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"content": "\u003cp>Rising sea levels are likely to virtually wipe out San Francisco Bay’s remaining wetlands by the end of the century — and \u003ca title=\"USGS - release\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/san-francisco-bay-could-lose-marshes-to-sea-level-rise-by-2100-2/\">new research\u003c/a> suggests some could be gone much sooner than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/USGS_100_1031.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3557\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3557\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/USGS_100_1031.jpeg\" alt=\"A USGS researcher takes precise elevation measurements of a marsh on San Francisco Bay. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"634\" height=\"350\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A USGS researcher takes precise elevation measurements of a marsh on San Francisco Bay. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using the most precise land measurements and plant data yet assembled, scientists at the US Geological Survey now expect that some of the Bay’s major marshlands, like Marin County’s Corte Madera Marsh, will be gone in 40 years. And by the end of this century, “Well, our results show that none of them are left,” says ecologist Karen Thorne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne is a research ecologist with the USGS \u003ca title=\"USGS - WERC\" href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/\">Western Ecological Research Center\u003c/a> in Sacramento. Her team did \u003ca title=\"USGS - Bay wetlands study\" href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/ProjectSubWebPage.aspx?SubWebPageID=3&ProjectID=238\">extensive ground and air surveys of 12 wetland areas\u003c/a> around the Bay, including GPS readings with equipment that is accurate down to about an inch of elevation. They fed their data into a newly-developed model and concluded that 95% of the Bay’s wetlands are likely to be awash in rising seas by 2100. The advance of rising seas, driven by global warming, will vary up and down the West Coast. Here in the Bay Area, scientists expect water levels to rise 3-to-4 feet by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3565\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_0479.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3565\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3565\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_0479.jpg\" alt=\"Most of San Francisco Bay's tidal marshes are hemmed in by urban development, making it hard for plants and animals to migrate upslope as seas rise. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of San Francisco Bay’s tidal marshes are hemmed in by urban development, making it hard for plants and animals to migrate upslope as seas rise. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thorne says two things surprised her most about the findings: first, how widely variable the advance will be at various places around the Bay, and second, how little awareness there was among local planners, of how the impacts were likely to play out. Thorne says that according to her model, wetlands toward the south end of San Francisco Bay could withstand the advancing seas to 2080 or beyond, whereas areas around San Pablo Bay (the north end), look to be drowned by 2060 or thereabout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne says the results, which are based on a representative sampling of 12% of the Bay’s wetlands, provide cues for urban planners. The marshes not only provide habitat for endangered species, but “they also provide flood protection for our cities,” she says. “Most of the Bay is urban and those wetlands are your only protection between you and the water.” The inundation of Corte Madera Marsh, for example, would have implications for major retail centers and Highway 101, which back up to it. Major airports, freeways and other infrastructure around the Bay area also at risk, though perhaps not as soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdXu_cPdzfM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne says the current extensive efforts to restore wetlands around the Bay will buy time for land and urban managers to prepare — but won’t prevent the upward march of advancing seas. She suggests that while existing wetlands at the north end of the Bay are likely to go sooner, they may provide the best opportunity to save some by allowing them to move. “In the [distant] past as sea level rose, our wetlands would move upslope, to higher elevations, and we would keep that buffer area,” Thorne explained. “But [today], most of the Bay Area has an urban interface and there’s nowhere for them to go.” She says the marshes at the extreme north and south ends of the Bay, where there remains some open space, are “key areas for conservation and restoration. Everything else is hemmed in.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/wdXu_cPdzfM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/wdXu_cPdzfM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne says the current extensive efforts to restore wetlands around the Bay will buy time for land and urban managers to prepare — but won’t prevent the upward march of advancing seas. She suggests that while existing wetlands at the north end of the Bay are likely to go sooner, they may provide the best opportunity to save some by allowing them to move. “In the [distant] past as sea level rose, our wetlands would move upslope, to higher elevations, and we would keep that buffer area,” Thorne explained. “But [today], most of the Bay Area has an urban interface and there’s nowhere for them to go.” She says the marshes at the extreme north and south ends of the Bay, where there remains some open space, are “key areas for conservation and restoration. Everything else is hemmed in.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3405\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3405\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3405\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" alt=\" A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley are asking the public to help with a problem that’s been bugging them – their century-old insect collection needs to be digitized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://essig.berkeley.edu/\">Essig Museum of Entomology\u003c/a> has been gathering insect specimens since the 1880s. With 10,000 drawers filled with bugs, no one’s exactly sure how many there are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody’s really counted them,” says collections manager Peter Oboyski, “but we estimate that we have over five million specimens in our collection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of those insects are preserved on pinheads, attached to small labels that say where and when they were collected. Those field notes hold a valuable record of California’s natural history, but the information has never been transcribed into a database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3407\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 198px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3407\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the public help transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"198\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the public transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it would take decades, if not a hundred years, for us to go one-by-one and enter the data from every specimen,” Oboyski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the public comes in. Through a new online citizen science project called \u003ca href=\"http://www.notesfromnature.org/#/archives/calbug\">Calbug\u003c/a>, the public can pitch in by reviewing photos of the specimens and transcribing the field notes online. UC Berkeley has uploaded almost 100,000 specimens, with several other institutions soon to join in, like the California Academy of Sciences, UC Davis, San Diego Natural History Museum and the Los Angeles County Museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this project works well for our museum, then it can be adapted for all the other collections across the country and even across the world, because there are millions of specimens out there waiting to be transcribed,” says Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With each insect a unique data point, the collection provides a detailed look at California’s habitat. “They are a record of the past of California,” Oboyski says. “They give us a glimpse into the past of what the habitat might have looked, what the climate might have looked like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There are more species of ants in the world than there are of birds\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Collections like this will become particularly valuable as scientists track how wildlife and plants shift with a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have used our collection in the past to look at individual species and how they’ve changed in distribution over time,” he says. “Now we have the capacity to look at entire communities and how they move and change over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects are a crucial part of preserving biodiversity, Oboyski says. “There are more species of ants in the world than there are of birds, and that’s just one family of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.notesfromnature.org/#/archives/calbug\">How to pitch in\u003c/a> on the Calbug project\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How insects help track climate change in KQED QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a> documentary\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3405\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3405\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3405\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" alt=\" A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley are asking the public to help with a problem that’s been bugging them – their century-old insect collection needs to be digitized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://essig.berkeley.edu/\">Essig Museum of Entomology\u003c/a> has been gathering insect specimens since the 1880s. With 10,000 drawers filled with bugs, no one’s exactly sure how many there are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody’s really counted them,” says collections manager Peter Oboyski, “but we estimate that we have over five million specimens in our collection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of those insects are preserved on pinheads, attached to small labels that say where and when they were collected. Those field notes hold a valuable record of California’s natural history, but the information has never been transcribed into a database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3407\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 198px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3407\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the public help transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"198\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the public transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it would take decades, if not a hundred years, for us to go one-by-one and enter the data from every specimen,” Oboyski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the public comes in. Through a new online citizen science project called \u003ca href=\"http://www.notesfromnature.org/#/archives/calbug\">Calbug\u003c/a>, the public can pitch in by reviewing photos of the specimens and transcribing the field notes online. UC Berkeley has uploaded almost 100,000 specimens, with several other institutions soon to join in, like the California Academy of Sciences, UC Davis, San Diego Natural History Museum and the Los Angeles County Museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this project works well for our museum, then it can be adapted for all the other collections across the country and even across the world, because there are millions of specimens out there waiting to be transcribed,” says Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With each insect a unique data point, the collection provides a detailed look at California’s habitat. “They are a record of the past of California,” Oboyski says. “They give us a glimpse into the past of what the habitat might have looked, what the climate might have looked like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There are more species of ants in the world than there are of birds\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Collections like this will become particularly valuable as scientists track how wildlife and plants shift with a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have used our collection in the past to look at individual species and how they’ve changed in distribution over time,” he says. “Now we have the capacity to look at entire communities and how they move and change over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects are a crucial part of preserving biodiversity, Oboyski says. “There are more species of ants in the world than there are of birds, and that’s just one family of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.notesfromnature.org/#/archives/calbug\">How to pitch in\u003c/a> on the Calbug project\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How insects help track climate change in KQED QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a> documentary\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California’s Vanishing Glaciers: A Defining Moment",
