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"title": "Valero Rail Project Fuels Tar Sands Speculation in Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Valero Rail Project Fuels Tar Sands Speculation in Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-12-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Valero, the nation’s largest oil refiner, wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.valero.com/ourbusiness/ourlocations/refineries/pages/benicia.aspx\">Bay Area refinery\u003c/a>. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6923\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6923\" title=\"Marilyn Bardet \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero's crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero’s crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Small City, Big Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia sits near the mouth of the Sacramento River, in the northeastern corner of San Francisco Bay. It has a small-town vibe: antique stores, a pretty marina, nice views of the water. But it’s no stranger to heavy industry. Freight trains rumble past on the outskirts, and there’s a big industrial park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruszelwoodworks.com/\">Ruszel Woodworks\u003c/a> has been in the industrial park for more than 30 years. Brothers Ed and Jack Ruszel manage the company, which builds custom retail displays, among other specialty items. Their shop is just down the road from the refinery. They say Valero’s been a generally good neighbor, but they’re not happy with its latest proposed project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Valero_CBR_Project_Description.pdf\">build a rail terminal\u003c/a> on its property — currently it gets crude oil from pipelines and tanker ships. The $70 million rail project would allow it to source crude from the Midwest and Canada. The plan includes equipment to unload up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day. That’s almost half the daily capacity of the refinery. Two 50-car trains a day would deliver the oil, which would replace some of the crude that currently arrives by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Benicia residents support the project. Valero is a big employer. It gives to local charities, and its taxes represent a fifth of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Ruszels are concerned about the impacts on traffic, because the tracks are on either side of their building, and cross their driveway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6937\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And it doesn’t just affect me,” adds Jack. “It affects all the businesses up and down here, and all the people along the rail lines all the way back to the source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another local business got a cease-and-desist order stalling upgrades to the nearby Union Pacific tracks, which would support the project. Caltrans has weighed in too, with fears that the long, slow-moving trains crossing near off-ramps could back traffic up onto Interstate-680.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But traffic is just one of the issues locals have raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marilyn Bardet is the founder of the Good Neighbor Steering Committee, a Valero watchdog as she describes it. She sits on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7B77A312F2-B156-4443-98A9-3857BBF7BC47%7D&DE=%7B7432AB46-421A-4AB9-A22B-0DC25F451E77%7D\">Valero’s community advisory panel\u003c/a>. She’s among those who have been pushing for a more thorough review of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have an accident where you spill this stuff, how are you going to clean it up?” she asks. “Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tracks go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest brackish marsh on the West Coast, and a delicate wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are safety concerns. Last month in Quebec, a train carrying crude oil derailed and exploded, killing 47 people. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-08/rail-agency-probes-possible-safety-flaws-in-crude-transit.html\">Federal Railroad Administration has set rules\u003c/a> to help prevent that type of accident from happening here, but Bardet says it’s been on her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s perhaps the biggest question of all: what kind of crude will be coming in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6951\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Crude From the Tar Sands Come to the Bay Area?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All crudes are not created equal,” claims Brant Olson, a campaigner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> in San Francisco. He says Valero has hinted to its investors that it wants to start bringing in crude from Canada’s tar sands, also known as oil sands. That oil is heavy, and environmentalists say, exceedingly “dirty” – it contains heavy metals, and the chemicals used to dilute it for shipment can be toxic, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re taking in dirty oil from Canada on the front end, you’re going to have more pollution in Benicia out the back end, and that’s really our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olson says it also takes more energy to refine tar sands crude, which creates more greenhouse gas emissions. Environmentalists hope to stifle the refining opportunities for tar sands crude, because of the climate change implications. Groups including the NRDC have been fighting the extension of the Keystone pipeline, which would pump crude from the Alberta tar sands to refineries in Texas. (NRDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Report_by_Dr._Phyllis_Fox.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> explaining why they think the crude could be coming from Canada, and what the air quality implications could be.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline,” Olson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Oil companies, on the other hand, are eager to find a way to get that low-cost crude to refineries in the United States, including here on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day won’t get more specific than to say that the crude would be coming by rail from “North America.” He says that no oil from the tar sands is currently being processed at the Benicia refinery. The plant is however, designed to be able to process “a variety of crudes,” from heavy to light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns About Air Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is reviewing Valero’s permit application for the project. Jim Karas, director of engineering for the Air District, says Valero is already close to the limit of what it can put in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a conceptual basis, I don’t see how those emissions can possibly increase,” he says. “Our rules don’t allow it. Our conditions don’t allow it. Our monitoring will verify it. So I don’t see how that could happen.” And if it did happen? “We would absolutely catch it, and there would be significant consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has installed monitors in and around the refinery, Karas says, and inspectors go out and do tests. But Bardet is worried that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/07/31/124051/a_year_after_richmond_refinery_fire_community_air_monitors?category=science\">coverage is spotty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do not have other monitors in town,” she says. “They have a monitor at Tuolumne Street in Vallejo and one in Concord, and that’s supposed to give us some sense, triangulated, what our ambient air is like.” \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She also claims that the Air District measures pollution over time, focusing on averages and missing the impacts of emissions spikes or accidents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail and the Future of Oil\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be the first major crude-by-rail project in the Bay Area. Of the other four refineries here, Tesoro Corporation is the only one using rail to import crude, and on a scale far below what Valero would be capable of, should its rail expansion go through. Valero’s Day says, he wouldn’t be surprised if others are looking into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6942\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing,” he says. “This is a phenomenon that we’re seeing across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/CBR_Notice_of_Preparation.pdf\">City of Benicia is studying\u003c/a> the impacts of the project. Its planning commission is expected to make a decision on it in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Valero wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its Bay Area refinery. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-12-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Valero, the nation’s largest oil refiner, wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.valero.com/ourbusiness/ourlocations/refineries/pages/benicia.aspx\">Bay Area refinery\u003c/a>. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6923\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6923\" title=\"Marilyn Bardet \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero's crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero’s crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Small City, Big Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia sits near the mouth of the Sacramento River, in the northeastern corner of San Francisco Bay. It has a small-town vibe: antique stores, a pretty marina, nice views of the water. But it’s no stranger to heavy industry. Freight trains rumble past on the outskirts, and there’s a big industrial park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruszelwoodworks.com/\">Ruszel Woodworks\u003c/a> has been in the industrial park for more than 30 years. Brothers Ed and Jack Ruszel manage the company, which builds custom retail displays, among other specialty items. Their shop is just down the road from the refinery. They say Valero’s been a generally good neighbor, but they’re not happy with its latest proposed project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Valero_CBR_Project_Description.pdf\">build a rail terminal\u003c/a> on its property — currently it gets crude oil from pipelines and tanker ships. The $70 million rail project would allow it to source crude from the Midwest and Canada. The plan includes equipment to unload up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day. That’s almost half the daily capacity of the refinery. Two 50-car trains a day would deliver the oil, which would replace some of the crude that currently arrives by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Benicia residents support the project. Valero is a big employer. It gives to local charities, and its taxes represent a fifth of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Ruszels are concerned about the impacts on traffic, because the tracks are on either side of their building, and cross their driveway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6937\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And it doesn’t just affect me,” adds Jack. “It affects all the businesses up and down here, and all the people along the rail lines all the way back to the source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another local business got a cease-and-desist order stalling upgrades to the nearby Union Pacific tracks, which would support the project. Caltrans has weighed in too, with fears that the long, slow-moving trains crossing near off-ramps could back traffic up onto Interstate-680.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But traffic is just one of the issues locals have raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marilyn Bardet is the founder of the Good Neighbor Steering Committee, a Valero watchdog as she describes it. She sits on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7B77A312F2-B156-4443-98A9-3857BBF7BC47%7D&DE=%7B7432AB46-421A-4AB9-A22B-0DC25F451E77%7D\">Valero’s community advisory panel\u003c/a>. She’s among those who have been pushing for a more thorough review of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have an accident where you spill this stuff, how are you going to clean it up?” she asks. “Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tracks go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest brackish marsh on the West Coast, and a delicate wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are safety concerns. Last month in Quebec, a train carrying crude oil derailed and exploded, killing 47 people. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-08/rail-agency-probes-possible-safety-flaws-in-crude-transit.html\">Federal Railroad Administration has set rules\u003c/a> to help prevent that type of accident from happening here, but Bardet says it’s been on her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s perhaps the biggest question of all: what kind of crude will be coming in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6951\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Crude From the Tar Sands Come to the Bay Area?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All crudes are not created equal,” claims Brant Olson, a campaigner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> in San Francisco. He says Valero has hinted to its investors that it wants to start bringing in crude from Canada’s tar sands, also known as oil sands. That oil is heavy, and environmentalists say, exceedingly “dirty” – it contains heavy metals, and the chemicals used to dilute it for shipment can be toxic, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re taking in dirty oil from Canada on the front end, you’re going to have more pollution in Benicia out the back end, and that’s really our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olson says it also takes more energy to refine tar sands crude, which creates more greenhouse gas emissions. Environmentalists hope to stifle the refining opportunities for tar sands crude, because of the climate change implications. Groups including the NRDC have been fighting the extension of the Keystone pipeline, which would pump crude from the Alberta tar sands to refineries in Texas. (NRDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Report_by_Dr._Phyllis_Fox.