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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://kqed02.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/radio/science/2013/09/2013-09-23-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Scientists who study the brain have it tough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike, say, cardiologists or researchers who study the digestive track, neurologists have few lab tests, few opportunities to actually watch the human brain in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few rare exceptions. One comes with patients who have intractable epilepsy and seek brain surgery to remove the source of their seizures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nate Bennett is one such patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9119\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Nate-eyes-closed.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-9119 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Nate-eyes-closed.jpg\" alt=\"Nate relaxes in his hospital bed, waiting to detect changes as tiny jolts of electricity enter his brain. \" width=\"274\" height=\"365\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nate relaxes in his hospital bed, waiting to detect changes as tiny jolts of electricity enter his brain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In his back pocket, Bennett carries around a black leather wallet, about the size of an envelope, attached to a keychain. He made it himself. His teeth have left deep scars in the leather. That’s a good sign: it means he had time to prepare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tend to bite my tongue during the grand mal portion of the seizure,” says Bennett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I’m conscious and I feel the seizure starting, I warn people around me what’s going on. I lay down on the floor and I put this in my mouth. That way, when I wake up, I may not have bitten my tongue.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nNeurons in lockstep\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the outside, a seizure looks like the product of a brain in chaos, but in reality, it’s the opposite. In an epileptic seizure, millions of neurons stop what they’re doing and suddenly begin firing in lockstep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Fisher, Director of the Stanford Epilepsy Center, compares it to a crowd at a football game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the chatter that you might see in a football stadium before the game starts, now it’s like the wave, or the cheer after a touchdown where everybody’s doing the same thing at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In centuries past, this looked to many like a spiritual possession. Joan of Arc may have had epilepsy. So might have Saint Teresa de Ávila.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, scientists have learned that epilepsy is a window into the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the notion that certain parts of the body are controlled by certain parts of the brain was an insight first gleaned by the 19th-century English neurologist John Hughlings Jackson, when he observed an epileptic seizure that seemed to travel from one part of his patient’s body to another. To Jackson, this was a clue that the disease was affecting parts of the brain in succession, each with a corresponding effect on the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Depending on where a seizure strikes, a patient may lose or alter his sense or smell, flail his hands, or suddenly recall a specific childhood memory. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Epilepsy gave us our first clue that parts of the brain are responsible for parts of the body, or different senses,” says Edward Chang, a neurologist and neurosurgeon at the University of California San Francisco.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSeeking a cure in surgery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, patients being treated for epilepsy have become active participants in this research. Nate Bennett is one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last few years, Bennett’s epilepsy has become almost disabling. He’s having one or two grand mal seizures a month, sometimes in the middle of the workday. He’s unable to drive, and worries about having to go on disability and losing his health insurance. Medication isn’t helping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes him a candidate for surgery to remove the part of his brain that’s causing the seizures, and, possibly, cure his epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Stanford Hospital, where Bennett’s being treated, there are two stages to this process. First is a surgery to implant electrodes — in this case, thin plastic wires each about an inch-and-a-half long — into his brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I visit him as he’s waking from anesthesia. He’s groggy, but he gives me a thumb’s up. “I’m putting reality back together here… gradually,” he says, with a smile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I can tell you my full name,” he announces. “Nathaniel Walter Bennett. Right? Always a good start.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A doctor tells Bennett that while he was unconscious, a surgeon implanted seven electrodes in his brain, two on the right hemisphere, five on the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What a party,” Bennett replies wryly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9116\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 678px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/1.jpg\" alt=\"In surgery, a grid of electrodes is applied directly to a patient's brain. The electrodes can record changes in electrical activity at a fine level of detail. \" width=\"678\" height=\"381\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9116\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In surgery, a grid of electrodes is applied directly to a patient’s brain. The electrodes can record changes in electrical activity at a fine level of detail.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The electrodes are intended to record exactly what happens in Bennett’s brain when he has a seizure. This can tell his doctors where his seizures are coming from and, in theory, which part of his brain to remove. It means spending a week or more in the hospital, off meds, waiting for seizures to strike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nA rare opportunity for brain mapping\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I visit him the next day, Bennett’s head is swathed in bandages. A thick braid of electrical wires hangs from his left temple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s hanging in there, he says, but he wishes he’d have a seizure, so that his doctors might have some information to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep himself occupied, Bennett’s brought a bag of musical instruments and a copy of “Siddhartha,” by Hermann Hesse. One night, in which he’s instructed to stay awake as long as possible so as to hasten seizures, he watches a “Spongebob Squarepants” marathon on TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Electrical pulses make the patient do things without his will. “He is perceiving reality in a completely different way.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But there are a few other things to do, including a functional mapping session with Bennett’s neurologist, Dr. Josef Parvizi, an associate professor of neurology at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day of the mapping, Dr. Parvizi wheels a cart with an electrical console and a laptop to Bennett’s bedside. Before surgeons remove part of Bennett’s brain, his doctors will want as detailed a picture of his brain as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where, exactly, are the parts that control his vision, for example, and his motor control? These are things you want to know before you take out the scalpel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nPainless electrical pulses cause strange reactions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Parvizi tells Bennett to take a deep breath and relax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Bennett leans back in his bed, Parvizi sends a series of tiny electrical pulses into different parts of Bennett’s brain. The jolts are too small to cause Bennett any pain, but the results can be dramatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want you to tell us if you feel anything that resembles your seizures, ok?” says Parvizi. “One. Two three. Anything?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It kind of felt like somebody was poking me with a finger right here, “says Bennett, pointing to his forehead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, Parvizi sends a signal to an area called the anterior cingulate, involved in automatic speech such as reflexive vocalizations like “ouch,” or laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let me know if anything changes,” says Parvizi calmly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly Bennett lurches forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I, I I,” he stutters. “I became unable to speak. I was going to say “Jinx,” but then I started stuttering. I couldn’t get the words out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In injecting a little bit of electricity to the brain,” says Parvizi, the patient “ends up doing things without [his] will. He is perceiving the reality in a completely different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of this is helpful for understanding Bennett’s epilepsy, but some of it is pure science, a rare opportunity for mind control, to simulate parts of the brain and see what happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9117\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/800px-Homunculus-ja.svg_.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/800px-Homunculus-ja.svg_.png\" alt='The cortical homunculus (after the Latin for \"little man\") indicates which parts of the brain control which parts of the body, and the relative amount of neural area involved in different functions. ' width=\"800\" height=\"423\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9117\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cortical homunculus (after the Latin for “little man”) indicates which parts of the brain control which parts of the body, and the relative amount of neural area involved in different functions.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists and many patients see this as a win-win. For Bennett, it’s a way to “make something positive,” he says, out of his long medical journey with epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s rare that an epilepsy patient declines to participate in research,” says UCSF’s Edward Chang. “I think because they understand that we don’t know enough about how the brain works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People like Nate have been immensely valuable,” says Parvizi. “They’ve courageously donated their time and they’ve valued brain research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Chang, Parvizi and other scientists, it’s amazing access. In doing this work, they and others have identified parts of the brain involved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2013/02/13541/secrets-human-speech-uncovered\">forming words\u003c/a>, counting and \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2012/october/face-blind.html\">recognizing faces\u003c/a>, among other things. In many cases, they can turn these abilities on and off like a light switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping the brain in pursuit of future therapies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that when you start learning where certain abilities live in the brain, you come closer to finding new ways to fix them when they break down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, dyslexia or depression, says Parvizi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This really helps us understand, for example, the origin of psychological disorders. There are people who see reality very differently than us. We can’t just blame them. We need to understand how their brain is working in a way that they are seeing reality differently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parvizi needs to wait for Bennett to have a natural seizure. But he also wants to stimulate the part of his brain that causes Bennett’s seizures, to elicit an “aura,” the particular sensation that can precede a seizure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parvizi sends a small electrical signal to Bennett’s temporal lobe, a part of the brain thought to be implicated in his seizures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, there’s a change,” says Bennett. “I might have a seizure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parvizi asks Bennett to say more, but he falls silent. His face hardens; his eyes become fixed on a spot across the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A doctor moves quickly to Bennett’s side and injects him with a dose of medication intended to stop the seizure. A nurse ushers me out of the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I next look in, Bennett is sleeping peacefully. His seizure has been recorded, his brain mapped at the finest level of detail possible with today’s technology. He is, he hopes, one step closer to a life without epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tend to bite my tongue during the grand mal portion of the seizure,” says Bennett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I’m conscious and I feel the seizure starting, I warn people around me what’s going on. I lay down on the floor and I put this in my mouth. That way, when I wake up, I may not have bitten my tongue.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nNeurons in lockstep\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the outside, a seizure looks like the product of a brain in chaos, but in reality, it’s the opposite. In an epileptic seizure, millions of neurons stop what they’re doing and suddenly begin firing in lockstep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Fisher, Director of the Stanford Epilepsy Center, compares it to a crowd at a football game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the chatter that you might see in a football stadium before the game starts, now it’s like the wave, or the cheer after a touchdown where everybody’s doing the same thing at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In centuries past, this looked to many like a spiritual possession. Joan of Arc may have had epilepsy. So might have Saint Teresa de Ávila.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, scientists have learned that epilepsy is a window into the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the notion that certain parts of the body are controlled by certain parts of the brain was an insight first gleaned by the 19th-century English neurologist John Hughlings Jackson, when he observed an epileptic seizure that seemed to travel from one part of his patient’s body to another. To Jackson, this was a clue that the disease was affecting parts of the brain in succession, each with a corresponding effect on the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Depending on where a seizure strikes, a patient may lose or alter his sense or smell, flail his hands, or suddenly recall a specific childhood memory. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Epilepsy gave us our first clue that parts of the brain are responsible for parts of the body, or different senses,” says Edward Chang, a neurologist and neurosurgeon at the University of California San Francisco.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSeeking a cure in surgery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, patients being treated for epilepsy have become active participants in this research. Nate Bennett is one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last few years, Bennett’s epilepsy has become almost disabling. He’s having one or two grand mal seizures a month, sometimes in the middle of the workday. He’s unable to drive, and worries about having to go on disability and losing his health insurance. Medication isn’t helping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes him a candidate for surgery to remove the part of his brain that’s causing the seizures, and, possibly, cure his epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Stanford Hospital, where Bennett’s being treated, there are two stages to this process. First is a surgery to implant electrodes — in this case, thin plastic wires each about an inch-and-a-half long — into his brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I visit him as he’s waking from anesthesia. He’s groggy, but he gives me a thumb’s up. “I’m putting reality back together here… gradually,” he says, with a smile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I can tell you my full name,” he announces. “Nathaniel Walter Bennett. Right? Always a good start.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A doctor tells Bennett that while he was unconscious, a surgeon implanted seven electrodes in his brain, two on the right hemisphere, five on the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What a party,” Bennett replies wryly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9116\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 678px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/1.jpg\" alt=\"In surgery, a grid of electrodes is applied directly to a patient's brain. The electrodes can record changes in electrical activity at a fine level of detail. \" width=\"678\" height=\"381\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9116\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In surgery, a grid of electrodes is applied directly to a patient’s brain. The electrodes can record changes in electrical activity at a fine level of detail.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The electrodes are intended to record exactly what happens in Bennett’s brain when he has a seizure. This can tell his doctors where his seizures are coming from and, in theory, which part of his brain to remove. It means spending a week or more in the hospital, off meds, waiting for seizures to strike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nA rare opportunity for brain mapping\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I visit him the next day, Bennett’s head is swathed in bandages. A thick braid of electrical wires hangs from his left temple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s hanging in there, he says, but he wishes he’d have a seizure, so that his doctors might have some information to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep himself occupied, Bennett’s brought a bag of musical instruments and a copy of “Siddhartha,” by Hermann Hesse. One night, in which he’s instructed to stay awake as long as possible so as to hasten seizures, he watches a “Spongebob Squarepants” marathon on TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Electrical pulses make the patient do things without his will. “He is perceiving reality in a completely different way.