake’s existing capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for adding capacity is to have a bigger bank for stockpiling water in wet years, which could then be tapped during dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious, immediate consequence of an 18 1/2 foot raise is that several homes and businesses along the shoreline would be inundated, forcing the government to compensate property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water’s going to come up, so it’s going to take 11 of my 15 cabins out,” said Harold Jones, unrolling an aerial photo of his property. He and his wife have owned the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shasta-cabins.com/\">Sugarloaf Cottages\u003c/a> on the Sacramento River arm of Lake Shasta for 20 years. He said a government buyout of his property will push him into early retirement, with few alternate job prospects. “If they send us on our way and I lose my income, how am I going to support my family?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7238\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7238\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\" alt=\"Jones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harold Jones owns Sugarloaf Cottages, which would be inundated if the lake level rose. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jones and others believe that raising the lake will be the death knell for the resort town of Lakehead, which is a tiny town whose year-round population of about 500 balloons with the influx of boaters during the summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.winnememwintu.us/\">Winnemem Wintu\u003c/a> tribe of Native Americans have been railing against the raise. When the dam was first constructed in 1945, they lost lands they claim as part of their heritage. They argue that the proposed expansion would lead to the further demise of their cultural legacy, including the inundation of 60-to-80 of their remaining sacred sites, many still used for tribal rituals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the debate is \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd/default2.asp?cwide=1920\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, a politically powerful agency that supplies water mostly to farmers in the San Joaquin Valley. Westlands is a major beneficiary of Shasta water and would pay approximately 20 percent — or $200 million — of the estimated construction costs. Westlands general manager, Tom Birmingham, talks like it’s a bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about creating surface storage in the state of California, this is the best project in terms of bang for your buck from the perspective of providing water for fisheries, providing water for human uses and providing hydroelectric generation,” Birmingham told us in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/kl3e4__IIA4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/kl3e4__IIA4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Three Big Ideas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other surface storage proposals of comparable cost and magnitude include \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/NODOS%20Project%20Docs/Sites_FAQ.pdf\">Sites Reservoir\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/USJ%20Project%20Docs/Temperance_FAQ.pdf\">Temperance Flat\u003c/a>. These projects have larger potential storage capacity, but also come with greater costs. Spokespeople for the Bureau of Reclamation expect draft environmental impact statements for both Sites Reservoir and Temperance Flat to be released in late-2013 or early-2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birmingham and the Bureau of Reclamation claim that the deeper pool of water behind Shasta Dam would allow more frequent releases of cold water to benefit \u003ca title=\"NMFS - salmon - steelhead\" href=\"http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/Steelhead_NCS.htm\">threatened salmon and other fish\u003c/a> downstream. Several environmental and fish advocacy groups beg to differ, saying there are more effective and cost-efficient ways to protect Central Valley salmon than a billion-dollar dam project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although theoretically there could be additional cold water — and there’s no doubt more of that is always better — it’s not guaranteed,” said John McManus, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. “Add to that the certainty that more water would be channeled north to south across the Delta, which will almost certainly entrain more salmon in the pumps or pull them off their natural migration path to their death in the interior delta, and this is a bad idea for salmon,” McManus wrote in an email to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A crucial point is that raising Shasta dam would not \u003cem>create\u003c/em> water, it would only add storage potential. All in all, Lund is skeptical that spending over $1 billion is the best strategy for ensuring a healthy water supply, let alone water for fish. “I think it depends on what you want to accomplish,” says Lund. “If you’re going to add a large amount of surface storage to the system, Shasta is probably one of the better places to put it. But it does cost you money, and my question is ‘Is that the best investment of that money?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"CA Water Blog - Lund\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2012/02/22/expanding-water-storage-capacity-in-california/\">Lund has argued for a more “holistic” approach\u003c/a> to California’s water conundrum, assessing the combined benefits of conservation and integrated management of surface and groundwater, rather than looking at big, individual engineering projects. “That’s the big fallacy around much of the discussion about storage in California,” says Lund. “We have a water shortage, not necessarily a storage shortage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal to raise Shasta requires Congressional approval. The next step will be for the Bureau of Reclamation to submit a final recommendation to the Department of Interior. If Congress approves funding for raising Shasta, it’s expected that the issue will wind up before the courts. After all, this is California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Redwoods May be Benefiting From Climate Change",
"headTitle": "California’s Redwoods May be Benefiting From Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The world’s biggest trees are experiencing a growth spurt. Coast redwoods and giant sequoias have grown faster in the past few decades than they have in a millennium. Scientists think climate change is at play, causing longer growing seasons in the Sierra Nevada, which benefit the sequoias, and less fog on the coast, which means more sun for the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7022\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\" alt=\"Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins giant sequoias are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins, the giant sequoias, are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fastest-growing tree the researchers found is putting on 1.6 cubic meters of wood a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the equivalent of this tree making 3.2 million pencils every year for the last decade. Which, over a decade, is enough to give everyone in California a pencil. And that’s one tree,” explained Emily Burns, the director of science at Save the Redwoods League, which leads the \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/index.shtml\">Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative\u003c/a> (RCCI), a research project that also includes scientists from University of California, Berkeley and Humboldt State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s iconic coast redwoods and giant sequoias live only along the Northern California coast and in the Sierra, respectively. With such a limited range, scientists wondered, how would old-growth forests handle change? Four years into the research, the answer seems to be, they’re loving it, which is hardly what the scientists expected to find. For years, scientists have been warning of the toll that climate change was likely to take on coast redwoods, partly because of reduced fog, which provides them with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think when we hear about climate change, and especially warming, I equate warming with dry. We know that is hard on the trees and other plants,” said Burns. “What we are realizing is that when the redwoods have enough access to water, even if it does warm up, under the current amount of warming, it’s a great condition for redwoods. That’s a wonderful happy surprise for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes research so wonderful to do is surprises,” added William Libby, a professor of forestry and genetics at Berkeley and an adviser to the project. “If we just found what we thought we were going to find, that would be pretty dull work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though one might add, climbing to the tops of some of the tallest trees on Earth for work (see video) could hardly be construed as dull, no matter the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative is looking at trees in 16 plots of old-growth forest in California, and has created a coast redwood tree ring record dating back to the year 328 (no, that’s not missing a 1 in front). What can you learn from such an old record? Well, the year 1580 was a rough one for redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t grow very much,” said Burns. “And that was a year that Sir Francis Drake reported having ice on his sails as he sailed along the coast of California. So we’re beginning to tease apart what conditions lead to tremendous growing conditions for redwoods and which ones are more detrimental.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7057\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7057 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\" alt=\"Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Courtesy Save the Redwoods League)\" width=\"309\" height=\"352\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">RCCI’s research plots. Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Map: Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to figuring out just how big these trees are and how fast they’re growing, other members of the team are studying how seedlings respond to drought, how the climate where the trees live will continue to change and how redwoods have weathered previous climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re really wondering is, how long can (the growth surge) be sustained?” said \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, another member of the RCCI team. He studies how the climate has changed in the past and how the trees responded then. That could help forecast what the future holds for the big trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climates get warmer and potentially as snowpack declines and precipitation changes, are we going to hit some sort of a tipping point where all of a sudden new growth begins to decline and trees begin to decline?” he wonders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other questions still out there. The trees that are growing like gangbusters are the big ones, but the scientists hope to look at younger forests, too, and at the edges of forests, where these trees come into competition with other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burns said, the team will continue to monitor the trees for the next ten years to establish a baseline and look for change over time. Though with such long-lived species, Libby said, they should think in longer increments. “One hundred years, minimum,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, what’s a decade to something that hits a growth spurt during its second millennium of life?