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> explaining why they think the crude could be coming from Canada, and what the air quality implications could be.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline,” Olson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Oil companies, on the other hand, are eager to find a way to get that low-cost crude to refineries in the United States, including here on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day won’t get more specific than to say that the crude would be coming by rail from “North America.” He says that no oil from the tar sands is currently being processed at the Benicia refinery. The plant is however, designed to be able to process “a variety of crudes,” from heavy to light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns About Air Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is reviewing Valero’s permit application for the project. Jim Karas, director of engineering for the Air District, says Valero is already close to the limit of what it can put in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a conceptual basis, I don’t see how those emissions can possibly increase,” he says. “Our rules don’t allow it. Our conditions don’t allow it. Our monitoring will verify it. So I don’t see how that could happen.” And if it did happen? “We would absolutely catch it, and there would be significant consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has installed monitors in and around the refinery, Karas says, and inspectors go out and do tests. But Bardet is worried that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/07/31/124051/a_year_after_richmond_refinery_fire_community_air_monitors?category=science\">coverage is spotty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do not have other monitors in town,” she says. “They have a monitor at Tuolumne Street in Vallejo and one in Concord, and that’s supposed to give us some sense, triangulated, what our ambient air is like.” \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She also claims that the Air District measures pollution over time, focusing on averages and missing the impacts of emissions spikes or accidents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail and the Future of Oil\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be the first major crude-by-rail project in the Bay Area. Of the other four refineries here, Tesoro Corporation is the only one using rail to import crude, and on a scale far below what Valero would be capable of, should its rail expansion go through. Valero’s Day says, he wouldn’t be surprised if others are looking into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6942\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing,” he says. “This is a phenomenon that we’re seeing across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/CBR_Notice_of_Preparation.pdf\">City of Benicia is studying\u003c/a> the impacts of the project. Its planning commission is expected to make a decision on it in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Perseids Are Coming! Find Out When And Where To View Them",
"headTitle": "The Perseids Are Coming! Find Out When And Where To View Them | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6812\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/perseid-ron-garan.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6812\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/perseid-ron-garan.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid meteor imaged by Ron Garan on the International Space Station in 2011.\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6812\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perseid meteor imaged by Ron Garan on the International Space Station in 2011.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s time to drive headlong again into a cosmic bug swarm and watch the streaks they leave on the window pane of Earth’s atmosphere. Let’s try that again: It’s time to sweep up the dandruff left strewn through space by the hairy head of a passing comet. Third try: It’s time to enjoy the annual Perseid meteors, the Old Faithful of \u003ca href=\"http://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors\" title=\"2013 Meteor Showers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meteor showers\u003c/a> that lights up the August night and thoroughly delights those sleepy souls willing to stay up past midnight for one of nature’s original fireworks shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better. For years I’ve been describing meteor showers as the streaks of bug-guts on a car windshield–I just think that says it all. A car speeding down the freeway drives through a stream of migrating insects, collecting streaks on the leading windshield from the ones it hits, but none on the rear window which trails the car. I was once advised to be more poetic, and less “ick-factor,” when describing the beauty of a shooting star…oh well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this time, in early August, Earth is passing through a lane of dust particles left behind by the passage of a comet through the inner solar system. Comets are balls of ice, dust, and rock. When they pass close to the sun, some of their ices are vaporized and shed into space as gas, carrying dust particles with it. It takes a couple of weeks for us to pass completely through the dust stream, but on August 11 and 12, we will be in the densest part of the cloud when the number of bug streaks…I mean meteors…is greatest. Best viewing is during the morning hours of Monday, August 12. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a good year to see Perseids; the waxing crescent moon will have long since set by the time the best shower viewing gets going post midnight (and best around 2 or 3 AM.) That’s because the morning side of the Earth faces the direction of its motion and leads into the dust trail that produces the Perseids. Under the morning sky, you are under Earth’s atmospheric “windshield.” You can’t see a lot of meteors before midnight since evening skies are on Earth’s trailing side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibtimes.com/perseid-meteor-shower-2013-best-places-see-shooting-stars-near-major-us-cities-1374945\" title=\"Best places to see the Perseids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">if you live in or near a city\u003c/a>, getting up past midnight is only the first step in Perseid catching. Getting away from city lights is the second step. Around the San Francisco Bay, some places you can get to without making a long trip include the Santa Cruz mountains (if you can find a spot with few trees), or north along Skyline Blvd. from Highway 9 to 92 (if fog isn’t a factor). In the South Bay, Henry Coe State Park is an excellent choice, with fairly dark skies, open spaces, and most importantly it is open 24×7. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the East Bay, Mount Diablo is a good locale, though the gate to the top of the mountain closes after sunset. The East Bay hills from south of Hayward up to Berkeley and Albany have plenty of dark spots along the ridge that are relatively shielded from city lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The North Bay offers plenty of relatively dark sky zones from Point Reyes through Sonoma County and into Napa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For best viewing, face to the northeast after midnight; the constellation Perseus, the Perseids’ namesake and where the meteors appear to streak from, rises there shortly before midnight and spends the morning hours climbing higher in the eastern sky. Having a clear view of the northeastern horizon is a plus here. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re wondering which hairy comet shed the dandruff that produces this meteor shower, it’s comet Swift-Tuttle, a 16-mile sized chunk of ice, dust and probably some rock that orbits the sun every 133 years. Swift-Tuttle made its latest close passage by the sun in 1992–so we don’t expect it back again until around 2125. But its “children,” the dust specks of the Perseid meteor shower, can be seen every year at this time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have never made the time and effort to see a meteor shower in the way that is really required, here’s your chance! Yes, it’s a Monday morning, but don’t let that stop you. If the weather cooperates, you will not regret the loss of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6812\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/perseid-ron-garan.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6812\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/perseid-ron-garan.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid meteor imaged by Ron Garan on the International Space Station in 2011.\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6812\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perseid meteor imaged by Ron Garan on the International Space Station in 2011.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s time to drive headlong again into a cosmic bug swarm and watch the streaks they leave on the window pane of Earth’s atmosphere. Let’s try that again: It’s time to sweep up the dandruff left strewn through space by the hairy head of a passing comet. Third try: It’s time to enjoy the annual Perseid meteors, the Old Faithful of \u003ca href=\"http://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors\" title=\"2013 Meteor Showers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meteor showers\u003c/a> that lights up the August night and thoroughly delights those sleepy souls willing to stay up past midnight for one of nature’s original fireworks shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better. For years I’ve been describing meteor showers as the streaks of bug-guts on a car windshield–I just think that says it all. A car speeding down the freeway drives through a stream of migrating insects, collecting streaks on the leading windshield from the ones it hits, but none on the rear window which trails the car. I was once advised to be more poetic, and less “ick-factor,” when describing the beauty of a shooting star…oh well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this time, in early August, Earth is passing through a lane of dust particles left behind by the passage of a comet through the inner solar system. Comets are balls of ice, dust, and rock. When they pass close to the sun, some of their ices are vaporized and shed into space as gas, carrying dust particles with it. It takes a couple of weeks for us to pass completely through the dust stream, but on August 11 and 12, we will be in the densest part of the cloud when the number of bug streaks…I mean meteors…is greatest. Best viewing is during the morning hours of Monday, August 12. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a good year to see Perseids; the waxing crescent moon will have long since set by the time the best shower viewing gets going post midnight (and best around 2 or 3 AM.) That’s because the morning side of the Earth faces the direction of its motion and leads into the dust trail that produces the Perseids. Under the morning sky, you are under Earth’s atmospheric “windshield.” You can’t see a lot of meteors before midnight since evening skies are on Earth’s trailing side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibtimes.com/perseid-meteor-shower-2013-best-places-see-shooting-stars-near-major-us-cities-1374945\" title=\"Best places to see the Perseids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">if you live in or near a city\u003c/a>, getting up past midnight is only the first step in Perseid catching. Getting away from city lights is the second step. Around the San Francisco Bay, some places you can get to without making a long trip include the Santa Cruz mountains (if you can find a spot with few trees), or north along Skyline Blvd. from Highway 9 to 92 (if fog isn’t a factor). In the South Bay, Henry Coe State Park is an excellent choice, with fairly dark skies, open spaces, and most importantly it is open 24×7. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the East Bay, Mount Diablo is a good locale, though the gate to the top of the mountain closes after sunset. The East Bay hills from south of Hayward up to Berkeley and Albany have plenty of dark spots along the ridge that are relatively shielded from city lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The North Bay offers plenty of relatively dark sky zones from Point Reyes through Sonoma County and into Napa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For best viewing, face to the northeast after midnight; the constellation Perseus, the Perseids’ namesake and where the meteors appear to streak from, rises there shortly before midnight and spends the morning hours climbing higher in the eastern sky. Having a clear view of the northeastern horizon is a plus here. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re wondering which hairy comet shed the dandruff that produces this meteor shower, it’s comet Swift-Tuttle, a 16-mile sized chunk of ice, dust and probably some rock that orbits the sun every 133 years. Swift-Tuttle made its latest close passage by the sun in 1992–so we don’t expect it back again until around 2125. But its “children,” the dust specks of the Perseid meteor shower, can be seen every year at this time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have never made the time and effort to see a meteor shower in the way that is really required, here’s your chance! Yes, it’s a Monday morning, but don’t let that stop you. If the weather cooperates, you will not regret the loss of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6879\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" alt='Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the \"Coastal North.