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But there are a few other things to do, including a functional mapping session with Bennett’s neurologist, Dr. Josef Parvizi, an associate professor of neurology at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day of the mapping, Dr. Parvizi wheels a cart with an electrical console and a laptop to Bennett’s bedside. Before surgeons remove part of Bennett’s brain, his doctors will want as detailed a picture of his brain as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where, exactly, are the parts that control his vision, for example, and his motor control? These are things you want to know before you take out the scalpel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nPainless electrical pulses cause strange reactions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Parvizi tells Bennett to take a deep breath and relax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Bennett leans back in his bed, Parvizi sends a series of tiny electrical pulses into different parts of Bennett’s brain. The jolts are too small to cause Bennett any pain, but the results can be dramatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want you to tell us if you feel anything that resembles your seizures, ok?” says Parvizi. “One. Two three. Anything?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It kind of felt like somebody was poking me with a finger right here, “says Bennett, pointing to his forehead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, Parvizi sends a signal to an area called the anterior cingulate, involved in automatic speech such as reflexive vocalizations like “ouch,” or laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let me know if anything changes,” says Parvizi calmly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly Bennett lurches forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I, I I,” he stutters. “I became unable to speak. I was going to say “Jinx,” but then I started stuttering. I couldn’t get the words out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In injecting a little bit of electricity to the brain,” says Parvizi, the patient “ends up doing things without [his] will. He is perceiving the reality in a completely different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of this is helpful for understanding Bennett’s epilepsy, but some of it is pure science, a rare opportunity for mind control, to simulate parts of the brain and see what happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9117\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/800px-Homunculus-ja.svg_.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/800px-Homunculus-ja.svg_.png\" alt='The cortical homunculus (after the Latin for \"little man\") indicates which parts of the brain control which parts of the body, and the relative amount of neural area involved in different functions. ' width=\"800\" height=\"423\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9117\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cortical homunculus (after the Latin for “little man”) indicates which parts of the brain control which parts of the body, and the relative amount of neural area involved in different functions.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists and many patients see this as a win-win. For Bennett, it’s a way to “make something positive,” he says, out of his long medical journey with epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s rare that an epilepsy patient declines to participate in research,” says UCSF’s Edward Chang. “I think because they understand that we don’t know enough about how the brain works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People like Nate have been immensely valuable,” says Parvizi. “They’ve courageously donated their time and they’ve valued brain research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Chang, Parvizi and other scientists, it’s amazing access. In doing this work, they and others have identified parts of the brain involved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2013/02/13541/secrets-human-speech-uncovered\">forming words\u003c/a>, counting and \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2012/october/face-blind.html\">recognizing faces\u003c/a>, among other things. In many cases, they can turn these abilities on and off like a light switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping the brain in pursuit of future therapies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that when you start learning where certain abilities live in the brain, you come closer to finding new ways to fix them when they break down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, dyslexia or depression, says Parvizi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This really helps us understand, for example, the origin of psychological disorders. There are people who see reality very differently than us. We can’t just blame them. We need to understand how their brain is working in a way that they are seeing reality differently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parvizi needs to wait for Bennett to have a natural seizure. But he also wants to stimulate the part of his brain that causes Bennett’s seizures, to elicit an “aura,” the particular sensation that can precede a seizure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parvizi sends a small electrical signal to Bennett’s temporal lobe, a part of the brain thought to be implicated in his seizures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, there’s a change,” says Bennett. “I might have a seizure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parvizi asks Bennett to say more, but he falls silent. His face hardens; his eyes become fixed on a spot across the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A doctor moves quickly to Bennett’s side and injects him with a dose of medication intended to stop the seizure. A nurse ushers me out of the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I next look in, Bennett is sleeping peacefully. His seizure has been recorded, his brain mapped at the finest level of detail possible with today’s technology. He is, he hopes, one step closer to a life without epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Birders Flock to See Blue-Footed Boobies",
"headTitle": "Birders Flock to See Blue-Footed Boobies | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Blue-footed_Booby/id\">Blue-footed boobies\u003c/a> are most commonly seen down in the Gulf of California or the Galapagos, but this week they’ve been \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/news/bfbo_2013/\">invading the Southern California coast\u003c/a> and making their way up north, where very few have come before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9087\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/bluefootedbooby.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/bluefootedbooby.jpg\" alt=\"A blue-footed booby fails to blend in with the pelicans and cormorants at Año Nuevo State Park earlier this week. It's the brown and white bird at the lower left. (Photo: Jennifer Rycenga)\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue-footed booby fails to blend in with the pelicans and cormorants at Año Nuevo State Park earlier this week. It’s the brown and white bird at the lower left. (Photo: Jennifer Rycenga)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before this week, there’d been one sighting of a blue-footed booby in San Francisco, and just two others in the rest of Northern California. Now there have been more than a dozen. There have been sightings in Point Reyes, \u003ca href=\"http://fog.ccsf.edu/~jmorlan/Blue-footedBoobyP1120990s.htm\">near Lands End\u003c/a> in San Francisco (where on one day, birders were reporting two blue-footed boobies in the area at once) and at Moss Beach and other spots in San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really thrilling to be watching an incidence of this rarity,” said Jennifer Rycenga, the president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sequoia-audubon.org/index.html\">Sequoia Audubon Society\u003c/a>, which is the San Mateo County chapter. “It’s kind of like a Halley’s Comet moment. It might not happen again in my lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixteen year-old Logan Kahle was the first person to spot the bird in San Francisco a few days ago. On Thursday, he watched while one perched on the rocks near Lands End. He said when he first spotted a blue-footed booby, he had a hard time keeping his spotting scope on it because he was trembling with excitement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9098\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/ebird-e1379635476777.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-9098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/ebird-e1379635476777.png\" alt=\"Blue-footed booby sightings in Northern California reported to the website eBird. Click on the image to go to the interactive map on eBird.org.\" width=\"346\" height=\"256\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue-footed booby sightings in Northern California reported to the website eBird. Click on the image to go to the interactive map on eBird.org.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Winning the lottery is a good comparison,” he said. “Because it’s something that you may work at for years and years and years, and after ten years or so, you’ll get one stellar find.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren’t sure yet why the boobies are here. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2013/09/16/39295/blue-footed-booby-fever-hits-la-photos/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+893KpccSouthernCaliforniaNews+(KPCC%3A+News)\">Some have speculated\u003c/a> it could be connected to food supply issues in their usual territory, but Jack Dumbacher, the curator of ornithology and mammalogy at the California Academy of Sciences said it may be difficult to find the exact cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When events like this happen, then it gives us an opportunity to say, ‘What’s different?'” he said. “Why did they expand? Is there something that’s not working for them back at home that they had to leave? Or is there something that’s beginning to work for them up here that never had before?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the blue-footed boobies in California seem to be juveniles that haven’t yet developed the bright blue feet of the adult birds. But check out this video of blue-footed boobies showing off their fancy feet during their mating dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgNPaZ5Qdq0\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Blue-footed boobies are most commonly seen down in the Gulf of California or the Galapagos, but this week they’ve been flooding the Southern California coast, and making their way up north, where very few have come before.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Blue-footed_Booby/id\">Blue-footed boobies\u003c/a> are most commonly seen down in the Gulf of California or the Galapagos, but this week they’ve been \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/news/bfbo_2013/\">invading the Southern California coast\u003c/a> and making their way up north, where very few have come before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9087\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/bluefootedbooby.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/bluefootedbooby.jpg\" alt=\"A blue-footed booby fails to blend in with the pelicans and cormorants at Año Nuevo State Park earlier this week. It's the brown and white bird at the lower left. (Photo: Jennifer Rycenga)\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue-footed booby fails to blend in with the pelicans and cormorants at Año Nuevo State Park earlier this week. It’s the brown and white bird at the lower left. (Photo: Jennifer Rycenga)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before this week, there’d been one sighting of a blue-footed booby in San Francisco, and just two others in the rest of Northern California. Now there have been more than a dozen. There have been sightings in Point Reyes, \u003ca href=\"http://fog.ccsf.edu/~jmorlan/Blue-footedBoobyP1120990s.htm\">near Lands End\u003c/a> in San Francisco (where on one day, birders were reporting two blue-footed boobies in the area at once) and at Moss Beach and other spots in San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really thrilling to be watching an incidence of this rarity,” said Jennifer Rycenga, the president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sequoia-audubon.org/index.html\">Sequoia Audubon Society\u003c/a>, which is the San Mateo County chapter. “It’s kind of like a Halley’s Comet moment. It might not happen again in my lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixteen year-old Logan Kahle was the first person to spot the bird in San Francisco a few days ago. On Thursday, he watched while one perched on the rocks near Lands End. He said when he first spotted a blue-footed booby, he had a hard time keeping his spotting scope on it because he was trembling with excitement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9098\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/ebird-e1379635476777.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-9098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/ebird-e1379635476777.png\" alt=\"Blue-footed booby sightings in Northern California reported to the website eBird. Click on the image to go to the interactive map on eBird.org.\" width=\"346\" height=\"256\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue-footed booby sightings in Northern California reported to the website eBird. Click on the image to go to the interactive map on eBird.org.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Winning the lottery is a good comparison,” he said. “Because it’s something that you may work at for years and years and years, and after ten years or so, you’ll get one stellar find.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren’t sure yet why the boobies are here. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2013/09/16/39295/blue-footed-booby-fever-hits-la-photos/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+893KpccSouthernCaliforniaNews+(KPCC%3A+News)\">Some have speculated\u003c/a> it could be connected to food supply issues in their usual territory, but Jack Dumbacher, the curator of ornithology and mammalogy at the California Academy of Sciences said it may be difficult to find the exact cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When events like this happen, then it gives us an opportunity to say, ‘What’s different?'” he said. “Why did they expand? Is there something that’s not working for them back at home that they had to leave? Or is there something that’s beginning to work for them up here that never had before?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the blue-footed boobies in California seem to be juveniles that haven’t yet developed the bright blue feet of the adult birds. But check out this video of blue-footed boobies showing off their fancy feet during their mating dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mgNPaZ5Qdq0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mgNPaZ5Qdq0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Tsunami Debris May Be Mixed in With the Local Trash at This Year's Beach Cleanup",
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"content": "\u003cp>Littered with cigarette butts, water bottles and tires, California’s beaches accumulate millions of pounds of trash every year. And every year volunteers sweep them clean during the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/\">California Coastal Commission’s\u003c/a> annual beach and inland shore cleanup, which happens this Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the volunteer event may be different this year, owing to an influx of debris from \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami\">the tsunami\u003c/a> that hit the coast of Japan in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8986\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/tsunami-debris-fishing-boat-washington-coast-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8986\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/tsunami-debris-fishing-boat-washington-coast-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"tsunami-debris-fishing-boat-washington-coast\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This fishing boat appeared near Cape Disappointment, Washington last year. The Japanese Consulate in Seattle confirmed the debris is a remnant of the tsunami that struck Japan in 2011. (The Department of Ecology, State of Washington)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists think the bulk of the debris will hit the California coast this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Saying one particular thing is definitively tsunami debris is going to be really tough,” said Eben Schwartz of the Coastal Commission. “But we do expect an upward tick in those types of items during this coastal cleanup day and for the next several years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 5 million tons of debris washed into the Pacific after the tsunami. While most of it sank, Japanese officials estimate that up to 1.5 million tons of debris is still afloat. Some debris from the tsunami has already turned up on California beaches, including a boat that \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/29124-japan-tsunami-debris-reaches-california.html\">washed ashore\u003c/a> near the California-Oregon border in April. Most of the tsunami debris has been sighted farther north in places like Oregon, Washington, Alaska and even Canada. Large items like \u003ca title=\"News article\" href=\"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120608a2.html\">a concrete dock\u003c/a> and a \u003ca title=\"News article\" href=\"http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/tsunami-motorcycle-to-be-preserved-at-harley-davidson-museum-in-milwaukee\">Harley-Davidson motorcycle\u003c/a> washed up along the coasts of Oregon and British Columbia last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coastal Cleanup is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanconservancy.org/\">Ocean Conservancy’s\u003c/a> international cleanup which happens in more than thirty countries around the world. Last year more than 15,000 people in the Bay Area participated, Schwartz said he expects a bigger turnout this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California Coastal Cleanup Day is the one chance we all have to take care of our ocean,” Schwartz said. “All the trash from our city streets will eventually end up in our ocean if we don’t stop it where it starts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out more or register to participate, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/join.html\">California Coastal Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Projected path of the tsunami debris\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1275px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://iprc.soest.hawaii.edu/users/nikolai/2011/Pacific_Islands/Simulation_of_Debris_from_March_11_2011_Japan_tsunami.