"headTitle": "California’s Vanishing Glaciers: A Defining Moment | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3328\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_Stock_p921-e1369354344722.jpg\" alt=\"Geologist Greg Stock climbs the Lyell Glacier in Yosemite. (Photo: Tim Palmer)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologist Greg Stock climbs the Lyell Glacier in Yosemite. (Photo: Tim Palmer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last September, I climbed with a team of scientists and volunteers into the remote high country of Yosemite National Park, onto the ashen hide of the park’s largest ice sheet, the Lyell Glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was there to report but also to assist Greg Stock, Yosemite’s geologist, and Robert Anderson, a glacier researcher from the University of Colorado, in a four-year survey of the \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Lyell Glacier\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyell_Glacier\">Lyell\u003c/a> and neighboring \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Maclure Glacier\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclure_Glacier\">Maclure Glacier\u003c/a>. The objective was to measure the rate of the Lyell and Maclure’s downhill advance by surveying an array of PVC stakes Stock and his team had driven into the ice over the last few summers. On an earlier trip, in July, we drilled in several new stakes with a six-foot ice auger. Two months of ferocious melting had uprooted many of these. The ones that remained in place were bent like reeds, barely anchored to the ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"alignright\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>The story of disappearing ice is \u003ca title=\"Science Daily - post\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130513174811.htm\">a global narrative\u003c/a>. The Lyell and Maclure – like glaciers and ice sheets worldwide – are in rapid state of retreat. Before the trip, the Lyell and Maclure were presumed to be “true” glaciers – that is, thick slabs of ice dragged downhill under their own weight, scouring the land as they move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after we came down from the ice, Stock would come to a sober realization. Amid decades of rising average temperatures, the Lyell and Maclure have lost roughly 65 percent of their surface area and an even greater proportion of their volume. As a result of this mass melting, the Lyell Glacier \u003ca title=\"NPS - release\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/parknews/lyellglacier.htm\">has stopped moving\u003c/a> altogether – transformed from a “living” glacier to a dead patch of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is to say, the Lyell Glacier is a glacier no more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just a matter of semantics. Meltwater from the Lyell and Maclure feeds the Tuolomne River, the main artery of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, which supplies water to 2.4 million residents in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"left\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>Though the total volume of water they contribute to Hetch Hetchy is minimal, the glaciers and permanent snowfields of the Sierra act as important buffers. In late summer, many High Sierra streams go dry. But glacier-fed streams like the Tuolomne supply year-round water to numerous plants, animals – not to mention thirsty hikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond local effects, glaciers respond to long-term changes in average temperature and precipitation, and serve as powerful barometers of climate change. One or two cold or warm years won’t have much effect. But string a decade or two of warm years together and you will see dramatic reductions in ice cover. This warming trend corresponds to a diminution of the state’s snowpack. As of May 1, the state’s snowpack stood at a meager \u003ca title=\"DWR - release\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2013/050213.pdf\">17 percent of average\u003c/a>. Statewide, snowpack is expected to dwindle by 25 percent by the middle of the century, according to the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3331\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemite_glaciers_900-e1369354643426.jpg\" alt=\"(Yael Braha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"407\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Yael Braha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ice-Fueled Heated Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond their vital ecological roles, these glaciers were also the stage for one of the greatest scientific feuds in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the great wanderer and chronicler of the Sierra, John Muir, traveled to Lyell and Maclure in the 1870s, he was in a heated debate with Josiah Whitney, California’s eminent state geologist, who derided Muir as “a mere sheepherder” for venturing into a field in which he had no formal training. Whitney believed a great earthquake was responsible for the formation of Yosemite Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muir, however, postulated that Ice Age glaciers had sculpted Yosemite’s characteristic cliffs and smooth granite faces. Moreover, he knew small glaciers still existed in high recesses of the Sierra. To prove his point, he set out for Mount Maclure on August 21, 1872. When he arrived, he drove tall stakes of whitebark pine into the ice, surveying them with a makeshift plumb-bob to ensure they’d been set in a straight line. If the stakes had moved when he returned, Muir would have powerful evidence that Maclure’s ice sheet was, in fact, a “living” glacier, moving downhill under its own weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muir returned in October and found that the stakes set near the glacier’s edge had shifted little, but those in the center showed significant movement. As Muir related in an 1875 \u003cem>Harper’s Magazine\u003c/em> article called “The Living Glaciers of California,” that stake had traveled “forty-seven inches in forty-six days, or about one inch every twenty-four hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though his debate with Whitney would rage long after his discovery, Muir’s ideas today have been mostly vindicated. Around 10 million years ago, the granite of Yosemite Valley was uplifted and simultaneously \u003ca title=\"Yosemite\" href=\"http://www.yosemite.ca.us/formation/\">cut by the Merced River\u003c/a>. Then, about 2 or 3 million years ago, during the Ice Age, Earth’s climate cooled rapidly and the glaciers took over – scouring the undulating granite canyons, or “yosemites”– including its most famous, Yosemite Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemitemap-e1369353940264.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3322 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemitemap-e1369353940264.jpg\" alt=\"(Map: USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Map: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Muir’s time, the Sierra’s glaciers were near their maximum extent from the so-called Little Ice Age glaciation, a period of cooling and glacial advance that began around 700 years ago. If Stock and Anderson’s estimates hold, these great shapers of the Sierra may be gone within decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of Yosemite’s glaciers have already vanished. In August, I hiked up Illilouette Creek and into the Clark Range, to the site of the Black Mountain Glacier, the first “discovered” by Muir in 1871. He wrote of descending into a deep crevasse known as a \u003cem>bergschrund \u003c/em>along the glacier’s uppermost reaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>Its chambered hollows were hung with a multitude of clustered icicles, amidst which thin subdued light pulsed and shimmered with indescribable loveliness. Water dripped and tinkled overhead, and from far below came strange, solemn murmurs from currents feeding their way among veins and fissures on the bottom. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today nothing remains of the Black Mountain Glacier but a few ellipses of snow in a vast basin of gray talus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death Throes of a Glacier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3032\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MG_5390-Edit.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3032\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3032 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MG_5390-Edit.jpeg\" alt=\"Lyell Glacier (Photo: Kirk Keeler)\" width=\"251\" height=\"512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lyell Glacier (Photo: Kirk Keeler)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Lyell Glacier is rapidly approaching a similar fate. \u003ca title=\"UCSD - image\" href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/thisweek/2009/05/images/icemelt01.jpg\">A photograph from 1903\u003c/a> shows the Lyell Glacier as an unbroken swath of white. In the 110 years of melting since, the Lyell has been cleaved into two separate ice fields. The indications of disappearance are even more dramatic from the Lyell’s surface. High on a cliff on Mt. Lyell is a hand-painted orange letter “K.” When Point K was established in the 1930s, it was at the level of the ice; today, more than 120 feet of bare rock separate it from the glacier’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fading glaciers signal serious problems for the state’s already strained water supplies. A 2008 study conducted by a former hydrologist for Hetch Hetchy Water and Power, for example, predicted that 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming would trigger an uphill shift of snowpack by 2,000 feet by the end of the century – rendering nearly 60 percent of the Hetch Hetchy watershed snow-free by 2100. The Feather River, the main tributary of the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river (and key source of water to the State Water Project) is particularly vulnerable, says Michael Anderson, California’s state climatologist, since much of its snowpack is held at “lower” elevations between 5,000 and 6,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Movement Can Be Deceiving\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after Stock’s findings on the Lyell, we climbed into the ragged basin of the Maclure Glacier. Unlike the surface of the Lyell, the Maclure bears deep, dark crevasses – signs of a still active glacier. At the Maclure’s edge, dozens of wooden stakes from previous surveys were strewn in the rubble – spat out over the decades from the surging tongue of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the steep slopes of the Maclure, the team set out as they had on the Lyell – scouring the ice for the white PVC stakes and re-surveying them. As afternoon temperatures climbed, runoff from the glacier rose to a dull roar, pouring through vibrant blue fissures into the glacier’s recesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the last of the stakes had been surveyed, the team descended. Stock and Anderson pored over the data, performing a few quick calculations. What they found was stunning. The Maclure was not only still moving, it was moving at almost the exact rate Muir calculated back in 1872 – “\u003cem>one inch every twenty four hours.”\u003c/em> Somehow, in spite of its loss of ice, the Maclure continues to move at nearly the same velocity that Muir detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stock and Anderson may have a solution to the conundrum: The mechanics of the Maclure’s motion may have shifted over a century-and-a-half. Turns out glaciers move by one of two possible mechanisms: deformation and sliding. Deformation is the way the world’s very large glaciers move, with the ice moving in layers or “sheets,” the uppermost sheets moving fastest and farthest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sliding, on the other hand is not dictated by thickness but the steepness and structure of the rock under the ice as well as the amount of meltwater coating the glacial bed. This meltwater, Stock explains, can come from one of two sources — melting snow and ice on the surface and “pressure melting” of ice at the bed of the glacier as it is forced around bumps in the bedrock. This water acts as a kind of lubricant, allowing the whole glacier to slide at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stock and Anderson suspect that while the extreme loss of ice has caused deformation to cease, sliding continues to move the Maclure at the same rate measured by Muir. But this scenario may not be a sign of the Maclure’s health. “You can move even a thin carapace of ice if you’ve just got a lubricant underneath it,” says Stock, careful to point out that under a critical threshold thickness – one that the Lyell Glacier seems to have crossed and one the Maclure may be fast approaching – movement stops altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"alignright\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>The best evidence for sliding can be seen from \u003cem>underneath\u003c/em> the Maclure. At the glacier’s edge, a lip of ice cantilevers precariously over the talus. Stock, Anderson and the rest of the team quickly duck under, revealing a cave of ice, in most places no more than three feet high and extending perhaps 150 feet beneath the glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cavern was adorned with surreal stalactites and colonnades of contorted ice, some of which probably derived from snow that fell hundreds of years before the first Europeans arrived on the continent. Above our heads, long straight grooves glittered with ice crystals – clear marks of a glacier actively grinding down its rocky bed. Though I knew the Maclure’s footprint was vastly different from when Muir visited 140 years earlier, I couldn’t help but imagine him here, slithering on hands and knees in this magnificent hollow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our reverie was soon broken. In less than a half-hour, our body heat had discernibly raised the temperature in the cave. Small droplets fell from the low ceiling, making the floor slippery and the tug of gravity more pronounced. It was getting late and we had a long hike back to camp. There was a bright doorway, a glowing oval, where the sun was shining. I snapped a final photograph and slid toward the light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A longer version of this article appears in \u003ca title=\"Earth Island Journal - main\" href=\"http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/the_dying_glaciers_of_california/\">Earth Island Journal\u003c/a>. Our thanks to EIJ for sharing Jeremy Miller’s work with us. Photos in the sound modules are by Jonathan Byers and Kirk Keeler.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can see more photos and hear more about the role of glaciers in California’s ecosystem in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/a-summer-communing-with-californias-glaciers\">conversation between KQED Science Editor Craig Miller and Tim Palmer\u003c/a>, author of \u003c/em>California Glaciers\u003cem>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003chr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\">\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Lyell and Maclure glaciers in Yosemite – like glaciers and ice sheets worldwide – are in rapid state of retreat. The Lyell and Maclure were presumed to be “true” glaciers – that is, thick slabs of ice dragged downhill under their own weight, scouring the land as they move – but scientists are discovering that the Maclure is deteriorating as it moves, and the Lyell is no longer moving at all.