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the “Coastal North.” (Photo: Craig Miller) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An immediate and growing threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how California’s lead environmental agency — and the Governor’s office — describe climate change in the latest in a series of periodic reports on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites “already discernible impacts of climate change” and attempts to pinpoint the main drivers — no pun intended. In California, nearly 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from the transportation sector — trains, planes and automobiles, and the last in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/ClimateChangeIndicatorsSummaryAugust2013.pdf\">the report\u003c/a> from the state Environmental Protection Agency, the annual average temperature in California has risen about 1.5 degrees (F) — but the state isn’t warming up uniformly. Parts of the Central Valley and Southern California are heating up faster; the hot are getting hotter. And a particularly insidious aspect of warming: overnight low temperatures are rising twice as fast as daytime highs. This has clear \u003ca title=\"KQED - Heat & Harvest\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">implications for agriculture\u003c/a>, as many important cash crops, like stone fruits, need a certain amount of “chill time” to produce bountiful, quality fruit. Warmer nights put more pressure on the electric grid as air conditioners run longer, and also limit recovery time during hot spells, worsening the effects of heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, those are increasing, the Cal/EPA report finds, and in some surprising places, such as the North Coast (bear in mind that what passes for a “heat wave” in Mendocino is a little different from the Mojave threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water picture is a little bit murkier, in that the report finds no clear change in the amount of precipitation that California is getting, but where and when that rain and snow falls is changing and proving to be just as important. For example, the Sacramento River — the main artery of California’s water system — has seen a nine percent drop in runoff coming into it over the past century. And the surface area of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Glaciers\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/27/californias-vanishing-glaciers-a-defining-moment/\">glaciers in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> has receded anywhere from 20-to-70 percent in the same time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “good” news is that global warming emissions have tapered off in the state in recent years. The bad news is that’s largely due to slowing industrial activity in the recent recession. The long-term trend still has emissions rising overall but the state’s economy is becoming more carbon-efficient, so emissions per unit of industrial output are falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cal/EPA report is just the latest in a flurry of sobering climate reports to hit the streets in recent days. Federal climate watchers issued their \u003ca title=\"NOAA - State of the Climate 2012\" href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/state-climate-2012-highlights\">State of the Climate\u003c/a> report on August 6, with confirmation that 2012 was among the hottest years on record, among other cheery pronouncements. And the \u003ca title=\"TERC - State of the Lake\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">latest environmental scorecard for Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> reveals gains in water clarity but mounting threats from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steady drumbeat of climate data may be having an effect on public attitudes. In its most recent \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">statewide poll\u003c/a>, the California Public Policy Institute found that nearly 8-in-10 Californians consider warming at least a “somewhat serious” threat, and a record proportion favor immediate action to counter climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6879\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" alt='Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the \"Coastal North.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the “Coastal North.” (Photo: Craig Miller) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An immediate and growing threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how California’s lead environmental agency — and the Governor’s office — describe climate change in the latest in a series of periodic reports on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites “already discernible impacts of climate change” and attempts to pinpoint the main drivers — no pun intended. In California, nearly 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from the transportation sector — trains, planes and automobiles, and the last in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/ClimateChangeIndicatorsSummaryAugust2013.pdf\">the report\u003c/a> from the state Environmental Protection Agency, the annual average temperature in California has risen about 1.5 degrees (F) — but the state isn’t warming up uniformly. Parts of the Central Valley and Southern California are heating up faster; the hot are getting hotter. And a particularly insidious aspect of warming: overnight low temperatures are rising twice as fast as daytime highs. This has clear \u003ca title=\"KQED - Heat & Harvest\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">implications for agriculture\u003c/a>, as many important cash crops, like stone fruits, need a certain amount of “chill time” to produce bountiful, quality fruit. Warmer nights put more pressure on the electric grid as air conditioners run longer, and also limit recovery time during hot spells, worsening the effects of heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, those are increasing, the Cal/EPA report finds, and in some surprising places, such as the North Coast (bear in mind that what passes for a “heat wave” in Mendocino is a little different from the Mojave threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water picture is a little bit murkier, in that the report finds no clear change in the amount of precipitation that California is getting, but where and when that rain and snow falls is changing and proving to be just as important. For example, the Sacramento River — the main artery of California’s water system — has seen a nine percent drop in runoff coming into it over the past century. And the surface area of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Glaciers\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/27/californias-vanishing-glaciers-a-defining-moment/\">glaciers in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> has receded anywhere from 20-to-70 percent in the same time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “good” news is that global warming emissions have tapered off in the state in recent years. The bad news is that’s largely due to slowing industrial activity in the recent recession. The long-term trend still has emissions rising overall but the state’s economy is becoming more carbon-efficient, so emissions per unit of industrial output are falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cal/EPA report is just the latest in a flurry of sobering climate reports to hit the streets in recent days. Federal climate watchers issued their \u003ca title=\"NOAA - State of the Climate 2012\" href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/state-climate-2012-highlights\">State of the Climate\u003c/a> report on August 6, with confirmation that 2012 was among the hottest years on record, among other cheery pronouncements. And the \u003ca title=\"TERC - State of the Lake\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">latest environmental scorecard for Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> reveals gains in water clarity but mounting threats from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steady drumbeat of climate data may be having an effect on public attitudes. In its most recent \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">statewide poll\u003c/a>, the California Public Policy Institute found that nearly 8-in-10 Californians consider warming at least a “somewhat serious” threat, and a record proportion favor immediate action to counter climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Low Water Levels Forcing Boats Out Of Folsom Lake",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6659\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The people who dock their boats at Folsom Lake, about 25 miles east of Sacramento, keep track of how dry the reservoir is by how many steps it takes to get from the parking lot to the floating dock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, when melting snow and rainfall fill the lake’s basin, less than ten steps peek out from above the water. Last week, the number was 80. Jeff Gomez said he made sure to count as he trekked up and down the stairs eight different times. “I came down to refuel the boat,” Gomez said as he caught his breath after dragging a cooler down the 80 steps. “That took two trips. Now this was two trips.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomez and his family were getting ready for one of their final boat rides of the year. Folsom Lake is at half its capacity, and low water levels will force Gomez and everyone else who docks their boats in the lake to remove their crafts from the water by Sunday, August 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for Folsom Lake to lose water over the course of the summer, but the boat-removal order typically comes in the fall, not early August. “It’s not shocking, because we expected it. Lack of snow, lack of rain” said Gomez as he prepped his speedboat for an afternoon of tubing. “It’s kind of sad, though.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“It Just Fell Off The Map”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom Lake’s early boat-removal order is the latest evidence of California’s current dry stretch. The state’s “water year” begins in October. It got off to a “robust start,” in terms of rainfall, according to federal Bureau of Reclamation spokesman Pete Lucero. (Reclamation oversees the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Central+Valley+Project\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, which manages water throughout central California.) “And then it just fell off the map,” he said. The January-May stretch “was the lowest recorded precipitation year in a five-month period ever,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s left Folsom Lake at 81 percent of its typical August average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">Other reservoirs are hurting\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Shasta [Lake] we’re at about 78 percent of its average. The state’s Oroville Reservoir is about 89 percent of average. The New Melones Reservoir is at 72 percent. And our off-storage reservoir, the San Luis Res down near Los Banos, is at 39 percent of the 15-year average.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Millerton Lake near Fresno is the only Central Valley reservoir above average August levels. “Water right now, as it always is in California, is a really finite resource,” said Lucero.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6659\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The people who dock their boats at Folsom Lake, about 25 miles east of Sacramento, keep track of how dry the reservoir is by how many steps it takes to get from the parking lot to the floating dock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, when melting snow and rainfall fill the lake’s basin, less than ten steps peek out from above the water. Last week, the number was 80. Jeff Gomez said he made sure to count as he trekked up and down the stairs eight different times. “I came down to refuel the boat,” Gomez said as he caught his breath after dragging a cooler down the 80 steps. “That took two trips. Now this was two trips.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomez and his family were getting ready for one of their final boat rides of the year. Folsom Lake is at half its capacity, and low water levels will force Gomez and everyone else who docks their boats in the lake to remove their crafts from the water by Sunday, August 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for Folsom Lake to lose water over the course of the summer, but the boat-removal order typically comes in the fall, not early August. “It’s not shocking, because we expected it. Lack of snow, lack of rain” said Gomez as he prepped his speedboat for an afternoon of tubing. “It’s kind of sad, though.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“It Just Fell Off The Map”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom Lake’s early boat-removal order is the latest evidence of California’s current dry stretch. The state’s “water year” begins in October. It got off to a “robust start,” in terms of rainfall, according to federal Bureau of Reclamation spokesman Pete Lucero. (Reclamation oversees the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Central+Valley+Project\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, which manages water throughout central California.) “And then it just fell off the map,” he said. The January-May stretch “was the lowest recorded precipitation year in a five-month period ever,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s left Folsom Lake at 81 percent of its typical August average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">Other reservoirs are hurting\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Shasta [Lake] we’re at about 78 percent of its average. The state’s Oroville Reservoir is about 89 percent of average. The New Melones Reservoir is at 72 percent. And our off-storage reservoir, the San Luis Res down near Los Banos, is at 39 percent of the 15-year average.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Millerton Lake near Fresno is the only Central Valley reservoir above average August levels. “Water right now, as it always is in California, is a really finite resource,” said Lucero.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In the Experience of Doubt, a Possible Cure for Alcoholism",