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1275\" height=\"825\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Computer simulation showing the estimated path of the tsunami debris field based on modeling of ocean currents. (The International Pacific Research Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Along with cigarette butts, water bottles and candy wrappers, volunteers at the statewide beach cleanup this Saturday may find debris from the Japanese tsunami.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Littered with cigarette butts, water bottles and tires, California’s beaches accumulate millions of pounds of trash every year. And every year volunteers sweep them clean during the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/\">California Coastal Commission’s\u003c/a> annual beach and inland shore cleanup, which happens this Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the volunteer event may be different this year, owing to an influx of debris from \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami\">the tsunami\u003c/a> that hit the coast of Japan in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8986\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/tsunami-debris-fishing-boat-washington-coast-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8986\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/tsunami-debris-fishing-boat-washington-coast-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"tsunami-debris-fishing-boat-washington-coast\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This fishing boat appeared near Cape Disappointment, Washington last year. The Japanese Consulate in Seattle confirmed the debris is a remnant of the tsunami that struck Japan in 2011. (The Department of Ecology, State of Washington)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists think the bulk of the debris will hit the California coast this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Saying one particular thing is definitively tsunami debris is going to be really tough,” said Eben Schwartz of the Coastal Commission. “But we do expect an upward tick in those types of items during this coastal cleanup day and for the next several years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 5 million tons of debris washed into the Pacific after the tsunami. While most of it sank, Japanese officials estimate that up to 1.5 million tons of debris is still afloat. Some debris from the tsunami has already turned up on California beaches, including a boat that \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/29124-japan-tsunami-debris-reaches-california.html\">washed ashore\u003c/a> near the California-Oregon border in April. Most of the tsunami debris has been sighted farther north in places like Oregon, Washington, Alaska and even Canada. Large items like \u003ca title=\"News article\" href=\"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120608a2.html\">a concrete dock\u003c/a> and a \u003ca title=\"News article\" href=\"http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/tsunami-motorcycle-to-be-preserved-at-harley-davidson-museum-in-milwaukee\">Harley-Davidson motorcycle\u003c/a> washed up along the coasts of Oregon and British Columbia last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coastal Cleanup is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanconservancy.org/\">Ocean Conservancy’s\u003c/a> international cleanup which happens in more than thirty countries around the world. Last year more than 15,000 people in the Bay Area participated, Schwartz said he expects a bigger turnout this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California Coastal Cleanup Day is the one chance we all have to take care of our ocean,” Schwartz said. “All the trash from our city streets will eventually end up in our ocean if we don’t stop it where it starts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out more or register to participate, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/join.html\">California Coastal Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Projected path of the tsunami debris\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1275px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://iprc.soest.hawaii.edu/users/nikolai/2011/Pacific_Islands/Simulation_of_Debris_from_March_11_2011_Japan_tsunami.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1275\" height=\"825\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Computer simulation showing the estimated path of the tsunami debris field based on modeling of ocean currents. (The International Pacific Research Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Regulators Will Monitor Pollution From Highways",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Regulators Will Monitor Pollution From Highways | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Isabel Angell\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three new monitors to measure vehicle emissions are going up this year at congested traffic corridors in the Bay Area. They’re the result of a new federal law requiring local governments to keep tabs on emissions in heavily trafficked areas. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> will oversee and manage the monitors, which will cost between $250,000 to $500,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Populations near roadways are more affected and have higher rates of asthma and other respiratory illnesses,” said Eric Stevenson, the technical director of the Air District. “Because of that we want to gather data near the roadway and determine which compounds might be responsible for those increases in health effects.” Stevenson said regulating those emissions is an important tool for public health policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/traffic-featured-e1379369463152.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/traffic-featured-e1379369463152.jpg\" alt=\"The Bay Area Air Quality Management District will begin monitoring emissions near highways. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8817\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District will begin monitoring emissions near highways. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federal regulations require three compounds to be monitored: nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and small particulates. But the Air District plans to track other emissions, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We the Air District have decided that it makes a lot of sense to try and measure as many different types of compounds as possible,” said Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the district will measure hydrocarbons, ultrafine particles and will conduct an analysis to discover other compounds that may come from emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors will be placed at Laney College in Oakland by Interstate 880 and along Interstate 80 in Berkeley, west of Aquatic Park. The third monitor will be in San Jose, south of the interchange between Interstates 280, 680 and Highway 101.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Emissions-to-be-monitored-on-major-Bay-Area-roads-4816992.php\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> has more on the program:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/23/63/06/5190045/3/200x200.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Emissions-to-be-monitored-on-major-Bay-Area-roads-4816992.php\">Emissions to be monitored on major Bay Area roads\u003c/a>Right now, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District has a system of more than 30 monitors throughout the nine Bay Area counties to measure air pollution in general areas, but none is located close to a busy traffic corridor. As a result, environmentalists say, the system overlooks the risks to people who, like tens of millions of Americans, live within 300 feet of major roads.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Three new monitors to measure vehicle emissions are going up this year at congested traffic corridors in the Bay Area. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Isabel Angell\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three new monitors to measure vehicle emissions are going up this year at congested traffic corridors in the Bay Area. They’re the result of a new federal law requiring local governments to keep tabs on emissions in heavily trafficked areas. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> will oversee and manage the monitors, which will cost between $250,000 to $500,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Populations near roadways are more affected and have higher rates of asthma and other respiratory illnesses,” said Eric Stevenson, the technical director of the Air District. “Because of that we want to gather data near the roadway and determine which compounds might be responsible for those increases in health effects.” Stevenson said regulating those emissions is an important tool for public health policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/traffic-featured-e1379369463152.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/traffic-featured-e1379369463152.jpg\" alt=\"The Bay Area Air Quality Management District will begin monitoring emissions near highways. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8817\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District will begin monitoring emissions near highways. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federal regulations require three compounds to be monitored: nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and small particulates. But the Air District plans to track other emissions, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We the Air District have decided that it makes a lot of sense to try and measure as many different types of compounds as possible,” said Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the district will measure hydrocarbons, ultrafine particles and will conduct an analysis to discover other compounds that may come from emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors will be placed at Laney College in Oakland by Interstate 880 and along Interstate 80 in Berkeley, west of Aquatic Park. The third monitor will be in San Jose, south of the interchange between Interstates 280, 680 and Highway 101.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Emissions-to-be-monitored-on-major-Bay-Area-roads-4816992.php\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> has more on the program:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/23/63/06/5190045/3/200x200.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Emissions-to-be-monitored-on-major-Bay-Area-roads-4816992.php\">Emissions to be monitored on major Bay Area roads\u003c/a>Right now, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District has a system of more than 30 monitors throughout the nine Bay Area counties to measure air pollution in general areas, but none is located close to a busy traffic corridor. As a result, environmentalists say, the system overlooks the risks to people who, like tens of millions of Americans, live within 300 feet of major roads.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Fire History Written in the Trees",
"headTitle": "California’s Fire History Written in the Trees | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://kqed02.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/radio/science/2013/09/2013-09-16-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Much has been made of the Rim Fire being one of California’s largest “on record,” and the biggest burn yet seen in the Sierra Nevada. But it depends on what record you’re looking at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rimfire-featured.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rimfire-featured.jpg\" alt=\"Flames from the Rim Fire consume trees on August 25, 2013 near Groveland, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flames from the Rim Fire consume trees on August 25, 2013 near Groveland, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists are finding that in the not-too-distant past — we’re \u003cem>not\u003c/em> talking Jurassic here — forest fires burned far more real estate than they typically do today, and more often. The difference is that the forests bounced back much more readily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century of forest management practices, combined with hotter and longer summers brought on by climate change, have set the stage for more catastrophic fires. But “big” didn’t always mean catastrophic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/IMG_4113-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8681 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/IMG_4113-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"USFS geographer Carl Skinner is piecing together a fire history of California by studying tree rings. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USFS geographer Carl Skinner is piecing together a fire history of California by studying tree rings. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For 25 years, Carl Skinner and his colleagues at the U.S. Forest Service have been building a kind of “pre-history” of fire in California by scrutinizing tree rings. The shelves of his lab near Redding are piled high with crosscut slabs of big sugar pines and other trees from northern California forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We find 1822 fires all over the place,” Skinner told me while sorting through wooden slabs. “It was a very dry year. 1729 is another one. There’s a number of these very pronounced drought years that give us an idea of what to expect in a year like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trees tell the story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skinner pointed to intermittent black marks within the tree rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The areas here are scars, where the fire came along and killed a very small section of the tree right here, and then this is the healing where the tree tries to heal over,” he observed. “And then a few years later another fire came and then it heals, and then a few years later another fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracking backward in time, from the outside in, something surprising emerges. Fire was an integral part of the landscape — and there was a lot of it, caused primarily by lightning strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/FireScars_4110-featured.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8690\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/FireScars_4110-featured.jpeg\" alt='Black \"scars\" in the annual growth rings in this cedar tree reveal when fires occurred though the years. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black “scars” in the annual growth rings in this cedar tree reveal when fires occurred though the years. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every 8-to-12 years, they were putting scars on the trees and some places even much more frequently than that,” he explained. “What this did was to clean out a lot of the understory, keep it low and have the forest, instead of being pretty dense like it is today, it’d be much more open in general, but kind of patchy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that meant was that fires could roar through a forest and stay low to the ground, without “crowning,” that is climbing and burning the big trees, as we just saw with the Rim Fire. And so a couple of hundred years ago, before there were people bent on putting out fires, forest fires were both bigger and more frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typical years would have had somewhere between 5 million acres to 12 million acres burn before we began fire suppression,” said Skinner. “Since fire suppression, it’s far below that.” The Rim Fire has already consumed more than a quarter-million acres by itself, but nowadays a million acres total is a very nasty fire season. “So that means we’re storing up a lot of vegetation, which is there to burn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Climate Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel isn’t the only thing feeding bigger fires. Most scientists agree that the warming climate is, too, and may already be setting the stage for more intense events.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Fire seasons are lengthening.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Fire seasons are lengthening,” says Skinner, who cites research that shows them starting earlier in the spring and lasting longer. “Basically what that does is creates a longer period for drying in the summer, makes more fuel available and much more period of time in the year that you can have a fire, so your probability of having a fire just goes up with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire “management”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skinner says that throughout the West, the fire season is running about a month longer than even 30 or 40 years ago. That means not just more potential for catastrophic fires, but also a narrower window to do “prescribed burns” in the off-season, when foresters light fires intentionally to clear out some of the fuel languishing in the forest understory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can’t start until the arrival of enough rain to keep things from getting out of control. But there’s a narrow window, because fire managers have to conduct the burns before winter sets in. Skinner has seen that window shrinking since the 1970s, when those first rains might have arrived as soon as September in the northern forests of California. Now, he said, the prescribed fire season might not start until late-October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(Climate change) is actually, we think, playing havoc with a lot of the prescribed fire program,” he said. “Because of the lengthening fire season, it’s squashing down the prescribed fire period before it becomes too wet in the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service and Cal Fire got lucky last year, with an unexpectedly light fire season. But Skinner has learned that luck is a kind of two-edged sword. It means that more fuel is accumulating, waiting for the next big burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile Cal Fire has floated a new plan that would reduce fuels on an additional 216,000 acres per year on average, using a combination of burning, logging, targeted grazing and herbicides. The use of herbicides has invited controversy but prescribed burns have been controversial, too. And according to research by the U.S. Geological Survey, outlined in this video, how well it works depends on where it’s done.