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The world’s biggest trees are experiencing a growth spurt. Coast redwoods and giant sequoias have grown faster in the past few decades than they have in a millennium. Scientists think climate change is at play, causing longer growing seasons in the Sierra Nevada, which benefit the sequoias, and less fog on the coast, which means more sun for the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7022\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\" alt=\"Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins giant sequoias are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins, the giant sequoias, are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fastest-growing tree the researchers found is putting on 1.6 cubic meters of wood a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the equivalent of this tree making 3.2 million pencils every year for the last decade. Which, over a decade, is enough to give everyone in California a pencil. And that’s one tree,” explained Emily Burns, the director of science at Save the Redwoods League, which leads the \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/index.shtml\">Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative\u003c/a> (RCCI), a research project that also includes scientists from University of California, Berkeley and Humboldt State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s iconic coast redwoods and giant sequoias live only along the Northern California coast and in the Sierra, respectively. With such a limited range, scientists wondered, how would old-growth forests handle change? Four years into the research, the answer seems to be, they’re loving it, which is hardly what the scientists expected to find. For years, scientists have been warning of the toll that climate change was likely to take on coast redwoods, partly because of reduced fog, which provides them with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think when we hear about climate change, and especially warming, I equate warming with dry. We know that is hard on the trees and other plants,” said Burns. “What we are realizing is that when the redwoods have enough access to water, even if it does warm up, under the current amount of warming, it’s a great condition for redwoods. That’s a wonderful happy surprise for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes research so wonderful to do is surprises,” added William Libby, a professor of forestry and genetics at Berkeley and an adviser to the project. “If we just found what we thought we were going to find, that would be pretty dull work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though one might add, climbing to the tops of some of the tallest trees on Earth for work (see video) could hardly be construed as dull, no matter the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative is looking at trees in 16 plots of old-growth forest in California, and has created a coast redwood tree ring record dating back to the year 328 (no, that’s not missing a 1 in front). What can you learn from such an old record? Well, the year 1580 was a rough one for redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t grow very much,” said Burns. “And that was a year that Sir Francis Drake reported having ice on his sails as he sailed along the coast of California. So we’re beginning to tease apart what conditions lead to tremendous growing conditions for redwoods and which ones are more detrimental.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7057\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7057 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\" alt=\"Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Courtesy Save the Redwoods League)\" width=\"309\" height=\"352\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">RCCI’s research plots. Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Map: Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to figuring out just how big these trees are and how fast they’re growing, other members of the team are studying how seedlings respond to drought, how the climate where the trees live will continue to change and how redwoods have weathered previous climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re really wondering is, how long can (the growth surge) be sustained?” said \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, another member of the RCCI team. He studies how the climate has changed in the past and how the trees responded then. That could help forecast what the future holds for the big trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climates get warmer and potentially as snowpack declines and precipitation changes, are we going to hit some sort of a tipping point where all of a sudden new growth begins to decline and trees begin to decline?” he wonders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other questions still out there. The trees that are growing like gangbusters are the big ones, but the scientists hope to look at younger forests, too, and at the edges of forests, where these trees come into competition with other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burns said, the team will continue to monitor the trees for the next ten years to establish a baseline and look for change over time. Though with such long-lived species, Libby said, they should think in longer increments. “One hundred years, minimum,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, what’s a decade to something that hits a growth spurt during its second millennium of life?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Valero Rail Project Fuels Tar Sands Speculation in Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Valero Rail Project Fuels Tar Sands Speculation in Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-12-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Valero, the nation’s largest oil refiner, wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.valero.com/ourbusiness/ourlocations/refineries/pages/benicia.aspx\">Bay Area refinery\u003c/a>. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6923\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6923\" title=\"Marilyn Bardet \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero's crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero’s crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Small City, Big Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia sits near the mouth of the Sacramento River, in the northeastern corner of San Francisco Bay. It has a small-town vibe: antique stores, a pretty marina, nice views of the water. But it’s no stranger to heavy industry. Freight trains rumble past on the outskirts, and there’s a big industrial park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruszelwoodworks.com/\">Ruszel Woodworks\u003c/a> has been in the industrial park for more than 30 years. Brothers Ed and Jack Ruszel manage the company, which builds custom retail displays, among other specialty items. Their shop is just down the road from the refinery. They say Valero’s been a generally good neighbor, but they’re not happy with its latest proposed project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Valero_CBR_Project_Description.pdf\">build a rail terminal\u003c/a> on its property — currently it gets crude oil from pipelines and tanker ships. The $70 million rail project would allow it to source crude from the Midwest and Canada. The plan includes equipment to unload up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day. That’s almost half the daily capacity of the refinery. Two 50-car trains a day would deliver the oil, which would replace some of the crude that currently arrives by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Benicia residents support the project. Valero is a big employer. It gives to local charities, and its taxes represent a fifth of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Ruszels are concerned about the impacts on traffic, because the tracks are on either side of their building, and cross their driveway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6937\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And it doesn’t just affect me,” adds Jack. “It affects all the businesses up and down here, and all the people along the rail lines all the way back to the source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another local business got a cease-and-desist order stalling upgrades to the nearby Union Pacific tracks, which would support the project. Caltrans has weighed in too, with fears that the long, slow-moving trains crossing near off-ramps could back traffic up onto Interstate-680.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But traffic is just one of the issues locals have raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marilyn Bardet is the founder of the Good Neighbor Steering Committee, a Valero watchdog as she describes it. She sits on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7B77A312F2-B156-4443-98A9-3857BBF7BC47%7D&DE=%7B7432AB46-421A-4AB9-A22B-0DC25F451E77%7D\">Valero’s community advisory panel\u003c/a>. She’s among those who have been pushing for a more thorough review of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have an accident where you spill this stuff, how are you going to clean it up?” she asks. “Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tracks go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest brackish marsh on the West Coast, and a delicate wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are safety concerns. Last month in Quebec, a train carrying crude oil derailed and exploded, killing 47 people. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-08/rail-agency-probes-possible-safety-flaws-in-crude-transit.html\">Federal Railroad Administration has set rules\u003c/a> to help prevent that type of accident from happening here, but Bardet says it’s been on her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s perhaps the biggest question of all: what kind of crude will be coming in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6951\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Crude From the Tar Sands Come to the Bay Area?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All crudes are not created equal,” claims Brant Olson, a campaigner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> in San Francisco. He says Valero has hinted to its investors that it wants to start bringing in crude from Canada’s tar sands, also known as oil sands. That oil is heavy, and environmentalists say, exceedingly “dirty” – it contains heavy metals, and the chemicals used to dilute it for shipment can be toxic, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re taking in dirty oil from Canada on the front end, you’re going to have more pollution in Benicia out the back end, and that’s really our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olson says it also takes more energy to refine tar sands crude, which creates more greenhouse gas emissions. Environmentalists hope to stifle the refining opportunities for tar sands crude, because of the climate change implications. Groups including the NRDC have been fighting the extension of the Keystone pipeline, which would pump crude from the Alberta tar sands to refineries in Texas. (NRDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Report_by_Dr._Phyllis_Fox.