"headTitle": "In the Experience of Doubt, a Possible Cure for Alcoholism | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-05-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-6616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/92373620-e1375477877298-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"92373620\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many alcoholics, drinking is a compulsion. They know it’s ruining their lives, and yet they continue to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study out this month in the print version of \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">suggests\u003c/a> that this phenomenon — the internal struggle against one’s better angels — may contain the seeds of a new treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper reminded me of a man I met a few years ago, when I was working on \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-search-for-alcoholisms-miracle-drug/\">another story\u003c/a> about scientific research into alcoholism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Joe at an alcohol treatment center at the San Francisco VA Medical Center where he had come to dry out. Joe was 71 when we spoke, but he remembered his first drink — a ginger and seven, he told me — and the “warm feeling” it gave him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe’s drinking became chronic. It got so bad that it scared his wife, he said. Especially when he started having blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just don’t remember,” he said, “and then you get told what you did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like what?” I asked him. The question seemed to bother him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things I don’t really even want to mention,” he answered. “Ok?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was obvious there were huge consequences to Joe’s drinking. And yet he kept doing it. For scientists who study alcoholism and other addictions, this is really interesting behavior. It’s the ability to recognize something is a bad idea, but to do it anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Something switches where our immensely capable brain is still immensely capable, but we’re just not in the driver’s seat anymore,” says Woody Hopf, a co-author on the paper and a scientist at the Gallo Center, a research institution affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says that – in addicts, and perhaps other people, though it’s too soon to say — the act of overriding our better judgment can be traced to a specific set of places in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are certain areas that mostly are there to tell you, ok there’s something bad, get away. But they have been co-opted to do exactly the opposite. Normally they’d help you avoid what’s bad; here they’re helping you rush right into what’s bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas seem to be most active in a certain type of addict: one who feels conflicted about his or her drug use, but feels a compulsion to keep using. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all drug seeking is the same,” says Nasir Naqvi, a researcher at Columbia University Medical Center who is unaffiliated with the study, but whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5811/531.abstract\">earlier work\u003c/a> on the the neural pathways at work in addicts who feel conflicted about their drug use inspired the Gallo team. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drug seeking under risk is different from drug seeking without risk in terms of the specific brain systems involved,” says Naqvi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question facing Hopf and others was this: Now that they knew where these parts of the brain are, how could they stop them from being co-opted? In other words, could you take someone who is making bad decisions about drinking alcohol and essentially get them to make good decisions instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they started with rats. And in this month’s \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">paper\u003c/a>, they say they’ve been able to do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to lead author and Gallo scientist Taban Seif, “the experiments in this study may provide the first direct evidence of a novel direct pathway that mediates compulsive alcohol intake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Hopf to start from the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you make an alcoholic rat? I asked him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rats actually do it themselves,” Hopf says. “We give them [something like] a vodka on the rocks. Rats like to drink. Monkeys like intoxication, elephants, horses. Part of our brain is in search of the perpetual buzz. Hedonism is cross species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liking alcohol isn’t enough. To create a rat that will drink compulsively, you have to do something else: You have to give them alcohol, and then take it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every other day,” Hopf explains, “they get access to drinking for an overnight session.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says this kind of binge drinking is particularly insidious, both in rats and in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You learn ‘I’d better drink now because now I have the opportunity,’” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about a month of this, the researchers take another step: They add quinine to the alcohol to give it a bitter taste. Later, they deliver a small electric shock to the rats whenever the animals take a sip of alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea, says Hopf, is to make it so that drinking comes with a conflict, to associate bad consequences with alcohol in a way that’s analogous to a person who continues to drink, even though it’s causing problems in his or her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month of the binge drinking, the rats continue to drink, despite the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, says Hopf, “they have biochemical, molecular changes in their brain. A whole different brain circuit is involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was changing that brain circuit. And this is where a recent technology called \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, developed nearby at Stanford University, comes in. It lets researches turn brain cells off and on remotely, using a beam of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can shine light into these connections and specifically turn off just a few of the many thousands of wires of the brain,” says Hopf. “That’s sufficient to dramatically reduce their compulsive drinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly, the rats drink alcohol when it tastes good, and stop drinking when it tastes and feels bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is new, and very exciting, about this finding,” says Columbia’s Nasir Naqvi, “is that it uses very elegant, state of the art techniques to prove this hypothesis to a pretty good level certainty, which you can only do in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s no conflict with the alcohol,” says Hopf, the rats are “still happy to drink it. It’s just that period where if you add a conflict to it — when you’re modeling that compulsive aspect which is so potent in driving relapse in humans — now we can sever that connection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t do this in humans, at least not yet. Optogenetics is still a research tool, used in rats and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what excites Seif, Hopf, and others is that there are existing drugs, currently used in other mental disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease, that – again, in rats – seem to affect the same part of the brain in similar ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s great for us is that we have FDA-approved drugs that will block the action of those excitatory molecules,” says Hopf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in order for them to work the key will be doubt — what Seif describes as the act of “facing a negative outcome to your drinking,” or, simply “caring enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be in conflict about your addiction,” says Hopf. “Because if you’re not in conflict you don’t recruit these cortical areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the drug would be targeting a part of the brain that isn’t really active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials on humans can take about five years. The team hopes to get started soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-05-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-6616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/92373620-e1375477877298-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"92373620\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many alcoholics, drinking is a compulsion. They know it’s ruining their lives, and yet they continue to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study out this month in the print version of \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">suggests\u003c/a> that this phenomenon — the internal struggle against one’s better angels — may contain the seeds of a new treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper reminded me of a man I met a few years ago, when I was working on \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-search-for-alcoholisms-miracle-drug/\">another story\u003c/a> about scientific research into alcoholism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Joe at an alcohol treatment center at the San Francisco VA Medical Center where he had come to dry out. Joe was 71 when we spoke, but he remembered his first drink — a ginger and seven, he told me — and the “warm feeling” it gave him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe’s drinking became chronic. It got so bad that it scared his wife, he said. Especially when he started having blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just don’t remember,” he said, “and then you get told what you did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like what?” I asked him. The question seemed to bother him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things I don’t really even want to mention,” he answered. “Ok?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was obvious there were huge consequences to Joe’s drinking. And yet he kept doing it. For scientists who study alcoholism and other addictions, this is really interesting behavior. It’s the ability to recognize something is a bad idea, but to do it anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Something switches where our immensely capable brain is still immensely capable, but we’re just not in the driver’s seat anymore,” says Woody Hopf, a co-author on the paper and a scientist at the Gallo Center, a research institution affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says that – in addicts, and perhaps other people, though it’s too soon to say — the act of overriding our better judgment can be traced to a specific set of places in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are certain areas that mostly are there to tell you, ok there’s something bad, get away. But they have been co-opted to do exactly the opposite. Normally they’d help you avoid what’s bad; here they’re helping you rush right into what’s bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas seem to be most active in a certain type of addict: one who feels conflicted about his or her drug use, but feels a compulsion to keep using. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all drug seeking is the same,” says Nasir Naqvi, a researcher at Columbia University Medical Center who is unaffiliated with the study, but whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5811/531.abstract\">earlier work\u003c/a> on the the neural pathways at work in addicts who feel conflicted about their drug use inspired the Gallo team. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drug seeking under risk is different from drug seeking without risk in terms of the specific brain systems involved,” says Naqvi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question facing Hopf and others was this: Now that they knew where these parts of the brain are, how could they stop them from being co-opted? In other words, could you take someone who is making bad decisions about drinking alcohol and essentially get them to make good decisions instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they started with rats. And in this month’s \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">paper\u003c/a>, they say they’ve been able to do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to lead author and Gallo scientist Taban Seif, “the experiments in this study may provide the first direct evidence of a novel direct pathway that mediates compulsive alcohol intake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Hopf to start from the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you make an alcoholic rat? I asked him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rats actually do it themselves,” Hopf says. “We give them [something like] a vodka on the rocks. Rats like to drink. Monkeys like intoxication, elephants, horses. Part of our brain is in search of the perpetual buzz. 