\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-SNFf0xM5g\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists are finding that in the not-too-distant past, forest fires were much larger than they are today, and forests burned more often. The difference is that the forests bounced back much more readily.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://kqed02.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/radio/science/2013/09/2013-09-16-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Much has been made of the Rim Fire being one of California’s largest “on record,” and the biggest burn yet seen in the Sierra Nevada. But it depends on what record you’re looking at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rimfire-featured.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rimfire-featured.jpg\" alt=\"Flames from the Rim Fire consume trees on August 25, 2013 near Groveland, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flames from the Rim Fire consume trees on August 25, 2013 near Groveland, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists are finding that in the not-too-distant past — we’re \u003cem>not\u003c/em> talking Jurassic here — forest fires burned far more real estate than they typically do today, and more often. The difference is that the forests bounced back much more readily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century of forest management practices, combined with hotter and longer summers brought on by climate change, have set the stage for more catastrophic fires. But “big” didn’t always mean catastrophic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/IMG_4113-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8681 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/IMG_4113-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"USFS geographer Carl Skinner is piecing together a fire history of California by studying tree rings. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USFS geographer Carl Skinner is piecing together a fire history of California by studying tree rings. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For 25 years, Carl Skinner and his colleagues at the U.S. Forest Service have been building a kind of “pre-history” of fire in California by scrutinizing tree rings. The shelves of his lab near Redding are piled high with crosscut slabs of big sugar pines and other trees from northern California forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We find 1822 fires all over the place,” Skinner told me while sorting through wooden slabs. “It was a very dry year. 1729 is another one. There’s a number of these very pronounced drought years that give us an idea of what to expect in a year like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trees tell the story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skinner pointed to intermittent black marks within the tree rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The areas here are scars, where the fire came along and killed a very small section of the tree right here, and then this is the healing where the tree tries to heal over,” he observed. “And then a few years later another fire came and then it heals, and then a few years later another fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracking backward in time, from the outside in, something surprising emerges. Fire was an integral part of the landscape — and there was a lot of it, caused primarily by lightning strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/FireScars_4110-featured.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8690\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/FireScars_4110-featured.jpeg\" alt='Black \"scars\" in the annual growth rings in this cedar tree reveal when fires occurred though the years. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black “scars” in the annual growth rings in this cedar tree reveal when fires occurred though the years. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every 8-to-12 years, they were putting scars on the trees and some places even much more frequently than that,” he explained. “What this did was to clean out a lot of the understory, keep it low and have the forest, instead of being pretty dense like it is today, it’d be much more open in general, but kind of patchy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that meant was that fires could roar through a forest and stay low to the ground, without “crowning,” that is climbing and burning the big trees, as we just saw with the Rim Fire. And so a couple of hundred years ago, before there were people bent on putting out fires, forest fires were both bigger and more frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typical years would have had somewhere between 5 million acres to 12 million acres burn before we began fire suppression,” said Skinner. “Since fire suppression, it’s far below that.” The Rim Fire has already consumed more than a quarter-million acres by itself, but nowadays a million acres total is a very nasty fire season. “So that means we’re storing up a lot of vegetation, which is there to burn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Climate Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel isn’t the only thing feeding bigger fires. Most scientists agree that the warming climate is, too, and may already be setting the stage for more intense events.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Fire seasons are lengthening.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Fire seasons are lengthening,” says Skinner, who cites research that shows them starting earlier in the spring and lasting longer. “Basically what that does is creates a longer period for drying in the summer, makes more fuel available and much more period of time in the year that you can have a fire, so your probability of having a fire just goes up with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire “management”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skinner says that throughout the West, the fire season is running about a month longer than even 30 or 40 years ago. That means not just more potential for catastrophic fires, but also a narrower window to do “prescribed burns” in the off-season, when foresters light fires intentionally to clear out some of the fuel languishing in the forest understory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can’t start until the arrival of enough rain to keep things from getting out of control. But there’s a narrow window, because fire managers have to conduct the burns before winter sets in. Skinner has seen that window shrinking since the 1970s, when those first rains might have arrived as soon as September in the northern forests of California. Now, he said, the prescribed fire season might not start until late-October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(Climate change) is actually, we think, playing havoc with a lot of the prescribed fire program,” he said. “Because of the lengthening fire season, it’s squashing down the prescribed fire period before it becomes too wet in the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service and Cal Fire got lucky last year, with an unexpectedly light fire season. But Skinner has learned that luck is a kind of two-edged sword. It means that more fuel is accumulating, waiting for the next big burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile Cal Fire has floated a new plan that would reduce fuels on an additional 216,000 acres per year on average, using a combination of burning, logging, targeted grazing and herbicides. The use of herbicides has invited controversy but prescribed burns have been controversial, too. And according to research by the U.S. Geological Survey, outlined in this video, how well it works depends on where it’s done.\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/g-SNFf0xM5g'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/g-SNFf0xM5g'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Humpback Whales Crowd Monterey Bay",
"headTitle": "Humpback Whales Crowd Monterey Bay | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8733\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/humpback-featured.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8733\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/humpback-featured.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale calf breaches in Monterey Bay. (Ryan Shorey/Monterey Bay Whale Watch) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale calf breaches in Monterey Bay. (Ryan Shorey/Monterey Bay Whale Watch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a great weekend to go whale watching, especially if you live near Monterey Bay. Local tour guides say they’re seeing surprisingly large numbers of humpbacks offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now there’s record numbers of humpback whales feeding in Monterey Bay,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybaywhalewatch.com/NancyBlackBio.htm\">Nancy Black\u003c/a>, who’s been leading whale-watching trips on Monterey Bay for 26 years. She said she’s never seen anything like it. “It’s been going on for over a week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a good reason for this: huge runs of anchovies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An explosion of anchovies means a feast not just for the whales, but for sea lions, brown pelicans and other birds. Black said she’s seen blue whales, too, which is unusual for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/09/whales-in-monterey-bay/\">Wired\u003c/a> has more on the whales crowding Monterey Bay:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2013/09/humpback_lunge_feed_IMG_1246-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/09/whales-in-monterey-bay/\">Feeding Frenzy Fills Monterey Bay With Humpback Whales\u003c/a>Black estimates that there are at least 250 whales in the Monterey Bay — more than she’s ever seen in her 26 years in the area. She and her crew are shooting photos of the whales’ tails, which are unique to each individual. They’re sending the photos to the Cascadia Research Collective in Washington state, which maintains a whale-tail ID catalog. “I wouldn’t have been able to see this many whales when I started,” Black said, noting that the northeastern Pacific humpback whale population numbers have been increasing.No one know how long the whales will stay in the bay, or why the fish are so abundant this year. “It’s just incredible — the best whale watching ever,” Black said.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.wired.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wired\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Humpback whales spend the summer feeding off the California coast. Come November, they’ll start migrating south, to Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see them you need a good pair of binoculars or to get out on a boat. If you’re more the armchair whale-watching type, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2013/09/BabyBreach3.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">check out this humpback calf breaching\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This weekend is a great time to go whale watching, especially if you live near Monterey Bay. Local tour guides say they're seeing surprisingly large of humpbacks offshore.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8733\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/humpback-featured.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8733\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/humpback-featured.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale calf breaches in Monterey Bay. (Ryan Shorey/Monterey Bay Whale Watch) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale calf breaches in Monterey Bay. (Ryan Shorey/Monterey Bay Whale Watch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a great weekend to go whale watching, especially if you live near Monterey Bay. Local tour guides say they’re seeing surprisingly large numbers of humpbacks offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now there’s record numbers of humpback whales feeding in Monterey Bay,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybaywhalewatch.com/NancyBlackBio.htm\">Nancy Black\u003c/a>, who’s been leading whale-watching trips on Monterey Bay for 26 years. She said she’s never seen anything like it. “It’s been going on for over a week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a good reason for this: huge runs of anchovies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An explosion of anchovies means a feast not just for the whales, but for sea lions, brown pelicans and other birds. Black said she’s seen blue whales, too, which is unusual for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/09/whales-in-monterey-bay/\">Wired\u003c/a> has more on the whales crowding Monterey Bay:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2013/09/humpback_lunge_feed_IMG_1246-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/09/whales-in-monterey-bay/\">Feeding Frenzy Fills Monterey Bay With Humpback Whales\u003c/a>Black estimates that there are at least 250 whales in the Monterey Bay — more than she’s ever seen in her 26 years in the area. She and her crew are shooting photos of the whales’ tails, which are unique to each individual. They’re sending the photos to the Cascadia Research Collective in Washington state, which maintains a whale-tail ID catalog. “I wouldn’t have been able to see this many whales when I started,” Black said, noting that the northeastern Pacific humpback whale population numbers have been increasing.No one know how long the whales will stay in the bay, or why the fish are so abundant this year. “It’s just incredible — the best whale watching ever,” Black said.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.wired.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wired\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Humpback whales spend the summer feeding off the California coast. Come November, they’ll start migrating south, to Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see them you need a good pair of binoculars or to get out on a boat. If you’re more the armchair whale-watching type, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2013/09/BabyBreach3.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">check out this humpback calf breaching\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Do These Boats Sail Faster Than the Wind?",
"headTitle": "How Do These Boats Sail Faster Than the Wind? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/americascup-featured.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8511\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8511\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/americascup-featured.jpg\" alt=\"Emirates Team New Zealand and Oracle Team USA during race three of the America's Cup finals on September 8, 2013. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emirates Team New Zealand and Oracle Team USA during race three of the America’s Cup finals on September 8, 2013. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Physics-of-Sailing.mp3\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nThe America’s Cup sailboats are sleek and fast. The AC72, the type of catamaran used in this year’s race, can travel almost three times the speed of the prevailing wind. On June 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Emirates Team New Zealand recorded a speed of 50.8 mph (44.1 knots), with a wind speed of about 18 mph (15.6 knots).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind is the only thing powering these boats, so how can they go faster than the wind blows?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem like the sailboats are defying the laws of nature: that they’re getting something from nothing. Not so, according to Steve Collie, an aerodynamics engineer for Emirates Team New Zealand. “In physics we always talk about conservation of energy,” Collie said. “Sure, we can’t create energy. We can’t produce magic that way. But there’s no sort of parallel theorem of conservation of speed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, sailboats are not actually creating their own energy (no, they’re not violating Newton’s second law). They’re harnessing more than one kind of wind, and they’re doing it like a jet harnesses the flow of air to fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone has felt this second kind of wind. It’s what you feel when the air is still and you head off on a bike, or a skateboard. You build speed, and it doesn’t take long before there’s a wind on your face. This is called apparent wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8517\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/boats-and-bridge-243x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8517\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/boats-and-bridge-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Teams compete in a fleet race during the America's Cup World Series on October 6, 2012 in San Francisco, California. Teams are racing on an AC45 boat, which is the forerunner to the AC72 that teams will race next year in the Louis Vuitton Cup and America's Cup Finals in San Francisco. (Ezra Shaw/Getty Images)\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teams compete in a fleet race during the America’s Cup World Series on October 6, 2012 in San Francisco. Teams are racing on an AC45 boat, which is the forerunner to the AC72 that teams are racing this year in the America’s Cup Finals. (Ezra Shaw/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>True wind is what you feel when you’re standing still and the wind is blowing. The wind an object feels when it’s in motion is apparent wind. Sailboats utilize both true wind and apparent wind. One force pushes the sailboat, and the other force pulls, or drags it forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True wind always pushes a boat. If a boat sails absolutely perpendicular to true wind, so the sail is flat to the wind and being pushed from behind, then the boat can \u003cem>only\u003c/em> go as fast as the wind—no faster. That’s not because there’s no apparent wind; it’s because the apparent wind can’t help the boat when it’s hitting flat against a big sail. But when the boat travels at an angle to the true wind, the apparent wind suddenly generates a powerful force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The wind is doing two things,” said Margot Gerritsen, an engineering professor at Stanford. “It’s pushing, but there’s also a part of this wind that is dragging. That dragging is done with this force called lift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lift,” in the case of a sailboat, doesn’t mean “up” although it does in the case of an airplane. In fact, the physics that allow an airplane to fly are the same physics that allow a sailboat to travel faster than the wind. The difference is that airplanes lift up off the ground, and sailboats lift parallel to the ground— as if they’re flying sideways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can feel these two kinds of lift when you’re riding in a car (we suggest not performing science experiments when you’re the driver). Put your arm straight out the window, palm down to the ground like an airplane wing. Now tilt the palm of your hand very slightly up; your arm will rise with the force of lift. To feel what happens in a sailboat, put your arm out the window, bent 90 degrees at the elbow, with your palm facing you. Now angle your palm open to the wind very slightly; your arm will move away from you, as the force of lift pulls it sideways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lift is simply the name of the force that’s generated when apparent wind bends around the outside of the sail. Air traveling on the inside of the sail is moving slower than air traveling around the sail, which creates a pressure difference. That pressure difference generates lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8518\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/IMG_1484-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8518 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/IMG_1484-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"One of the the best viewing spots for the America's Cup is the jetty near Land's End. (Mike Osborne/KQED) \" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the the best viewing spots for the America’s Cup is the jetty near Land’s End. (Mike Osborne/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hoist you might feel under your feet when an airplane first takes off is not so different from the jostling sensations of push and drag that sailors feel maneuvering one of these catamarans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really experienced sailors can feel this,” said Gerritsen. “They feel the forces below. They can sense changes in the forces in the sail and know how to respond to it. But it’s very precarious at times, too, because you’re trying to balance this benefit of the wind in these two different ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AC72s also use lift when foiling, which is when the two hulls of the catamaran raise off the water and the boat is almost literally flying, with only the rudders and a board anchoring it to the bay. Foiling makes the boat even faster because the drag forces slowing the boat down are now mostly in the air instead of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s physics that explains how the America’s Cup boats can sail faster than the wind, it’s the skill of the sailors and the design of the boats that give Emirates Team New Zealand or Oracle Team USA the edge, as they race toward the finish of the 2013 America’s Cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It isn’t magic; it’s just physics. And it’s an idea as simple as rocket science, which in this case really breaks down to what you learned from riding a bike.