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"title": "Perseverance Pays Off: First Successful Rock Collection from Mars Complete",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Perseverance rover\u003c/a> has successfully collected its first rock samples from Mars’ Jezero Crater, specimens that will help illuminate the geologic and possibly \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiological \u003c/a>history of our planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/landing-site/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a> was once a lake, long ago in Mars’ past, and a prime spot to search for chemical residues left behind by any water-dwelling microbes that may have existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which NASA’s rover Perseverance drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though previous Mars missions have analyzed rocks before, Perseverance takes its prospecting a step further by sealing the samples in special titanium tubes that can be retrieved and brought back to Earth by a future mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Perseverance makes its way across the Jezero Crater, a joint NASA-European Space Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-sample-return-msr\">Mars Sample Return\u003c/a> mission is under development to bring the rock samples back to Earth. MSR will include a rover to collect sample tubes that Perseverance will deposit along its path and a rocket stage that will carry the samples off Mars and back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is the first mission designed to look for signs of past life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier missions such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is still actively exploring Mars’ Gale Crater, and the twin \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/mars-exploration-rovers/\">Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a> rovers have examined past water and environmental conditions friendly to life. Their work revealed an ancient Mars with many Earth-like qualities: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, precipitation, as well as surface rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers still don’t know if life ever arose in Mars’ watery past. Discovering geological evidence of Martian life would be a pivotal moment not only in the history of science, but in history, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Drilling rock to probe the past\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 6 and 8, Perseverance \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-rover-collects-puzzle-pieces-of-mars-history\">drilled out two small sample cores\u003c/a> from a rock that researchers dubbed “Rochette.” After taking pictures of the tubes’ contents to ensure the collection was successful, the rover cached the samples away for future analysis on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976856 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Perseverance rover’s “turret,” the ensemble of tools and instruments at the end of its robotic arm, hovers over the rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which the rover drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sampled rock may have been formed long ago in a lava flow but has since been chemically and physically altered by the presence of liquid water later in its history. The current condition of the rocks tells scientists the water was present for a long period of time and not merely a fleeting wet spell. Whether the waters persisted for tens of thousands or millions of years is not clear, but it appears to have lasted long enough to maintain an aquatic environment friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have also detected salt minerals, often found in connection to water on Earth, in Jezero’s rocks. Sometimes salt is deposited by groundwater flowing through rock or left behind after water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/26219_PIA24806-web.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation of images captured by “Cachecam” on NASA’s Mars rover Perseverance, peering down the sample tube containing the rover’s first successful rock core sample. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Perseverance will collect and store up to 43 samples of rock from a wide area of Jezero’s crater floor and walls, deposits spanning millions or billions of years of its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each tiny sample, along with measurements and analysis made around their collection sites, constitutes a small piece of information about Jezero Crater’s history. As Perseverance collects more samples, a detailed understanding of Jezero’s past will develop — when it was formed, when water appeared and how long it remained, and with any luck, if anything ever lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is currently prospecting a portion of Jezero’s dry lakebed, but later in its mission will visit a variety of terrains, including a large formation of sedimentary deposits carried into the lake by a river, and the lake’s ancient shoreline where shallow water may have provided even more life-friendly habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976853 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-1020x817.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-768x615.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False colored mineral map of the region of the Jezero Crater that NASA’s Perseverance rover is exploring, captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image features a portion of the crater’s western rim (left) and the river inlet and sediment deposits (center) washed into the crater lake in the distant past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Searching for signs of life\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is equipped with a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/\">suite of specialized instruments\u003c/a> to answer these questions by measuring rock composition, capturing microscopic images and detecting organic compounds. But, as capable as our mobile robotic science laboratories have become, there is still no substitute for the depth of analysis that can be accomplished in laboratories on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will not see any discoveries made from Perseverance’s cached rock samples for several years, when the Mars Sample Return mission proceeds, but the potential rewards are worth waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Perseverance rover\u003c/a> has successfully collected its first rock samples from Mars’ Jezero Crater, specimens that will help illuminate the geologic and possibly \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiological \u003c/a>history of our planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/landing-site/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a> was once a lake, long ago in Mars’ past, and a prime spot to search for chemical residues left behind by any water-dwelling microbes that may have existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/1-PIA24840_Main_Samuels-5-_Hazcam_FLF_0196_06.width-1320-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which NASA’s rover Perseverance drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though previous Mars missions have analyzed rocks before, Perseverance takes its prospecting a step further by sealing the samples in special titanium tubes that can be retrieved and brought back to Earth by a future mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Perseverance makes its way across the Jezero Crater, a joint NASA-European Space Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-sample-return-msr\">Mars Sample Return\u003c/a> mission is under development to bring the rock samples back to Earth. MSR will include a rover to collect sample tubes that Perseverance will deposit along its path and a rocket stage that will carry the samples off Mars and back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is the first mission designed to look for signs of past life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier missions such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is still actively exploring Mars’ Gale Crater, and the twin \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/mars-exploration-rovers/\">Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a> rovers have examined past water and environmental conditions friendly to life. Their work revealed an ancient Mars with many Earth-like qualities: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, precipitation, as well as surface rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers still don’t know if life ever arose in Mars’ watery past. Discovering geological evidence of Martian life would be a pivotal moment not only in the history of science, but in history, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Drilling rock to probe the past\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 6 and 8, Perseverance \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-rover-collects-puzzle-pieces-of-mars-history\">drilled out two small sample cores\u003c/a> from a rock that researchers dubbed “Rochette.” After taking pictures of the tubes’ contents to ensure the collection was successful, the rover cached the samples away for future analysis on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976856 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Mars_Perseverance_FLF_0195_0684255747_596ECM_N0070000FHAZ00206_01_295J-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Perseverance rover’s “turret,” the ensemble of tools and instruments at the end of its robotic arm, hovers over the rock dubbed “Rochette,” from which the rover drilled its first two successful core samples. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sampled rock may have been formed long ago in a lava flow but has since been chemically and physically altered by the presence of liquid water later in its history. The current condition of the rocks tells scientists the water was present for a long period of time and not merely a fleeting wet spell. Whether the waters persisted for tens of thousands or millions of years is not clear, but it appears to have lasted long enough to maintain an aquatic environment friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have also detected salt minerals, often found in connection to water on Earth, in Jezero’s rocks. Sometimes salt is deposited by groundwater flowing through rock or left behind after water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/26219_PIA24806-web.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation of images captured by “Cachecam” on NASA’s Mars rover Perseverance, peering down the sample tube containing the rover’s first successful rock core sample. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Perseverance will collect and store up to 43 samples of rock from a wide area of Jezero’s crater floor and walls, deposits spanning millions or billions of years of its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each tiny sample, along with measurements and analysis made around their collection sites, constitutes a small piece of information about Jezero Crater’s history. As Perseverance collects more samples, a detailed understanding of Jezero’s past will develop — when it was formed, when water appeared and how long it remained, and with any luck, if anything ever lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is currently prospecting a portion of Jezero’s dry lakebed, but later in its mission will visit a variety of terrains, including a large formation of sedimentary deposits carried into the lake by a river, and the lake’s ancient shoreline where shallow water may have provided even more life-friendly habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976853 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-1020x817.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU-768x615.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/pia23239-NASA-JPL-Caltech-ASU.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False colored mineral map of the region of the Jezero Crater that NASA’s Perseverance rover is exploring, captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image features a portion of the crater’s western rim (left) and the river inlet and sediment deposits (center) washed into the crater lake in the distant past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Searching for signs of life\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance is equipped with a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/\">suite of specialized instruments\u003c/a> to answer these questions by measuring rock composition, capturing microscopic images and detecting organic compounds. But, as capable as our mobile robotic science laboratories have become, there is still no substitute for the depth of analysis that can be accomplished in laboratories on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will not see any discoveries made from Perseverance’s cached rock samples for several years, when the Mars Sample Return mission proceeds, but the potential rewards are worth waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>Under the bright yellow petals of a tarweed plant, an insect known as the assassin bug kills its caterpillar victim by stabbing it over and over. But does this perpetrator have an accomplice? Sticky droplets all over the plant could be a clue.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Just beneath the petals of this flower, a brutal murder is in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the victim, a few minutes earlier: a caterpillar. Before it got whacked, it was on its way to becoming an owlet moth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is the perpetrator. \u003cem>Pselliopus spinicollis\u003c/em>, aka the assassin bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It dispatches its victims with this sharp weapon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s not using it, it keeps it folded up, like a switchblade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s review that crime footage again, shall we?