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"content": "\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.html\">new report\u003c/a> by Stanford University scientists finds that the earth is warming ten times faster than it has at any time since the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. If the current pace of greenhouse gas emissions continues, the researchers say, temperatures in North America, Europe and much of Asia could increase 4 degrees by 2050 and 9 degrees by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6519 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/texasdrought-e1375401033324.jpg\" alt=\"(Ken Slade/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/texaseagle/6450000391/sizes/z/in/photostream/)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate change will increase extreme weather events like the Texas drought. (Ken Slade/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extreme weather events, including heat waves and heavy rainfall, are expected to become more severe and more frequent. Although we can’t stop some of the changes from happening, the researchers say how different the climate looks by 2100 will depend a lot on how we respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work, a comprehensive study of climate models by scientists at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment, was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6145/486\">Science.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.html\">new report\u003c/a> by Stanford University scientists finds that the earth is warming ten times faster than it has at any time since the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. If the current pace of greenhouse gas emissions continues, the researchers say, temperatures in North America, Europe and much of Asia could increase 4 degrees by 2050 and 9 degrees by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6519 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/texasdrought-e1375401033324.jpg\" alt=\"(Ken Slade/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/texaseagle/6450000391/sizes/z/in/photostream/)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate change will increase extreme weather events like the Texas drought. (Ken Slade/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extreme weather events, including heat waves and heavy rainfall, are expected to become more severe and more frequent. Although we can’t stop some of the changes from happening, the researchers say how different the climate looks by 2100 will depend a lot on how we respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work, a comprehensive study of climate models by scientists at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment, was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6145/486\">Science.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6425\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6425\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" alt=\"Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Californians have long been ahead of the pack in their support of climate policies, but in new polling, a “record-high majority” of California voters support immediate action by state and federal governments to arrest global warming and prepare for climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"PPIC - poll\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1065\">According to the poll\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California, most respondents (63 percent) believe those impacts are already being felt, and three-in-four (75 percent) support taking “steps to counter the effects of global warming right away.” PPIC analysts say that represents a spike of nine percentage points since its 2012 survey. About the same proportion consider the threat of global warming to be at least “somewhat serious.” Support for immediate climate action continues to track significantly higher among Democrats than Republicans, though the gap may be narrowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6423\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" alt=\"Partisan differences over goverment climate action may be narrowing somewhat. (Graph: PPIC)\" width=\"480\" height=\"335\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Partisan differences over government climate action may be narrowing somewhat but support among independent voters has tapered off. (Graph: PPIC Statewide Survey, July, 2013)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California already has some of the nation’s most aggressive climate policies, with the legislated goal of cutting greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, and a mandate that utilities draw one-third of their electrical power from renewable sources by the same year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the rest of the nation has generally lagged behind California in its enthusiasm for climate action, most results from the PPIC poll would appear to reflect a general gathering of momentum toward policies to cope with climate change. President Obama, who had gone silent on climate for most of his first term, has vowed to sidestep Congress if that’s what it takes to tackle the climate problem. And this week, the new head of the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca title=\"WaPo - post\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-new-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-vows-to-act-on-climate-change/2013/07/30/dea868e0-f86b-11e2-8e84-c56731a202fb_story.html\">kicked off a road show\u003c/a> to stump for climate action, by saying that carbon-cutting policies will gun the nation’s economic engine, rather than stall it. Surprisingly, in the PPIC poll, less than half of Californians appear to agree (see “Economy,” below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the perceived threats from climate change, some loom larger than others in the minds of Californians. According to the PPIC survey, 57 percent are “very concerned” about more voracious wildfires, and 78 percent are at least “somewhat concerned” that droughts will become more severe. There seemed to be more confusion over a changing climate’s effects on flooding and storms, where responses were more evenly distributed from “very concerned” to “not at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the poll shows support for California’s drive toward more renewable energy, that support drops from nearly 8-in-10, to about one-in-three (35 percent) if it would mean higher electric bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some potential eyebrow-raisers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air pollution\u003c/strong>: Despite the Central Valley’s reputation for wretched air quality, much higher proportions of residents of Los Angeles and the Inland Empire describe air pollution as a big problem, 40 and 44 percent, respectively, versus 31 percent of Valley respondents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transit\u003c/strong>: Most (67 percent) still drive to work solo — but about half of Californians claim that they’re ready to look seriously at a hybrid or all-electric car. Latinos and Asians are most likely to lean this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economy\u003c/strong>: Despite all of the hype about “clean tech” in California, fewer than half the respondents (45 percent) agreed that state’s actions to slow global warming would create more jobs. An equal number said it would mean fewer jobs or no change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys were conducted in mid-July and have a margin of error of plus-or-minus three percentage points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6425\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6425\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" alt=\"Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Californians have long been ahead of the pack in their support of climate policies, but in new polling, a “record-high majority” of California voters support immediate action by state and federal governments to arrest global warming and prepare for climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"PPIC - poll\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1065\">According to the poll\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California, most respondents (63 percent) believe those impacts are already being felt, and three-in-four (75 percent) support taking “steps to counter the effects of global warming right away.” PPIC analysts say that represents a spike of nine percentage points since its 2012 survey. About the same proportion consider the threat of global warming to be at least “somewhat serious.” Support for immediate climate action continues to track significantly higher among Democrats than Republicans, though the gap may be narrowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6423\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" alt=\"Partisan differences over goverment climate action may be narrowing somewhat. (Graph: PPIC)\" width=\"480\" height=\"335\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Partisan differences over government climate action may be narrowing somewhat but support among independent voters has tapered off. (Graph: PPIC Statewide Survey, July, 2013)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California already has some of the nation’s most aggressive climate policies, with the legislated goal of cutting greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, and a mandate that utilities draw one-third of their electrical power from renewable sources by the same year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the rest of the nation has generally lagged behind California in its enthusiasm for climate action, most results from the PPIC poll would appear to reflect a general gathering of momentum toward policies to cope with climate change. President Obama, who had gone silent on climate for most of his first term, has vowed to sidestep Congress if that’s what it takes to tackle the climate problem. And this week, the new head of the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca title=\"WaPo - post\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-new-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-vows-to-act-on-climate-change/2013/07/30/dea868e0-f86b-11e2-8e84-c56731a202fb_story.html\">kicked off a road show\u003c/a> to stump for climate action, by saying that carbon-cutting policies will gun the nation’s economic engine, rather than stall it. Surprisingly, in the PPIC poll, less than half of Californians appear to agree (see “Economy,” below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the perceived threats from climate change, some loom larger than others in the minds of Californians. According to the PPIC survey, 57 percent are “very concerned” about more voracious wildfires, and 78 percent are at least “somewhat concerned” that droughts will become more severe. There seemed to be more confusion over a changing climate’s effects on flooding and storms, where responses were more evenly distributed from “very concerned” to “not at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the poll shows support for California’s drive toward more renewable energy, that support drops from nearly 8-in-10, to about one-in-three (35 percent) if it would mean higher electric bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some potential eyebrow-raisers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air pollution\u003c/strong>: Despite the Central Valley’s reputation for wretched air quality, much higher proportions of residents of Los Angeles and the Inland Empire describe air pollution as a big problem, 40 and 44 percent, respectively, versus 31 percent of Valley respondents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transit\u003c/strong>: Most (67 percent) still drive to work solo — but about half of Californians claim that they’re ready to look seriously at a hybrid or all-electric car. Latinos and Asians are most likely to lean this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economy\u003c/strong>: Despite all of the hype about “clean tech” in California, fewer than half the respondents (45 percent) agreed that state’s actions to slow global warming would create more jobs. An equal number said it would mean fewer jobs or no change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys were conducted in mid-July and have a margin of error of plus-or-minus three percentage points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Look for the Child, Then Lock the Car",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s not that hot in the Bay Area today, but for a child inside a closed car, it can quickly get hot enough to be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this year, heatstroke has claimed the lives of two children in California, and 24 nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday is National Heatstroke Prevention Day and experts like meteorologist Jan Null are reminding parents that anyone can make the mistake of forgetting they have a child in the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6385\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Carseat_TS168815025_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6385\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Carseat_TS168815025_web.jpg\" alt=\"Closed cars can heat up faster than you might think.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Closed cars can heat up faster than you might think.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking about across the entire socioeconomic spectrum,” Null said. “There have been university professors, principals of schools, a director of a day care…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/06/08/3334500/baby-dies-in-fresno-after-being.html\">Fresno last month\u003c/a>, a 15-month-old boy died when a couple returned home from errands, and each thought the other had brought him into the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take long for temperatures inside a closed car to skyrocket to dangerous levels. \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/heat/#study\">Null conducted a study in 2002 \u003c/a>that documented the temperature inside closed cars over time, using a range of outdoor temperatures. He found that the car heated up at the same rate, whether the starting temperature was cooler or warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6352\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/temp-rise-e1375282079408.gif\" alt=\"Average temperature rise over time, inside a closed vehicle. (Jan Null/UCSF)\" width=\"600\" height=\"464\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Average temperature rise over time, inside a closed vehicle.