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/americascup-featured.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8511\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8511\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/americascup-featured.jpg\" alt=\"Emirates Team New Zealand and Oracle Team USA during race three of the America's Cup finals on September 8, 2013. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emirates Team New Zealand and Oracle Team USA during race three of the America’s Cup finals on September 8, 2013. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Physics-of-Sailing.mp3\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nThe America’s Cup sailboats are sleek and fast. The AC72, the type of catamaran used in this year’s race, can travel almost three times the speed of the prevailing wind. On June 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Emirates Team New Zealand recorded a speed of 50.8 mph (44.1 knots), with a wind speed of about 18 mph (15.6 knots).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind is the only thing powering these boats, so how can they go faster than the wind blows?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem like the sailboats are defying the laws of nature: that they’re getting something from nothing. Not so, according to Steve Collie, an aerodynamics engineer for Emirates Team New Zealand. “In physics we always talk about conservation of energy,” Collie said. “Sure, we can’t create energy. We can’t produce magic that way. But there’s no sort of parallel theorem of conservation of speed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, sailboats are not actually creating their own energy (no, they’re not violating Newton’s second law). They’re harnessing more than one kind of wind, and they’re doing it like a jet harnesses the flow of air to fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone has felt this second kind of wind. It’s what you feel when the air is still and you head off on a bike, or a skateboard. You build speed, and it doesn’t take long before there’s a wind on your face. This is called apparent wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8517\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/boats-and-bridge-243x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8517\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/boats-and-bridge-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Teams compete in a fleet race during the America's Cup World Series on October 6, 2012 in San Francisco, California. Teams are racing on an AC45 boat, which is the forerunner to the AC72 that teams will race next year in the Louis Vuitton Cup and America's Cup Finals in San Francisco. (Ezra Shaw/Getty Images)\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teams compete in a fleet race during the America’s Cup World Series on October 6, 2012 in San Francisco. Teams are racing on an AC45 boat, which is the forerunner to the AC72 that teams are racing this year in the America’s Cup Finals. (Ezra Shaw/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>True wind is what you feel when you’re standing still and the wind is blowing. The wind an object feels when it’s in motion is apparent wind. Sailboats utilize both true wind and apparent wind. One force pushes the sailboat, and the other force pulls, or drags it forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True wind always pushes a boat. If a boat sails absolutely perpendicular to true wind, so the sail is flat to the wind and being pushed from behind, then the boat can \u003cem>only\u003c/em> go as fast as the wind—no faster. That’s not because there’s no apparent wind; it’s because the apparent wind can’t help the boat when it’s hitting flat against a big sail. But when the boat travels at an angle to the true wind, the apparent wind suddenly generates a powerful force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The wind is doing two things,” said Margot Gerritsen, an engineering professor at Stanford. “It’s pushing, but there’s also a part of this wind that is dragging. That dragging is done with this force called lift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lift,” in the case of a sailboat, doesn’t mean “up” although it does in the case of an airplane. In fact, the physics that allow an airplane to fly are the same physics that allow a sailboat to travel faster than the wind. The difference is that airplanes lift up off the ground, and sailboats lift parallel to the ground— as if they’re flying sideways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can feel these two kinds of lift when you’re riding in a car (we suggest not performing science experiments when you’re the driver). Put your arm straight out the window, palm down to the ground like an airplane wing. Now tilt the palm of your hand very slightly up; your arm will rise with the force of lift. To feel what happens in a sailboat, put your arm out the window, bent 90 degrees at the elbow, with your palm facing you. Now angle your palm open to the wind very slightly; your arm will move away from you, as the force of lift pulls it sideways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lift is simply the name of the force that’s generated when apparent wind bends around the outside of the sail. Air traveling on the inside of the sail is moving slower than air traveling around the sail, which creates a pressure difference. That pressure difference generates lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8518\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/IMG_1484-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8518 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/IMG_1484-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"One of the the best viewing spots for the America's Cup is the jetty near Land's End. (Mike Osborne/KQED) \" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the the best viewing spots for the America’s Cup is the jetty near Land’s End. (Mike Osborne/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hoist you might feel under your feet when an airplane first takes off is not so different from the jostling sensations of push and drag that sailors feel maneuvering one of these catamarans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really experienced sailors can feel this,” said Gerritsen. “They feel the forces below. They can sense changes in the forces in the sail and know how to respond to it. But it’s very precarious at times, too, because you’re trying to balance this benefit of the wind in these two different ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AC72s also use lift when foiling, which is when the two hulls of the catamaran raise off the water and the boat is almost literally flying, with only the rudders and a board anchoring it to the bay. Foiling makes the boat even faster because the drag forces slowing the boat down are now mostly in the air instead of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s physics that explains how the America’s Cup boats can sail faster than the wind, it’s the skill of the sailors and the design of the boats that give Emirates Team New Zealand or Oracle Team USA the edge, as they race toward the finish of the 2013 America’s Cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>//www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW5jN5wErIc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire burning near Yosemite National Park has consumed about 400 square miles, leaving some serious damage in its wake. On Tuesday, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tuolumne.org/content/\">Tuolumne River Trust\u003c/a> released footage of the area, showing the terrain in 2008 and on-the-ground video taken last week. (The first two minutes of the video show the “before,” the second half shows the “after.”) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the short term, we’re looking at trees that have been burned down or fallen down, barren soils that are just primed for erosion when winter comes,” said Eric Wesselman of the Tuolumne River Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of federal scientists with \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/3726/\">Burned Area Emergency Response\u003c/a> (BAER) is currently surveying the burned zones to identify the worst erosion danger. Wesselman says on average, funding for BAER programs is about five percent of the overall fire cost. The Rim Fire recently topped $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rim-fire-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8478\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rim-fire-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Rim Fire-damaged area. (Photo: Mike McMillan - USFS)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rim Fire-damaged area. (Photo: Mike McMillan, USFS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is going to be tens of millions of dollars that we’re going to need for the recovery in the months and years ahead,” Wesselman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tuolumne River Trust is calling on California’s senators to help fund recovery of the charred forest, including stabilizing burned areas, planting vegetation and repairing trails and campgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a natural burn,” he said. “This is a catastrophic fire that was fueled by climate change, other man-made influences, as well as natural influences. What we really need is to ensure that we have good management of forests going forward. But before that, we’re going to have to repair the damage that this fire did.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A team of federal scientists is surveying areas burned by the Rim Fire to identify where the worst erosion danger is. An environmental group says restoration could cost tens of millions of dollars. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>//www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW5jN5wErIc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire burning near Yosemite National Park has consumed about 400 square miles, leaving some serious damage in its wake. On Tuesday, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tuolumne.org/content/\">Tuolumne River Trust\u003c/a> released footage of the area, showing the terrain in 2008 and on-the-ground video taken last week. (The first two minutes of the video show the “before,” the second half shows the “after.”) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the short term, we’re looking at trees that have been burned down or fallen down, barren soils that are just primed for erosion when winter comes,” said Eric Wesselman of the Tuolumne River Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of federal scientists with \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/3726/\">Burned Area Emergency Response\u003c/a> (BAER) is currently surveying the burned zones to identify the worst erosion danger. Wesselman says on average, funding for BAER programs is about five percent of the overall fire cost. The Rim Fire recently topped $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rim-fire-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8478\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rim-fire-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Rim Fire-damaged area. (Photo: Mike McMillan - USFS)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rim Fire-damaged area. (Photo: Mike McMillan, USFS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is going to be tens of millions of dollars that we’re going to need for the recovery in the months and years ahead,” Wesselman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tuolumne River Trust is calling on California’s senators to help fund recovery of the charred forest, including stabilizing burned areas, planting vegetation and repairing trails and campgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a natural burn,” he said. “This is a catastrophic fire that was fueled by climate change, other man-made influences, as well as natural influences. What we really need is to ensure that we have good management of forests going forward. But before that, we’re going to have to repair the damage that this fire did.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warming Climate Could Transform Bay Area Parks and Open Space",
"headTitle": "Warming Climate Could Transform Bay Area Parks and Open Space | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”ScienceAudioPlayer” mediaid=”8165″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>By the end of the century, the Bay Area’s landscape could look more like Southern California’s, raising tough questions for land managers trying to preserve the region’s protected lands. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/blueoak.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8203\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8203\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/blueoak.jpg\" alt=\"A dead blue oak tree at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve near San Jose. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"350\" height=\"328\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dead blue oak tree at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve near San Jose. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It may not be an official record, but by some accounts, more open space has been preserved in the San Francisco Bay Area than in any other major U.S. metropolitan area. More than a million acres are permanently protected from development – that’s almost one-third of the 4.5 million acres that make up the 10-county region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with temperatures on the rise, land managers and scientists are beginning to ask how the Bay Area’s landscape will withstand climate change. As plants and animals are forced to shift, some of the Bay Area’s iconic parks and vistas could look dramatically different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say signs of those changes may already be appearing in places such as the hills east of downtown San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a blue oak,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> ecologist Sasha Gennet, examining the small, dark leaves of a towering tree on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueoakranchreserve.org/BORR/Welcome.html\">Blue Oak Ranch Reserve\u003c/a>, part of the University of California Natural Reserve System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pulls the branch down to eye level. “You can tell because they’re a little bit bluish or grayish,” she says. “They’re probably the hardiest of the oak species in the California. These are the ones that you see in those hottest, driest places, hanging on through the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But even these have their limits,” she adds, “and we’re starting to see what those limits are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s another dead one that’s also pretty young,” says field researcher Corinne Morozumi, pointing to the dried-out trunk of dead blue oak. She and UC Berkeley researcher Blair McLaughlin recently catalogued blue oaks across 20 square miles in the area, looking for dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/openspaces/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8748\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/hdpublicplaces-mod.jpg\" alt=\"hdpublicplaces-mod\" width=\"200\" height=\"46\">\u003c/a>“The computer models tell us that there’s going to be climate stress here,” says Kirk Klausmeyer of the Nature Conservancy, looking across the hilltops. “We know that the climate has already changed somewhat in the Bay Area. We’ve already seen some warming trends. So we wanted to see if there are any early indications.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were surprising. Across the study area, there were three times more dead oak trees in drier, climate-stressed areas than were found in cooler, higher elevations. “We are seeing what our models are predicting,” says Morozumi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly what’s causing the trees to die is still unknown, though it doesn’t appear to be a disease like Sudden Oak Death. In the Bay Area’s dry Mediterranean climate, Gennet says, the oaks may already be living at their limit. “Some hot, hot summers,” she says. “Maybe a couple of stretches where they just can’t access water at all. It could just push them over the edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"science-wide\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/west/cgi-bin/projects/openspace-climate/index.