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep, the assassin bug is definitely the hit man. But did it have an accomplice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scene of the crime is this tarweed. Pretty, right? But what are these glossy droplets all over the place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few nights back, this midge got trapped in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So did this snakefly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, the tarweed lured them with these sweet, lemony droplets. This plant is an insect graveyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those bodies are a bribe for the assassin bugs, so they’ll take care of the plant’s caterpillar problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, the caterpillars eat its flowers. No flowers, no pollen. No pollen, no reproduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that they’re on the tarweed, the assassin bugs mate and lay an egg or two right next to the cadavers, so their offspring have something to eat when they hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they get to work on that job for the tarweeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger caterpillars put up a fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little ones, they’ll try to make themselves scarce, dangling down on a line of silk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plenty of them end up like our murder victim. Sucked dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the caterpillars out of the way, the tarweed mastermind can hang onto its flowers – and spread its pollen – for one more day.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s not using it, it keeps it folded up, like a switchblade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s review that crime footage again, shall we?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep, the assassin bug is definitely the hit man. But did it have an accomplice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scene of the crime is this tarweed. Pretty, right? But what are these glossy droplets all over the place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few nights back, this midge got trapped in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So did this snakefly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, the tarweed lured them with these sweet, lemony droplets. This plant is an insect graveyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those bodies are a bribe for the assassin bugs, so they’ll take care of the plant’s caterpillar problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, the caterpillars eat its flowers. No flowers, no pollen. No pollen, no reproduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that they’re on the tarweed, the assassin bugs mate and lay an egg or two right next to the cadavers, so their offspring have something to eat when they hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they get to work on that job for the tarweeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger caterpillars put up a fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little ones, they’ll try to make themselves scarce, dangling down on a line of silk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plenty of them end up like our murder victim. Sucked dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the caterpillars out of the way, the tarweed mastermind can hang onto its flowers – and spread its pollen – for one more day.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The 76th session of the U.N. General Assembly (or #UNGA if you’re Twitter) got off to a flying start last week, with a primary focus on two key issues: pandemic recovery and environmental action. The agenda included the General Assembly’s first global meeting on renewable energy since 1981, and U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres stated definitively last Tuesday: “The war on our planet must end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='science_1976869']The gathering of more than a hundred world leaders and diplomats to discuss climate change and other environmental matters, of course prompted a variety of celebrities to chime in and share their viewpoints, too. (Perhaps, not since “\u003cem>Parks and Recreation”\u003c/em> dedicated \u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2089306/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an entire episode\u003c/a> to a Model U.N. has the work of the intergovernmental body been so thoroughly absorbed and regurgitated by pop culture in so short a space of time.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a handy roundup of what some of the non-politicians — hosts of late night, BTS, and Camila Cabello among them — had to say for themselves about the climate last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>BTS performs at the U.N.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Probably the most high profile — and, let’s be honest, bizarre — clash of policy and pop culture came on Monday when pop superstars \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuEY7HMZpY8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BTS gathered on stage at U.N. headquarters a day before\u003c/a> the General Assembly officially opened. The singers, dressed in smart suits, appeared as “special presidential envoys of the Republic of Korea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an introduction by South Korean President Moon Jae-in, the boy band spoke of gratitude, optimism and how caring for nature helped so many young people through COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we believe in the possibilities and hope,” said Kim Seok-jin (better known to BTS fans as Jin), “even when the unexpected happens, we will not lose our way, but discover new ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The song “Permission to Dance,” he announced “is our message of welcome that we want to share with everyone today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, above them on a big screen, \u003cem>this\u003c/em> happened:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SmQOZWNyWE\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Camila Cabello and friends write a letter\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, pop star and former Fifth Harmony singer, Camila Cabello gathered more than 60 celebrities together to sign \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdcactionfund.org/build-back-better-entertainment-industry-letter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an open letter\u003c/a> demanding climate action. Addressed to the CEOs of 14 major media companies — including Amazon, Apple, AT&T, Netflix, Fox, Facebook, Disney and Sony — the letter asked them to publicly back President Biden’s climate agenda and supporting legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It said in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"after-p before-p\">The plan currently before Congress will protect people’s health and clean up our drinking water. It will create a just transition away from dirty fossil fuels and create millions of new jobs. It will protect communities from climate change through investments in clean energy, clean transportation, and infrastructure upgrades. And it will make sure we finally prioritize and invest in the low-income communities and communities of color that are hit hardest by both fossil fuel pollution and climate impacts. This plan will create a stronger, brighter, and more just America—and we need you to help make this vision a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Shakira, Leonardo DiCaprio, Lady Gaga and Justin Timberlake signed the letter, along with other major stars including: Cate Blanchett, Sean Penn, Kerry Washington, Hugh Jackman, Dua Lipa, Don Cheadle, Ellen DeGeneres, Shawn Mendes, Selena Gomez, Billie Eilish, Jimmy Fallon, Barbra Streisand and Sigourney Weaver.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Late night hosts do “Climate Night”\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBoYb6RhcL4&t=438s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Wednesday, all the late-night hosts dedicated episodes to the climate crisis under the banner of one “Climate Night,” with a mixed bag of results. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfJlGyqrj0E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seth Myers and James Corden joined forces\u003c/a> for a 3-minute segment that broadcast on both NBC and CBS before their shows (which featured interviews with John Kerry and Bill Gates, respectively). “Climate is a universal topic,” Corden said inanely. “Please learn all you can and then call your congressman.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5aAbfxcP5M&t=67s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Samantha Bee\u003c/a> focused on aging infrastructure and overflowing sewage, and Trevor Noah talked endangered coffee beans, wine grapes and sea turtles. Also, Jimmy Fallon told Dr. Jane Goodall — a woman who’s trying to get literally \u003ca href=\"https://www.treesforjane.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a trillion trees\u003c/a> planted over the next decade — that “\u003cem>The Tonight Show”\u003c/em> would plant one for her. (\u003cem>One\u003c/em>! And it was \u003cem>tiny\u003c/em>!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13877066']On the plus side, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcFlDnxiBiM&t=55s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stephen Colbert\u003c/a> had the decency to acknowledge that late night’s dedicated evening of shows was about as likely to stop climate change as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13877066/imagine-and-all-the-other-ways-celebrities-are-making-lockdown-worse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gal Gadot’s version of “Imagine”\u003c/a> was to stop COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there was a leader of the pack though, it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBoYb6RhcL4&t=438s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jimmy Kimmel\u003c/a>, who brought on actual real-life climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe. Kimmel also used his monologue to share some under-discussed political info. “Joe Biden is on track to approve more oil and gas permits than any year of the Trump administration,” Kimmel said at one point. “And the Democrats in Congress left fossil fuel subsidies in their big climate bill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Harry and Meghan attend Global Citizen Live\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976896\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976896 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meghan Markle and Prince Harry visit One World Trade Center on Sept. 23, two days before their appearance at the Global Citizen Live event in New York City. \u003ccite>(Roy Rochlin/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Duke and Duchess traveled to New York last week, to attend Saturday’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalcitizen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Global Citizen Live\u003c/a> concert in Central Park. The couple’s primary mission was to talk about COVID-19 vaccine accessibility, but the theme of the festival was: “Defend the planet. Defeat poverty.” It featured performances by Coldplay, Billie Eilish, Jennifer Lopez, Lizzo, and many other special guests. Simultaneous concerts also took place in Paris, Rio, L.A., London, Mumbai, Lagos, Sydney and more, as part of a 24-hour streaming event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/global-citizen-live-everything-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Global Citizen says its mission\u003c/a> is to: “call on world leaders, major corporations, and foundations” to combat “catastrophic climate change.” It seeks to secure commitment from governments and other powerful leaders to reach net zero emissions; “conserve, restore and grow” more trees; and “for the wealthiest nations to deliver on their promise to give $100 billion annually to address the climate needs of developing countries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing \u003cem>too\u003c/em> ambitious, then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXrXnCG64Og\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How useful celebrity interventions can possibly be when it comes to a crisis of this magnitude is impossible to say. But, look on the bright side. At least they gave us something to look at last week that featured neither fire nor flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No wonder that BTS video has been watched 22 million times already.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "BTS performs at the U.N. headquarters, \"Climate Night\" on late night T.V., and other celebrity highlights from last week. ",
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"title": "Here's How Celebrities Embraced Climate Discussions at the U.N. General Assembly | KQED",
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"headline": "Here's How Celebrities Embraced Climate Discussions at the U.N. General Assembly",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 76th session of the U.N. General Assembly (or #UNGA if you’re Twitter) got off to a flying start last week, with a primary focus on two key issues: pandemic recovery and environmental action. The agenda included the General Assembly’s first global meeting on renewable energy since 1981, and U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres stated definitively last Tuesday: “The war on our planet must end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The gathering of more than a hundred world leaders and diplomats to discuss climate change and other environmental matters, of course prompted a variety of celebrities to chime in and share their viewpoints, too. (Perhaps, not since “\u003cem>Parks and Recreation”\u003c/em> dedicated \u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2089306/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an entire episode\u003c/a> to a Model U.N. has the work of the intergovernmental body been so thoroughly absorbed and regurgitated by pop culture in so short a space of time.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a handy roundup of what some of the non-politicians — hosts of late night, BTS, and Camila Cabello among them — had to say for themselves about the climate last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>BTS performs at the U.N.