\u003cbr>(Jan Null/UCSF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In just 10 minutes, it was 19 degrees hotter inside the car than outside. After 20 minutes, it was 29 degrees hotter inside the car. Null says infants and children overheat quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their thermo-regulatory system — the way they perspire and cool themselves — is not as well developed as an adult’s,” he said. “Their body heats up three-to-five times faster than you or I would, sitting in a car that’s 100 degrees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, it’s illegal to leave a child of six or younger alone in a car when conditions in the car could threaten the child’s health or safety. But in the majority of cases – 52 percent — when children die of heatstroke in a car, the parents or caregivers are not flouting they law. They’ve simply forgotten the child is still in the car. In another 30 percent of cases, the child has gotten into the car on her own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why transportation safety experts are recommending all parents adopt \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhtsa.gov/safety/hyperthermia\">prevention tools\u003c/a>, like an automobile exit routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look before you lock,” is the slogan of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The NHTSA recommends that parents walk around their car and look in all the windows before locking up. The agency also recommends putting something you need for the next stop – like a cell phone or purse – on the floor in front of the child’s car seat. That way you won’t get to work having forgotten to drop off the sleeping infant at daycare (because today isn’t your usual drop-off day, after all) and then just leave your car and scramble to the meeting you’re already late for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other prevention tools include asking the childcare provider to call within ten minutes if your child doesn’t show up as expected, always keeping your car locked, and teaching children never to play inside a car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a child is lost, look first in any nearby pool or pond, and look second in any nearby cars, including the trunks, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ots.ca.gov/Media_and_Research/Press_Room/2013/doc/OTS%20Heatstroke%20Prevention%20Day.pdf\">the state Office of Traffic Safety\u003c/a>. And if you see a child alone inside a car, experts say, don’t waste time trying to find the parent; a child can die too quickly in the heat. Call 911 immediately. The parent may be embarrassed when they discover what’s happened, but the child may still be alive.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not that hot in the Bay Area today, but for a child inside a closed car, it can quickly get hot enough to be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this year, heatstroke has claimed the lives of two children in California, and 24 nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday is National Heatstroke Prevention Day and experts like meteorologist Jan Null are reminding parents that anyone can make the mistake of forgetting they have a child in the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6385\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Carseat_TS168815025_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6385\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Carseat_TS168815025_web.jpg\" alt=\"Closed cars can heat up faster than you might think.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Closed cars can heat up faster than you might think.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking about across the entire socioeconomic spectrum,” Null said. “There have been university professors, principals of schools, a director of a day care…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/06/08/3334500/baby-dies-in-fresno-after-being.html\">Fresno last month\u003c/a>, a 15-month-old boy died when a couple returned home from errands, and each thought the other had brought him into the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take long for temperatures inside a closed car to skyrocket to dangerous levels. \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/heat/#study\">Null conducted a study in 2002 \u003c/a>that documented the temperature inside closed cars over time, using a range of outdoor temperatures. He found that the car heated up at the same rate, whether the starting temperature was cooler or warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6352\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/temp-rise-e1375282079408.gif\" alt=\"Average temperature rise over time, inside a closed vehicle. (Jan Null/UCSF)\" width=\"600\" height=\"464\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Average temperature rise over time, inside a closed vehicle.\u003cbr>(Jan Null/UCSF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In just 10 minutes, it was 19 degrees hotter inside the car than outside. After 20 minutes, it was 29 degrees hotter inside the car. Null says infants and children overheat quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their thermo-regulatory system — the way they perspire and cool themselves — is not as well developed as an adult’s,” he said. “Their body heats up three-to-five times faster than you or I would, sitting in a car that’s 100 degrees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, it’s illegal to leave a child of six or younger alone in a car when conditions in the car could threaten the child’s health or safety. But in the majority of cases – 52 percent — when children die of heatstroke in a car, the parents or caregivers are not flouting they law. They’ve simply forgotten the child is still in the car. In another 30 percent of cases, the child has gotten into the car on her own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why transportation safety experts are recommending all parents adopt \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhtsa.gov/safety/hyperthermia\">prevention tools\u003c/a>, like an automobile exit routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look before you lock,” is the slogan of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The NHTSA recommends that parents walk around their car and look in all the windows before locking up. The agency also recommends putting something you need for the next stop – like a cell phone or purse – on the floor in front of the child’s car seat. That way you won’t get to work having forgotten to drop off the sleeping infant at daycare (because today isn’t your usual drop-off day, after all) and then just leave your car and scramble to the meeting you’re already late for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other prevention tools include asking the childcare provider to call within ten minutes if your child doesn’t show up as expected, always keeping your car locked, and teaching children never to play inside a car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a child is lost, look first in any nearby pool or pond, and look second in any nearby cars, including the trunks, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ots.ca.gov/Media_and_Research/Press_Room/2013/doc/OTS%20Heatstroke%20Prevention%20Day.pdf\">the state Office of Traffic Safety\u003c/a>. And if you see a child alone inside a car, experts say, don’t waste time trying to find the parent; a child can die too quickly in the heat. Call 911 immediately. The parent may be embarrassed when they discover what’s happened, but the child may still be alive.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Google is testing a project that would bring the internet to people in rural areas and developing nations via high-altitude balloons. The program, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/loon/\">Project Loon\u003c/a>, comes out of Google’s experimental lab, known as Google X. The idea is to send big remote-controlled balloons up into the atmosphere, about twice as high as commercial jets fly. Radios mounted on the balloons would send internet back to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6224\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/loon-e1375143486256.jpg\" alt=\"A Project Loon balloon flies over a farm in New Zealand as part of a test flight. (Courtesy: Google)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Project Loon balloon flies over a farm in New Zealand as part of a test flight. (Courtesy: Google)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That would be useful in places too remote for cables, explained Google aerospace engineer Sameera Ponda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By virtue of our technology, which is essentially a network that flies above everything, we’re not limited by the same limitations that cell towers, for instance, would have,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google engineers have tested the project in various stages in California and in New Zealand, where Ponda said, it was well-received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a few farmers in New Zealand who were able to connect from their houses. Normally they didn’t have reliable internet, and they were really excited to see this,” she said. “It was just really nice to see that this could really improve their lives a lot. They could get weather reports for their farms and things like that that could really benefit their businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet access isn’t just important for business, though. Chris Coward a research scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://tascha.uw.edu/\">Technology and Social Change Group\u003c/a> at the University of Washington’s Information School, said leisure and communication are just as important for development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When people are able to expand their communication networks, we see they’re able to expand their economic and educational and even health benefits, as well,” he said. Coward said he thought that there would be regulatory and business model challenges to the project, but said it looked interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they get over their technical and other challenges, that could be a really huge boon and advantage to those rural areas which are very challenging to connect,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google engineers are testing the balloons in California over the next few months but there’s no date for when Project Loon would officially get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Google is testing a project that would bring the internet to people in rural areas and developing nations via high-altitude balloons. The program, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/loon/\">Project Loon\u003c/a>, comes out of Google’s experimental lab, known as Google X. The idea is to send big remote-controlled balloons up into the atmosphere, about twice as high as commercial jets fly. Radios mounted on the balloons would send internet back to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6224\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/loon-e1375143486256.jpg\" alt=\"A Project Loon balloon flies over a farm in New Zealand as part of a test flight. (Courtesy: Google)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Project Loon balloon flies over a farm in New Zealand as part of a test flight. (Courtesy: Google)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That would be useful in places too remote for cables, explained Google aerospace engineer Sameera Ponda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By virtue of our technology, which is essentially a network that flies above everything, we’re not limited by the same limitations that cell towers, for instance, would have,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google engineers have tested the project in various stages in California and in New Zealand, where Ponda said, it was well-received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a few farmers in New Zealand who were able to connect from their houses. Normally they didn’t have reliable internet, and they were really excited to see this,” she said. “It was just really nice to see that this could really improve their lives a lot. They could get weather reports for their farms and things like that that could really benefit their businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet access isn’t just important for business, though. Chris Coward a research scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://tascha.uw.edu/\">Technology and Social Change Group\u003c/a> at the University of Washington’s Information School, said leisure and communication are just as important for development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When people are able to expand their communication networks, we see they’re able to expand their economic and educational and even health benefits, as well,” he said. Coward said he thought that there would be regulatory and business model challenges to the project, but said it looked interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they get over their technical and other challenges, that could be a really huge boon and advantage to those rural areas which are very challenging to connect,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google engineers are testing the balloons in California over the next few months but there’s no date for when Project Loon would officially get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Does Your Range Hood Suck? Cooking Spikes Indoor Air Pollution",