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"960\" height=\"860\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Southern California Shift\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a hundred miles north, UC Berkeley ecologist David Ackerly walks across a wooded hillside, pulling small orange and yellow flags out of the ground. Each marks a young tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One Doug fir juvenile,” he calls out. “Oak seedling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ackerly and his field team are counting trees and gathering data inside a 60-by-60 foot research plot, one of 50 on the 3,000-acre \u003ca href=\"http://www.pepperwoodpreserve.org/\">Pepperwood Preserve\u003c/a> in Sonoma County. “If you want to see the forest of the future, you look at the small plants,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8205\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/ackerly.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8205\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/ackerly.jpg\" alt=\"UC Berkeley researcher David Ackerly measures a tree's diameter at the Pepperwood Preserve near Santa Rosa. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"332\" height=\"335\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley researcher David Ackerly measures a tree’s diameter at the Pepperwood Preserve near Santa Rosa. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The plots will become a baseline for studying climate change, as the study team returns in five and ten years to document changes in the plant community and water availability. Change is what Ackerly expects to see, in the form of warmer temperatures, heat waves and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/07/18/bay-area-landscape-likely-to-come-up-short-on-water/\">more intense drought\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the direction things are moving and what we can expect is that our climate will be more like climates in Southern California,” he says. “So in 30 or 40 years, it might be like San Luis Obispo and in 60 or 70 or 100 years, it may become like Los Angeles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could lead to an expansion of plants more commonly found in Southern California, like chaparral, the dense shrubs and bushes that thrive in drier conditions. Ackerly says under some climate scenarios in the Bay Area, there could be twice as much land with conditions that favor chaparral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what’s here today, “one way to think about it is we have plants living in the wrong place,” he says. “We have an oak tree that’s living here because of past conditions, but now it’s living under these future conditions that are very different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oak trees and other plants may need to move, either to higher elevations or closer to the coast where it’s cooler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But oaks don’t pick up and move to the coast,” Ackerly says. “These oaks are never going to move that we’re looking at today. Their seeds will be picked up by a jay or a squirrel and moved half a kilometer or maybe some jay flies over to the next hillside, occasionally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some oak trees, it could become an “acorn-by-acorn” race with climate change. Human management and fire also play a major role in how fast plants can move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest concern right now is not that things are changing,” Ackerly says. “It’s how fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have huge areas where a tree species might suddenly hit a drought it can’t survive,” he says. “Imagining large areas of the Bay Area with dead trees across the landscape – it’s not an image we’re used to, but it really can happen if conditions are changing very fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If chaparral shrublands expand, the Bay Area could also be facing a fire regime that’s closer to Southern California’s. “That’s a very different picture than what we’ve lived with,” Ackerly says. “We haven’t settled this landscape under the idea that we would have wildfires of that frequency or magnitude.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Change on the Ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For land agencies, applying global climate change projections on a local level is no simple task. Parks and open spaces are often managed to maintain the historical landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until now, our management objectives have been to keep the preserve essentially the same: have the same amount of grassland, the same amount of woodland,” says Lisa Micheli, executive director of the Pepperwood Preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The really big take-home message for managers is that history can no longer be the basis for long-term planning,” she says. “We may need to let the systems adjust to the climate as it’s changing and stay out of the way. There may also be some places where we need to help native trees adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning for climate change may also require taking a longer view. “When do land managers start that process?” says Ryan Branciforte of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacecouncil.org/\">Bay Area Open Space Council\u003c/a>. “Their horizon for planning for land management may be days, weeks, months, maybe years, but it’s surely not 50 and 100 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Open Space Council is working with the scientific community to develop localized climate change planning information for Bay Area land agencies, something many are eager to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The changes are going to happen,” says Mike Anderson, Assistant General Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a>, which manages 113,000 acres in Alameda and Contra Costa counties. “We can’t change that. It’s a matter of giving things room to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says the park district is planning for sea level rise at their shoreline parks with wetland restoration, currently underway at Breuner Marsh in Richmond, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/pt_pinole\">Point Pinole Regional Shoreline\u003c/a>. Wetlands act as natural buffers against rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise is easier to see,” he says. “Inland changes will be much more subtle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/west/cgi-bin/projects/openspace-bayarea/index.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"960\" height=\"800\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Look at Conservation Goals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With dynamic changes on the horizon, the Bay Area’s conservation community is grappling with a tough question: are today’s open spaces the places that should be protected tomorrow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The conservation work that has been done in the Bay Area is actually really effective at protecting a very wide range of habitat types,” says Sasha Gennet of the Nature Conservancy. “So good conservation is going to stand the test of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preserving what’s on the ground today will depend on connecting up the Bay Area’s existing open spaces with corridors, Gennet says. “As things need to move, they can get across. They can get through wildlife corridors or have permeable lands to move through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nature Conservancy recently purchased a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/about-us/private-lands-conservation/conservation-buyer/properties/gonzalez-farm.xml\">100-acre property\u003c/a> in Santa Clara County with climate change in mind. They plan to restore habitat on the Upper Pajaro River, potentially improving the corridor between the Santa Cruz Mountains and open spaces near San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Bay Area’s growing population, connecting the region’s entire open space network may not be possible. Gennet says it’s not just about buying land. “It’s a range of options,” she says. “Some of it is keeping private rangelands open. Some of it means working on riparian corridors that animals can move through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, adapting to climate change could mean doing more of they do already, says Kirk Klausmeyer. “Good conservation helps plants and animals persist in the face of threats, whether it’s invasive species or disease or a really dry year,” he says. “Planning for climate change is just doing good conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It does lend more urgency to the work, says Branciforte of the Bay Area Open Space Council. “If we don’t connect these final pieces and build out the rest of the network, then we run the risk of losing the things that we originally intended on protecting.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”ScienceAudioPlayer” mediaid=”8165″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>By the end of the century, the Bay Area’s landscape could look more like Southern California’s, raising tough questions for land managers trying to preserve the region’s protected lands. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/blueoak.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8203\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8203\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/blueoak.jpg\" alt=\"A dead blue oak tree at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve near San Jose. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"350\" height=\"328\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dead blue oak tree at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve near San Jose. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It may not be an official record, but by some accounts, more open space has been preserved in the San Francisco Bay Area than in any other major U.S. metropolitan area. More than a million acres are permanently protected from development – that’s almost one-third of the 4.5 million acres that make up the 10-county region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with temperatures on the rise, land managers and scientists are beginning to ask how the Bay Area’s landscape will withstand climate change. As plants and animals are forced to shift, some of the Bay Area’s iconic parks and vistas could look dramatically different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say signs of those changes may already be appearing in places such as the hills east of downtown San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a blue oak,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> ecologist Sasha Gennet, examining the small, dark leaves of a towering tree on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueoakranchreserve.org/BORR/Welcome.html\">Blue Oak Ranch Reserve\u003c/a>, part of the University of California Natural Reserve System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pulls the branch down to eye level. “You can tell because they’re a little bit bluish or grayish,” she says. “They’re probably the hardiest of the oak species in the California. These are the ones that you see in those hottest, driest places, hanging on through the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But even these have their limits,” she adds, “and we’re starting to see what those limits are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s another dead one that’s also pretty young,” says field researcher Corinne Morozumi, pointing to the dried-out trunk of dead blue oak. She and UC Berkeley researcher Blair McLaughlin recently catalogued blue oaks across 20 square miles in the area, looking for dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/openspaces/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8748\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/hdpublicplaces-mod.jpg\" alt=\"hdpublicplaces-mod\" width=\"200\" height=\"46\">\u003c/a>“The computer models tell us that there’s going to be climate stress here,” says Kirk Klausmeyer of the Nature Conservancy, looking across the hilltops. “We know that the climate has already changed somewhat in the Bay Area. We’ve already seen some warming trends. So we wanted to see if there are any early indications.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were surprising. Across the study area, there were three times more dead oak trees in drier, climate-stressed areas than were found in cooler, higher elevations. “We are seeing what our models are predicting,” says Morozumi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly what’s causing the trees to die is still unknown, though it doesn’t appear to be a disease like Sudden Oak Death. In the Bay Area’s dry Mediterranean climate, Gennet says, the oaks may already be living at their limit. “Some hot, hot summers,” she says. “Maybe a couple of stretches where they just can’t access water at all. It could just push them over the edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"science-wide\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/west/cgi-bin/projects/openspace-climate/index.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"960\" height=\"860\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Southern California Shift\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a hundred miles north, UC Berkeley ecologist David Ackerly walks across a wooded hillside, pulling small orange and yellow flags out of the ground. Each marks a young tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One Doug fir juvenile,” he calls out. “Oak seedling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ackerly and his field team are counting trees and gathering data inside a 60-by-60 foot research plot, one of 50 on the 3,000-acre \u003ca href=\"http://www.pepperwoodpreserve.org/\">Pepperwood Preserve\u003c/a> in Sonoma County. “If you want to see the forest of the future, you look at the small plants,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8205\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/ackerly.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8205\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/ackerly.jpg\" alt=\"UC Berkeley researcher David Ackerly measures a tree's diameter at the Pepperwood Preserve near Santa Rosa. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"332\" height=\"335\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley researcher David Ackerly measures a tree’s diameter at the Pepperwood Preserve near Santa Rosa. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The plots will become a baseline for studying climate change, as the study team returns in five and ten years to document changes in the plant community and water availability. Change is what Ackerly expects to see, in the form of warmer temperatures, heat waves and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/07/18/bay-area-landscape-likely-to-come-up-short-on-water/\">more intense drought\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the direction things are moving and what we can expect is that our climate will be more like climates in Southern California,” he says. “So in 30 or 40 years, it might be like San Luis Obispo and in 60 or 70 or 100 years, it may become like Los Angeles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could lead to an expansion of plants more commonly found in Southern California, like chaparral, the dense shrubs and bushes that thrive in drier conditions. Ackerly says under some climate scenarios in the Bay Area, there could be twice as much land with conditions that favor chaparral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what’s here today, “one way to think about it is we have plants living in the wrong place,” he says. “We have an oak tree that’s living here because of past conditions, but now it’s living under these future conditions that are very different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oak trees and other plants may need to move, either to higher elevations or closer to the coast where it’s cooler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But oaks don’t pick up and move to the coast,” Ackerly says. “These oaks are never going to move that we’re looking at today. Their seeds will be picked up by a jay or a squirrel and moved half a kilometer or maybe some jay flies over to the next hillside, occasionally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some oak trees, it could become an “acorn-by-acorn” race with climate change. Human management and fire also play a major role in how fast plants can move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest concern right now is not that things are changing,” Ackerly says. “It’s how fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have huge areas where a tree species might suddenly hit a drought it can’t survive,” he says. “Imagining large areas of the Bay Area with dead trees across the landscape – it’s not an image we’re used to, but it really can happen if conditions are changing very fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If chaparral shrublands expand, the Bay Area could also be facing a fire regime that’s closer to Southern California’s. “That’s a very different picture than what we’ve lived with,” Ackerly says. “We haven’t settled this landscape under the idea that we would have wildfires of that frequency or magnitude.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Change on the Ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For land agencies, applying global climate change projections on a local level is no simple task. Parks and open spaces are often managed to maintain the historical landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until now, our management objectives have been to keep the preserve essentially the same: have the same amount of grassland, the same amount of woodland,” says Lisa Micheli, executive director of the Pepperwood Preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The really big take-home message for managers is that history can no longer be the basis for long-term planning,” she says. “We may need to let the systems adjust to the climate as it’s changing and stay out of the way. There may also be some places where we need to help native trees adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning for climate change may also require taking a longer view. “When do land managers start that process?” says Ryan Branciforte of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacecouncil.org/\">Bay Area Open Space Council\u003c/a>. “Their horizon for planning for land management may be days, weeks, months, maybe years, but it’s surely not 50 and 100 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Open Space Council is working with the scientific community to develop localized climate change planning information for Bay Area land agencies, something many are eager to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The changes are going to happen,” says Mike Anderson, Assistant General Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a>, which manages 113,000 acres in Alameda and Contra Costa counties. “We can’t change that. It’s a matter of giving things room to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says the park district is planning for sea level rise at their shoreline parks with wetland restoration, currently underway at Breuner Marsh in Richmond, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/pt_pinole\">Point Pinole Regional Shoreline\u003c/a>. Wetlands act as natural buffers against rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise is easier to see,” he says. “Inland changes will be much more subtle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/west/cgi-bin/projects/openspace-bayarea/index.