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Probably the most high profile — and, let’s be honest, bizarre — clash of policy and pop culture came on Monday when pop superstars \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuEY7HMZpY8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BTS gathered on stage at U.N. headquarters a day before\u003c/a> the General Assembly officially opened. The singers, dressed in smart suits, appeared as “special presidential envoys of the Republic of Korea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an introduction by South Korean President Moon Jae-in, the boy band spoke of gratitude, optimism and how caring for nature helped so many young people through COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we believe in the possibilities and hope,” said Kim Seok-jin (better known to BTS fans as Jin), “even when the unexpected happens, we will not lose our way, but discover new ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The song “Permission to Dance,” he announced “is our message of welcome that we want to share with everyone today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, above them on a big screen, \u003cem>this\u003c/em> happened:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9SmQOZWNyWE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9SmQOZWNyWE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>Camila Cabello and friends write a letter\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, pop star and former Fifth Harmony singer, Camila Cabello gathered more than 60 celebrities together to sign \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdcactionfund.org/build-back-better-entertainment-industry-letter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an open letter\u003c/a> demanding climate action. Addressed to the CEOs of 14 major media companies — including Amazon, Apple, AT&T, Netflix, Fox, Facebook, Disney and Sony — the letter asked them to publicly back President Biden’s climate agenda and supporting legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It said in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"after-p before-p\">The plan currently before Congress will protect people’s health and clean up our drinking water. It will create a just transition away from dirty fossil fuels and create millions of new jobs. It will protect communities from climate change through investments in clean energy, clean transportation, and infrastructure upgrades. And it will make sure we finally prioritize and invest in the low-income communities and communities of color that are hit hardest by both fossil fuel pollution and climate impacts. This plan will create a stronger, brighter, and more just America—and we need you to help make this vision a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Shakira, Leonardo DiCaprio, Lady Gaga and Justin Timberlake signed the letter, along with other major stars including: Cate Blanchett, Sean Penn, Kerry Washington, Hugh Jackman, Dua Lipa, Don Cheadle, Ellen DeGeneres, Shawn Mendes, Selena Gomez, Billie Eilish, Jimmy Fallon, Barbra Streisand and Sigourney Weaver.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Late night hosts do “Climate Night”\u003c/h3>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bBoYb6RhcL4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bBoYb6RhcL4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Last Wednesday, all the late-night hosts dedicated episodes to the climate crisis under the banner of one “Climate Night,” with a mixed bag of results. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfJlGyqrj0E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seth Myers and James Corden joined forces\u003c/a> for a 3-minute segment that broadcast on both NBC and CBS before their shows (which featured interviews with John Kerry and Bill Gates, respectively). “Climate is a universal topic,” Corden said inanely. “Please learn all you can and then call your congressman.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5aAbfxcP5M&t=67s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Samantha Bee\u003c/a> focused on aging infrastructure and overflowing sewage, and Trevor Noah talked endangered coffee beans, wine grapes and sea turtles. Also, Jimmy Fallon told Dr. Jane Goodall — a woman who’s trying to get literally \u003ca href=\"https://www.treesforjane.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a trillion trees\u003c/a> planted over the next decade — that “\u003cem>The Tonight Show”\u003c/em> would plant one for her. (\u003cem>One\u003c/em>! And it was \u003cem>tiny\u003c/em>!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>On the plus side, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcFlDnxiBiM&t=55s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stephen Colbert\u003c/a> had the decency to acknowledge that late night’s dedicated evening of shows was about as likely to stop climate change as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13877066/imagine-and-all-the-other-ways-celebrities-are-making-lockdown-worse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gal Gadot’s version of “Imagine”\u003c/a> was to stop COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there was a leader of the pack though, it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBoYb6RhcL4&t=438s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jimmy Kimmel\u003c/a>, who brought on actual real-life climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe. Kimmel also used his monologue to share some under-discussed political info. “Joe Biden is on track to approve more oil and gas permits than any year of the Trump administration,” Kimmel said at one point. “And the Democrats in Congress left fossil fuel subsidies in their big climate bill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Harry and Meghan attend Global Citizen Live\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976896\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976896 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/GettyImages-1342104290-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meghan Markle and Prince Harry visit One World Trade Center on Sept. 23, two days before their appearance at the Global Citizen Live event in New York City. \u003ccite>(Roy Rochlin/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Duke and Duchess traveled to New York last week, to attend Saturday’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalcitizen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Global Citizen Live\u003c/a> concert in Central Park. The couple’s primary mission was to talk about COVID-19 vaccine accessibility, but the theme of the festival was: “Defend the planet. Defeat poverty.” It featured performances by Coldplay, Billie Eilish, Jennifer Lopez, Lizzo, and many other special guests. Simultaneous concerts also took place in Paris, Rio, L.A., London, Mumbai, Lagos, Sydney and more, as part of a 24-hour streaming event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/global-citizen-live-everything-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Global Citizen says its mission\u003c/a> is to: “call on world leaders, major corporations, and foundations” to combat “catastrophic climate change.” It seeks to secure commitment from governments and other powerful leaders to reach net zero emissions; “conserve, restore and grow” more trees; and “for the wealthiest nations to deliver on their promise to give $100 billion annually to address the climate needs of developing countries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing \u003cem>too\u003c/em> ambitious, then.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pXrXnCG64Og'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pXrXnCG64Og'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>How useful celebrity interventions can possibly be when it comes to a crisis of this magnitude is impossible to say. But, look on the bright side. At least they gave us something to look at last week that featured neither fire nor flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No wonder that BTS video has been watched 22 million times already.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Humans May Have Walked the Americas Thousands of Years Earlier Than Once Thought",
"headTitle": "Humans May Have Walked the Americas Thousands of Years Earlier Than Once Thought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The question of when humans first migrated to North America has long been a matter of hot debate among researchers who have continually uncovered evidence of ever-earlier dates. Now, analysis of ancient fossilized human footprints in New Mexico has pushed the date back once again — to at least 21,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg7586\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a team of researchers led by Matthew Bennett of Bournemouth University in England examined a set of human footprints preserved on an ancient lakeshore in New Mexico’s White Sands National Park, a location now known for its expansive — and dry — chalk-colored dunes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They concluded that the footprints were made between 21,000 and 23,000 years ago. The date would place human habitation in the Americas during the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/Last-Glacial-Maximum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Last Glacial Maximum\u003c/a> and at least 5,000 years earlier than widely accepted evidence has yet suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The footprints were mostly made by children and teenagers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Bennett and his colleagues, whose paper was published Thursday, determined that the tracks belonged to numerous people, mostly children and teenagers. What’s more, the footprints spanned a significant time period, suggesting that humans frequented the area for at least a few thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the beautiful things about footprints is that, unlike stone tools or bones, they can’t be moved up or down the stratigraphy,” Bennett says, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-humans-came-to-americas-180973739/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Science News\u003c/a>, referring to the layers where artifacts and fossils are found. “They’re fixed, and they’re very precise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, rock layers are “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02597-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a nightmare\u003c/a>” to date, says Bennett, a professor of environmental and geographical sciences. But he says that two years ago, archaeologist David Bustos, a study co-author, discovered a site where human footprints were co-mingled with a layer of sediment containing seeds from the spiral ditchgrass, an aquatic plant that could be carbon-dated. The results gave an estimate for the footprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Higham, an archaeological scientist and radiocarbon-dating expert at the University of Vienna, who was not part of the study, called the latest findings “extremely exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am convinced that these footprints genuinely are of the age claimed,” he said, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02597-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The evidence for older dates for migration to the Americas is less solid\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although previous studies have suggested an even earlier migration of modern humans into North America — including a controversial 2017 paper suggesting that people lived in the Southern California region as long as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/26/525628056/new-evidence-suggests-humans-arrived-in-the-americas-far-earlier-than-thought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">130,000 years ago\u003c/a> — those claims have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02597-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">largely discounted\u003c/a> because of the “equivocality of the evidence,” \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>says\u003cem>. \u003c/em>For instance\u003cem>, \u003c/em>rocks were mistaken for tools, and marks on animal bones thought to be made by humans turned out to have a natural origin, the journal says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, archaeologists have debated when people first arrived in the Americas,” \u003ca href=\"https://news.arizona.edu/story/earliest-evidence-human-activity-found-americas\">says\u003c/a> Vance Holliday, a University of Arizona archaeologist and co-author of the latest paper. “Few archaeologists see reliable evidence for sites older than about 16,000 years. Some think the arrival was later, no more than 13,000 years ago by makers of artifacts called \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-clovis-point-and-the-discovery-of-americas-first-culture-3825828/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clovis points\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/news/2020/07/were-humans-living-mexican-cave-during-last-ice-age\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paper\u003c/a> by archaeologists who claimed to have found human artifacts in Mexico’s Chiquihuite Cave dating to at least 26,000 years ago. But many fellow archaeologists were skeptical, pointing to the possibility that what the researchers had identified as stone tools were in fact naturally fractured rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ciprian Ardelean, who led the 2020 study at Chiquihuite, readily acknowledges that the discovery by Bennett and his colleagues “is very close to finding the Holy Grail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel a healthy but profound envy — a good kind of jealousy — towards the team for finding such a thing,” Ardelean told \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/fossil-footprints-challenge-theory-when-people-first-arrived-americas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ancient+Footprints+Suggest+Humans+Lived+In+The+Americas+Earlier+Than+Once+Thought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A team of scientists dated the footprints along an extinct lake bed in New Mexico and found them to be between 21,000 and 23,000 years old — far older than reliable evidence has suggested to date.