"headTitle": "Does Your Range Hood Suck? Cooking Spikes Indoor Air Pollution | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6122\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 259px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/hood-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6122\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-6122 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/hood-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Shannon Rosa)\" width=\"259\" height=\"146\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo: Shannon Rosa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The summer season often brings outdoor air pollution alerts, but it turns out the air inside your kitchen can sometimes be just as harmful. Several of the same pollutants found in smog come from cooking dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Range hoods are designed to capture these cooking fumes, but even some expensive models aren’t very effective. So researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab are trying to fix that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we think of our home as safe,” said Jennifer Logue, research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cooking Tips\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>– Always turn your fan on\u003cbr>\n– Cook on the back burners\u003cbr>\n– Use highest fan setting\u003cbr>\n– Clean grease traps periodically\u003cbr>\n– If you don’t have a hood, open windows\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You spend 70 percent of your time in your home,” she said. “And what you do in your home has a huge impact on what you’re exposed to, which in turn has a huge impact on your health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study of Southern California homes where people cook at least once a week, more than half had air pollution levels worse than the outdoor health limit for nitrogen dioxide, a pollutant that can cause respiratory irritation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you exceeded the standards outdoors, it would be a really big deal,” Logue said. “But if you exceed them in your house, nobody’s paying attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homes with electric stoves aren’t in the clear either, because cooking the food itself creates air pollution. Fats produce a lung irritant called acrolein. Cooking also puts off fine particle pollution, which is tied to long-term health problems, like respiratory and heart issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds a little scary, but Logue says there’s a solution: a good range hood that vents to the outside. The only problem is that finding a good range hood isn’t simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tips for Buying a New Hood\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>– Look for one that covers the entire cook top\u003cbr>\n– It should move 200 cubic feet of air per minute, certified by the Home Ventilating Institute\u003cbr>\n– Choose a noise rating of 3 sone or less\u003cbr>\n– Choose a hood shape with a hollow space underneath for collecting fumes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all hoods work the same and currently, unfortunately, there’s no way for people to really know how effective their range hood is,” Logue said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Testing Range Hoods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside Berkeley Lab’s test kitchen, Woody Delp and his team make a recipe they’ve made a hundred times exactly the same way: stir-fried green beans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We measure out the beans the same amount each time,” Delp said. “We want to make sure that everything tries to stay as constant as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab’s gas stove has a hood that’s rigged with air monitors. As the green beans sizzle away, particle counters around the room start to spike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This hood at this particular flow setting is probably capturing about half of what’s coming off,” Delp said. “Not quite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6119\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 245px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-6119 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Woody-greenbeans.jpg\" alt=\"Woody Delp measures green beans in the test kitchen. (Photo: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\" width=\"245\" height=\"320\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woody Delp measures green beans in the test kitchen. (Photo: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on their testing, the hood is in the middle of the pack. Delp found hoods that were only 15 percent effective at capturing cooking emissions. Others did much better, but they weren’t necessarily the most expensive ones. And specific information about how well the hoods capture cooking emissions is not available to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you go down to your local big box retailer, they’ll have what the air flow rate is and maybe a sound rating on it,” Delp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air flow – or how powerful the fan is – is only part of the puzzle. The shape of the hood and how far it extends over a stovetop makes a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The length of the ductwork also affects how the hood functions. “Oftentimes it has too many bends and too many elbows and a long run to get it outside,” Delp said, “and for some of the range hoods, that kills the air flow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delp and his team are developing a standardized test to measure hood effectiveness, which is currently being reviewed by an international testing board. Delp says a lot of manufacturers are interested in using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulating Indoor Air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately there’s not really a state or federal agency that has comprehensive authority over indoor air pollution,” said Peggy Jenkins, who manages the indoor air quality program at the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has strict ventilation rules for other gas appliances in homes, including furnaces and hot water heaters. Stoves and range hoods have been largely overlooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense it’s low-hanging fruit but it’s not really simple,” Jenkins said. Regulatory efforts would require a number of state agencies to get involved. But Jenkins says there’s growing interest in changing the state’s building codes for range hoods. That could mean adding new requirements for the air flow or the hood’s shape, since those vary quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all love to have our microwaves over the range,” Jenkins said, “but the ventilation that’s associated with those is not as strong – not as efficient or effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, for home cooks, Jennifer Logue has a few tips as she finishes up her risotto. “I always, always, always use the range hood even though mine sounds like a jet engine, she said. “But I always use it because it think it’s really important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Use the highest fan setting and put pots and pans on the back burners, where hoods capture the most pollutants. They’re simple changes but effective ones, Logue says. The hard part is remembering them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6122\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 259px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/hood-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6122\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-6122 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/hood-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Shannon Rosa)\" width=\"259\" height=\"146\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo: Shannon Rosa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The summer season often brings outdoor air pollution alerts, but it turns out the air inside your kitchen can sometimes be just as harmful. Several of the same pollutants found in smog come from cooking dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Range hoods are designed to capture these cooking fumes, but even some expensive models aren’t very effective. So researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab are trying to fix that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we think of our home as safe,” said Jennifer Logue, research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cooking Tips\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>– Always turn your fan on\u003cbr>\n– Cook on the back burners\u003cbr>\n– Use highest fan setting\u003cbr>\n– Clean grease traps periodically\u003cbr>\n– If you don’t have a hood, open windows\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You spend 70 percent of your time in your home,” she said. “And what you do in your home has a huge impact on what you’re exposed to, which in turn has a huge impact on your health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study of Southern California homes where people cook at least once a week, more than half had air pollution levels worse than the outdoor health limit for nitrogen dioxide, a pollutant that can cause respiratory irritation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you exceeded the standards outdoors, it would be a really big deal,” Logue said. “But if you exceed them in your house, nobody’s paying attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homes with electric stoves aren’t in the clear either, because cooking the food itself creates air pollution. Fats produce a lung irritant called acrolein. Cooking also puts off fine particle pollution, which is tied to long-term health problems, like respiratory and heart issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds a little scary, but Logue says there’s a solution: a good range hood that vents to the outside. The only problem is that finding a good range hood isn’t simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tips for Buying a New Hood\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>– Look for one that covers the entire cook top\u003cbr>\n– It should move 200 cubic feet of air per minute, certified by the Home Ventilating Institute\u003cbr>\n– Choose a noise rating of 3 sone or less\u003cbr>\n– Choose a hood shape with a hollow space underneath for collecting fumes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all hoods work the same and currently, unfortunately, there’s no way for people to really know how effective their range hood is,” Logue said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Testing Range Hoods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside Berkeley Lab’s test kitchen, Woody Delp and his team make a recipe they’ve made a hundred times exactly the same way: stir-fried green beans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We measure out the beans the same amount each time,” Delp said. “We want to make sure that everything tries to stay as constant as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab’s gas stove has a hood that’s rigged with air monitors. As the green beans sizzle away, particle counters around the room start to spike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This hood at this particular flow setting is probably capturing about half of what’s coming off,” Delp said. “Not quite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6119\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 245px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-6119 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Woody-greenbeans.jpg\" alt=\"Woody Delp measures green beans in the test kitchen. (Photo: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\" width=\"245\" height=\"320\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woody Delp measures green beans in the test kitchen. (Photo: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on their testing, the hood is in the middle of the pack. Delp found hoods that were only 15 percent effective at capturing cooking emissions. Others did much better, but they weren’t necessarily the most expensive ones. And specific information about how well the hoods capture cooking emissions is not available to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you go down to your local big box retailer, they’ll have what the air flow rate is and maybe a sound rating on it,” Delp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air flow – or how powerful the fan is – is only part of the puzzle. The shape of the hood and how far it extends over a stovetop makes a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The length of the ductwork also affects how the hood functions. “Oftentimes it has too many bends and too many elbows and a long run to get it outside,” Delp said, “and for some of the range hoods, that kills the air flow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delp and his team are developing a standardized test to measure hood effectiveness, which is currently being reviewed by an international testing board. Delp says a lot of manufacturers are interested in using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulating Indoor Air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately there’s not really a state or federal agency that has comprehensive authority over indoor air pollution,” said Peggy Jenkins, who manages the indoor air quality program at the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has strict ventilation rules for other gas appliances in homes, including furnaces and hot water heaters. Stoves and range hoods have been largely overlooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense it’s low-hanging fruit but it’s not really simple,” Jenkins said. Regulatory efforts would require a number of state agencies to get involved. But Jenkins says there’s growing interest in changing the state’s building codes for range hoods. That could mean adding new requirements for the air flow or the hood’s shape, since those vary quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all love to have our microwaves over the range,” Jenkins said, “but the ventilation that’s associated with those is not as strong – not as efficient or effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, for home cooks, Jennifer Logue has a few tips as she finishes up her risotto. “I always, always, always use the range hood even though mine sounds like a jet engine, she said. “But I always use it because it think it’s really important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Use the highest fan setting and put pots and pans on the back burners, where hoods capture the most pollutants. They’re simple changes but effective ones, Logue says. The hard part is remembering them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Put Your Smart Phone to Work Doing Real Science",