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3328\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_Stock_p921-e1369354344722.jpg\" alt=\"Geologist Greg Stock climbs the Lyell Glacier in Yosemite. (Photo: Tim Palmer)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologist Greg Stock climbs the Lyell Glacier in Yosemite. (Photo: Tim Palmer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last September, I climbed with a team of scientists and volunteers into the remote high country of Yosemite National Park, onto the ashen hide of the park’s largest ice sheet, the Lyell Glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was there to report but also to assist Greg Stock, Yosemite’s geologist, and Robert Anderson, a glacier researcher from the University of Colorado, in a four-year survey of the \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Lyell Glacier\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyell_Glacier\">Lyell\u003c/a> and neighboring \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Maclure Glacier\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclure_Glacier\">Maclure Glacier\u003c/a>. The objective was to measure the rate of the Lyell and Maclure’s downhill advance by surveying an array of PVC stakes Stock and his team had driven into the ice over the last few summers. On an earlier trip, in July, we drilled in several new stakes with a six-foot ice auger. Two months of ferocious melting had uprooted many of these. The ones that remained in place were bent like reeds, barely anchored to the ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"alignright\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>The story of disappearing ice is \u003ca title=\"Science Daily - post\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130513174811.htm\">a global narrative\u003c/a>. The Lyell and Maclure – like glaciers and ice sheets worldwide – are in rapid state of retreat. Before the trip, the Lyell and Maclure were presumed to be “true” glaciers – that is, thick slabs of ice dragged downhill under their own weight, scouring the land as they move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after we came down from the ice, Stock would come to a sober realization. Amid decades of rising average temperatures, the Lyell and Maclure have lost roughly 65 percent of their surface area and an even greater proportion of their volume. As a result of this mass melting, the Lyell Glacier \u003ca title=\"NPS - release\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/parknews/lyellglacier.htm\">has stopped moving\u003c/a> altogether – transformed from a “living” glacier to a dead patch of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is to say, the Lyell Glacier is a glacier no more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just a matter of semantics. Meltwater from the Lyell and Maclure feeds the Tuolomne River, the main artery of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, which supplies water to 2.4 million residents in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"left\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>Though the total volume of water they contribute to Hetch Hetchy is minimal, the glaciers and permanent snowfields of the Sierra act as important buffers. In late summer, many High Sierra streams go dry. But glacier-fed streams like the Tuolomne supply year-round water to numerous plants, animals – not to mention thirsty hikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond local effects, glaciers respond to long-term changes in average temperature and precipitation, and serve as powerful barometers of climate change. One or two cold or warm years won’t have much effect. But string a decade or two of warm years together and you will see dramatic reductions in ice cover. This warming trend corresponds to a diminution of the state’s snowpack. As of May 1, the state’s snowpack stood at a meager \u003ca title=\"DWR - release\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2013/050213.pdf\">17 percent of average\u003c/a>. Statewide, snowpack is expected to dwindle by 25 percent by the middle of the century, according to the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3331\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemite_glaciers_900-e1369354643426.jpg\" alt=\"(Yael Braha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"407\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Yael Braha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ice-Fueled Heated Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond their vital ecological roles, these glaciers were also the stage for one of the greatest scientific feuds in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the great wanderer and chronicler of the Sierra, John Muir, traveled to Lyell and Maclure in the 1870s, he was in a heated debate with Josiah Whitney, California’s eminent state geologist, who derided Muir as “a mere sheepherder” for venturing into a field in which he had no formal training. Whitney believed a great earthquake was responsible for the formation of Yosemite Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muir, however, postulated that Ice Age glaciers had sculpted Yosemite’s characteristic cliffs and smooth granite faces. Moreover, he knew small glaciers still existed in high recesses of the Sierra. To prove his point, he set out for Mount Maclure on August 21, 1872. When he arrived, he drove tall stakes of whitebark pine into the ice, surveying them with a makeshift plumb-bob to ensure they’d been set in a straight line. If the stakes had moved when he returned, Muir would have powerful evidence that Maclure’s ice sheet was, in fact, a “living” glacier, moving downhill under its own weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muir returned in October and found that the stakes set near the glacier’s edge had shifted little, but those in the center showed significant movement. As Muir related in an 1875 \u003cem>Harper’s Magazine\u003c/em> article called “The Living Glaciers of California,” that stake had traveled “forty-seven inches in forty-six days, or about one inch every twenty-four hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though his debate with Whitney would rage long after his discovery, Muir’s ideas today have been mostly vindicated. Around 10 million years ago, the granite of Yosemite Valley was uplifted and simultaneously \u003ca title=\"Yosemite\" href=\"http://www.yosemite.ca.us/formation/\">cut by the Merced River\u003c/a>. Then, about 2 or 3 million years ago, during the Ice Age, Earth’s climate cooled rapidly and the glaciers took over – scouring the undulating granite canyons, or “yosemites”– including its most famous, Yosemite Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemitemap-e1369353940264.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3322 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/yosemitemap-e1369353940264.jpg\" alt=\"(Map: USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Map: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Muir’s time, the Sierra’s glaciers were near their maximum extent from the so-called Little Ice Age glaciation, a period of cooling and glacial advance that began around 700 years ago. If Stock and Anderson’s estimates hold, these great shapers of the Sierra may be gone within decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of Yosemite’s glaciers have already vanished. In August, I hiked up Illilouette Creek and into the Clark Range, to the site of the Black Mountain Glacier, the first “discovered” by Muir in 1871. He wrote of descending into a deep crevasse known as a \u003cem>bergschrund \u003c/em>along the glacier’s uppermost reaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>Its chambered hollows were hung with a multitude of clustered icicles, amidst which thin subdued light pulsed and shimmered with indescribable loveliness. Water dripped and tinkled overhead, and from far below came strange, solemn murmurs from currents feeding their way among veins and fissures on the bottom. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today nothing remains of the Black Mountain Glacier but a few ellipses of snow in a vast basin of gray talus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death Throes of a Glacier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3032\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MG_5390-Edit.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3032\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3032 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MG_5390-Edit.jpeg\" alt=\"Lyell Glacier (Photo: Kirk Keeler)\" width=\"251\" height=\"512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lyell Glacier (Photo: Kirk Keeler)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Lyell Glacier is rapidly approaching a similar fate. \u003ca title=\"UCSD - image\" href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/thisweek/2009/05/images/icemelt01.jpg\">A photograph from 1903\u003c/a> shows the Lyell Glacier as an unbroken swath of white. In the 110 years of melting since, the Lyell has been cleaved into two separate ice fields. The indications of disappearance are even more dramatic from the Lyell’s surface. High on a cliff on Mt. Lyell is a hand-painted orange letter “K.” When Point K was established in the 1930s, it was at the level of the ice; today, more than 120 feet of bare rock separate it from the glacier’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fading glaciers signal serious problems for the state’s already strained water supplies. A 2008 study conducted by a former hydrologist for Hetch Hetchy Water and Power, for example, predicted that 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming would trigger an uphill shift of snowpack by 2,000 feet by the end of the century – rendering nearly 60 percent of the Hetch Hetchy watershed snow-free by 2100. The Feather River, the main tributary of the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river (and key source of water to the State Water Project) is particularly vulnerable, says Michael Anderson, California’s state climatologist, since much of its snowpack is held at “lower” elevations between 5,000 and 6,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Movement Can Be Deceiving\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after Stock’s findings on the Lyell, we climbed into the ragged basin of the Maclure Glacier. Unlike the surface of the Lyell, the Maclure bears deep, dark crevasses – signs of a still active glacier. At the Maclure’s edge, dozens of wooden stakes from previous surveys were strewn in the rubble – spat out over the decades from the surging tongue of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the steep slopes of the Maclure, the team set out as they had on the Lyell – scouring the ice for the white PVC stakes and re-surveying them. As afternoon temperatures climbed, runoff from the glacier rose to a dull roar, pouring through vibrant blue fissures into the glacier’s recesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the last of the stakes had been surveyed, the team descended. Stock and Anderson pored over the data, performing a few quick calculations. What they found was stunning. The Maclure was not only still moving, it was moving at almost the exact rate Muir calculated back in 1872 – “\u003cem>one inch every twenty four hours.”\u003c/em> Somehow, in spite of its loss of ice, the Maclure continues to move at nearly the same velocity that Muir detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stock and Anderson may have a solution to the conundrum: The mechanics of the Maclure’s motion may have shifted over a century-and-a-half. Turns out glaciers move by one of two possible mechanisms: deformation and sliding. Deformation is the way the world’s very large glaciers move, with the ice moving in layers or “sheets,” the uppermost sheets moving fastest and farthest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sliding, on the other hand is not dictated by thickness but the steepness and structure of the rock under the ice as well as the amount of meltwater coating the glacial bed. This meltwater, Stock explains, can come from one of two sources — melting snow and ice on the surface and “pressure melting” of ice at the bed of the glacier as it is forced around bumps in the bedrock. This water acts as a kind of lubricant, allowing the whole glacier to slide at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stock and Anderson suspect that while the extreme loss of ice has caused deformation to cease, sliding continues to move the Maclure at the same rate measured by Muir. But this scenario may not be a sign of the Maclure’s health. “You can move even a thin carapace of ice if you’ve just got a lubricant underneath it,” says Stock, careful to point out that under a critical threshold thickness – one that the Lyell Glacier seems to have crossed and one the Maclure may be fast approaching – movement stops altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"alignright\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>The best evidence for sliding can be seen from \u003cem>underneath\u003c/em> the Maclure. At the glacier’s edge, a lip of ice cantilevers precariously over the talus. Stock, Anderson and the rest of the team quickly duck under, revealing a cave of ice, in most places no more than three feet high and extending perhaps 150 feet beneath the glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cavern was adorned with surreal stalactites and colonnades of contorted ice, some of which probably derived from snow that fell hundreds of years before the first Europeans arrived on the continent. Above our heads, long straight grooves glittered with ice crystals – clear marks of a glacier actively grinding down its rocky bed. Though I knew the Maclure’s footprint was vastly different from when Muir visited 140 years earlier, I couldn’t help but imagine him here, slithering on hands and knees in this magnificent hollow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our reverie was soon broken. In less than a half-hour, our body heat had discernibly raised the temperature in the cave. Small droplets fell from the low ceiling, making the floor slippery and the tug of gravity more pronounced. It was getting late and we had a long hike back to camp. There was a bright doorway, a glowing oval, where the sun was shining. I snapped a final photograph and slid toward the light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A longer version of this article appears in \u003ca title=\"Earth Island Journal - main\" href=\"http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/the_dying_glaciers_of_california/\">Earth Island Journal\u003c/a>. Our thanks to EIJ for sharing Jeremy Miller’s work with us. Photos in the sound modules are by Jonathan Byers and Kirk Keeler.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can see more photos and hear more about the role of glaciers in California’s ecosystem in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/a-summer-communing-with-californias-glaciers\">conversation between KQED Science Editor Craig Miller and Tim Palmer\u003c/a>, author of \u003c/em>California Glaciers\u003cem>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003chr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\">\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Biggest Battery You Haven't Seen",
"headTitle": "The Biggest Battery You Haven’t Seen | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3345\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/PGEBatteryProject-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3345\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3345\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/PGEBatteryProject-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"PG&E's Dave Fribush shows the interior of their 4MW battery storage project in San Jose. (Photo: PG&E)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E’s Dave Fribush shows the interior of their 4 MW battery storage project in San Jose. (Photo: PG&E) \u003ccite>(Courtesy of PG&E)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You probably wouldn’t notice it if you drove right past it — but this week PG&E unveiled California’s largest battery, now storing electrons in San Jose. The project is a pilot for energy storage technology, as electric utilities look for ways to balance increasing amounts of solar and wind energy on the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 4-megawatt sodium-sulfur array can power about 2,400 homes for up to seven hours. That takes a mighty big battery. “If you pulled a semi-truck up next to it, it would be about the same length and a little bit taller,” says Jon Eric Thalman of PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storing electricity is not something utilities have traditionally done. “On the grid, we generate the amount of power that is needed, minute-by-minute,” Thalman says. “We don’t store it and have it at the ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the electric grid is rapidly changing in California. When the sun is shining and the wind is blowing, solar and wind farms produce electricity much like traditional power plants do. But if clouds pass over a solar project, “the change in power can be 80 percent of its output, easily,” says Thalman. “Something has to make up that drop and it happens in seconds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3383\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/photo-216x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3383\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/photo-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"The battery holds seven hours of electricity for 2,400 homes. (Photo: PG&E)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3383\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The battery holds seven hours of electricity for 2,400 homes. (Photo: PG&E)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s where PG&E’s battery project comes in. While this project is small, PG&E says it’s a pilot for energy storage projects down the road. “It is one of the main ways to think about storing energy because it’s so flexible, but there are challenges as have to solve,” says Venkat Srinivasan, of the \u003ca title=\"JCESR - main\" href=\"http://www.jcesr.org/\">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research\u003c/a> at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are more expensive than we want them to be, but I think it’s a start,” he says. “It’s showing the proof of principal. I think we need more of these before we figure out if these are viable technologies that we can use on a big scale.” PG&E’s $18 million project was funded in part by a $3 million grant from the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluctuations in renewable energy are currently balanced by natural gas power plants. PG&E also has a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helms_Pumped_Storage_Plant\">“pumped hydro” project\u003c/a> where water is pumped uphill when there’s excess electricity and then generates power through a dam when demand peaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot things that batteries can do that traditional resources can’t,” says Thalman. “The question for utilities and the operators is: do we want to value that? Batteries and energy storage can respond a lot faster than traditional sources. That’s not something we value right now with a market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Public Utilities Commission is looking at setting energy storage goals for the state’s utilities, based on a law passed in 2010. Southern California Edison is required to \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-13/edison-seeking-energy-storage-to-meet-california-requirement.html\">add at least 50 MW of energy storage\u003c/a> to the grid as part of a larger plan for new power plants.