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> explaining why they think the crude could be coming from Canada, and what the air quality implications could be.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline,” Olson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Oil companies, on the other hand, are eager to find a way to get that low-cost crude to refineries in the United States, including here on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day won’t get more specific than to say that the crude would be coming by rail from “North America.” He says that no oil from the tar sands is currently being processed at the Benicia refinery. The plant is however, designed to be able to process “a variety of crudes,” from heavy to light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns About Air Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is reviewing Valero’s permit application for the project. Jim Karas, director of engineering for the Air District, says Valero is already close to the limit of what it can put in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a conceptual basis, I don’t see how those emissions can possibly increase,” he says. “Our rules don’t allow it. Our conditions don’t allow it. Our monitoring will verify it. So I don’t see how that could happen.” And if it did happen? “We would absolutely catch it, and there would be significant consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has installed monitors in and around the refinery, Karas says, and inspectors go out and do tests. But Bardet is worried that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/07/31/124051/a_year_after_richmond_refinery_fire_community_air_monitors?category=science\">coverage is spotty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do not have other monitors in town,” she says. “They have a monitor at Tuolumne Street in Vallejo and one in Concord, and that’s supposed to give us some sense, triangulated, what our ambient air is like.” \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She also claims that the Air District measures pollution over time, focusing on averages and missing the impacts of emissions spikes or accidents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail and the Future of Oil\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be the first major crude-by-rail project in the Bay Area. Of the other four refineries here, Tesoro Corporation is the only one using rail to import crude, and on a scale far below what Valero would be capable of, should its rail expansion go through. Valero’s Day says, he wouldn’t be surprised if others are looking into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6942\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing,” he says. “This is a phenomenon that we’re seeing across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/CBR_Notice_of_Preparation.pdf\">City of Benicia is studying\u003c/a> the impacts of the project. Its planning commission is expected to make a decision on it in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Valero wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its Bay Area refinery. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-12-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Valero, the nation’s largest oil refiner, wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.valero.com/ourbusiness/ourlocations/refineries/pages/benicia.aspx\">Bay Area refinery\u003c/a>. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6923\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6923\" title=\"Marilyn Bardet \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero's crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero’s crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Small City, Big Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia sits near the mouth of the Sacramento River, in the northeastern corner of San Francisco Bay. It has a small-town vibe: antique stores, a pretty marina, nice views of the water. But it’s no stranger to heavy industry. Freight trains rumble past on the outskirts, and there’s a big industrial park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruszelwoodworks.com/\">Ruszel Woodworks\u003c/a> has been in the industrial park for more than 30 years. Brothers Ed and Jack Ruszel manage the company, which builds custom retail displays, among other specialty items. Their shop is just down the road from the refinery. They say Valero’s been a generally good neighbor, but they’re not happy with its latest proposed project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Valero_CBR_Project_Description.pdf\">build a rail terminal\u003c/a> on its property — currently it gets crude oil from pipelines and tanker ships. The $70 million rail project would allow it to source crude from the Midwest and Canada. The plan includes equipment to unload up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day. That’s almost half the daily capacity of the refinery. Two 50-car trains a day would deliver the oil, which would replace some of the crude that currently arrives by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Benicia residents support the project. Valero is a big employer. It gives to local charities, and its taxes represent a fifth of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Ruszels are concerned about the impacts on traffic, because the tracks are on either side of their building, and cross their driveway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6937\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And it doesn’t just affect me,” adds Jack. “It affects all the businesses up and down here, and all the people along the rail lines all the way back to the source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another local business got a cease-and-desist order stalling upgrades to the nearby Union Pacific tracks, which would support the project. Caltrans has weighed in too, with fears that the long, slow-moving trains crossing near off-ramps could back traffic up onto Interstate-680.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But traffic is just one of the issues locals have raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marilyn Bardet is the founder of the Good Neighbor Steering Committee, a Valero watchdog as she describes it. She sits on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7B77A312F2-B156-4443-98A9-3857BBF7BC47%7D&DE=%7B7432AB46-421A-4AB9-A22B-0DC25F451E77%7D\">Valero’s community advisory panel\u003c/a>. She’s among those who have been pushing for a more thorough review of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have an accident where you spill this stuff, how are you going to clean it up?” she asks. “Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tracks go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest brackish marsh on the West Coast, and a delicate wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are safety concerns. Last month in Quebec, a train carrying crude oil derailed and exploded, killing 47 people. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-08/rail-agency-probes-possible-safety-flaws-in-crude-transit.html\">Federal Railroad Administration has set rules\u003c/a> to help prevent that type of accident from happening here, but Bardet says it’s been on her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s perhaps the biggest question of all: what kind of crude will be coming in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6951\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Crude From the Tar Sands Come to the Bay Area?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All crudes are not created equal,” claims Brant Olson, a campaigner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> in San Francisco. He says Valero has hinted to its investors that it wants to start bringing in crude from Canada’s tar sands, also known as oil sands. That oil is heavy, and environmentalists say, exceedingly “dirty” – it contains heavy metals, and the chemicals used to dilute it for shipment can be toxic, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re taking in dirty oil from Canada on the front end, you’re going to have more pollution in Benicia out the back end, and that’s really our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olson says it also takes more energy to refine tar sands crude, which creates more greenhouse gas emissions. Environmentalists hope to stifle the refining opportunities for tar sands crude, because of the climate change implications. Groups including the NRDC have been fighting the extension of the Keystone pipeline, which would pump crude from the Alberta tar sands to refineries in Texas. (NRDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Report_by_Dr._Phyllis_Fox.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> explaining why they think the crude could be coming from Canada, and what the air quality implications could be.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline,” Olson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Oil companies, on the other hand, are eager to find a way to get that low-cost crude to refineries in the United States, including here on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day won’t get more specific than to say that the crude would be coming by rail from “North America.” He says that no oil from the tar sands is currently being processed at the Benicia refinery. The plant is however, designed to be able to process “a variety of crudes,” from heavy to light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns About Air Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is reviewing Valero’s permit application for the project. Jim Karas, director of engineering for the Air District, says Valero is already close to the limit of what it can put in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a conceptual basis, I don’t see how those emissions can possibly increase,” he says. “Our rules don’t allow it. Our conditions don’t allow it. Our monitoring will verify it. So I don’t see how that could happen.” And if it did happen? “We would absolutely catch it, and there would be significant consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has installed monitors in and around the refinery, Karas says, and inspectors go out and do tests. But Bardet is worried that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/07/31/124051/a_year_after_richmond_refinery_fire_community_air_monitors?category=science\">coverage is spotty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do not have other monitors in town,” she says. “They have a monitor at Tuolumne Street in Vallejo and one in Concord, and that’s supposed to give us some sense, triangulated, what our ambient air is like.” \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She also claims that the Air District measures pollution over time, focusing on averages and missing the impacts of emissions spikes or accidents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail and the Future of Oil\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be the first major crude-by-rail project in the Bay Area. Of the other four refineries here, Tesoro Corporation is the only one using rail to import crude, and on a scale far below what Valero would be capable of, should its rail expansion go through. Valero’s Day says, he wouldn’t be surprised if others are looking into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6942\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing,” he says. “This is a phenomenon that we’re seeing across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/CBR_Notice_of_Preparation.pdf\">City of Benicia is studying\u003c/a> the impacts of the project. Its planning commission is expected to make a decision on it in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Perseids Are Coming! Find Out When And Where To View Them",