"headTitle": "Put Your Smart Phone to Work Doing Real Science | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6050\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/BOINC_scaled-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6050\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-6050\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/BOINC_scaled-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"The BOINC app in action. (Photo: Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics/B. Knispel)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plugged into its charger, an Android phone joins the search for radio pulsars. (photo: Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics/B. Knispel)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Your cell phone can now help research climate change, hunt for pulsars, or design new AIDS drugs, thanks to a new app from UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app, called \u003ca href=\"http://boinc.berkeley.edu/\">BOINC\u003c/a>, has been available for desktop computers for more than a decade. It allows users to lend their spare computer power to international science projects, such as the popular \u003ca href=\"http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/\">SETI@Home\u003c/a>, which scans radio signals from space to seek out extraterrestrial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But until a few years ago, cell phone processors weren’t powerful enough to be of much use, UC Berkeley computer scientist David Anderson told me in a recent phone interview\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Anderson, what changed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What changed was the notion of being able to run apps, which was pioneered by Apple and picked up by Android,” he said. “People started running apps that did complex things: games that were fast and had complex graphics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of using your cell phone to send texts and make calls, which doesn’t really require that much computing power, all of a sudden, the more computing power you had on your device, the better and faster the apps performed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what is BOINC? Is it an app?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBOINC is what we call “middleware.” It’s a layer of software that lets scientists run their scientific applications on peoples’ home computers. It takes care of a lot of details, for example, making sure the computation runs in background, so it doesn’t slow down the performance of your computer (or your phone, as the case may be).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it takes care of other things, like validating the results. So if someone’s computer makes a mistake, it doesn’t interfere with scientific results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, the way to get computing power is to either buy your own computers or rent time on a supercomputer. Many scientists either can’t afford that or simply need more computing power than is available that way and that’s why they use volunteer computing.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSo, now BOINC can run on Android phones. Why only Android?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Android is based on Linux, which is a very popular open source operating system. So to get BOINC working on Android, mostly it worked out of the box, though we did have to develop a new graphical interface for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We hope iPhones are a possibility in the future. But they’re not based on Linux, like Androids are. There are also a few legal difficulties, because there’s a rule for iPhone apps that they can’t download other applications. And what BOINC does is it downloads science applications from these projects and runs them. So we’d have to work out those details. I think if the Android version is successful, we may look at iPhone in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can people do with BOINC?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://boinc.berkeley.edu/wiki/Einstein@Home\">Einstein@home\u003c/a> is a project from Germany that’s looking for new pulsars – which are a kind of exotic astronomical object – by analyzing data from a radio telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second project is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/\">IBM World Community Grid\u003c/a>. The science that they’re doing with Android is called virtual drug design, which is doing molecular simulations to see how various chemical compounds interact with the proteins that are found on, in this case, AIDS viruses. It’s a way of looking for potential drugs to fight AIDS, using computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are scientists in virtually all areas of science that are using volunteer computing. There are people who are studying \u003ca href=\"http://boinc.berkeley.edu/wiki/Project_list#Climateprediction.net\">long-term climate change\u003c/a>, astronomers who are studying asteroids that might collide with earth, among \u003ca href=\"http://boinc.berkeley.edu/projects.php\">other things\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty much anywhere there’s science that needs a lot of computing power, there are people using volunteer computing to get it. I think very shortly there’s going to be quite a range of applications you can run on your Android phone.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nAny idea how much potential computer power we’re talking about? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can get things up into the range of a million mobile phones, we will have doubled [BOINC’s existing] computing power. And that sounds like a lot, but there are currently about a billion Android devices out there in the real world, and the number is increasing really fast. There will probably be two or three billion in a year or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can get a tiny fraction, even a tenth of a percent of people willing to do science on their phones, that’ll give us very meaningful computer power. Nobody can guarantee we’re going to find an AIDS drug, but we potentially could.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of using your cell phone to send texts and make calls, which doesn’t really require that much computing power, all of a sudden, the more computing power you had on your device, the better and faster the apps performed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what is BOINC? Is it an app?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBOINC is what we call “middleware.” It’s a layer of software that lets scientists run their scientific applications on peoples’ home computers. It takes care of a lot of details, for example, making sure the computation runs in background, so it doesn’t slow down the performance of your computer (or your phone, as the case may be).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it takes care of other things, like validating the results. So if someone’s computer makes a mistake, it doesn’t interfere with scientific results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, the way to get computing power is to either buy your own computers or rent time on a supercomputer. Many scientists either can’t afford that or simply need more computing power than is available that way and that’s why they use volunteer computing.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSo, now BOINC can run on Android phones. Why only Android?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Android is based on Linux, which is a very popular open source operating system. So to get BOINC working on Android, mostly it worked out of the box, though we did have to develop a new graphical interface for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We hope iPhones are a possibility in the future. But they’re not based on Linux, like Androids are. There are also a few legal difficulties, because there’s a rule for iPhone apps that they can’t download other applications. And what BOINC does is it downloads science applications from these projects and runs them. So we’d have to work out those details. I think if the Android version is successful, we may look at iPhone in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can people do with BOINC?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://boinc.berkeley.edu/wiki/Einstein@Home\">Einstein@home\u003c/a> is a project from Germany that’s looking for new pulsars – which are a kind of exotic astronomical object – by analyzing data from a radio telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second project is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/\">IBM World Community Grid\u003c/a>. The science that they’re doing with Android is called virtual drug design, which is doing molecular simulations to see how various chemical compounds interact with the proteins that are found on, in this case, AIDS viruses. It’s a way of looking for potential drugs to fight AIDS, using computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are scientists in virtually all areas of science that are using volunteer computing. There are people who are studying \u003ca href=\"http://boinc.berkeley.edu/wiki/Project_list#Climateprediction.net\">long-term climate change\u003c/a>, astronomers who are studying asteroids that might collide with earth, among \u003ca href=\"http://boinc.berkeley.edu/projects.php\">other things\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty much anywhere there’s science that needs a lot of computing power, there are people using volunteer computing to get it. I think very shortly there’s going to be quite a range of applications you can run on your Android phone.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nAny idea how much potential computer power we’re talking about? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can get things up into the range of a million mobile phones, we will have doubled [BOINC’s existing] computing power. And that sounds like a lot, but there are currently about a billion Android devices out there in the real world, and the number is increasing really fast. There will probably be two or three billion in a year or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can get a tiny fraction, even a tenth of a percent of people willing to do science on their phones, that’ll give us very meaningful computer power. Nobody can guarantee we’re going to find an AIDS drug, but we potentially could.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal wildlife officials are exploring a plan to shoot thousands of barred owls in Northern California, Washington and Oregon in an effort to protect another species of owl: the threatened northern spotted owl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/spottedowl-e1374694242481.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Jeffries/USFWS/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsendsp/5038896657\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5965\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Northern spotted owls are native to the old growth forests of the Pacific Northwest. (Shane Jeffries/USFWS/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spotted owls have been in decline for decades, mainly due to the logging of their old growth habitat. But even now with protections and programs to help restore them, they’re not bouncing back. Scientists say part of the problem is the barred owl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Lauren Sommer \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/29/spotted-owls-face-new-threat/\">explained the conflict\u003c/a> in a previous story:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Barred owls are an invasive species, originally from the Eastern US. They first arrived in spotted owl territory in Washington and have been moving south down the coast – which makes this owl the frontline of the invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The barred owl is a little larger. It’s a little more aggressive. And so in other areas where you have barred owls set up, the spotted owls aren’t there anymore,” says Merkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barred owls take over spotted owl territory and in some cases, even attack them. In places like western Washington, the spotted owl population has been cut in half since the barred owl showed up.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Biologists at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service say they explored several plans to help the spotted owl population, but they decided the best plan was to try killing about 3,600 barred owls in four study areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/barredowl-e1374694429550.jpg\" alt=\"Ray Bosch/USFWS/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/52133016@N08/6780655554/in/photolist-bkbCEo-bkbCBo-bkbCKb-dqX7U4\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5968\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barred owls are originally from the East Coast, but have moved out West. (Ray Bosch/USFWS/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every year we wait is another year the spotted owls are declining,” said U.S. Fish and Wildlife biologist Robin Bown. While the federal agency is understandably reluctant to pursue a strategy of hunting the barred owls, Bown says their proposal is the most effective plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency will make a final decision on the plan in a month, and owls hunts could begin this fall.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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