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"960\" height=\"800\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Look at Conservation Goals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With dynamic changes on the horizon, the Bay Area’s conservation community is grappling with a tough question: are today’s open spaces the places that should be protected tomorrow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The conservation work that has been done in the Bay Area is actually really effective at protecting a very wide range of habitat types,” says Sasha Gennet of the Nature Conservancy. “So good conservation is going to stand the test of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preserving what’s on the ground today will depend on connecting up the Bay Area’s existing open spaces with corridors, Gennet says. “As things need to move, they can get across. They can get through wildlife corridors or have permeable lands to move through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nature Conservancy recently purchased a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/about-us/private-lands-conservation/conservation-buyer/properties/gonzalez-farm.xml\">100-acre property\u003c/a> in Santa Clara County with climate change in mind. They plan to restore habitat on the Upper Pajaro River, potentially improving the corridor between the Santa Cruz Mountains and open spaces near San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Bay Area’s growing population, connecting the region’s entire open space network may not be possible. Gennet says it’s not just about buying land. “It’s a range of options,” she says. “Some of it is keeping private rangelands open. Some of it means working on riparian corridors that animals can move through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, adapting to climate change could mean doing more of they do already, says Kirk Klausmeyer. “Good conservation helps plants and animals persist in the face of threats, whether it’s invasive species or disease or a really dry year,” he says. “Planning for climate change is just doing good conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It does lend more urgency to the work, says Branciforte of the Bay Area Open Space Council. “If we don’t connect these final pieces and build out the rest of the network, then we run the risk of losing the things that we originally intended on protecting.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Wednesday, students at Stanford University showed off their vision for the home of the future. The one-bedroom, one-bath cottage is their entry in the Department of Energy’s biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\">Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>, in which students from around the world compete to design the most affordable green dwelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why we love doing this is it’s not just a homework assignment or a grade at the end,” said Stanford student Derek Ouyang, team leader for the \u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.stanford.edu/\">project\u003c/a>. “It’s a real project with real problems and a real end result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8004\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Derek-Ouyang-project-leader-e1378340842137.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Derek-Ouyang-project-leader-e1378340842137.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford student Derek Ouyang gets ready to lead a tour of his team's solar house. (Joshua Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8004\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford student Derek Ouyang gets ready to lead a tour of his team’s solar house. (Joshua Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The so-called “net-zero” home supplies all its own energy from rooftop solar, recycles water from sinks and showers and helps reduce smog with a paint that breaks down nitrous oxide in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team’s main innovation is what they call the “core.” It contains all the utilities and plumbing for the house in a large central box. The house can be built around it. Ouyang said it allows a house to grow with its residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A home is something that is important to anybody, and most people want to be energy efficient but they don’t really know how to,” said Ouyang. “So that’s a big part of why the core really enters that market. Because it gives people an easy way to design and build an energy efficient home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this month, the house will be dismantled and shipped to Southern California for the week-long competition. \u003ca href=\"http://scuradianthouse.org/\">Santa Clara University\u003c/a> is also fielding an entry.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Wednesday, students at Stanford University showed off their vision for the home of the future. The one-bedroom, one-bath cottage is their entry in the Department of Energy’s biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\">Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>, in which students from around the world compete to design the most affordable green dwelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why we love doing this is it’s not just a homework assignment or a grade at the end,” said Stanford student Derek Ouyang, team leader for the \u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.stanford.edu/\">project\u003c/a>. “It’s a real project with real problems and a real end result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8004\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Derek-Ouyang-project-leader-e1378340842137.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Derek-Ouyang-project-leader-e1378340842137.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford student Derek Ouyang gets ready to lead a tour of his team's solar house. (Joshua Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8004\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford student Derek Ouyang gets ready to lead a tour of his team’s solar house. (Joshua Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The so-called “net-zero” home supplies all its own energy from rooftop solar, recycles water from sinks and showers and helps reduce smog with a paint that breaks down nitrous oxide in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team’s main innovation is what they call the “core.” It contains all the utilities and plumbing for the house in a large central box. The house can be built around it. Ouyang said it allows a house to grow with its residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A home is something that is important to anybody, and most people want to be energy efficient but they don’t really know how to,” said Ouyang. “So that’s a big part of why the core really enters that market. Because it gives people an easy way to design and build an energy efficient home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Appeals Court Rules Against Drakes Bay Oyster Company",
"headTitle": "Appeals Court Rules Against Drakes Bay Oyster Company | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7906\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/3015scr_f6b619e49520792-e1378238806509.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7906\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/3015scr_f6b619e49520792-e1378238806509.jpg\" alt=\"Justin Sullivan/Getty Images\" width=\"384\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Drakes Bay Oyster Company is located in Drakes Estero within the Point Reyes National Seashore. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Options have about run out for the embattled \u003ca href=\"http://www.drakesbayoyster.com/\">Drakes Bay Oyster Company\u003c/a>. A new court order may be the final blow for the oyster farm, located within the \u003ca title=\"NPS - Pt. Reyes\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\">Point Reyes National Seashore.\u003c/a> The aquaculture operation had appealed a decision by the Department of the Interior to allow its lease to lapse. Owner Kevin Lunny had hoped the farm would be allowed to remain open while things were sorted out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/165191199/13-15227-Drakes-Bay-Opinion\">two-to-one decision handed down Tuesday\u003c/a> (embedded below), the 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals backed up a district court’s ruling not to grant a preliminary injunction — in other words, the farm can’t stay open while it awaits the outcome of its appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this is followed through without challenge, it could allow the Park Service to step in and force us to kill 19 million oysters,” said Lunny. “Put them in a landfill, and send 30 families down the road with no jobs and demolish their homes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/ci_24004549/9th-u-s-circuit-court-appeals-rules-against\">Marin Independent Journal\u003c/a> offers some background on the battle:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The closure order came on Nov. 29 of last year, when Salazar announced he would allow a 40-year lease — originally negotiated with the Johnson Oyster Co. in 1972 and taken on by Drakes Bay — to expire. In 1972, the federal government bought the land from Johnson for $79,200 and provided the lease. Lunny took over the lease in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salazar wrote in his decision that Lunny was explicitly informed “no new permit will be issued” after the 2012 expiration date.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The court found that the farm was not likely to prove that then-Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar violated the law when he decided not to allow the farm to renew its lease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its decision, the court quickly gets to the heart of the conflict: “This appeal, which pits an oyster farm, oyster lovers and well-known ‘foodies’ against environmentalists aligned with the federal government, has generated considerable attention in the San Francisco Bay area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are hailing this decision as a victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a really big deal,” said Amy Trainer, executive director of the Environmental Action Committee of West Marin. “It’s the third time that the oyster company has definitively been told no, and we believe that it’s time to move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunny said he’s consulting with lawyers to figure out possible next steps. But his only remaining hope would most likely be a reversal by the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/165191199/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=false\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new court order may be the final blow for the Drakes Bay Oyster Company, located within the Point Reyes National Seashore. The oyster farm will not be allowed to continue operating while it awaits an appeal to the decision not to renew its lease.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7906\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/3015scr_f6b619e49520792-e1378238806509.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7906\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/3015scr_f6b619e49520792-e1378238806509.jpg\" alt=\"Justin Sullivan/Getty Images\" width=\"384\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Drakes Bay Oyster Company is located in Drakes Estero within the Point Reyes National Seashore. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Options have about run out for the embattled \u003ca href=\"http://www.drakesbayoyster.com/\">Drakes Bay Oyster Company\u003c/a>. A new court order may be the final blow for the oyster farm, located within the \u003ca title=\"NPS - Pt. Reyes\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\">Point Reyes National Seashore.\u003c/a> The aquaculture operation had appealed a decision by the Department of the Interior to allow its lease to lapse. Owner Kevin Lunny had hoped the farm would be allowed to remain open while things were sorted out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/165191199/13-15227-Drakes-Bay-Opinion\">two-to-one decision handed down Tuesday\u003c/a> (embedded below), the 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals backed up a district court’s ruling not to grant a preliminary injunction — in other words, the farm can’t stay open while it awaits the outcome of its appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this is followed through without challenge, it could allow the Park Service to step in and force us to kill 19 million oysters,” said Lunny. “Put them in a landfill, and send 30 families down the road with no jobs and demolish their homes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/ci_24004549/9th-u-s-circuit-court-appeals-rules-against\">Marin Independent Journal\u003c/a> offers some background on the battle:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The closure order came on Nov. 29 of last year, when Salazar announced he would allow a 40-year lease — originally negotiated with the Johnson Oyster Co. in 1972 and taken on by Drakes Bay — to expire. In 1972, the federal government bought the land from Johnson for $79,200 and provided the lease. Lunny took over the lease in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salazar wrote in his decision that Lunny was explicitly informed “no new permit will be issued” after the 2012 expiration date.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The court found that the farm was not likely to prove that then-Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar violated the law when he decided not to allow the farm to renew its lease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its decision, the court quickly gets to the heart of the conflict: “This appeal, which pits an oyster farm, oyster lovers and well-known ‘foodies’ against environmentalists aligned with the federal government, has generated considerable attention in the San Francisco Bay area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are hailing this decision as a victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a really big deal,” said Amy Trainer, executive director of the Environmental Action Committee of West Marin. “It’s the third time that the oyster company has definitively been told no, and we believe that it’s time to move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunny said he’s consulting with lawyers to figure out possible next steps. But his only remaining hope would most likely be a reversal by the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/165191199/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=false\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New NASA Moon Mission Aims to Solve a 40-Year-Old Mystery",
"headTitle": "New NASA Moon Mission Aims to Solve a 40-Year-Old Mystery | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7775\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 946px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/acd13-0101-008.SCALE-3.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/acd13-0101-008.SCALE-3.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's conception of NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft in orbit above the moon as dust scatters light during the lunar sunset. Image credit: NASA Ames / Dana Berry\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s conception of NASA’s Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft in orbit above the moon as dust scatters light during the lunar sunset. Click to enlarge. Image credit: NASA Ames / Dana Berry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A car-sized robotic spacecraft called LADEE, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/index.html\">Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer\u003c/a>, leaves on a mission to the moon as early as Friday, September 6. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE will orbit the moon for about three months – picking up and analyzing samples from the lunar atmosphere and beaming data back to Earth – before self-destructing in an intentional crash landing on the lunar surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $280 million LADEE mission was commissioned by NASA Ames Research Center, in Mountain View, to answer a 41-year old mystery, one that was sketched out in December of 1972 from inside the command module of Apollo 17 as it orbited the dark side of the moon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/people/profile.cfm?Code=DeloryG\">Greg Delory\u003c/a>, deputy project scientist on LADEE mission, came in to KQED recently to tell the story, and what his team hopes to learn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED Science: Tell us about Apollo 17 Commander Eugene Cernan, “the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genecernan.com/\">last man on the moon\u003c/a>,” and that first glimpse of the mysterious lunar “streamers.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DELORY: Imagine you’re an Apollo astronaut, riding in the Apollo command module as it orbits around the moon. You’re looking out the window, trying to take it all in, looking at the dark side of the moon. It’s very dark. You’ve got starlight against the blackest sky you can imagine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cernan saw a faint glow on the lunar horizon. That was expected. There’s a phenomenon called “zodiacal light,” which is basically sunlight and starlight scattered by dust that we know about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then something happened that no one expected. On top of this zodiacal light, Cernan saw these bands of light. They looked like streamers coming up form the lunar horizon. I would compare it to aurora borealis. This was not consistent with anything we know about the moon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And he pulled out his sketchpad and drew a picture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1672px\">\u003ca href=\"http://d1lhirsz7m8sbi.cloudfront.net/science/wp-content/blogs.dir/48/files/2013/08/455851main_Cernan_sketch_CROP2-e1377887358375.