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3345\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/PGEBatteryProject-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3345\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3345\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/PGEBatteryProject-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"PG&E's Dave Fribush shows the interior of their 4MW battery storage project in San Jose. (Photo: PG&E)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E’s Dave Fribush shows the interior of their 4 MW battery storage project in San Jose. (Photo: PG&E) \u003ccite>(Courtesy of PG&E)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You probably wouldn’t notice it if you drove right past it — but this week PG&E unveiled California’s largest battery, now storing electrons in San Jose. The project is a pilot for energy storage technology, as electric utilities look for ways to balance increasing amounts of solar and wind energy on the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 4-megawatt sodium-sulfur array can power about 2,400 homes for up to seven hours. That takes a mighty big battery. “If you pulled a semi-truck up next to it, it would be about the same length and a little bit taller,” says Jon Eric Thalman of PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storing electricity is not something utilities have traditionally done. “On the grid, we generate the amount of power that is needed, minute-by-minute,” Thalman says. “We don’t store it and have it at the ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the electric grid is rapidly changing in California. When the sun is shining and the wind is blowing, solar and wind farms produce electricity much like traditional power plants do. But if clouds pass over a solar project, “the change in power can be 80 percent of its output, easily,” says Thalman. “Something has to make up that drop and it happens in seconds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3383\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/photo-216x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3383\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/photo-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"The battery holds seven hours of electricity for 2,400 homes. (Photo: PG&E)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3383\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The battery holds seven hours of electricity for 2,400 homes. (Photo: PG&E)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s where PG&E’s battery project comes in. While this project is small, PG&E says it’s a pilot for energy storage projects down the road. “It is one of the main ways to think about storing energy because it’s so flexible, but there are challenges as have to solve,” says Venkat Srinivasan, of the \u003ca title=\"JCESR - main\" href=\"http://www.jcesr.org/\">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research\u003c/a> at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are more expensive than we want them to be, but I think it’s a start,” he says. “It’s showing the proof of principal. I think we need more of these before we figure out if these are viable technologies that we can use on a big scale.” PG&E’s $18 million project was funded in part by a $3 million grant from the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluctuations in renewable energy are currently balanced by natural gas power plants. PG&E also has a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helms_Pumped_Storage_Plant\">“pumped hydro” project\u003c/a> where water is pumped uphill when there’s excess electricity and then generates power through a dam when demand peaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot things that batteries can do that traditional resources can’t,” says Thalman. “The question for utilities and the operators is: do we want to value that? Batteries and energy storage can respond a lot faster than traditional sources. That’s not something we value right now with a market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Public Utilities Commission is looking at setting energy storage goals for the state’s utilities, based on a law passed in 2010. Southern California Edison is required to \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-13/edison-seeking-energy-storage-to-meet-california-requirement.html\">add at least 50 MW of energy storage\u003c/a> to the grid as part of a larger plan for new power plants.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3243\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" alt=\"Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\" width=\"246\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is joining some of the nation’s leading scientists on Thursday to release a “call to action” on climate change — an unusual step for the scientific community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 500 scientists from around world signed a joint statement drafted by California scientists, in the hope of sending a unified message about the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big points we’re trying to make is that there’s not debate about the reality of these issues,” says UC Berkeley paleontologist Anthony Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement came about after Barnosky \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/06/06/scientists-uncover-evidence-of-impending-tipping-point-for-earth/\">published a paper\u003c/a> on climate change last year and got a phone call from Governor Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the course of the conversation he said, ‘Well, if all this stuff is such a big deal, why aren’t scientists shouting about it?’” says Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-page statement says that within this century, the Earth could be warmer than the human species has ever experienced. An increase in extreme storms, droughts and heat waves could cost society billions of dollars in the next few decades. Biodiversity could also decline, with at least 20 to 40 percent of species at increased risk of going extinct by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists can only do so much. At some point, society has to decide whether they’re going to fix these problems or not,” Barnosky says. “The point we’re making is that now is decision time. Every day we wait makes the problem harder, so we need to start immediately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the political rhetoric around climate change, Barnosky hopes their statement will help policymakers take on tough decisions about how to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3243\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" alt=\"Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\" width=\"246\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is joining some of the nation’s leading scientists on Thursday to release a “call to action” on climate change — an unusual step for the scientific community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 500 scientists from around world signed a joint statement drafted by California scientists, in the hope of sending a unified message about the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big points we’re trying to make is that there’s not debate about the reality of these issues,” says UC Berkeley paleontologist Anthony Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement came about after Barnosky \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/06/06/scientists-uncover-evidence-of-impending-tipping-point-for-earth/\">published a paper\u003c/a> on climate change last year and got a phone call from Governor Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the course of the conversation he said, ‘Well, if all this stuff is such a big deal, why aren’t scientists shouting about it?’” says Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-page statement says that within this century, the Earth could be warmer than the human species has ever experienced. An increase in extreme storms, droughts and heat waves could cost society billions of dollars in the next few decades. Biodiversity could also decline, with at least 20 to 40 percent of species at increased risk of going extinct by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists can only do so much. At some point, society has to decide whether they’re going to fix these problems or not,” Barnosky says. “The point we’re making is that now is decision time. Every day we wait makes the problem harder, so we need to start immediately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the political rhetoric around climate change, Barnosky hopes their statement will help policymakers take on tough decisions about how to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Like all mammals, the Neanderthals breast-fed their babies. Scientists wanted to know: For how long? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12169.html\">Nature\u003c/a>, a team of researchers, including several from UC Berkeley, say they’ve answered that question by looking at the fossilized tooth of an eight-year old Neanderthal child, discovered in a Belgian cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asa Bradman is an environmental health scientist at UC Berkeley and a co-author on the paper. He says teeth are like a time capsule. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because teeth grow in rings, kind of like trees do, you can actually date when a given layer of the tooth was put down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast milk is high in barium, which crystalizes in teeth, even before they emerge from a baby’s gum line. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bradman, UC Berkeley’s Brenda Eskenazi, and others on the team hypothesized that if they could learn how barium deposits correspond with age, they might reveal the breast-feeding histories of our distant cousins the Neanderthals, who roamed Europe 30,000 to 300,000 years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, they had to establish that their methodology worked. So, they tried it out with humans: a group of pregnant women recruited in Salinas, California as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://cerch.org/research-programs/chamacos/\">Health Assessment of Mothers and Children Study\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twice during pregnancy and at six-month intervals after birth, researchers asked the mothers whether they were using breast milk or formula, and noted the age at which mothers introduced food to their children. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3214\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NBF_Nature_cropped.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3214\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NBF_Nature_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Analysis of a Neanderthal tooth, showing Barium levels. (Photo courtesy Nature)\" width=\"640\" height=\"582\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Analysis of a Neanderthal tooth, showing Barium levels. (Photo courtesy Nature)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years later, when the kids started to lose their teeth, researchers brought those teeth in for lab analysis, to see how barium levels corresponded to breast feeding histories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did the same thing with macaque monkeys living at UC Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis of both species showed a clear breakdown of when barium levels were highest – i.e, during periods of exclusive breast feeding – and when they returned to “baseline” levels, after the child had weaned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the tooth,” says Bradman, “we can actually see a fingerprint, so to speak, of the milk intake during the life of the child.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, a team of scientists analyzed the fossilized tooth of an eight-year old Neanderthal child, some 100 thousand years old, found in Belgium’s Scladina cave. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The child was exclusively breastfed for about seven months and then continued to breastfeed up until 14 months,” says Bradman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s remarkably similar to the recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics for modern humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on this story, See Adam Cole’s excellent \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/05/21/185813855/Scientific-Tooth-Fairies-Investigate-Neanderthal-Breastfeeding\">article\u003c/a> on npr.org. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bradman, UC Berkeley’s Brenda Eskenazi, and others on the team hypothesized that if they could learn how barium deposits correspond with age, they might reveal the breast-feeding histories of our distant cousins the Neanderthals, who roamed Europe 30,000 to 300,000 years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, they had to establish that their methodology worked. So, they tried it out with humans: a group of pregnant women recruited in Salinas, California as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://cerch.org/research-programs/chamacos/\">Health Assessment of Mothers and Children Study\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twice during pregnancy and at six-month intervals after birth, researchers asked the mothers whether they were using breast milk or formula, and noted the age at which mothers introduced food to their children. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3214\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NBF_Nature_cropped.