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The question of when humans first migrated to North America has long been a matter of hot debate among researchers who have continually uncovered evidence of ever-earlier dates. Now, analysis of ancient fossilized human footprints in New Mexico has pushed the date back once again — to at least 21,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg7586\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a team of researchers led by Matthew Bennett of Bournemouth University in England examined a set of human footprints preserved on an ancient lakeshore in New Mexico’s White Sands National Park, a location now known for its expansive — and dry — chalk-colored dunes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They concluded that the footprints were made between 21,000 and 23,000 years ago. The date would place human habitation in the Americas during the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/Last-Glacial-Maximum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Last Glacial Maximum\u003c/a> and at least 5,000 years earlier than widely accepted evidence has yet suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The footprints were mostly made by children and teenagers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Bennett and his colleagues, whose paper was published Thursday, determined that the tracks belonged to numerous people, mostly children and teenagers. What’s more, the footprints spanned a significant time period, suggesting that humans frequented the area for at least a few thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the beautiful things about footprints is that, unlike stone tools or bones, they can’t be moved up or down the stratigraphy,” Bennett says, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-humans-came-to-americas-180973739/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Science News\u003c/a>, referring to the layers where artifacts and fossils are found. “They’re fixed, and they’re very precise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, rock layers are “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02597-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a nightmare\u003c/a>” to date, says Bennett, a professor of environmental and geographical sciences. But he says that two years ago, archaeologist David Bustos, a study co-author, discovered a site where human footprints were co-mingled with a layer of sediment containing seeds from the spiral ditchgrass, an aquatic plant that could be carbon-dated. The results gave an estimate for the footprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Higham, an archaeological scientist and radiocarbon-dating expert at the University of Vienna, who was not part of the study, called the latest findings “extremely exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am convinced that these footprints genuinely are of the age claimed,” he said, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02597-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The evidence for older dates for migration to the Americas is less solid\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although previous studies have suggested an even earlier migration of modern humans into North America — including a controversial 2017 paper suggesting that people lived in the Southern California region as long as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/26/525628056/new-evidence-suggests-humans-arrived-in-the-americas-far-earlier-than-thought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">130,000 years ago\u003c/a> — those claims have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02597-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">largely discounted\u003c/a> because of the “equivocality of the evidence,” \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>says\u003cem>. \u003c/em>For instance\u003cem>, \u003c/em>rocks were mistaken for tools, and marks on animal bones thought to be made by humans turned out to have a natural origin, the journal says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, archaeologists have debated when people first arrived in the Americas,” \u003ca href=\"https://news.arizona.edu/story/earliest-evidence-human-activity-found-americas\">says\u003c/a> Vance Holliday, a University of Arizona archaeologist and co-author of the latest paper. “Few archaeologists see reliable evidence for sites older than about 16,000 years. Some think the arrival was later, no more than 13,000 years ago by makers of artifacts called \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-clovis-point-and-the-discovery-of-americas-first-culture-3825828/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clovis points\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/news/2020/07/were-humans-living-mexican-cave-during-last-ice-age\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paper\u003c/a> by archaeologists who claimed to have found human artifacts in Mexico’s Chiquihuite Cave dating to at least 26,000 years ago. But many fellow archaeologists were skeptical, pointing to the possibility that what the researchers had identified as stone tools were in fact naturally fractured rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ciprian Ardelean, who led the 2020 study at Chiquihuite, readily acknowledges that the discovery by Bennett and his colleagues “is very close to finding the Holy Grail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel a healthy but profound envy — a good kind of jealousy — towards the team for finding such a thing,” Ardelean told \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/fossil-footprints-challenge-theory-when-people-first-arrived-americas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ancient+Footprints+Suggest+Humans+Lived+In+The+Americas+Earlier+Than+Once+Thought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA to Phase Out Use of Potent Heat-Trapping Gases Used in Refrigerators, Air Conditioners",
"headTitle": "EPA to Phase Out Use of Potent Heat-Trapping Gases Used in Refrigerators, Air Conditioners | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In what officials call a key step to combat climate change, the Environmental Protection Agency is sharply limiting domestic production and use of hydrofluorocarbons, highly potent greenhouse gases commonly used in refrigerators and air conditioners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule, which follows through on a law Congress passed last year, is intended to decrease U.S. production and use of HFCs by 85% over the next 15 years, part of a global phaseout designed to slow global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HFCs are greenhouse gases that are thousands of times more powerful than carbon dioxide. They often leak through pipes or appliances that use compressed refrigerants and are considered a major driver of global warming. President Joe Biden has pledged to embrace a 2016 global agreement to greatly reduce HFCs by 2036.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House climate adviser Gina McCarthy, a former EPA administrator, said the new rule was “a win on climate and a win on jobs and American competitiveness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule is expected to reduce harmful emissions by the equivalent of 4.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide by 2050, McCarthy said, a total similar to three years of emissions from the U.S. power sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Michael Regan said the phasedown is backed by a coalition of industry groups that see it as an opportunity to “supercharge” American leadership on domestic manufacturing and production of alternative refrigerants. The industry has long been shifting to the use of alternative refrigerants and pushed for a federal standard to avoid a patchwork of state laws and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This action reaffirms what President Biden always says — that when he thinks about climate, he thinks about jobs,” Regan said, echoing a Biden refrain about climate change. Transitioning to safer alternatives and more energy-efficient cooling technologies is expected to generate more than $270 billion in cost savings and public health benefits over the next 30 years, Regan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pandemic relief and spending bill passed by Congress last December directs the EPA to sharply reduce production and use of HFCs. The measure won wide support and was hailed as the most significant climate change law in at least a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides targeting HFCs, the American Innovation and Manufacturing, or AIM, Act also promotes technologies to capture and store carbon dioxide produced by power and manufacturing plants and calls for reductions in diesel emissions by buses and other vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Tom Carper, D-Del., who is chairman of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, was an influential backer of the law, along with Sen. John Kennedy, R-La. Both represent states that are home to chemical companies that produce alternative refrigerants and sought regulatory certainty through federal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HFC provision was supported by an unusual coalition that included major environmental and business groups, including the National Association of Manufacturers, American Chemistry Council and the Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute. The chemistry council represents major companies including Dow, DuPont, Honeywell, Chemours and Arkema.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration said it also is taking other steps to ensure reductions in HFCs, including creation of an interagency task force to prevent illegal trade, production, use or sale of the climate-damaging gases. The task force will be led by the Department of Homeland Security, and EPA’s offices of Air and Radiation and Enforcement and Compliance Assurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with the departments of Justice, State and Defense, the task force will “detect, deter and disrupt any attempt to illegally import or produce HFCs in the United States,” the White House said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/23/fact-sheet-biden-administration-combats-super-pollutants-and-bolsters-domestic-manufacturing-with-new-programs-and-historic-commitments/\">fact sheet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph Goffman, a top official with EPA’s air and radiation office, said the experience of the European Union shows that enforcement is an important part of an HFC crackdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, (the EU) has experienced a lot of illegal activity” on HFC imports and other issues, Goffman said. “We’re going to be vigorous and proactive” in trying to stop illegal imports, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden issued an executive order in January that embraces a 2016 amendment to the 1987 Montreal Protocol on ozone pollution. That amendment calls for the United States and other large industrialized countries to reduce HFCs by 85% by 2036. The State Department has prepared documents for formal ratification of the amendment, but the White House has not submitted them to the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy insisted “there is no hold up” on the amendment, but said she did not know when Biden would submit the matter to the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In what officials call a key step to combat climate change, the Environmental Protection Agency is sharply limiting domestic production and use of hydrofluorocarbons, highly potent greenhouse gases commonly used in refrigerators and air conditioners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule, which follows through on a law Congress passed last year, is intended to decrease U.S. production and use of HFCs by 85% over the next 15 years, part of a global phaseout designed to slow global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HFCs are greenhouse gases that are thousands of times more powerful than carbon dioxide. They often leak through pipes or appliances that use compressed refrigerants and are considered a major driver of global warming. President Joe Biden has pledged to embrace a 2016 global agreement to greatly reduce HFCs by 2036.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House climate adviser Gina McCarthy, a former EPA administrator, said the new rule was “a win on climate and a win on jobs and American competitiveness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule is expected to reduce harmful emissions by the equivalent of 4.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide by 2050, McCarthy said, a total similar to three years of emissions from the U.S. power sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Michael Regan said the phasedown is backed by a coalition of industry groups that see it as an opportunity to “supercharge” American leadership on domestic manufacturing and production of alternative refrigerants. The industry has long been shifting to the use of alternative refrigerants and pushed for a federal standard to avoid a patchwork of state laws and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This action reaffirms what President Biden always says — that when he thinks about climate, he thinks about jobs,” Regan said, echoing a Biden refrain about climate change. Transitioning to safer alternatives and more energy-efficient cooling technologies is expected to generate more than $270 billion in cost savings and public health benefits over the next 30 years, Regan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pandemic relief and spending bill passed by Congress last December directs the EPA to sharply reduce production and use of HFCs. The measure won wide support and was hailed as the most significant climate change law in at least a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides targeting HFCs, the American Innovation and Manufacturing, or AIM, Act also promotes technologies to capture and store carbon dioxide produced by power and manufacturing plants and calls for reductions in diesel emissions by buses and other vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Tom Carper, D-Del., who is chairman of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, was an influential backer of the law, along with Sen. John Kennedy, R-La. Both represent states that are home to chemical companies that produce alternative refrigerants and sought regulatory certainty through federal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HFC provision was supported by an unusual coalition that included major environmental and business groups, including the National Association of Manufacturers, American Chemistry Council and the Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute. The chemistry council represents major companies including Dow, DuPont, Honeywell, Chemours and Arkema.