"headTitle": "The Perseids Are Coming! Find Out When And Where To View Them | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6812\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/perseid-ron-garan.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6812\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/perseid-ron-garan.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid meteor imaged by Ron Garan on the International Space Station in 2011.\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6812\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perseid meteor imaged by Ron Garan on the International Space Station in 2011.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s time to drive headlong again into a cosmic bug swarm and watch the streaks they leave on the window pane of Earth’s atmosphere. Let’s try that again: It’s time to sweep up the dandruff left strewn through space by the hairy head of a passing comet. Third try: It’s time to enjoy the annual Perseid meteors, the Old Faithful of \u003ca href=\"http://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors\" title=\"2013 Meteor Showers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meteor showers\u003c/a> that lights up the August night and thoroughly delights those sleepy souls willing to stay up past midnight for one of nature’s original fireworks shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better. For years I’ve been describing meteor showers as the streaks of bug-guts on a car windshield–I just think that says it all. A car speeding down the freeway drives through a stream of migrating insects, collecting streaks on the leading windshield from the ones it hits, but none on the rear window which trails the car. I was once advised to be more poetic, and less “ick-factor,” when describing the beauty of a shooting star…oh well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this time, in early August, Earth is passing through a lane of dust particles left behind by the passage of a comet through the inner solar system. Comets are balls of ice, dust, and rock. When they pass close to the sun, some of their ices are vaporized and shed into space as gas, carrying dust particles with it. It takes a couple of weeks for us to pass completely through the dust stream, but on August 11 and 12, we will be in the densest part of the cloud when the number of bug streaks…I mean meteors…is greatest. Best viewing is during the morning hours of Monday, August 12. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a good year to see Perseids; the waxing crescent moon will have long since set by the time the best shower viewing gets going post midnight (and best around 2 or 3 AM.) That’s because the morning side of the Earth faces the direction of its motion and leads into the dust trail that produces the Perseids. Under the morning sky, you are under Earth’s atmospheric “windshield.” You can’t see a lot of meteors before midnight since evening skies are on Earth’s trailing side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibtimes.com/perseid-meteor-shower-2013-best-places-see-shooting-stars-near-major-us-cities-1374945\" title=\"Best places to see the Perseids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">if you live in or near a city\u003c/a>, getting up past midnight is only the first step in Perseid catching. Getting away from city lights is the second step. Around the San Francisco Bay, some places you can get to without making a long trip include the Santa Cruz mountains (if you can find a spot with few trees), or north along Skyline Blvd. from Highway 9 to 92 (if fog isn’t a factor). In the South Bay, Henry Coe State Park is an excellent choice, with fairly dark skies, open spaces, and most importantly it is open 24×7. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the East Bay, Mount Diablo is a good locale, though the gate to the top of the mountain closes after sunset. The East Bay hills from south of Hayward up to Berkeley and Albany have plenty of dark spots along the ridge that are relatively shielded from city lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The North Bay offers plenty of relatively dark sky zones from Point Reyes through Sonoma County and into Napa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For best viewing, face to the northeast after midnight; the constellation Perseus, the Perseids’ namesake and where the meteors appear to streak from, rises there shortly before midnight and spends the morning hours climbing higher in the eastern sky. Having a clear view of the northeastern horizon is a plus here. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re wondering which hairy comet shed the dandruff that produces this meteor shower, it’s comet Swift-Tuttle, a 16-mile sized chunk of ice, dust and probably some rock that orbits the sun every 133 years. Swift-Tuttle made its latest close passage by the sun in 1992–so we don’t expect it back again until around 2125. But its “children,” the dust specks of the Perseid meteor shower, can be seen every year at this time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have never made the time and effort to see a meteor shower in the way that is really required, here’s your chance! Yes, it’s a Monday morning, but don’t let that stop you. If the weather cooperates, you will not regret the loss of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's time to enjoy the annual Perseid meteors, the Old Faithful of meteor showers that lights up the August night and thoroughly delights those sleepy souls willing to stay up past midnight for one of nature's original fireworks shows.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6812\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/perseid-ron-garan.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6812\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/perseid-ron-garan.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid meteor imaged by Ron Garan on the International Space Station in 2011.\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6812\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perseid meteor imaged by Ron Garan on the International Space Station in 2011.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s time to drive headlong again into a cosmic bug swarm and watch the streaks they leave on the window pane of Earth’s atmosphere. Let’s try that again: It’s time to sweep up the dandruff left strewn through space by the hairy head of a passing comet. Third try: It’s time to enjoy the annual Perseid meteors, the Old Faithful of \u003ca href=\"http://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors\" title=\"2013 Meteor Showers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meteor showers\u003c/a> that lights up the August night and thoroughly delights those sleepy souls willing to stay up past midnight for one of nature’s original fireworks shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better. For years I’ve been describing meteor showers as the streaks of bug-guts on a car windshield–I just think that says it all. A car speeding down the freeway drives through a stream of migrating insects, collecting streaks on the leading windshield from the ones it hits, but none on the rear window which trails the car. I was once advised to be more poetic, and less “ick-factor,” when describing the beauty of a shooting star…oh well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this time, in early August, Earth is passing through a lane of dust particles left behind by the passage of a comet through the inner solar system. Comets are balls of ice, dust, and rock. When they pass close to the sun, some of their ices are vaporized and shed into space as gas, carrying dust particles with it. It takes a couple of weeks for us to pass completely through the dust stream, but on August 11 and 12, we will be in the densest part of the cloud when the number of bug streaks…I mean meteors…is greatest. Best viewing is during the morning hours of Monday, August 12. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a good year to see Perseids; the waxing crescent moon will have long since set by the time the best shower viewing gets going post midnight (and best around 2 or 3 AM.) That’s because the morning side of the Earth faces the direction of its motion and leads into the dust trail that produces the Perseids. Under the morning sky, you are under Earth’s atmospheric “windshield.” You can’t see a lot of meteors before midnight since evening skies are on Earth’s trailing side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibtimes.com/perseid-meteor-shower-2013-best-places-see-shooting-stars-near-major-us-cities-1374945\" title=\"Best places to see the Perseids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">if you live in or near a city\u003c/a>, getting up past midnight is only the first step in Perseid catching. Getting away from city lights is the second step. Around the San Francisco Bay, some places you can get to without making a long trip include the Santa Cruz mountains (if you can find a spot with few trees), or north along Skyline Blvd. from Highway 9 to 92 (if fog isn’t a factor). In the South Bay, Henry Coe State Park is an excellent choice, with fairly dark skies, open spaces, and most importantly it is open 24×7. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the East Bay, Mount Diablo is a good locale, though the gate to the top of the mountain closes after sunset. The East Bay hills from south of Hayward up to Berkeley and Albany have plenty of dark spots along the ridge that are relatively shielded from city lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The North Bay offers plenty of relatively dark sky zones from Point Reyes through Sonoma County and into Napa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For best viewing, face to the northeast after midnight; the constellation Perseus, the Perseids’ namesake and where the meteors appear to streak from, rises there shortly before midnight and spends the morning hours climbing higher in the eastern sky. Having a clear view of the northeastern horizon is a plus here. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re wondering which hairy comet shed the dandruff that produces this meteor shower, it’s comet Swift-Tuttle, a 16-mile sized chunk of ice, dust and probably some rock that orbits the sun every 133 years. Swift-Tuttle made its latest close passage by the sun in 1992–so we don’t expect it back again until around 2125. But its “children,” the dust specks of the Perseid meteor shower, can be seen every year at this time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have never made the time and effort to see a meteor shower in the way that is really required, here’s your chance! Yes, it’s a Monday morning, but don’t let that stop you. If the weather cooperates, you will not regret the loss of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sobering New Climate Report for California",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6879\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" alt='Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the \"Coastal North.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the “Coastal North.” (Photo: Craig Miller) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An immediate and growing threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how California’s lead environmental agency — and the Governor’s office — describe climate change in the latest in a series of periodic reports on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites “already discernible impacts of climate change” and attempts to pinpoint the main drivers — no pun intended. In California, nearly 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from the transportation sector — trains, planes and automobiles, and the last in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/ClimateChangeIndicatorsSummaryAugust2013.pdf\">the report\u003c/a> from the state Environmental Protection Agency, the annual average temperature in California has risen about 1.5 degrees (F) — but the state isn’t warming up uniformly. Parts of the Central Valley and Southern California are heating up faster; the hot are getting hotter. And a particularly insidious aspect of warming: overnight low temperatures are rising twice as fast as daytime highs. This has clear \u003ca title=\"KQED - Heat & Harvest\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">implications for agriculture\u003c/a>, as many important cash crops, like stone fruits, need a certain amount of “chill time” to produce bountiful, quality fruit. Warmer nights put more pressure on the electric grid as air conditioners run longer, and also limit recovery time during hot spells, worsening the effects of heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, those are increasing, the Cal/EPA report finds, and in some surprising places, such as the North Coast (bear in mind that what passes for a “heat wave” in Mendocino is a little different from the Mojave threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water picture is a little bit murkier, in that the report finds no clear change in the amount of precipitation that California is getting, but where and when that rain and snow falls is changing and proving to be just as important. For example, the Sacramento River — the main artery of California’s water system — has seen a nine percent drop in runoff coming into it over the past century. And the surface area of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Glaciers\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/27/californias-vanishing-glaciers-a-defining-moment/\">glaciers in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> has receded anywhere from 20-to-70 percent in the same time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “good” news is that global warming emissions have tapered off in the state in recent years. The bad news is that’s largely due to slowing industrial activity in the recent recession. The long-term trend still has emissions rising overall but the state’s economy is becoming more carbon-efficient, so emissions per unit of industrial output are falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cal/EPA report is just the latest in a flurry of sobering climate reports to hit the streets in recent days. Federal climate watchers issued their \u003ca title=\"NOAA - State of the Climate 2012\" href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/state-climate-2012-highlights\">State of the Climate\u003c/a> report on August 6, with confirmation that 2012 was among the hottest years on record, among other cheery pronouncements. And the \u003ca title=\"TERC - State of the Lake\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">latest environmental scorecard for Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> reveals gains in water clarity but mounting threats from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steady drumbeat of climate data may be having an effect on public attitudes. In its most recent \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">statewide poll\u003c/a>, the California Public Policy Institute found that nearly 8-in-10 Californians consider warming at least a “somewhat serious” threat, and a record proportion favor immediate action to counter climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6879\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" alt='Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the \"Coastal North.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the “Coastal North.” (Photo: Craig Miller) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An immediate and growing threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how California’s lead environmental agency — and the Governor’s office — describe climate change in the latest in a series of periodic reports on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites “already discernible impacts of climate change” and attempts to pinpoint the main drivers — no pun intended. In California, nearly 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from the transportation sector — trains, planes and automobiles, and the last in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/ClimateChangeIndicatorsSummaryAugust2013.pdf\">the report\u003c/a> from the state Environmental Protection Agency, the annual average temperature in California has risen about 1.5 degrees (F) — but the state isn’t warming up uniformly. Parts of the Central Valley and Southern California are heating up faster; the hot are getting hotter. And a particularly insidious aspect of warming: overnight low temperatures are rising twice as fast as daytime highs. This has clear \u003ca title=\"KQED - Heat & Harvest\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">implications for agriculture\u003c/a>, as many important cash crops, like stone fruits, need a certain amount of “chill time” to produce bountiful, quality fruit. Warmer nights put more pressure on the electric grid as air conditioners run longer, and also limit recovery time during hot spells, worsening the effects of heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, those are increasing, the Cal/EPA report finds, and in some surprising places, such as the North Coast (bear in mind that what passes for a “heat wave” in Mendocino is a little different from the Mojave threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water picture is a little bit murkier, in that the report finds no clear change in the amount of precipitation that California is getting, but where and when that rain and snow falls is changing and proving to be just as important. For example, the Sacramento River — the main artery of California’s water system — has seen a nine percent drop in runoff coming into it over the past century. And the surface area of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Glaciers\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/27/californias-vanishing-glaciers-a-defining-moment/\">glaciers in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> has receded anywhere from 20-to-70 percent in the same time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “good” news is that global warming emissions have tapered off in the state in recent years. The bad news is that’s largely due to slowing industrial activity in the recent recession. The long-term trend still has emissions rising overall but the state’s economy is becoming more carbon-efficient, so emissions per unit of industrial output are falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cal/EPA report is just the latest in a flurry of sobering climate reports to hit the streets in recent days. Federal climate watchers issued their \u003ca title=\"NOAA - State of the Climate 2012\" href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/state-climate-2012-highlights\">State of the Climate\u003c/a> report on August 6, with confirmation that 2012 was among the hottest years on record, among other cheery pronouncements. And the \u003ca title=\"TERC - State of the Lake\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">latest environmental scorecard for Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> reveals gains in water clarity but mounting threats from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steady drumbeat of climate data may be having an effect on public attitudes. In its most recent \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">statewide poll\u003c/a>, the California Public Policy Institute found that nearly 8-in-10 Californians consider warming at least a “somewhat serious” threat, and a record proportion favor immediate action to counter climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Low Water Levels Forcing Boats Out Of Folsom Lake",
"headTitle": "Low Water Levels Forcing Boats Out Of Folsom Lake | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6659\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The people who dock their boats at Folsom Lake, about 25 miles east of Sacramento, keep track of how dry the reservoir is by how many steps it takes to get from the parking lot to the floating dock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, when melting snow and rainfall fill the lake’s basin, less than ten steps peek out from above the water. Last week, the number was 80. Jeff Gomez said he made sure to count as he trekked up and down the stairs eight different times. “I came down to refuel the boat,” Gomez said as he caught his breath after dragging a cooler down the 80 steps. “That took two trips. Now this was two trips.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomez and his family were getting ready for one of their final boat rides of the year. Folsom Lake is at half its capacity, and low water levels will force Gomez and everyone else who docks their boats in the lake to remove their crafts from the water by Sunday, August 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for Folsom Lake to lose water over the course of the summer, but the boat-removal order typically comes in the fall, not early August. “It’s not shocking, because we expected it. Lack of snow, lack of rain” said Gomez as he prepped his speedboat for an afternoon of tubing. “It’s kind of sad, though.