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3214\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NBF_Nature_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Analysis of a Neanderthal tooth, showing Barium levels. (Photo courtesy Nature)\" width=\"640\" height=\"582\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Analysis of a Neanderthal tooth, showing Barium levels. (Photo courtesy Nature)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years later, when the kids started to lose their teeth, researchers brought those teeth in for lab analysis, to see how barium levels corresponded to breast feeding histories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did the same thing with macaque monkeys living at UC Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis of both species showed a clear breakdown of when barium levels were highest – i.e, during periods of exclusive breast feeding – and when they returned to “baseline” levels, after the child had weaned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the tooth,” says Bradman, “we can actually see a fingerprint, so to speak, of the milk intake during the life of the child.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, a team of scientists analyzed the fossilized tooth of an eight-year old Neanderthal child, some 100 thousand years old, found in Belgium’s Scladina cave. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The child was exclusively breastfed for about seven months and then continued to breastfeed up until 14 months,” says Bradman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s remarkably similar to the recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics for modern humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on this story, See Adam Cole’s excellent \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/05/21/185813855/Scientific-Tooth-Fairies-Investigate-Neanderthal-Breastfeeding\">article\u003c/a> on npr.org. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 177px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often nest in cities on buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\" width=\"177\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often build nests on the sides buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A construction project on Highway 101 in Marin and Sonoma Counties is taking a toll on nesting \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cliff_Swallow/id\">cliff swallows\u003c/a>. Environmental groups are suing Caltrans to remove a net that’s trapping and killing some of the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The netting on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/msn/\">Marin-Sonoma Narrows\u003c/a> project near Petaluma was intended to keep swallows from nesting on the overpass during construction. Instead, the net is entrapping them and birds are dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carter Dillard, the director of litigation for the Cotati-based \u003ca href=\"http://aldf.org/\">Animal Legal Defense Fund\u003c/a> said the net, which has been up since late March, violates federal law, and the suit demands that Caltrans remove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law was passed to protect wildlife that are an integral part of our ecosystem,” said Dillard. “There’s no excuse for killing these animals, and they’re dying in horrific ways. The agency should simply take down the netting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far the netting has claimed more than 100 swallows, according to Dillard. His group filed the lawsuit in federal court on Friday on behalf of five conservation organizations. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/chapter-7/subchapter-II\">Migratory Bird Treaty Act\u003c/a> prohibits killing migrating birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Caltrans spokesman said the department has a policy of not commenting on pending litigation.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A construction project on Highway 101 in Marin and Sonoma Counties is taking a toll on nesting cliff swallows. Environmental groups are suing Caltrans to remove a net that's trapping and killing the birds.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 177px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often nest in cities on buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\" width=\"177\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often build nests on the sides buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A construction project on Highway 101 in Marin and Sonoma Counties is taking a toll on nesting \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cliff_Swallow/id\">cliff swallows\u003c/a>. Environmental groups are suing Caltrans to remove a net that’s trapping and killing some of the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The netting on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/msn/\">Marin-Sonoma Narrows\u003c/a> project near Petaluma was intended to keep swallows from nesting on the overpass during construction. Instead, the net is entrapping them and birds are dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carter Dillard, the director of litigation for the Cotati-based \u003ca href=\"http://aldf.org/\">Animal Legal Defense Fund\u003c/a> said the net, which has been up since late March, violates federal law, and the suit demands that Caltrans remove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law was passed to protect wildlife that are an integral part of our ecosystem,” said Dillard. “There’s no excuse for killing these animals, and they’re dying in horrific ways. The agency should simply take down the netting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far the netting has claimed more than 100 swallows, according to Dillard. His group filed the lawsuit in federal court on Friday on behalf of five conservation organizations. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/chapter-7/subchapter-II\">Migratory Bird Treaty Act\u003c/a> prohibits killing migrating birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Could Rooftop Solar Kill Utilities? California Grapples with Solar's Success",
"headTitle": "Could Rooftop Solar Kill Utilities? California Grapples with Solar’s Success | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-20-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2790\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2790\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has been a champion of solar incentive programs and so far, those policies have largely worked: the state is home to more than half of all rooftop solar projects in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they may have worked a little too well in one respect. As increasing numbers of Californians generate their own electricity, they rely less on electric utilities and that’s raising major questions about the future of California’s utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility business model has been largely the same for decades. Utilities build transmission lines, deliver power to customers and recover those costs via your monthly bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not hard to see why a customer like Chuck Pershing might make utilities nervous. “This is from PG&E,” he says, digging through a folder of bills. “Electric is $4.73. Here’s another which was $5.01.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck and his wife Suzanne Pershing pay next-to-nothing to Pacific Gas & Electric because of the solar panels atop their four-bedroom house in San Leandro. On a sunny afternoon, the panels are cranking out power – more than the couple are actually using. That extra power goes onto PG&E’s grid, where it supplies other homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see where it says ‘received,” says Pershing, pointing to his electric meter. “So PG&E is receiving from us right now 4.32 kilowatts per hour.” PG&E keeps track of this and credits the Pershings on their bill. While they still have to buy electricity from PG&E at night when there’s no sun, it’s effectively cancelled out by the extra power they feed back to PG&E during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/net_metering.php\">net energy metering\u003c/a>” and it helps solar projects like this one make financial sense. “It’s great,” says Pershing, who says he can’t resist going outside and checking the meter daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Victims of Success\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been a great program so far,” says David Rubin, who works on net-metering at PG&E. “It was an appropriate thing to do to help the solar market grow. We do, however have a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 85,000 PG&E customers have gone solar. Under state law, once these homegrown electrons make up five percent of peak demand, utilities don’t have to buy the power anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, Rubin says, is that solar customers aren’t paying their fair share. “Solar customers really use the grid more intensively than non-solar customers,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=GVIZ&t=LINE&gco_vAxes=%5B%7B%22title%22%3Anull%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%7D%2C%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%7D%5D&gco_curveType=&gco_booleanRole=certainty&gco_lineWidth=2&gco_hAxis=%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindowMode%22%3Anull%7D&gco_legend=in&gco_title=Customer+Solar+Projects+in+California%E2%80%99s+Investor-Owned+Utilities&gco_series=%7B%220%22%3A%7B%22lineWidth%22%3A2%2C+%22pointSize%22%3A7%7D%7D&gco_theme=maximized&containerId=gviz_canvas&isXyPlot=true&q=select+col0%2C+col1+from+1gpYZLkIhgjxu_Q7f-N_4gXUtncn1MDyEbkuIE-U&qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&qe=+order+by+col0+asc+limit+12&width=500&height=300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone pays for the grid – building and maintaining the wires and substations – through the price of electricity. By reducing their bills close to zero, Rubin says solar customers avoid paying for power lines they’re still using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those costs then become the responsibility of our other customers,” he says, who subsidize about $200 million a year in lost electricity sales. That’s why the state’s big utilities are bringing the issue to the California Public Utilities Commission, the agency that sets power prices. Utilities want to see the net-metering program changed, so solar customers get smaller credits or are charged a fixed monthly fee to support the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t think that we are losing customers,” says Rubin. “We are proud that we represent that largest number of solar customers within the country. We just want to make sure it grows in a sustainable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The utility anxiety is palpable,” says Edward Fenster, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunrunhome.com/\">Sunrun\u003c/a>, a residential solar company based in San Francisco. He says the growth of rooftop solar is a fundamental threat to utilities and the monopoly they’ve held.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has never had to compete in 140 years,” Fenster says. “It doesn’t have a sales force. Utilities just can’t raise rates forever now, without having to worry about a competitive force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar companies don’t dispute that their customers still need PG&E’s grid. “In theory you should pay something for that,” says Fenster. “That said, you’re also providing a benefit to everybody, which is that you’re reducing the need for the utility to invest in transmission and power generation, saving everybody money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Several Bay Area solar companies including Sunrun recently formed the\u003ca href=\"http://allianceforsolarchoice.com/\"> Alliance for Solar Choice\u003c/a>, a coalition set up to defend net metering. Fenster says they only expect to fight more of these battles as solar claims more of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a 20-year journey for us,” Fenster says. “But again, I think the populous is very much behind solar. I mean, being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real concern is that as we move toward higher and higher levels of renewable power on the customer side, we’re going to see bigger shortfalls and the utilities are going to have to raise more revenue,” says Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: as utilities raise electricity prices, it encourages more of their customers to go solar. That equals an even bigger shortfall and utilities raise prices again. It quickly becomes what Bornstein calls a “death spiral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even for those who hate utilities, it’s not a death spiral that should make them happy because none of these solar customers are really energy independent,” says Borenstien. “They still require having a grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission is expected to release its net-metering analysis by the end of the summer. Many say whatever regulators decide to do, it will set a precedent not just for solar customers in California, but for the solar industry across the country.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-20-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2790\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2790\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has been a champion of solar incentive programs and so far, those policies have largely worked: the state is home to more than half of all rooftop solar projects in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they may have worked a little too well in one respect. As increasing numbers of Californians generate their own electricity, they rely less on electric utilities and that’s raising major questions about the future of California’s utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility business model has been largely the same for decades. Utilities build transmission lines, deliver power to customers and recover those costs via your monthly bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not hard to see why a customer like Chuck Pershing might make utilities nervous. “This is from PG&E,” he says, digging through a folder of bills. “Electric is $4.73. Here’s another which was $5.01.