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration said it also is taking other steps to ensure reductions in HFCs, including creation of an interagency task force to prevent illegal trade, production, use or sale of the climate-damaging gases. The task force will be led by the Department of Homeland Security, and EPA’s offices of Air and Radiation and Enforcement and Compliance Assurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with the departments of Justice, State and Defense, the task force will “detect, deter and disrupt any attempt to illegally import or produce HFCs in the United States,” the White House said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/23/fact-sheet-biden-administration-combats-super-pollutants-and-bolsters-domestic-manufacturing-with-new-programs-and-historic-commitments/\">fact sheet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph Goffman, a top official with EPA’s air and radiation office, said the experience of the European Union shows that enforcement is an important part of an HFC crackdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, (the EU) has experienced a lot of illegal activity” on HFC imports and other issues, Goffman said. “We’re going to be vigorous and proactive” in trying to stop illegal imports, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden issued an executive order in January that embraces a 2016 amendment to the 1987 Montreal Protocol on ozone pollution. That amendment calls for the United States and other large industrialized countries to reduce HFCs by 85% by 2036. The State Department has prepared documents for formal ratification of the amendment, but the White House has not submitted them to the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy insisted “there is no hold up” on the amendment, but said she did not know when Biden would submit the matter to the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Here’s What’s Inside Newsom’s Whopping $15 Billion Climate Spending Plan",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a $15 billion climate package Thursday, as he stood in a cloud of wildfire smoke during a visit to the KNP Complex fires burning in Sequoia National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a backdrop of 1,000-year-old sequoia trees that nearly burned in recent days, and a park entrance sign wrapped in fire-protecting foil, the governor outlined the details of the largest climate investment in state history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our kids are going to inherit a world with 8-degree higher temperatures than they have today,” he said. “That’s the track we’re on. That’s the inheritance we’re leaving to our kids, unless we do something radically different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/NATION-LEADING-15B-CLIMATE-PACKAGE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">multiyear package\u003c/a> is one of the final pieces of California’s record-high state budget, which Newsom signed with great fanfare in July, after agreeing to ongoing summer negotiations with lawmakers to refine the state’s spending plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer temperatures in California have already risen by an average of 3 degrees Fahrenheit, and that heat is baking the state’s forests, which are overgrown with fuel from decades of aggressive fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is a\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944993/study-climate-change-a-leading-driver-of-californias-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> lead driver\u003c/a> of more frequent and ferocious summer forest fires in California, especially in the Sierra Nevada and the state’s North Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Traditions, lifestyle, people, places wiped off the map,” said Newsom, whose package carves out more than $1.5 billion for wildfire response. “That’s what climate is about, this pollution blanket we put up in the air. Question is, will these trees survive us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Responding to the worst drought in a generation\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Another impact of warming: a diminishing rainy season in California, with the state now experiencing longer dry periods, leaving it forced to increasingly depend on big, soaking atmospheric rivers to make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"climate-change\"]About $5.2 billion — roughly a third of the package — will be spent on immediate drought relief and water measures, including money for projects to boost water recycling, reduce flooding risks, and clean up contaminated groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, state water officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976840/alarm-bells-as-drought-worsens-and-californians-come-up-short-on-water-conservation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rang alarm bells\u003c/a> about a possible third year of drought, warning water providers south of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta that they might not receive any allocations next year. Nearly 90% of the state is currently in category of “extreme drought” or worse, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">latest U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a> data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians reduced their home water use by less than 2% in July, compared to the same time last year, even after Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/07/california-water-use-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">urged residents to conserve 15%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the new climate plan, the state will spend $815 million to help secure what little water is left in reservoirs and fund contingency planning initiatives for smaller communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Preventing megafires\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The plan also \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-science-business-california-gavin-newsom-f867c179fa49f32c0ed7098e98e33aeb\">earmarks about $1 billion\u003c/a> in new spending for fire breaks, tree thinning, and other measures meant to prevent fires from burning out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not going to respond our way out of this wildfire crisis,” said California Natural Resources Secretary Wade Crowfoot during a morning video call with reporters in advance of Newsom’s signing event. “Expanding our upfront, proactive actions is essential to address the wildfire risks we now face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That package includes $19 million for the state to work with tribes on prescribed burns, up from just $1 million last year, and training for firefighters. The state also plans to invest in micro-lumber mills and other businesses that reuse old wood from overgrown forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest thinning is expensive, and the market is slim for the wood that comes from removed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer’s Dixie and Caldor fires were the first two wildfires on record to burn over the crest of the Sierra Nevada, a remarkable feat given that forests at high elevations are usually too saturated from heavy winter snow to burn out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crowfoot commended South Lake Tahoe officials for conducting years of proactive fuel treatments, a move he said that helped save the city of 22,000 people from being consumed by the Caldor Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climate plan also directs $3.9 billion over the next three years to expand use of electric vehicles in the state, in accordance with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/03/cars/california-2035-zev-mandate/index.html\">Newsom’s mandate\u003c/a> that only zero-emission new passenger cars and trucks be sold in California by 2035. That pot includes funding for new consumer rebates, the production of thousands of buses and heavy-duty trucks, and incentives for low-income Californians to trade in their gas cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will also spend $3.7 billion to prepare communities to deal with sea level rise, fund energy-efficient homes, and invest in low-income communities and communities of color, with the goal of improving air quality and reducing heat disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists were quick to cheer the state’s latest climate spending plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This decade is really the most consequential for the future of our planet,” said Jason Barbose, a policy manager for the Union of Concerned Scientists. “We need to be spending billions to address climate change. This budget is an important down payment for that.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a $15 billion climate package Thursday, as he stood in a cloud of wildfire smoke during a visit to the KNP Complex fires burning in Sequoia National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a backdrop of 1,000-year-old sequoia trees that nearly burned in recent days, and a park entrance sign wrapped in fire-protecting foil, the governor outlined the details of the largest climate investment in state history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our kids are going to inherit a world with 8-degree higher temperatures than they have today,” he said. “That’s the track we’re on. That’s the inheritance we’re leaving to our kids, unless we do something radically different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/NATION-LEADING-15B-CLIMATE-PACKAGE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">multiyear package\u003c/a> is one of the final pieces of California’s record-high state budget, which Newsom signed with great fanfare in July, after agreeing to ongoing summer negotiations with lawmakers to refine the state’s spending plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer temperatures in California have already risen by an average of 3 degrees Fahrenheit, and that heat is baking the state’s forests, which are overgrown with fuel from decades of aggressive fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is a\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944993/study-climate-change-a-leading-driver-of-californias-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> lead driver\u003c/a> of more frequent and ferocious summer forest fires in California, especially in the Sierra Nevada and the state’s North Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Traditions, lifestyle, people, places wiped off the map,” said Newsom, whose package carves out more than $1.5 billion for wildfire response. “That’s what climate is about, this pollution blanket we put up in the air. Question is, will these trees survive us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Responding to the worst drought in a generation\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Another impact of warming: a diminishing rainy season in California, with the state now experiencing longer dry periods, leaving it forced to increasingly depend on big, soaking atmospheric rivers to make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>About $5.2 billion — roughly a third of the package — will be spent on immediate drought relief and water measures, including money for projects to boost water recycling, reduce flooding risks, and clean up contaminated groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, state water officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976840/alarm-bells-as-drought-worsens-and-californians-come-up-short-on-water-conservation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rang alarm bells\u003c/a> about a possible third year of drought, warning water providers south of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta that they might not receive any allocations next year. Nearly 90% of the state is currently in category of “extreme drought” or worse, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">latest U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a> data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians reduced their home water use by less than 2% in July, compared to the same time last year, even after Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/07/california-water-use-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">urged residents to conserve 15%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the new climate plan, the state will spend $815 million to help secure what little water is left in reservoirs and fund contingency planning initiatives for smaller communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Preventing megafires\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The plan also \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-science-business-california-gavin-newsom-f867c179fa49f32c0ed7098e98e33aeb\">earmarks about $1 billion\u003c/a> in new spending for fire breaks, tree thinning, and other measures meant to prevent fires from burning out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not going to respond our way out of this wildfire crisis,” said California Natural Resources Secretary Wade Crowfoot during a morning video call with reporters in advance of Newsom’s signing event. “Expanding our upfront, proactive actions is essential to address the wildfire risks we now face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That package includes $19 million for the state to work with tribes on prescribed burns, up from just $1 million last year, and training for firefighters. The state also plans to invest in micro-lumber mills and other businesses that reuse old wood from overgrown forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest thinning is expensive, and the market is slim for the wood that comes from removed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer’s Dixie and Caldor fires were the first two wildfires on record to burn over the crest of the Sierra Nevada, a remarkable feat given that forests at high elevations are usually too saturated from heavy winter snow to burn out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crowfoot commended South Lake Tahoe officials for conducting years of proactive fuel treatments, a move he said that helped save the city of 22,000 people from being consumed by the Caldor Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climate plan also directs $3.9 billion over the next three years to expand use of electric vehicles in the state, in accordance with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/03/cars/california-2035-zev-mandate/index.html\">Newsom’s mandate\u003c/a> that only zero-emission new passenger cars and trucks be sold in California by 2035. That pot includes funding for new consumer rebates, the production of thousands of buses and heavy-duty trucks, and incentives for low-income Californians to trade in their gas cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will also spend $3.7 billion to prepare communities to deal with sea level rise, fund energy-efficient homes, and invest in low-income communities and communities of color, with the goal of improving air quality and reducing heat disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists were quick to cheer the state’s latest climate spending plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This decade is really the most consequential for the future of our planet,” said Jason Barbose, a policy manager for the Union of Concerned Scientists. “We need to be spending billions to address climate change. This budget is an important down payment for that.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water Officials Ring Alarm Bells as Californians Come up Short on Conservation Goals",