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“It Just Fell Off The Map”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom Lake’s early boat-removal order is the latest evidence of California’s current dry stretch. The state’s “water year” begins in October. It got off to a “robust start,” in terms of rainfall, according to federal Bureau of Reclamation spokesman Pete Lucero. (Reclamation oversees the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Central+Valley+Project\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, which manages water throughout central California.) “And then it just fell off the map,” he said. The January-May stretch “was the lowest recorded precipitation year in a five-month period ever,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s left Folsom Lake at 81 percent of its typical August average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">Other reservoirs are hurting\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Shasta [Lake] we’re at about 78 percent of its average. The state’s Oroville Reservoir is about 89 percent of average. The New Melones Reservoir is at 72 percent. And our off-storage reservoir, the San Luis Res down near Los Banos, is at 39 percent of the 15-year average.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Millerton Lake near Fresno is the only Central Valley reservoir above average August levels. “Water right now, as it always is in California, is a really finite resource,” said Lucero.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6659\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The people who dock their boats at Folsom Lake, about 25 miles east of Sacramento, keep track of how dry the reservoir is by how many steps it takes to get from the parking lot to the floating dock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, when melting snow and rainfall fill the lake’s basin, less than ten steps peek out from above the water. Last week, the number was 80. Jeff Gomez said he made sure to count as he trekked up and down the stairs eight different times. “I came down to refuel the boat,” Gomez said as he caught his breath after dragging a cooler down the 80 steps. “That took two trips. Now this was two trips.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomez and his family were getting ready for one of their final boat rides of the year. Folsom Lake is at half its capacity, and low water levels will force Gomez and everyone else who docks their boats in the lake to remove their crafts from the water by Sunday, August 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for Folsom Lake to lose water over the course of the summer, but the boat-removal order typically comes in the fall, not early August. “It’s not shocking, because we expected it. Lack of snow, lack of rain” said Gomez as he prepped his speedboat for an afternoon of tubing. “It’s kind of sad, though.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“It Just Fell Off The Map”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom Lake’s early boat-removal order is the latest evidence of California’s current dry stretch. The state’s “water year” begins in October. It got off to a “robust start,” in terms of rainfall, according to federal Bureau of Reclamation spokesman Pete Lucero. (Reclamation oversees the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Central+Valley+Project\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, which manages water throughout central California.) “And then it just fell off the map,” he said. The January-May stretch “was the lowest recorded precipitation year in a five-month period ever,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s left Folsom Lake at 81 percent of its typical August average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">Other reservoirs are hurting\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Shasta [Lake] we’re at about 78 percent of its average. The state’s Oroville Reservoir is about 89 percent of average. The New Melones Reservoir is at 72 percent. And our off-storage reservoir, the San Luis Res down near Los Banos, is at 39 percent of the 15-year average.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Millerton Lake near Fresno is the only Central Valley reservoir above average August levels. “Water right now, as it always is in California, is a really finite resource,” said Lucero.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In the Experience of Doubt, a Possible Cure for Alcoholism",
"headTitle": "In the Experience of Doubt, a Possible Cure for Alcoholism | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-05-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-6616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/92373620-e1375477877298-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"92373620\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many alcoholics, drinking is a compulsion. They know it’s ruining their lives, and yet they continue to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study out this month in the print version of \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">suggests\u003c/a> that this phenomenon — the internal struggle against one’s better angels — may contain the seeds of a new treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper reminded me of a man I met a few years ago, when I was working on \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-search-for-alcoholisms-miracle-drug/\">another story\u003c/a> about scientific research into alcoholism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Joe at an alcohol treatment center at the San Francisco VA Medical Center where he had come to dry out. Joe was 71 when we spoke, but he remembered his first drink — a ginger and seven, he told me — and the “warm feeling” it gave him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe’s drinking became chronic. It got so bad that it scared his wife, he said. Especially when he started having blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just don’t remember,” he said, “and then you get told what you did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like what?” I asked him. The question seemed to bother him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things I don’t really even want to mention,” he answered. “Ok?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was obvious there were huge consequences to Joe’s drinking. And yet he kept doing it. For scientists who study alcoholism and other addictions, this is really interesting behavior. It’s the ability to recognize something is a bad idea, but to do it anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Something switches where our immensely capable brain is still immensely capable, but we’re just not in the driver’s seat anymore,” says Woody Hopf, a co-author on the paper and a scientist at the Gallo Center, a research institution affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says that – in addicts, and perhaps other people, though it’s too soon to say — the act of overriding our better judgment can be traced to a specific set of places in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are certain areas that mostly are there to tell you, ok there’s something bad, get away. But they have been co-opted to do exactly the opposite. Normally they’d help you avoid what’s bad; here they’re helping you rush right into what’s bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas seem to be most active in a certain type of addict: one who feels conflicted about his or her drug use, but feels a compulsion to keep using. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all drug seeking is the same,” says Nasir Naqvi, a researcher at Columbia University Medical Center who is unaffiliated with the study, but whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5811/531.abstract\">earlier work\u003c/a> on the the neural pathways at work in addicts who feel conflicted about their drug use inspired the Gallo team. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drug seeking under risk is different from drug seeking without risk in terms of the specific brain systems involved,” says Naqvi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question facing Hopf and others was this: Now that they knew where these parts of the brain are, how could they stop them from being co-opted? In other words, could you take someone who is making bad decisions about drinking alcohol and essentially get them to make good decisions instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they started with rats. And in this month’s \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">paper\u003c/a>, they say they’ve been able to do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to lead author and Gallo scientist Taban Seif, “the experiments in this study may provide the first direct evidence of a novel direct pathway that mediates compulsive alcohol intake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Hopf to start from the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you make an alcoholic rat? I asked him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rats actually do it themselves,” Hopf says. “We give them [something like] a vodka on the rocks. Rats like to drink. Monkeys like intoxication, elephants, horses. Part of our brain is in search of the perpetual buzz. Hedonism is cross species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liking alcohol isn’t enough. To create a rat that will drink compulsively, you have to do something else: You have to give them alcohol, and then take it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every other day,” Hopf explains, “they get access to drinking for an overnight session.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says this kind of binge drinking is particularly insidious, both in rats and in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You learn ‘I’d better drink now because now I have the opportunity,’” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about a month of this, the researchers take another step: They add quinine to the alcohol to give it a bitter taste. Later, they deliver a small electric shock to the rats whenever the animals take a sip of alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea, says Hopf, is to make it so that drinking comes with a conflict, to associate bad consequences with alcohol in a way that’s analogous to a person who continues to drink, even though it’s causing problems in his or her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month of the binge drinking, the rats continue to drink, despite the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, says Hopf, “they have biochemical, molecular changes in their brain. A whole different brain circuit is involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was changing that brain circuit. And this is where a recent technology called \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, developed nearby at Stanford University, comes in. It lets researches turn brain cells off and on remotely, using a beam of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can shine light into these connections and specifically turn off just a few of the many thousands of wires of the brain,” says Hopf. “That’s sufficient to dramatically reduce their compulsive drinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly, the rats drink alcohol when it tastes good, and stop drinking when it tastes and feels bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is new, and very exciting, about this finding,” says Columbia’s Nasir Naqvi, “is that it uses very elegant, state of the art techniques to prove this hypothesis to a pretty good level certainty, which you can only do in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s no conflict with the alcohol,” says Hopf, the rats are “still happy to drink it. It’s just that period where if you add a conflict to it — when you’re modeling that compulsive aspect which is