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck and his wife Suzanne Pershing pay next-to-nothing to Pacific Gas & Electric because of the solar panels atop their four-bedroom house in San Leandro. On a sunny afternoon, the panels are cranking out power – more than the couple are actually using. That extra power goes onto PG&E’s grid, where it supplies other homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see where it says ‘received,” says Pershing, pointing to his electric meter. “So PG&E is receiving from us right now 4.32 kilowatts per hour.” PG&E keeps track of this and credits the Pershings on their bill. While they still have to buy electricity from PG&E at night when there’s no sun, it’s effectively cancelled out by the extra power they feed back to PG&E during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/net_metering.php\">net energy metering\u003c/a>” and it helps solar projects like this one make financial sense. “It’s great,” says Pershing, who says he can’t resist going outside and checking the meter daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Victims of Success\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been a great program so far,” says David Rubin, who works on net-metering at PG&E. “It was an appropriate thing to do to help the solar market grow. We do, however have a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 85,000 PG&E customers have gone solar. Under state law, once these homegrown electrons make up five percent of peak demand, utilities don’t have to buy the power anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, Rubin says, is that solar customers aren’t paying their fair share. “Solar customers really use the grid more intensively than non-solar customers,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=GVIZ&t=LINE&gco_vAxes=%5B%7B%22title%22%3Anull%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%7D%2C%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%7D%5D&gco_curveType=&gco_booleanRole=certainty&gco_lineWidth=2&gco_hAxis=%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindowMode%22%3Anull%7D&gco_legend=in&gco_title=Customer+Solar+Projects+in+California%E2%80%99s+Investor-Owned+Utilities&gco_series=%7B%220%22%3A%7B%22lineWidth%22%3A2%2C+%22pointSize%22%3A7%7D%7D&gco_theme=maximized&containerId=gviz_canvas&isXyPlot=true&q=select+col0%2C+col1+from+1gpYZLkIhgjxu_Q7f-N_4gXUtncn1MDyEbkuIE-U&qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&qe=+order+by+col0+asc+limit+12&width=500&height=300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone pays for the grid – building and maintaining the wires and substations – through the price of electricity. By reducing their bills close to zero, Rubin says solar customers avoid paying for power lines they’re still using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those costs then become the responsibility of our other customers,” he says, who subsidize about $200 million a year in lost electricity sales. That’s why the state’s big utilities are bringing the issue to the California Public Utilities Commission, the agency that sets power prices. Utilities want to see the net-metering program changed, so solar customers get smaller credits or are charged a fixed monthly fee to support the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t think that we are losing customers,” says Rubin. “We are proud that we represent that largest number of solar customers within the country. We just want to make sure it grows in a sustainable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The utility anxiety is palpable,” says Edward Fenster, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunrunhome.com/\">Sunrun\u003c/a>, a residential solar company based in San Francisco. He says the growth of rooftop solar is a fundamental threat to utilities and the monopoly they’ve held.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has never had to compete in 140 years,” Fenster says. “It doesn’t have a sales force. Utilities just can’t raise rates forever now, without having to worry about a competitive force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar companies don’t dispute that their customers still need PG&E’s grid. “In theory you should pay something for that,” says Fenster. “That said, you’re also providing a benefit to everybody, which is that you’re reducing the need for the utility to invest in transmission and power generation, saving everybody money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Several Bay Area solar companies including Sunrun recently formed the\u003ca href=\"http://allianceforsolarchoice.com/\"> Alliance for Solar Choice\u003c/a>, a coalition set up to defend net metering. Fenster says they only expect to fight more of these battles as solar claims more of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a 20-year journey for us,” Fenster says. “But again, I think the populous is very much behind solar. I mean, being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real concern is that as we move toward higher and higher levels of renewable power on the customer side, we’re going to see bigger shortfalls and the utilities are going to have to raise more revenue,” says Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: as utilities raise electricity prices, it encourages more of their customers to go solar. That equals an even bigger shortfall and utilities raise prices again. It quickly becomes what Bornstein calls a “death spiral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even for those who hate utilities, it’s not a death spiral that should make them happy because none of these solar customers are really energy independent,” says Borenstien. “They still require having a grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission is expected to release its net-metering analysis by the end of the summer. Many say whatever regulators decide to do, it will set a precedent not just for solar customers in California, but for the solar industry across the country.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2909 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/525281main_earth-4x3-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Image: NASA JPL)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway graphic of the Earth, showing the outermost crust, mantle (red) and core. (Image: NASA JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not chewy or chocolate cream, nor is it a raging sea guarded by giant lizards, as in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_%281959_film%29\">1959 film adaptation\u003c/a> of Jules Verne’s classic \u003cem>A Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here’s a high school geology refresher: the Earth has an outer core and an inner core. The outer is liquid metal, and the inner core — we thought — was a solid ball of hot iron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when seismic waves pass through the inner core, they sometimes behave strangely, moving at different speeds, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to explain, though, what about iron might be causing these interesting phenomena, that’s what we didn’t have much information on,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://pangea.stanford.edu/people/faculty/wendy-mao\">Wendy Mao\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she and Arianna Gleason, a post-doc at Stanford, applied the same amount of pressure to iron that they think it’s under at the center of the earth — about three million times as much pressure as at sea level — it was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1808.html\">surprisingly soft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, it’s much harder than silly putty,” Mao says. But conditions at the core are so different from the surface, it’s hard to really compare it to anything here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mao says, knowing the iron at the core is weak helps explain the strange behavior of seismic waves, and will help scientists better understand other quirks about our planet.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2909 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/525281main_earth-4x3-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Image: NASA JPL)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway graphic of the Earth, showing the outermost crust, mantle (red) and core. (Image: NASA JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not chewy or chocolate cream, nor is it a raging sea guarded by giant lizards, as in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_%281959_film%29\">1959 film adaptation\u003c/a> of Jules Verne’s classic \u003cem>A Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here’s a high school geology refresher: the Earth has an outer core and an inner core. The outer is liquid metal, and the inner core — we thought — was a solid ball of hot iron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when seismic waves pass through the inner core, they sometimes behave strangely, moving at different speeds, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to explain, though, what about iron might be causing these interesting phenomena, that’s what we didn’t have much information on,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://pangea.stanford.edu/people/faculty/wendy-mao\">Wendy Mao\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she and Arianna Gleason, a post-doc at Stanford, applied the same amount of pressure to iron that they think it’s under at the center of the earth — about three million times as much pressure as at sea level — it was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1808.html\">surprisingly soft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, it’s much harder than silly putty,” Mao says. But conditions at the core are so different from the surface, it’s hard to really compare it to anything here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mao says, knowing the iron at the core is weak helps explain the strange behavior of seismic waves, and will help scientists better understand other quirks about our planet.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>One of NASA’s most popular and successful missions has hit a disabling technical snag, the agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/keplerm-20130515.html\">announced\u003c/a> Wednesday. A reaction wheel on the Kepler spacecraft has become stuck, say NASA engineers. Without it, scientists can’t aim the telescope as precisely as they need to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler space observatory was launched on March 6, 2009 on a search to disprove the notion that Earth is unique in the universe. Over four years, Kepler \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/science/space/keplers-tally-of-planets.html\">found\u003c/a> more than 100 planets orbiting distant stars. In April, Kepler scientists announced they had found two planets roughly Earth-sized and in the so-called “Goldilocks zone” where liquid water may flow on the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2797\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2797\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/742539main_Kepler-62MorningStar_3x4_1024-768_SCALE.jpg\" alt=\"The artist's concept depicts NASA's Kepler misssion's smallest habitable zone planet. (Credit: NASA Ames)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The artist’s concept depicts NASA’s Kepler misssion’s smallest habitable zone planet. (Credit: NASA Ames)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kepler, which is based at NASA Ames, near Mountain View, has special significance to Bay Area scientists, including \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/team/coi/geoffMarcy/\">Geoffrey Marcy\u003c/a>, a professor of astronomy at UC Berkeley and a co-investigator on the Kepler project. Reached in his office today, Marcy told me Kepler’s failure has had him in tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How are you? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So it’s as bad as it sounds?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah. We knew the friction in Reaction Wheel Four was getting worse and worse. It was [moving] in a sort of hurk-jerky motion. And that’s a tell-tale sign of failure\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Since the time of the ancient Greek philosophers, people have wondered whether there were other Earth-like planets. Kepler is the mission that answered that question.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there really nothing that can be done to fix it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The party line is “there are many things to try right now.” Engineers at NASA Ames are going to try and start up the reaction wheel, rock it back and forth – like when your car is stuck in the snow — forward, backwards, hoping it gets unstuck. So there’s hope, but not much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, the spacecraft got its four year nominal mission. That’s all that was expected. But we were hoping for another four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s this like for you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel awful. I feel dizzy and my eyes are tearing up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, it feels funny to to speak emotionally about a telescope, but in the last 2,400 years, since the time of the ancient Greek philosophers, people have wondered whether there were other Earth-like planets. Kepler is the mission that answered that question. We found Earth-like planets by the hundreds. And now this beautiful instrument has died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a loss for our species. That sounds dramatic, but we pride ourselves as a species of exploration, seeking answers beyond the horizon, answers about our place in the universe. And Kepler was answering those questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2860\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/615219miniplanetarysystem_scale-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2860\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/615219miniplanetarysystem_scale-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"This artist's concept depicts a small planetary system around a red dwarf. Credit: NASA Ames\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2860\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This artist’s concept depicts a small planetary system around a red dwarf. Credit: NASA Ames\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did Kepler find?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We haven’t really identified, yet, an Earth-twin planet where we would say “yeah, that one looks like home.” \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We now have a very strong measurement of how common Earth-sized planets are, and how many might be habitable. We wanted another two-to-four years to pin it down. We’re left with a good answer, but it’s not as secure of an answer as we had hoped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve found hundreds of Earth-sized- planets. But not a single planet that’s definitely like the Earth: rocky surface, liquid water, lukewarm temperature, suitable for biochemistry of life. We haven’t really identified, yet, an Earth-twin planet where we would say “yeah, that one looks like home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There is still a lot of Kepler data yet to be processed, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, and we’re going to be working nonstop. I’m working seven days a week, evenings; my grad students are working non-stop. We have a team here that uses the Keck telescope in Hawaii to measurer the properties of these planets – their orbits, what their atmospheres might be like. So we still have to answer those questions for the planets we’ve found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could it be that the mythical Earth-twin planet is still in the data, waiting to be uncovered? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. And we’re going to work even harder now that the data is even more precious. And we’re gonna try to search for intelligent signs of life on those planets, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Intelligent life? Tell me more. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have funding [from the Templeton Foundation] for a search to look for laser beam transmissions from advanced civilizations. It’s a crazy project and I’m nearly sure I’ll fail. But I have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is you would use lasers to send a message from one civilization to another one on another planet. You can’t stream cable; fiberoptics don’t work over millions of miles. If alien civilizations are communicating with each other in some kinds of great galactic internet, maybe we can read their email.