"headTitle": "Water Officials Ring Alarm Bells as Californians Come up Short on Conservation Goals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Californians reduced their water use at home by a meager 1.8% statewide in July compared to last year, even after Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/07/california-water-use-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">urged residents to conserve 15%\u003c/a> and drought continues to spread across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials today warned water providers south of the Delta who rely on state water allocations — already \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/March-21/SWP-Allocation-Update-March-23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">slashed to 5% this year\u003c/a> — to brace for the possibility of zero supply next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Water Resources also cautioned that next year’s cuts in supply could expand to growers and others known as \u003ca href=\"https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45342.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">settlement contractors\u003c/a>, whose claims to the water predate California’s massive systems of reservoirs, aqueducts and canals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians always have hope, and that’s healthy. But we need to be prudent,” \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Executive-Bios-Director\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Karla Nemeth\u003c/a>, director of the state Department of Water Resources, said in an interview. “We’re doing more conservative planning than we’ve ever done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought conditions deemed extreme or worse now cover \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nearly 90% of the state\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://mydrywell.water.ca.gov/report/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hundreds\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/08/california-groundwater-dry/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">domestic wells are running dry\u003c/a>, and levels in major reservoirs have \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/resapp/RescondMain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dropped drastically\u003c/a> below historic averages — which bodes ill for supplies next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenge is there is no water,” Nemeth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re planning for the worst, but we are hoping for something better,” Nemeth added at today’s meeting of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 id=\"h-who-s-conserving-and-who-s-not\">Who’s conserving and who’s not?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In early July, Newsom urged Californians to voluntarily \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/07/california-water-use-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cut domestic water use\u003c/a> by 15%, but in the absence of a statewide mandate, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/06/california-water-shortage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a patchwork of restrictions\u003c/a> has emerged. The result: Californians used about 191.5 billion acre feet of water in their homes, businesses and other industrial or institutional spaces in July, only 1.8% less than a year earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not here to say 1.8 is a good number,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/about_us/board_members/\">Joaquin Esquivel\u003c/a>, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board, at a Monday press briefing. “We’re going to have to continue to dig in deeper and look forward to seeing what the numbers show then in August.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked when to expect statewide conservation orders, Esquivel said that for now, the board is reflecting on the data. “We need to continue to see that response and decision-making, and the state’s here to make sure that if we need to go mandatory, that’s where we’re going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest drops in household water use were along \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/04/governor-drought-emergency-in-northwestern-counties/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the hard-hit North Coast\u003c/a>, with a nearly 17% reduction in July 2021 compared with July 2020. The Sonoma County city of Healdsburg led the state by cutting its water use by more than half, and Cloverdale, which reduced its use by 37%. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cloverdale.net/263/Water-Conservation-Drought-Information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Both\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://ci.healdsburg.ca.us/595/Mandatory-Water-Use-Restrictions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cities\u003c/a> enacted mandatory water use restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water use in the South Coast region, which includes Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego and Ventura counties, was roughly even with last summer, down 0.1%. However, about 40% of water suppliers in the area actually used more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest increases came in El Segundo, up 31%; the Mission Viejo-Laguna Niguel area, up 15%; and the cities of Downey and Poway and Ventura County’s Casitas district, up 14%. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and the city of San Diego used about 1% more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay Area residents cut their water use by 8.4%. Northern and southern San Joaquin Valley residents reduced use by 0.8% and 1.6%, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statewide calculation doesn’t include two suppliers — the city of Exeter in Tulare County and the Desert Water Agency in the Coachella Valley — that had unexpectedly high water use. “Their percent increase was higher than reasonable and my attempts to confirm both 2020 and 2021 numbers received no reply,” said water board data specialist Marielle Pinheiro.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 id=\"h-a-squeeze-south-of-the-delta\">A squeeze south of the Delta\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Officials warned that major cuts could come for irrigation districts, cities and other water users south of the Delta relying on supplies from \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/State-Water-Project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the State Water Project\u003c/a>, which provides water to 27 million Californians and 750,000 acres of farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, Nemeth said there’s “a slim likelihood” of supplies for these water systems, which includes the giant Metropolitan Water District, which provides imported water to 19 million people in Southern California. Worst-case scenario, she said, “we’ve asked them to plan for no allocation from the State Water Project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those suppliers, \u003ca href=\"https://swc.org/about-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">including in\u003c/a> the Bay Area, Southern California, the Central Coast and the San Joaquin Valley, have seen steep cuts before, \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/State-Water-Project/Management/SWP-Water-Contractors/Files/1996-2021_Allocation_Progression_073021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">during the last drought in 2014\u003c/a>. But this time is worse: Even a wet year is unlikely to bring relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re starting with record low (reservoir) storage,” Nemeth said. “We would have to have north of 140% of (average) precipitation to generate average runoff into the reservoirs that would begin filling that hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://swc.org/about-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jennifer Pierre\u003c/a>, general manager of the State Water Contractors, an association of public water agencies, said “a 0% allocation next year would be extremely challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even landowners, irrigation districts and others with rights to water that predate state and federal water projects could see their water supplies squeezed next year, Nemeth said. These water users agreed in contracts decades ago to limit their water rights \u003ca href=\"https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45342.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to allow construction of the massive projects\u003c/a>, which transferred water south. Their allocations aren’t cut to the same extent as more junior contractors, such as the Metropolitan Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With hydrology this bad, everything’s on the table that we could cut them even deeper — even deeper than their contracts allow for,” Nemeth said. “I don’t think we get out of next year without a lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this summer, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/newsletters/whatmatters/2021/09/california-unemployment-benefits/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Central Valley irrigation districts\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://publicportal.fresno.courts.ca.gov/FRESNOPORTAL/DocumentViewer/Index/a4PzH-nAeLJkPn3JatbHpRwpmBKyoyQ3nqvk_cTElYkU2YHl4mBBbqIYF93RN5ksi9nykFqbd3_9chkNe-a9LScfPMDB1jwuPk7jc5m9su_be4Oid-LP4YXxczvTqaUR0?p=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the city of San Francisco have sued\u003c/a> the state over moves to stop them from diverting \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/drought-2021/2021/08/california-water-shortage-delta-pumping/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">water from rivers and streams.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal project operators have come under fire \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi/whos-getting-unreasonable-water-allocations-ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">from environmental advocates\u003c/a> for supplying \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drought/tucp/docs/2021/20210601_swb_tuco.pdf\">hundreds of thousands of acre feet\u003c/a> to these senior contractors, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/compliance_monitoring/sacramento_sanjoaquin/docs/2021/20210430_swbltr_bdcompliance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">failing to meet water quality \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/sacramento_river/docs/2021/notice_of_tmp_deviation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">temperature standards\u003c/a> and cutting allocations to more-junior \u003ca href=\"https://mavensnotebook.com/2021/05/26/this-just-in-reclamation-updates-central-valley-project-2021-water-supply-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">agricultural contractors\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/March-21/SWP-Allocation-Update-March-23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feather River Contractors, for instance, were allocated the lowest levels allowed in their contracts, but still were expected to receive nearly 600,000 acre feet of water, according \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drought/tucp/docs/2021/20210601_swb_tuco.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to the Department of Water Resources \u003c/a>— enough water to \u003ca href=\"https://www.watereducation.org/western-water/water-stressed-california-and-southwest-acre-foot-water-goes-lot-further-it-used\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">supply 1.8 million Southern California households\u003c/a> for a year. That’s about three times more water than long-term State Water Project contractors, including the giant Metropolitan Water District, were provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://wildlife.ca.gov/Drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California’s drought conditions\u003c/a> and warming temperatures are \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2021/06/27/drought-makes-conditions-worse-for-californias-declining-native-fishes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">threatening salmon and other rare fish\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/endangered-species-conservation/sacramento-river-winter-run-chinook-salmon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">endangered Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon\u003c/a>, “we’ve modeled the temperature dependent mortality at about 80% this year, meaning only 20% even survive to make it out of the gravel,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/contact/barry-thom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Barry Thom\u003c/a>, West Coast regional administrator for NOAA Fisheries, told the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Doug Obegi\u003c/a>, a senior attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council, urged the board on Tuesday to require state and federal water project operators to cut supplies to settlement contractors to protect fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If supplies aren’t reduced, “you’re going to have even worse temperature mortality of salmon next year,” Obegi told CalMatters. “You start with less water, and you have less at the end of the year, you’re going to have a lot more dead fish. It’s grim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nemeth said she issued the early warning to prepare growers dependent on senior contracts well in advance of making planting decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, early planting by growers “really limited the amount of decisions we thought we could make without causing real economic damage,” Nemeth said. This year, “We want to alert them sooner that it could be worse than they’ve experienced before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Officials warn that next year’s cuts in water supply could go even deeper as severe drought grips nearly 90% of California. Residents of the North Coast and Bay Area conserved more than Southern Californians did.",
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"description": "Officials warn that next year’s cuts in water supply could go even deeper as severe drought grips nearly 90% of California. Residents of the North Coast and Bay Area conserved more than Southern Californians did.",
"title": "Water Officials Ring Alarm Bells as Californians Come up Short on Conservation Goals | KQED",