so potent in driving relapse in humans — now we can sever that connection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t do this in humans, at least not yet. Optogenetics is still a research tool, used in rats and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what excites Seif, Hopf, and others is that there are existing drugs, currently used in other mental disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease, that – again, in rats – seem to affect the same part of the brain in similar ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s great for us is that we have FDA-approved drugs that will block the action of those excitatory molecules,” says Hopf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in order for them to work the key will be doubt — what Seif describes as the act of “facing a negative outcome to your drinking,” or, simply “caring enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be in conflict about your addiction,” says Hopf. “Because if you’re not in conflict you don’t recruit these cortical areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the drug would be targeting a part of the brain that isn’t really active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials on humans can take about five years. The team hopes to get started soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-05-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-6616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/92373620-e1375477877298-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"92373620\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many alcoholics, drinking is a compulsion. They know it’s ruining their lives, and yet they continue to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study out this month in the print version of \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">suggests\u003c/a> that this phenomenon — the internal struggle against one’s better angels — may contain the seeds of a new treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper reminded me of a man I met a few years ago, when I was working on \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-search-for-alcoholisms-miracle-drug/\">another story\u003c/a> about scientific research into alcoholism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Joe at an alcohol treatment center at the San Francisco VA Medical Center where he had come to dry out. Joe was 71 when we spoke, but he remembered his first drink — a ginger and seven, he told me — and the “warm feeling” it gave him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe’s drinking became chronic. It got so bad that it scared his wife, he said. Especially when he started having blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just don’t remember,” he said, “and then you get told what you did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like what?” I asked him. The question seemed to bother him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things I don’t really even want to mention,” he answered. “Ok?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was obvious there were huge consequences to Joe’s drinking. And yet he kept doing it. For scientists who study alcoholism and other addictions, this is really interesting behavior. It’s the ability to recognize something is a bad idea, but to do it anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Something switches where our immensely capable brain is still immensely capable, but we’re just not in the driver’s seat anymore,” says Woody Hopf, a co-author on the paper and a scientist at the Gallo Center, a research institution affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says that – in addicts, and perhaps other people, though it’s too soon to say — the act of overriding our better judgment can be traced to a specific set of places in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are certain areas that mostly are there to tell you, ok there’s something bad, get away. But they have been co-opted to do exactly the opposite. Normally they’d help you avoid what’s bad; here they’re helping you rush right into what’s bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas seem to be most active in a certain type of addict: one who feels conflicted about his or her drug use, but feels a compulsion to keep using. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all drug seeking is the same,” says Nasir Naqvi, a researcher at Columbia University Medical Center who is unaffiliated with the study, but whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5811/531.abstract\">earlier work\u003c/a> on the the neural pathways at work in addicts who feel conflicted about their drug use inspired the Gallo team. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drug seeking under risk is different from drug seeking without risk in terms of the specific brain systems involved,” says Naqvi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question facing Hopf and others was this: Now that they knew where these parts of the brain are, how could they stop them from being co-opted? In other words, could you take someone who is making bad decisions about drinking alcohol and essentially get them to make good decisions instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they started with rats. And in this month’s \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">paper\u003c/a>, they say they’ve been able to do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to lead author and Gallo scientist Taban Seif, “the experiments in this study may provide the first direct evidence of a novel direct pathway that mediates compulsive alcohol intake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Hopf to start from the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you make an alcoholic rat? I asked him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rats actually do it themselves,” Hopf says. “We give them [something like] a vodka on the rocks. Rats like to drink. Monkeys like intoxication, elephants, horses. Part of our brain is in search of the perpetual buzz. Hedonism is cross species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liking alcohol isn’t enough. To create a rat that will drink compulsively, you have to do something else: You have to give them alcohol, and then take it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every other day,” Hopf explains, “they get access to drinking for an overnight session.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says this kind of binge drinking is particularly insidious, both in rats and in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You learn ‘I’d better drink now because now I have the opportunity,’” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about a month of this, the researchers take another step: They add quinine to the alcohol to give it a bitter taste. Later, they deliver a small electric shock to the rats whenever the animals take a sip of alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea, says Hopf, is to make it so that drinking comes with a conflict, to associate bad consequences with alcohol in a way that’s analogous to a person who continues to drink, even though it’s causing problems in his or her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month of the binge drinking, the rats continue to drink, despite the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, says Hopf, “they have biochemical, molecular changes in their brain. A whole different brain circuit is involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was changing that brain circuit. And this is where a recent technology called \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, developed nearby at Stanford University, comes in. It lets researches turn brain cells off and on remotely, using a beam of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can shine light into these connections and specifically turn off just a few of the many thousands of wires of the brain,” says Hopf. “That’s sufficient to dramatically reduce their compulsive drinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly, the rats drink alcohol when it tastes good, and stop drinking when it tastes and feels bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is new, and very exciting, about this finding,” says Columbia’s Nasir Naqvi, “is that it uses very elegant, state of the art techniques to prove this hypothesis to a pretty good level certainty, which you can only do in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s no conflict with the alcohol,” says Hopf, the rats are “still happy to drink it. It’s just that period where if you add a conflict to it — when you’re modeling that compulsive aspect which is so potent in driving relapse in humans — now we can sever that connection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t do this in humans, at least not yet. Optogenetics is still a research tool, used in rats and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what excites Seif, Hopf, and others is that there are existing drugs, currently used in other mental disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease, that – again, in rats – seem to affect the same part of the brain in similar ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s great for us is that we have FDA-approved drugs that will block the action of those excitatory molecules,” says Hopf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in order for them to work the key will be doubt — what Seif describes as the act of “facing a negative outcome to your drinking,” or, simply “caring enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be in conflict about your addiction,” says Hopf. “Because if you’re not in conflict you don’t recruit these cortical areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the drug would be targeting a part of the brain that isn’t really active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.html\">new report\u003c/a> by Stanford University scientists finds that the earth is warming ten times faster than it has at any time since the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. If the current pace of greenhouse gas emissions continues, the researchers say, temperatures in North America, Europe and much of Asia could increase 4 degrees by 2050 and 9 degrees by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6519 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/texasdrought-e1375401033324.jpg\" alt=\"(Ken Slade/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/texaseagle/6450000391/sizes/z/in/photostream/)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate change will increase extreme weather events like the Texas drought. (Ken Slade/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extreme weather events, including heat waves and heavy rainfall, are expected to become more severe and more frequent. Although we can’t stop some of the changes from happening, the researchers say how different the climate looks by 2100 will depend a lot on how we respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work, a comprehensive study of climate models by scientists at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment, was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6145/486\">Science.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.html\">new report\u003c/a> by Stanford University scientists finds that the earth is warming ten times faster than it has at any time since the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. If the current pace of greenhouse gas emissions continues, the researchers say, temperatures in North America, Europe and much of Asia could increase 4 degrees by 2050 and 9 degrees by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6519 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/texasdrought-e1375401033324.jpg\" alt=\"(Ken Slade/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/texaseagle/6450000391/sizes/z/in/photostream/)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate change will increase extreme weather events like the Texas drought. (Ken Slade/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extreme weather events, including heat waves and heavy rainfall, are expected to become more severe and more frequent. Although we can’t stop some of the changes from happening, the researchers say how different the climate looks by 2100 will depend a lot on how we respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work, a comprehensive study of climate models by scientists at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment, was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6145/486\">Science.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Poll: Strongest Support Yet for Climate Action in California",