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://d1lhirsz7m8sbi.cloudfront.net/science/wp-content/blogs.dir/48/files/2013/08/455851main_Cernan_sketch_CROP2-e1377887358375.jpg\" alt=\"Eugene Cernan's 1972 sketch, showing the mysterious "streamers" (in green) on the lunar surface. Credit: NASA\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two images of Eugene Cernan’s 1972 sketch – the version on the right has been annotated to highlight the the mysterious “streamers” (in green) on the lunar surface. Credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Click image to enlarge)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We owe him a big debt of gratitude because he did sit down and actually sketch this out, and describe it for us. It’s a little strange when we put together a science program based on an eyewitness account. But it’s part of the evidence we have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the best explanation we have for it is a population of dust particles between 5-10 millionths of a meter in diameter, levitating off the surface by a few feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I’m picturing the dust you see floating in your house, if you look under a lamp…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be an apt analogy. It could be electrostatic. The surface of the moon gets charged up in space because of sunlight and because of charged particles that impact the surface. So that could cause dust to levitate, to get repelled. So it may be not all that different from a situation where you’ve got a carpet that people have been walking over and it’s all charged up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is lunar dust like Earth dust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunar dust is not like anything we on Earth have much experience with. It’s like little shards of glass. It’s actually pretty nasty stuff and you wouldn’t want to breathe it. It exists in this airless environment with no wind, no erosion, no water. So when it breaks off it’s sharp and angular and jagged, whereas Earth dust is smooth and rounded. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which could be a problem for potential future missions to the moon, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Now may be out last chance to characterize the pristine lunar environment. You can almost think of it like a fragile, future national park before all the tourists arrive.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yes, we worry about the toxicity of lunar dust, about it’s interaction with robotic systems and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronauts testified that there was a gunpowder smell when they brought their spacesuits inside, so that brings up the possibility that there could be a chemical reaction when the dust hits the spacesuit. There’s a lot we need to learn about lunar dust. It’s big on the agenda in terms of safety and reliability. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBut it’s been a long time since humans went to the moon. The manned moon program ended with Apollo in 1972. Do you see people – rather than just robots – returning to the lunar surface anytime soon? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a matter of when. We go through cycles. I’d say we’ve just gone through our second renaissance in understanding the moon. You’ve got the lunar reconnaissance orbiter; you had \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon/\">LCROSS\u003c/a> impact, showing there’s was water in the poles. You’ve got LADEE coming up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7779\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 213px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Apollo_11_first_step-213x162.jpg\" alt=\"Neil Armstrong (1930–2012), commander of NASA's Apollo 11 mission, descends the ladder of the Apollo Lunar Module to become the first human to step foot on the surface of the Moon. \" width=\"213\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-large wp-image-7779\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neil Armstrong (1930–2012), commander of NASA’s Apollo 11 mission, descends the ladder of the Apollo Lunar Module to become the first human to step foot on the surface of the Moon.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/china-gets-set-launch-its-first-moon-lander-years-end-8C11028642\">The Chinese recently announced that they’re going to put a lander down somewhere on the moon\u003c/a>. We’re learning the details as we speak. They’re doing that in December, during the LADEE mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So LADEE will be there at the same time as the Chinese spacecraft. Is that going to be a problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, [the Chinese mission] is going to perturb the lunar environment and we’re going to see the effects almost immediately. But it’s not a negative thing. With LADEE, we can look at the environment’s response to the [Chinese spacecraft’s] landing, and it’s almost like a scientific experiment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now’s a great time to do LADEE because it may be out last chance to characterize the pristine lunar environment. You can almost think of it like a fragile, future national park before all the tourists arrive. So we’ll have at least a few months to do that before other landers start coming along, including the Chinese lander. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LADEE is also a test run for a new way of getting data back to Earth, right? Tell us about that. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know if If you remember using a dial-up modem, ever? how excited were you when you got DSL, or cable internet. That’s what this new laser system feels like for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the communications system is based on radio. This is relatively long wavelength electromagnetic waves which carry information back from the moon at dial up modem speeds. So we’re constrained to this tight spigot. Meanwhile, instruments are getting capable. We want to send back high-definition images; we want to send back video, from the moon and from Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/acd13-0101-014crop1.jpg\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7796\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/acd13-0101-014crop1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/acd13-0101-014crop1.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's concept of NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft seen orbiting near the surface of the moon. Image credit: NASA Ames / Dana Berry\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s concept of NASA’s Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft seen orbiting near the surface of the moon. Click to enlarge. Image credit: NASA Ames / Dana Berry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A laser system uses laser light to encode the information. It’s the same rationale for why cable companies want to go to fiber optics. So how to do that from space? Well, you can’t string a cable. So you have to bring a ray gun, literally. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s just a demonstration. You don’t want to couple your mission success with the technical risk that the laser system could fail. The laser demonstration will send a test pattern to demonstrate that it works. And put it on the road to interplanetary use.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nNASA Ames is hosting a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/events/ladee-science-night/\">science night\u003c/a> from 5 to 9 p.m. PDT Friday, Sept. 6, on Shenandoah Plaza in the NASA Research Park at Moffett Field, Calif. Exhibits will be on display and Ames scientists and engineers will be available to speak about LADEE and other NASA programs and projects.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In 1972, an Apollo 17 astronaut glimpsed a strange phenomenon of streaming light from the window of the command module as it orbited the dark side of the moon. Now, a new NASA mission aims to discover what caused that phenomenon, and whether it could be a hazard for future lunar landings. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7775\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 946px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/acd13-0101-008.SCALE-3.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/acd13-0101-008.SCALE-3.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's conception of NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft in orbit above the moon as dust scatters light during the lunar sunset. Image credit: NASA Ames / Dana Berry\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s conception of NASA’s Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft in orbit above the moon as dust scatters light during the lunar sunset. Click to enlarge. Image credit: NASA Ames / Dana Berry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A car-sized robotic spacecraft called LADEE, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/index.html\">Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer\u003c/a>, leaves on a mission to the moon as early as Friday, September 6. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE will orbit the moon for about three months – picking up and analyzing samples from the lunar atmosphere and beaming data back to Earth – before self-destructing in an intentional crash landing on the lunar surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $280 million LADEE mission was commissioned by NASA Ames Research Center, in Mountain View, to answer a 41-year old mystery, one that was sketched out in December of 1972 from inside the command module of Apollo 17 as it orbited the dark side of the moon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/people/profile.cfm?Code=DeloryG\">Greg Delory\u003c/a>, deputy project scientist on LADEE mission, came in to KQED recently to tell the story, and what his team hopes to learn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED Science: Tell us about Apollo 17 Commander Eugene Cernan, “the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genecernan.com/\">last man on the moon\u003c/a>,” and that first glimpse of the mysterious lunar “streamers.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DELORY: Imagine you’re an Apollo astronaut, riding in the Apollo command module as it orbits around the moon. You’re looking out the window, trying to take it all in, looking at the dark side of the moon. It’s very dark. You’ve got starlight against the blackest sky you can imagine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cernan saw a faint glow on the lunar horizon. That was expected. There’s a phenomenon called “zodiacal light,” which is basically sunlight and starlight scattered by dust that we know about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then something happened that no one expected. On top of this zodiacal light, Cernan saw these bands of light. They looked like streamers coming up form the lunar horizon. I would compare it to aurora borealis. This was not consistent with anything we know about the moon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And he pulled out his sketchpad and drew a picture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1672px\">\u003ca href=\"http://d1lhirsz7m8sbi.cloudfront.net/science/wp-content/blogs.dir/48/files/2013/08/455851main_Cernan_sketch_CROP2-e1377887358375.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://d1lhirsz7m8sbi.cloudfront.net/science/wp-content/blogs.dir/48/files/2013/08/455851main_Cernan_sketch_CROP2-e1377887358375.jpg\" alt=\"Eugene Cernan's 1972 sketch, showing the mysterious "streamers" (in green) on the lunar surface. Credit: NASA\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two images of Eugene Cernan’s 1972 sketch – the version on the right has been annotated to highlight the the mysterious “streamers” (in green) on the lunar surface. Credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Click image to enlarge)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We owe him a big debt of gratitude because he did sit down and actually sketch this out, and describe it for us. It’s a little strange when we put together a science program based on an eyewitness account. But it’s part of the evidence we have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the best explanation we have for it is a population of dust particles between 5-10 millionths of a meter in diameter, levitating off the surface by a few feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I’m picturing the dust you see floating in your house, if you look under a lamp…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be an apt analogy. It could be electrostatic. The surface of the moon gets charged up in space because of sunlight and because of charged particles that impact the surface. So that could cause dust to levitate, to get repelled. So it may be not all that different from a situation where you’ve got a carpet that people have been walking over and it’s all charged up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is lunar dust like Earth dust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunar dust is not like anything we on Earth have much experience with. It’s like little shards of glass. It’s actually pretty nasty stuff and you wouldn’t want to breathe it. It exists in this airless environment with no wind, no erosion, no water. So when it breaks off it’s sharp and angular and jagged, whereas Earth dust is smooth and rounded. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which could be a problem for potential future missions to the moon, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Now may be out last chance to characterize the pristine lunar environment. You can almost think of it like a fragile, future national park before all the tourists arrive.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yes, we worry about the toxicity of lunar dust, about it’s interaction with robotic systems and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronauts testified that there was a gunpowder smell when they brought their spacesuits inside, so that brings up the possibility that there could be a chemical reaction when the dust hits the spacesuit. There’s a lot we need to learn about lunar dust. It’s big on the agenda in terms of safety and reliability. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBut it’s been a long time since humans went to the moon. The manned moon program ended with Apollo in 1972. Do you see people – rather than just robots – returning to the lunar surface anytime soon? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a matter of when. We go through cycles. I’d say we’ve just gone through our second renaissance in understanding the moon. You’ve got the lunar reconnaissance orbiter; you had \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon/\">LCROSS\u003c/a> impact, showing there’s was water in the poles. You’ve got LADEE coming up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7779\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 213px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Apollo_11_first_step-213x162.jpg\" alt=\"Neil Armstrong (1930–2012), commander of NASA's Apollo 11 mission, descends the ladder of the Apollo Lunar Module to become the first human to step foot on the surface of the Moon. \" width=\"213\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-large wp-image-7779\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neil Armstrong (1930–2012), commander of NASA’s Apollo 11 mission, descends the ladder of the Apollo Lunar Module to become the first human to step foot on the surface of the Moon.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/china-gets-set-launch-its-first-moon-lander-years-end-8C11028642\">The Chinese recently announced that they’re going to put a lander down somewhere on the moon\u003c/a>. We’re learning the details as we speak. They’re doing that in December, during the LADEE mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So LADEE will be there at the same time as the Chinese spacecraft. Is that going to be a problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, [the Chinese mission] is going to perturb the lunar environment and we’re going to see the effects almost immediately. But it’s not a negative thing. With LADEE, we can look at the environment’s response to the [Chinese spacecraft’s] landing, and it’s almost like a scientific experiment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now’s a great time to do LADEE because it may be out last chance to characterize the pristine lunar environment. You can almost think of it like a fragile, future national park before all the tourists arrive. So we’ll have at least a few months to do that before other landers start coming along, including the Chinese lander. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LADEE is also a test run for a new way of getting data back to Earth, right? Tell us about that. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know if If you remember using a dial-up modem, ever? how excited were you when you got DSL, or cable internet. That’s what this new laser system feels like for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the communications system is based on radio. This is relatively long wavelength electromagnetic waves which carry information back from the moon at dial up modem speeds. So we’re constrained to this tight spigot. Meanwhile, instruments are getting capable. We want to send back high-definition images; we want to send back video, from the moon and from Mars. \u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7796\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/acd13-0101-014crop1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/acd13-0101-014crop1.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's concept of NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft seen orbiting near the surface of the moon. Image credit: NASA Ames / Dana Berry\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s concept of NASA’s Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft seen orbiting near the surface of the moon. Click to enlarge. Image credit: NASA Ames / Dana Berry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A laser system uses laser light to encode the information. It’s the same rationale for why cable companies want to go to fiber optics. So how to do that from space? Well, you can’t string a cable. So you have to bring a ray gun, literally. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s just a demonstration. You don’t want to couple your mission success with the technical risk that the laser system could fail. The laser demonstration will send a test pattern to demonstrate that it works. And put it on the road to interplanetary use.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nNASA Ames is hosting a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/events/ladee-science-night/\">science night\u003c/a> from 5 to 9 p.m. PDT Friday, Sept. 6, on Shenandoah Plaza in the NASA Research Park at Moffett Field, Calif. Exhibits will be on display and Ames scientists and engineers will be available to speak about LADEE and other NASA programs and projects.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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