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of NASA’s most popular and successful missions has hit a disabling technical snag, the agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/keplerm-20130515.html\">announced\u003c/a> Wednesday. A reaction wheel on the Kepler spacecraft has become stuck, say NASA engineers. Without it, scientists can’t aim the telescope as precisely as they need to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler space observatory was launched on March 6, 2009 on a search to disprove the notion that Earth is unique in the universe. Over four years, Kepler \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/science/space/keplers-tally-of-planets.html\">found\u003c/a> more than 100 planets orbiting distant stars. In April, Kepler scientists announced they had found two planets roughly Earth-sized and in the so-called “Goldilocks zone” where liquid water may flow on the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2797\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2797\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/742539main_Kepler-62MorningStar_3x4_1024-768_SCALE.jpg\" alt=\"The artist's concept depicts NASA's Kepler misssion's smallest habitable zone planet. (Credit: NASA Ames)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The artist’s concept depicts NASA’s Kepler misssion’s smallest habitable zone planet. (Credit: NASA Ames)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kepler, which is based at NASA Ames, near Mountain View, has special significance to Bay Area scientists, including \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/team/coi/geoffMarcy/\">Geoffrey Marcy\u003c/a>, a professor of astronomy at UC Berkeley and a co-investigator on the Kepler project. Reached in his office today, Marcy told me Kepler’s failure has had him in tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How are you? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So it’s as bad as it sounds?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah. We knew the friction in Reaction Wheel Four was getting worse and worse. It was [moving] in a sort of hurk-jerky motion. And that’s a tell-tale sign of failure\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Since the time of the ancient Greek philosophers, people have wondered whether there were other Earth-like planets. Kepler is the mission that answered that question.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there really nothing that can be done to fix it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The party line is “there are many things to try right now.” Engineers at NASA Ames are going to try and start up the reaction wheel, rock it back and forth – like when your car is stuck in the snow — forward, backwards, hoping it gets unstuck. So there’s hope, but not much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, the spacecraft got its four year nominal mission. That’s all that was expected. But we were hoping for another four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s this like for you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel awful. I feel dizzy and my eyes are tearing up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, it feels funny to to speak emotionally about a telescope, but in the last 2,400 years, since the time of the ancient Greek philosophers, people have wondered whether there were other Earth-like planets. Kepler is the mission that answered that question. We found Earth-like planets by the hundreds. And now this beautiful instrument has died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a loss for our species. That sounds dramatic, but we pride ourselves as a species of exploration, seeking answers beyond the horizon, answers about our place in the universe. And Kepler was answering those questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2860\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/615219miniplanetarysystem_scale-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2860\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/615219miniplanetarysystem_scale-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"This artist's concept depicts a small planetary system around a red dwarf. Credit: NASA Ames\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2860\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This artist’s concept depicts a small planetary system around a red dwarf. Credit: NASA Ames\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did Kepler find?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We haven’t really identified, yet, an Earth-twin planet where we would say “yeah, that one looks like home.” \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We now have a very strong measurement of how common Earth-sized planets are, and how many might be habitable. We wanted another two-to-four years to pin it down. We’re left with a good answer, but it’s not as secure of an answer as we had hoped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve found hundreds of Earth-sized- planets. But not a single planet that’s definitely like the Earth: rocky surface, liquid water, lukewarm temperature, suitable for biochemistry of life. We haven’t really identified, yet, an Earth-twin planet where we would say “yeah, that one looks like home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There is still a lot of Kepler data yet to be processed, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, and we’re going to be working nonstop. I’m working seven days a week, evenings; my grad students are working non-stop. We have a team here that uses the Keck telescope in Hawaii to measurer the properties of these planets – their orbits, what their atmospheres might be like. So we still have to answer those questions for the planets we’ve found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could it be that the mythical Earth-twin planet is still in the data, waiting to be uncovered? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. And we’re going to work even harder now that the data is even more precious. And we’re gonna try to search for intelligent signs of life on those planets, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Intelligent life? Tell me more. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have funding [from the Templeton Foundation] for a search to look for laser beam transmissions from advanced civilizations. It’s a crazy project and I’m nearly sure I’ll fail. But I have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is you would use lasers to send a message from one civilization to another one on another planet. You can’t stream cable; fiberoptics don’t work over millions of miles. If alien civilizations are communicating with each other in some kinds of great galactic internet, maybe we can read their email.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal officials are preparing for a bad fire season, especially in California and along the rest of the Pacific Coast. It’s already begun in California, with nearly 40,000 acres having burned since the beginning of the year, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/05/03/120287/light_sierra_snowpack_raises_specter_of_water_shortages?category=science\">very dry winter\u003c/a> statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2654\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS4767_SpringsFireLarge-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"springs fire ventura wildfire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Springs Fire in Ventura County burned more than 25,000 acres earlier this month. (Dan Rhodes/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Very little precipitation has occurred since the beginning of 2013,” Jeremy Sullens of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nifc.gov/\">National Interagency Fire Center\u003c/a> said on a press call this morning. “In fact in some areas, specifically California, we’ve seen less than 25 percent of the annual precipitation we’d expect for the year so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Track Current Fire Stats\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2013\">In CalFire’s jurisdiction\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.inciweb.org/state/5/#\">On Forest Service land\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said the US Forest Service is facing a worse-than-usual season with a smaller-than-usual fire-fighting force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a result of a sequester and across-the-board cuts that have been applied, we’ll have about 500 fewer firefighters [nationally] at the Forest Service than we would otherwise have,” he said. “That may impact about 50 engines that we would otherwise have.” That’s about 5 percent below the usual staffing level. About 20 million acres in California are managed by the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the state’s rural areas are covered by CalFire, the state wildland firefighting agency, which has also seen budget cuts in recent years. This year, they started \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-calfire-staffing-20130416,0,6135117.story\">beefing up staffing early\u003c/a>, in response to the early fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal officials are preparing for a bad fire season, especially in California and along the rest of the Pacific Coast. It’s already begun in California, with nearly 40,000 acres having burned since the beginning of the year, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/05/03/120287/light_sierra_snowpack_raises_specter_of_water_shortages?category=science\">very dry winter\u003c/a> statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2654\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS4767_SpringsFireLarge-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"springs fire ventura wildfire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Springs Fire in Ventura County burned more than 25,000 acres earlier this month. (Dan Rhodes/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Very little precipitation has occurred since the beginning of 2013,” Jeremy Sullens of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nifc.gov/\">National Interagency Fire Center\u003c/a> said on a press call this morning. “In fact in some areas, specifically California, we’ve seen less than 25 percent of the annual precipitation we’d expect for the year so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Track Current Fire Stats\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2013\">In CalFire’s jurisdiction\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.inciweb.org/state/5/#\">On Forest Service land\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said the US Forest Service is facing a worse-than-usual season with a smaller-than-usual fire-fighting force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a result of a sequester and across-the-board cuts that have been applied, we’ll have about 500 fewer firefighters [nationally] at the Forest Service than we would otherwise have,” he said. “That may impact about 50 engines that we would otherwise have.” That’s about 5 percent below the usual staffing level. About 20 million acres in California are managed by the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the state’s rural areas are covered by CalFire, the state wildland firefighting agency, which has also seen budget cuts in recent years. This year, they started \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-calfire-staffing-20130416,0,6135117.story\">beefing up staffing early\u003c/a>, in response to the early fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Airborne Lasers Yield Better Measure of California's Water Supply",
"headTitle": "Airborne Lasers Yield Better Measure of California’s Water Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-13-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>California has had one weird winter this year: lots of snow and rain early, and almost none since January. It’s in years like this that it’s especially crucial to know just how much water to expect from melting Sierra snows — runoff that provides about a third of the state’s water supply. Current estimates combine patchy measurements with a kind of sophisticated guesswork. But that may be about to change with new technology that’s currently being tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2527\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2527\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/swe-640x360-e1368218832481.jpg\" alt=\"Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Courtesy NASA.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow-water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>The Limits of Statistics\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A funny thing happened when I accompanied Frank Gehrke out on the regular Sierra snow survey this month. He and a group of reporters made their way out to one of the meadows near South Lake Tahoe where he conducts the monthly manual survey in the winter and spring. But this time, there was nothing to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There’s not even a patch of snow we can seek out and measure,” he said. It wasn’t a surprise — he knew it had all melted already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally he’d stick an aluminum tube into the snow and weigh it to calculate the amount of water in the snow, or the snow-water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s been the procedure really since about 1910,” said Gehrke, who’s been doing it for years as the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/\">snow survey\u003c/a> chief for the California Department of Water Resources (DWR). But that’s a little difficult when, as on this day, spring had sprung at the survey site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR uses a combination of manual surveys and remote electronic sensors that feed a statistical model to project how much water there will be for cities and farms throughout the state when the snow melts each summer. But they never really know, exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can get nerve-wracking for water managers like Bruce McGurk, who used to run San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=92\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t quite call it chicken,” McGurk said. “But you sure are watching. You’re hedging; you’re always being aware. You can’t be too full too early.” That would put people downstream at risk if there were a big late-season storm. On the other hand, managers need to keep enough in storage, to get through the dry summer. “A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2544 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_5027-e1368221337628.jpg\" alt=\"ASO NASA DWR water snow twin otter\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Painter of NASA and Frank Gehrke of DWR in front of the Twin Otter. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Which is why McGurk is excited about the project he’s working on with NASA, DWR and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which runs Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Going Airborne\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>, or ASO: an airplane outfitted with instruments that give scientists a better understanding of the snowpack than they’ve ever had before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like looking at your TV screen,” said Tom Painter of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory at CalTech, the principal investigator on the project. “Your TV screen is the mountain basin,” he explained. And the way we’re currently measuring the snow in the mountains is by just looking at a few points — ike a screen that’s blank except for a few illuminated pixels — and using statistics to complete the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re doing,” said Painter, “is turning on the entire TV set. We’re allowing you to see every one of the pixels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end result is a set of more comprehensive maps showing how much water is really up there, in the mountains. This is the first month of the three-year, four million-dollar project, funded by NASA and DWR. Right now, they’re focusing on a watershed in the Rockies and the Tuolumne River in Yosemite, which feeds into Hetch Hetchy. It’s a test phase, to work out the kinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Plane\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2553\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/twinotter640x360-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"lidar spectrometer twin otter\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Twin Otter used for the ASO is mounted with a spectrometer, a camera and lidar device. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The maps are created with two high-tech tools mounted in a DeHavilland Twin Otter, a Canadian-built aircraft frequently used for research flights. Painter offered a tour of the gear mounted inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lidar lets us know the snow depth,” he said. Lidar is a laser that measures distance — really accurately, and really quickly. (If you’ve ever been pulled over by a police officer using a “radar” gun, you’re familiar with the technology.) By multiplying snow depth and snow density — the density calculation comes from manual surveys — you get the all-important snow water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spectrometer here, the black box, this allows us to know how much \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/04/29/whats-an-albedo-and-why-you-should-care/\">sunlight is being absorbed\u003c/a> by the snow surface,” he said. That tells scientists when the snow will melt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(The maps) are really beautiful,” Painter says. “The spatial distribution of snow water equivalent is — maybe it’s an acquired taste — but I think it’s fascinating and quite beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2535\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2535\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Picture2-e1368219677597.jpg\" alt=\"Data from the spectrometer draped on snow-on digital elevation surface shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell's peak. (Courtesy NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the spectrometer draped over topographical information from the lidar shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell’s peak. The storied Lyell Glacier is visible in the upper left portion of the image. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scenery from the plane isn’t bad, either. On a sample flight in the Lake Tahoe area, flight operator Cate Heneghan, who usually works on NASA space missions, marveled at the famously clear water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s greens and blues,” she said over the crackly headset. “You know, you see pictures, but you always wonder: is it color enhanced? But then you come here and see it in real life and you go, ‘Whoop, no, I guess it’s not color enhanced.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heneghan operates the scientific instruments and coordinates between the plane’s pilots and Gehrke and Painter, who work in the back. The plane crisscrosses the watershed, measuring the depth of the snow and how much light it’s reflecting, down to the half-meter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Big Snow Data\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>After the flight, a team from NASA works around the clock to process all that data. The goal is to run weekly flights, with a 24-hour turnaround time, so it’s relevant to reservoir managers. McGurk is a consultant on the project, coordinating between NASA and Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“People are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.’”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yeah we all get real excited when the images start to come back and everybody goes ‘Woah, cool look at that,’” he laughed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tools are becoming increasingly important. Painter says that statistical models rely on historical data. And with a changing climate, the future is going to look less and less like the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these physical measurements, you don’t have to rely on what happened last year,” he explained. “What happened over last 10 years, what happened over the last 20 years, has no bearing on your ability to model the snow-melt in this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gehrke, elder statesman of California snow surveys, welcomed the change. He said this program, along with new stations that measure \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10151415328907449.1073741832.95205192448&type=1\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> and a program that supports better coordination between water managers is bringing in a next generation of water management in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, it’s sort of like the internet,” he said. “Initially, it’s like, ‘Yeah, whatever, who cares.’ And all of a sudden, it’s now like, people can hardly go anywhere without it. And I think that’s what we’re going to find, as all of this starts to build out, people are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this new data, water managers will be better able to plan for water supply, flood control, hydropower and the environment. And scientists will be able to use this deluge of data, too, to learn more about the alpine environment, one of the places most threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Snow runoff from the Sierra Nevada provides about a third of the state's water supply. Current estimates of how much water is in the mountains combine patchy measurements with a kind of sophisticated guesswork. But that may be about to change with new technology that's currently being tested.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-13-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>California has had one weird winter this year: lots of snow and rain early, and almost none since January. It’s in years like this that it’s especially crucial to know just how much water to expect from melting Sierra snows — runoff that provides about a third of the state’s water supply. Current estimates combine patchy measurements with a kind of sophisticated guesswork. But that may be about to change with new technology that’s currently being tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2527\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2527\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/swe-640x360-e1368218832481.jpg\" alt=\"Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Courtesy NASA.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow-water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>The Limits of Statistics\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A funny thing happened when I accompanied Frank Gehrke out on the regular Sierra snow survey this month. He and a group of reporters made their way out to one of the meadows near South Lake Tahoe where he conducts the monthly manual survey in the winter and spring. But this time, there was nothing to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There’s not even a patch of snow we can seek out and measure,” he said. It wasn’t a surprise — he knew it had all melted already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally he’d stick an aluminum tube into the snow and weigh it to calculate the amount of water in the snow, or the snow-water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s been the procedure really since about 1910,” said Gehrke, who’s been doing it for years as the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/\">snow survey\u003c/a> chief for the California Department of Water Resources (DWR). But that’s a little difficult when, as on this day, spring had sprung at the survey site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR uses a combination of manual surveys and remote electronic sensors that feed a statistical model to project how much water there will be for cities and farms throughout the state when the snow melts each summer. But they never really know, exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can get nerve-wracking for water managers like Bruce McGurk, who used to run San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=92\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t quite call it chicken,” McGurk said. “But you sure are watching. You’re hedging; you’re always being aware. You can’t be too full too early.” That would put people downstream at risk if there were a big late-season storm. On the other hand, managers need to keep enough in storage, to get through the dry summer. “A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2544 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_5027-e1368221337628.jpg\" alt=\"ASO NASA DWR water snow twin otter\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Painter of NASA and Frank Gehrke of DWR in front of the Twin Otter. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Which is why McGurk is excited about the project he’s working on with NASA, DWR and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which runs Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Going Airborne\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>, or ASO: an airplane outfitted with instruments that give scientists a better understanding of the snowpack than they’ve ever had before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like looking at your TV screen,” said Tom Painter of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory at CalTech, the principal investigator on the project. “Your TV screen is the mountain basin,” he explained. And the way we’re currently measuring the snow in the mountains is by just looking at a few points — ike a screen that’s blank except for a few illuminated pixels — and using statistics to complete the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re doing,” said Painter, “is turning on the entire TV set. We’re allowing you to see every one of the pixels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end result is a set of more comprehensive maps showing how much water is really up there, in the mountains. This is the first month of the three-year, four million-dollar project, funded by NASA and DWR. Right now, they’re focusing on a watershed in the Rockies and the Tuolumne River in Yosemite, which feeds into Hetch Hetchy. It’s a test phase, to work out the kinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Plane\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2553\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/twinotter640x360-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"lidar spectrometer twin otter\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Twin Otter used for the ASO is mounted with a spectrometer, a camera and lidar device. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The maps are created with two high-tech tools mounted in a DeHavilland Twin Otter, a Canadian-built aircraft frequently used for research flights. Painter offered a tour of the gear mounted inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lidar lets us know the snow depth,” he said. Lidar is a laser that measures distance — really accurately, and really quickly. (If you’ve ever been pulled over by a police officer using a “radar” gun, you’re familiar with the technology.) By multiplying snow depth and snow density — the density calculation comes from manual surveys — you get the all-important snow water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spectrometer here, the black box, this allows us to know how much \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/04/29/whats-an-albedo-and-why-you-should-care/\">sunlight is being absorbed\u003c/a> by the snow surface,” he said. That tells scientists when the snow will melt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(The maps) are really beautiful,” Painter says. “The spatial distribution of snow water equivalent is — maybe it’s an acquired taste — but I think it’s fascinating and quite beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2535\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2535\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Picture2-e1368219677597.jpg\" alt=\"Data from the spectrometer draped on snow-on digital elevation surface shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell's peak. (Courtesy NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the spectrometer draped over topographical information from the lidar shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell’s peak. The storied Lyell Glacier is visible in the upper left portion of the image. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scenery from the plane isn’t bad, either. On a sample flight in the Lake Tahoe area, flight operator Cate Heneghan, who usually works on NASA space missions, marveled at the famously clear water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s greens and blues,” she said over the crackly headset. “You know, you see pictures, but you always wonder: is it color enhanced? But then you come here and see it in real life and you go, ‘Whoop, no, I guess it’s not color enhanced.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heneghan operates the scientific instruments and coordinates between the plane’s pilots and Gehrke and Painter, who work in the back. The plane crisscrosses the watershed, measuring the depth of the snow and how much light it’s reflecting, down to the half-meter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Big Snow Data\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>After the flight, a team from NASA works around the clock to process all that data. The goal is to run weekly flights, with a 24-hour turnaround time, so it’s relevant to reservoir managers. McGurk is a consultant on the project, coordinating between NASA and Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“People are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.’”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yeah we all get real excited when the images start to come back and everybody goes ‘Woah, cool look at that,’” he laughed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tools are becoming increasingly important. Painter says that statistical models rely on historical data. And with a changing climate, the future is going to look less and less like the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these physical measurements, you don’t have to rely on what happened last year,” he explained. “What happened over last 10 years, what happened over the last 20 years, has no bearing on your ability to model the snow-melt in this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gehrke, elder statesman of California snow surveys, welcomed the change. He said this program, along with new stations that measure \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10151415328907449.1073741832.95205192448&type=1\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> and a program that supports better coordination between water managers is bringing in a next generation of water management in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, it’s sort of like the internet,” he said. “Initially, it’s like, ‘Yeah, whatever, who cares.’ And all of a sudden, it’s now like, people can hardly go anywhere without it. And I think that’s what we’re going to find, as all of this starts to build out, people are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this new data, water managers will be better able to plan for water supply, flood control, hydropower and the environment. And scientists will be able to use this deluge of data, too, to learn more about the alpine environment, one of the places most threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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