"headTitle": "Poll: Strongest Support Yet for Climate Action in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6425\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6425\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" alt=\"Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Californians have long been ahead of the pack in their support of climate policies, but in new polling, a “record-high majority” of California voters support immediate action by state and federal governments to arrest global warming and prepare for climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"PPIC - poll\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1065\">According to the poll\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California, most respondents (63 percent) believe those impacts are already being felt, and three-in-four (75 percent) support taking “steps to counter the effects of global warming right away.” PPIC analysts say that represents a spike of nine percentage points since its 2012 survey. About the same proportion consider the threat of global warming to be at least “somewhat serious.” Support for immediate climate action continues to track significantly higher among Democrats than Republicans, though the gap may be narrowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6423\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" alt=\"Partisan differences over goverment climate action may be narrowing somewhat. (Graph: PPIC)\" width=\"480\" height=\"335\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Partisan differences over government climate action may be narrowing somewhat but support among independent voters has tapered off. (Graph: PPIC Statewide Survey, July, 2013)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California already has some of the nation’s most aggressive climate policies, with the legislated goal of cutting greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, and a mandate that utilities draw one-third of their electrical power from renewable sources by the same year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the rest of the nation has generally lagged behind California in its enthusiasm for climate action, most results from the PPIC poll would appear to reflect a general gathering of momentum toward policies to cope with climate change. President Obama, who had gone silent on climate for most of his first term, has vowed to sidestep Congress if that’s what it takes to tackle the climate problem. And this week, the new head of the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca title=\"WaPo - post\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-new-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-vows-to-act-on-climate-change/2013/07/30/dea868e0-f86b-11e2-8e84-c56731a202fb_story.html\">kicked off a road show\u003c/a> to stump for climate action, by saying that carbon-cutting policies will gun the nation’s economic engine, rather than stall it. Surprisingly, in the PPIC poll, less than half of Californians appear to agree (see “Economy,” below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the perceived threats from climate change, some loom larger than others in the minds of Californians. According to the PPIC survey, 57 percent are “very concerned” about more voracious wildfires, and 78 percent are at least “somewhat concerned” that droughts will become more severe. There seemed to be more confusion over a changing climate’s effects on flooding and storms, where responses were more evenly distributed from “very concerned” to “not at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the poll shows support for California’s drive toward more renewable energy, that support drops from nearly 8-in-10, to about one-in-three (35 percent) if it would mean higher electric bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some potential eyebrow-raisers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air pollution\u003c/strong>: Despite the Central Valley’s reputation for wretched air quality, much higher proportions of residents of Los Angeles and the Inland Empire describe air pollution as a big problem, 40 and 44 percent, respectively, versus 31 percent of Valley respondents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transit\u003c/strong>: Most (67 percent) still drive to work solo — but about half of Californians claim that they’re ready to look seriously at a hybrid or all-electric car. Latinos and Asians are most likely to lean this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economy\u003c/strong>: Despite all of the hype about “clean tech” in California, fewer than half the respondents (45 percent) agreed that state’s actions to slow global warming would create more jobs. An equal number said it would mean fewer jobs or no change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys were conducted in mid-July and have a margin of error of plus-or-minus three percentage points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Californians continue to favor strong, immediate action on climate, but not at any cost. And most of us still drive to work solo.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6425\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6425\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" alt=\"Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Californians have long been ahead of the pack in their support of climate policies, but in new polling, a “record-high majority” of California voters support immediate action by state and federal governments to arrest global warming and prepare for climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"PPIC - poll\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1065\">According to the poll\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California, most respondents (63 percent) believe those impacts are already being felt, and three-in-four (75 percent) support taking “steps to counter the effects of global warming right away.” PPIC analysts say that represents a spike of nine percentage points since its 2012 survey. About the same proportion consider the threat of global warming to be at least “somewhat serious.” Support for immediate climate action continues to track significantly higher among Democrats than Republicans, though the gap may be narrowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6423\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" alt=\"Partisan differences over goverment climate action may be narrowing somewhat. (Graph: PPIC)\" width=\"480\" height=\"335\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Partisan differences over government climate action may be narrowing somewhat but support among independent voters has tapered off. (Graph: PPIC Statewide Survey, July, 2013)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California already has some of the nation’s most aggressive climate policies, with the legislated goal of cutting greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, and a mandate that utilities draw one-third of their electrical power from renewable sources by the same year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the rest of the nation has generally lagged behind California in its enthusiasm for climate action, most results from the PPIC poll would appear to reflect a general gathering of momentum toward policies to cope with climate change. President Obama, who had gone silent on climate for most of his first term, has vowed to sidestep Congress if that’s what it takes to tackle the climate problem. And this week, the new head of the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca title=\"WaPo - post\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-new-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-vows-to-act-on-climate-change/2013/07/30/dea868e0-f86b-11e2-8e84-c56731a202fb_story.html\">kicked off a road show\u003c/a> to stump for climate action, by saying that carbon-cutting policies will gun the nation’s economic engine, rather than stall it. Surprisingly, in the PPIC poll, less than half of Californians appear to agree (see “Economy,” below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the perceived threats from climate change, some loom larger than others in the minds of Californians. According to the PPIC survey, 57 percent are “very concerned” about more voracious wildfires, and 78 percent are at least “somewhat concerned” that droughts will become more severe. There seemed to be more confusion over a changing climate’s effects on flooding and storms, where responses were more evenly distributed from “very concerned” to “not at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the poll shows support for California’s drive toward more renewable energy, that support drops from nearly 8-in-10, to about one-in-three (35 percent) if it would mean higher electric bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some potential eyebrow-raisers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air pollution\u003c/strong>: Despite the Central Valley’s reputation for wretched air quality, much higher proportions of residents of Los Angeles and the Inland Empire describe air pollution as a big problem, 40 and 44 percent, respectively, versus 31 percent of Valley respondents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transit\u003c/strong>: Most (67 percent) still drive to work solo — but about half of Californians claim that they’re ready to look seriously at a hybrid or all-electric car. Latinos and Asians are most likely to lean this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economy\u003c/strong>: Despite all of the hype about “clean tech” in California, fewer than half the respondents (45 percent) agreed that state’s actions to slow global warming would create more jobs. An equal number said it would mean fewer jobs or no change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys were conducted in mid-July and have a margin of error of plus-or-minus three percentage points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
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