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"headline": "Water Officials Ring Alarm Bells as Californians Come up Short on Conservation Goals",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians reduced their water use at home by a meager 1.8% statewide in July compared to last year, even after Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/07/california-water-use-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">urged residents to conserve 15%\u003c/a> and drought continues to spread across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials today warned water providers south of the Delta who rely on state water allocations — already \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/March-21/SWP-Allocation-Update-March-23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">slashed to 5% this year\u003c/a> — to brace for the possibility of zero supply next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Water Resources also cautioned that next year’s cuts in supply could expand to growers and others known as \u003ca href=\"https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45342.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">settlement contractors\u003c/a>, whose claims to the water predate California’s massive systems of reservoirs, aqueducts and canals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians always have hope, and that’s healthy. But we need to be prudent,” \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Executive-Bios-Director\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Karla Nemeth\u003c/a>, director of the state Department of Water Resources, said in an interview. “We’re doing more conservative planning than we’ve ever done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought conditions deemed extreme or worse now cover \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nearly 90% of the state\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://mydrywell.water.ca.gov/report/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hundreds\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/08/california-groundwater-dry/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">domestic wells are running dry\u003c/a>, and levels in major reservoirs have \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/resapp/RescondMain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dropped drastically\u003c/a> below historic averages — which bodes ill for supplies next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenge is there is no water,” Nemeth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re planning for the worst, but we are hoping for something better,” Nemeth added at today’s meeting of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 id=\"h-who-s-conserving-and-who-s-not\">Who’s conserving and who’s not?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In early July, Newsom urged Californians to voluntarily \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/07/california-water-use-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cut domestic water use\u003c/a> by 15%, but in the absence of a statewide mandate, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/06/california-water-shortage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a patchwork of restrictions\u003c/a> has emerged. The result: Californians used about 191.5 billion acre feet of water in their homes, businesses and other industrial or institutional spaces in July, only 1.8% less than a year earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not here to say 1.8 is a good number,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/about_us/board_members/\">Joaquin Esquivel\u003c/a>, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board, at a Monday press briefing. “We’re going to have to continue to dig in deeper and look forward to seeing what the numbers show then in August.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked when to expect statewide conservation orders, Esquivel said that for now, the board is reflecting on the data. “We need to continue to see that response and decision-making, and the state’s here to make sure that if we need to go mandatory, that’s where we’re going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest drops in household water use were along \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/04/governor-drought-emergency-in-northwestern-counties/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the hard-hit North Coast\u003c/a>, with a nearly 17% reduction in July 2021 compared with July 2020. The Sonoma County city of Healdsburg led the state by cutting its water use by more than half, and Cloverdale, which reduced its use by 37%. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cloverdale.net/263/Water-Conservation-Drought-Information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Both\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://ci.healdsburg.ca.us/595/Mandatory-Water-Use-Restrictions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cities\u003c/a> enacted mandatory water use restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water use in the South Coast region, which includes Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego and Ventura counties, was roughly even with last summer, down 0.1%. However, about 40% of water suppliers in the area actually used more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest increases came in El Segundo, up 31%; the Mission Viejo-Laguna Niguel area, up 15%; and the cities of Downey and Poway and Ventura County’s Casitas district, up 14%. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and the city of San Diego used about 1% more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay Area residents cut their water use by 8.4%. Northern and southern San Joaquin Valley residents reduced use by 0.8% and 1.6%, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statewide calculation doesn’t include two suppliers — the city of Exeter in Tulare County and the Desert Water Agency in the Coachella Valley — that had unexpectedly high water use. “Their percent increase was higher than reasonable and my attempts to confirm both 2020 and 2021 numbers received no reply,” said water board data specialist Marielle Pinheiro.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 id=\"h-a-squeeze-south-of-the-delta\">A squeeze south of the Delta\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Officials warned that major cuts could come for irrigation districts, cities and other water users south of the Delta relying on supplies from \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/State-Water-Project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the State Water Project\u003c/a>, which provides water to 27 million Californians and 750,000 acres of farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, Nemeth said there’s “a slim likelihood” of supplies for these water systems, which includes the giant Metropolitan Water District, which provides imported water to 19 million people in Southern California. Worst-case scenario, she said, “we’ve asked them to plan for no allocation from the State Water Project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those suppliers, \u003ca href=\"https://swc.org/about-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">including in\u003c/a> the Bay Area, Southern California, the Central Coast and the San Joaquin Valley, have seen steep cuts before, \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/State-Water-Project/Management/SWP-Water-Contractors/Files/1996-2021_Allocation_Progression_073021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">during the last drought in 2014\u003c/a>. But this time is worse: Even a wet year is unlikely to bring relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re starting with record low (reservoir) storage,” Nemeth said. “We would have to have north of 140% of (average) precipitation to generate average runoff into the reservoirs that would begin filling that hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://swc.org/about-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jennifer Pierre\u003c/a>, general manager of the State Water Contractors, an association of public water agencies, said “a 0% allocation next year would be extremely challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even landowners, irrigation districts and others with rights to water that predate state and federal water projects could see their water supplies squeezed next year, Nemeth said. These water users agreed in contracts decades ago to limit their water rights \u003ca href=\"https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45342.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to allow construction of the massive projects\u003c/a>, which transferred water south. Their allocations aren’t cut to the same extent as more junior contractors, such as the Metropolitan Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With hydrology this bad, everything’s on the table that we could cut them even deeper — even deeper than their contracts allow for,” Nemeth said. “I don’t think we get out of next year without a lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this summer, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/newsletters/whatmatters/2021/09/california-unemployment-benefits/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Central Valley irrigation districts\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://publicportal.fresno.courts.ca.gov/FRESNOPORTAL/DocumentViewer/Index/a4PzH-nAeLJkPn3JatbHpRwpmBKyoyQ3nqvk_cTElYkU2YHl4mBBbqIYF93RN5ksi9nykFqbd3_9chkNe-a9LScfPMDB1jwuPk7jc5m9su_be4Oid-LP4YXxczvTqaUR0?p=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the city of San Francisco have sued\u003c/a> the state over moves to stop them from diverting \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/drought-2021/2021/08/california-water-shortage-delta-pumping/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">water from rivers and streams.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal project operators have come under fire \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi/whos-getting-unreasonable-water-allocations-ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">from environmental advocates\u003c/a> for supplying \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drought/tucp/docs/2021/20210601_swb_tuco.pdf\">hundreds of thousands of acre feet\u003c/a> to these senior contractors, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/compliance_monitoring/sacramento_sanjoaquin/docs/2021/20210430_swbltr_bdcompliance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">failing to meet water quality \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/sacramento_river/docs/2021/notice_of_tmp_deviation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">temperature standards\u003c/a> and cutting allocations to more-junior \u003ca href=\"https://mavensnotebook.com/2021/05/26/this-just-in-reclamation-updates-central-valley-project-2021-water-supply-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">agricultural contractors\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/March-21/SWP-Allocation-Update-March-23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feather River Contractors, for instance, were allocated the lowest levels allowed in their contracts, but still were expected to receive nearly 600,000 acre feet of water, according \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drought/tucp/docs/2021/20210601_swb_tuco.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to the Department of Water Resources \u003c/a>— enough water to \u003ca href=\"https://www.watereducation.org/western-water/water-stressed-california-and-southwest-acre-foot-water-goes-lot-further-it-used\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">supply 1.8 million Southern California households\u003c/a> for a year. That’s about three times more water than long-term State Water Project contractors, including the giant Metropolitan Water District, were provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://wildlife.ca.gov/Drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California’s drought conditions\u003c/a> and warming temperatures are \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2021/06/27/drought-makes-conditions-worse-for-californias-declining-native-fishes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">threatening salmon and other rare fish\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/endangered-species-conservation/sacramento-river-winter-run-chinook-salmon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">endangered Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon\u003c/a>, “we’ve modeled the temperature dependent mortality at about 80% this year, meaning only 20% even survive to make it out of the gravel,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/contact/barry-thom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Barry Thom\u003c/a>, West Coast regional administrator for NOAA Fisheries, told the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Doug Obegi\u003c/a>, a senior attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council, urged the board on Tuesday to require state and federal water project operators to cut supplies to settlement contractors to protect fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If supplies aren’t reduced, “you’re going to have even worse temperature mortality of salmon next year,” Obegi told CalMatters. “You start with less water, and you have less at the end of the year, you’re going to have a lot more dead fish. It’s grim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nemeth said she issued the early warning to prepare growers dependent on senior contracts well in advance of making planting decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, early planting by growers “really limited the amount of decisions we thought we could make without causing real economic damage,” Nemeth said. This year, “We want to alert them sooner that it could be worse than they’ve experienced before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The first results from the highly anticipated trial studying the effectiveness and safety of the Pfizer and BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children ages 5 to 11 showed promising results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pharmaceutical companies said early results of their trial indicate the vaccine is safe for children and establishes a strong antibody response against the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving a two-dose regimen of 10 μg (micrograms) administered 21 days apart for children between 5 and 11 years old was well tolerated, according to Pfizer and BioNTech. Side effects were also generally comparable to those of people between the ages of 16 and 25 years old who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trial used a smaller vaccine dosage, 10 micrograms, rather than the 30 microgram dose used for people 12 and older. The dosage was selected as the preferred dose for safety and effectiveness in young children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the results come as pediatric cases of COVID-19 are increasing amid a nationwide surge of infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since July, pediatric cases of COVID-19 have risen by about 240 percent in the U.S. — underscoring the public health need for vaccination. These trial results provide a strong foundation for seeking authorization of our vaccine for children 5 to 11 years old, and we plan to submit them to the FDA and other regulators with urgency,” said Albert Bourla, the chairman and CEO for Pfizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the past nine months, hundreds of millions of people ages 12 and older from around the world have received our COVID-19 vaccine. We are eager to extend the protection afforded by the vaccine to this younger population, subject to regulatory authorization, especially as we track the spread of the Delta variant and the substantial threat it poses to children,” Bourla said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the strong results, it will be some time before the general public can see an official rollout of vaccines for children ages 5 to 11. Once analysis of the trial is completed, Pfizer and BioNTech will submit the results “in the near term” to the Food and Drug Administration for review and possible emergency use authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if the FDA grants that authorization, Dr. Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, recently told NPR that parents and caregivers will likely have to wait until the end of 2021 before a COVID-19 vaccine is fully approved for young children ages 5 to 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trial results for children under 5 years of age could come later this year, the pharmaceutical companies said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Already in March 2021, we have started the study to evaluate the immunization of younger children. Our objective was to generate and submit the data for schoolkids to regulatory authorities around the world before the winter season begins,” BioNTech CEO and co-founder Ugur Sahin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=COVID+Vaccine+For+Kids+Ages+5+To+11+Is+Safe+And+Effective%2C+Pfizer+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first results from the highly anticipated trial studying the effectiveness and safety of the Pfizer and BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children ages 5 to 11 showed promising results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pharmaceutical companies said early results of their trial indicate the vaccine is safe for children and establishes a strong antibody response against the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving a two-dose regimen of 10 μg (micrograms) administered 21 days apart for children between 5 and 11 years old was well tolerated, according to Pfizer and BioNTech. Side effects were also generally comparable to those of people between the ages of 16 and 25 years old who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trial used a smaller vaccine dosage, 10 micrograms, rather than the 30 microgram dose used for people 12 and older. The dosage was selected as the preferred dose for safety and effectiveness in young children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the results come as pediatric cases of COVID-19 are increasing amid a nationwide surge of infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since July, pediatric cases of COVID-19 have risen by about 240 percent in the U.S. — underscoring the public health need for vaccination. These trial results provide a strong foundation for seeking authorization of our vaccine for children 5 to 11 years old, and we plan to submit them to the FDA and other regulators with urgency,” said Albert Bourla, the chairman and CEO for Pfizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the past nine months, hundreds of millions of people ages 12 and older from around the world have received our COVID-19 vaccine. We are eager to extend the protection afforded by the vaccine to this younger population, subject to regulatory authorization, especially as we track the spread of the Delta variant and the substantial threat it poses to children,” Bourla said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the strong results, it will be some time before the general public can see an official rollout of vaccines for children ages 5 to 11. Once analysis of the trial is completed, Pfizer and BioNTech will submit the results “in the near term” to the Food and Drug Administration for review and possible emergency use authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if the FDA grants that authorization, Dr. Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, recently told NPR that parents and caregivers will likely have to wait until the end of 2021 before a COVID-19 vaccine is fully approved for young children ages 5 to 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trial results for children under 5 years of age could come later this year, the pharmaceutical companies said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Already in March 2021, we have started the study to evaluate the immunization of younger children. Our objective was to generate and submit the data for schoolkids to regulatory authorities around the world before the winter season begins,” BioNTech CEO and co-founder Ugur Sahin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=COVID+Vaccine+For+Kids+Ages+5+To+11+Is+Safe+And+Effective%2C+Pfizer+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Some FDA Scientists Are Arguing Against COVID Boosters",
"headTitle": "Why Some FDA Scientists Are Arguing Against COVID Boosters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">F\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ood and Drug Administration scientists have expressed skepticism about the need for additional doses of Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine for all people who have received it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The assessment by the agency’s staff, included in \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-september-17-2021-meeting-announcement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">documents released Wednesday\u003c/a>, sets up a high-stakes debate over who will need an additional booster dose — and when they will need it — at the meeting of experts being convened by the Food and Drug Administration on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the documents, the FDA’s own scientists seemed to strike a skeptical position about the need for widespread booster shots. Overall, they said, “data indicate that currently US-licensed or authorized COVID-19 vaccines still afford protection against severe COVID-19 disease and death in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other data released Wednesday, both in briefing documents for the Friday panel and by other researchers, add to the swirling debate over a question that will affect millions of people who have been vaccinated against COVID-19 around the world: If the effectiveness of the vaccine wanes, do people need to top it off with an additional dose? If so, when should that happen given that much of the world has not received a first dose of vaccine yet? And should that decision vary by age and by whether people have other health conditions that could make Covid worse if they do become infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one side are drug companies and some researchers, who point to data showing the efficacy of the vaccines to protect all infections is waning and that a third shot will provide additional protection. On the other are those who point out that these vaccines are still keeping people out of the hospital and preventing them from dying, indicating that a booster is not needed yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advice of the FDA’s advisory panel on the matter will not be binding, but the agency is likely to consider it. If the FDA authorizes a booster dose, the decision on whether to give them broadly will be taken up by a separate advisory committee convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. There has been no date set yet for a meeting of that group, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, any decision by the FDA that limits the approval for booster shots, or even expresses hesitancy about how they should be used, will be seen as a rebuke to the Biden administration, which in August took the unusual step of unveiling a plan to offer boosters to the U.S. population, ahead of decisions from the FDA and the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those who have challenged the need for boosters at this point are two senior FDA officials who recently announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/31/top-vaccine-officials-leave-fda/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they will retire\u003c/a> from the agency this fall, a move seen to be motivated by their disagreement with the administration on the booster question. Marion Gruber and Phil Krause, director and deputy director, respectively, of FDA’s Office of Vaccines Research and Review, were also co-authors of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/09/13/international-review-argues-against-covid-19-vaccine-boosters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paper published Monday\u003c/a> in The Lancet that argued against the need for booster shots for the general public at this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the briefing documents made available Wednesday, Pfizer argued that the effectiveness of its vaccine is declining and that a third dose would return efficacy to the 95% level seen in clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent data from Israel showed the efficacy of the vaccine against infection with SARS-CoV-2 dropped from 95% in January to 39% in June. In an analysis of Pfizer’s own Phase 3 trial, which resulted in the vaccine’s approval, the incidence of breakthrough cases was higher among patients who received their second dose before December 2020 than in those who received their second dose after March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also released new data from a study conducted by Kaiser Permanente in Southern California that showed the waning efficacy is likely due to the vaccine becoming less effective over time, not because the new Delta variant is more resistant to the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Kaiser data, the efficacy of the vaccine at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection with the Delta variant dropped from 93% for those vaccinated less than one month to 53% for those vaccinated more than four months ago. For other variants, this drop was from 97% to 67%. At this point, about 88% of SARS-2 viruses detected globally are from the Delta family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the vaccine still did a very good job preventing hospitalizations in this dataset, reducing hospitalization by 93% in cases infected with the Delta variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It should be recognized that while observational studies can enable understanding of real-world effectiveness, there are known and unknown biases that can affect their reliability,” FDA scientists state in their report. “Due to these biases some studies may be more reliable than others. Furthermore, US-based studies of post- authorization effectiveness of [the vaccine] may most accurately represent vaccine effectiveness in the US population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA documents assessed questions about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/09/07/how-risk-side-effects-could-change-covid-19-vaccine-boosters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">safety of giving a third dose of the vaccine\u003c/a>, noting that for some issues, there are no answers. For instance, it is not known if a third dose would trigger elevated rates of myocarditis and pericarditis, a side effect seen mainly in males under the age of 40.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is currently not known if there will be an increased risk of myocarditis/pericarditis or other adverse reactions after a booster dose of Comirnaty. These risks and associated uncertainties have to be considered when assessing benefit and risk,” the agency’s scientists wrote. Comirnaty is the brand name of Pfizer’s vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an \u003ca href=\"https://khub.net/documents/135939561/338928724/Vaccine+effectiveness+and+duration+of+protection+of+covid+vaccines+against+mild+and+severe+COVID-19+in+the+UK.pdf/10dcd99c-0441-0403-dfd8-11ba2c6f5801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis of vaccine efficacy from the United Kingdom\u003c/a> — the first country to begin vaccination with the vaccines developed in the West — gives further ammunition to those who have argued that booster shots for all are not warranted at this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis from Public Health England, which has not yet been peer-reviewed, found protection against hospitalization and deaths remains high for the Pfizer jab, even among older adults who are healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the sustained high [vaccine efficacy] against hospitalization and death, the additional benefit of a third dose against these more serious outcomes is limited in the current epidemiological situation,” the authors of the British study concluded. They added that vaccine efficacy “may, however, continue to wane over time and it is likely that booster doses may have a bigger impact on the more severe outcomes with longer intervals between the second and third doses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most significant waning of protection is occurring in people aged 65 and older who have significant health issues, the paper said. It is based on a comparison of the vaccination status of nearly 1.5 million people who tested positive for Covid-19 to nearly 3.3 million people who tested negative for the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that waning was greatest among individuals in clinical risk groups, suggesting that this group should be prioritized for boosters, whenever they are recommended,” the authors said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the findings, Britain’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization recommended Wednesday that everyone who was at the front of the line when the country began its vaccine rollout last December should receive a booster shot, once six months had passed since their second jab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those listed as being at the head of the priority list for boosters in the U.K. are those living in long-term care facilities, adults 50 years of age and older, front-line health care workers and social workers, people 16 to 49 years old with underlying health conditions that put them at high risk of developing severe disease if they contract the virus, and adults who live with immunocompromised people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"read-more standard\">\u003c/aside>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">F\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ood and Drug Administration scientists have expressed skepticism about the need for additional doses of Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine for all people who have received it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The assessment by the agency’s staff, included in \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-september-17-2021-meeting-announcement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">documents released Wednesday\u003c/a>, sets up a high-stakes debate over who will need an additional booster dose — and when they will need it — at the meeting of experts being convened by the Food and Drug Administration on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the documents, the FDA’s own scientists seemed to strike a skeptical position about the need for widespread booster shots. Overall, they said, “data indicate that currently US-licensed or authorized COVID-19 vaccines still afford protection against severe COVID-19 disease and death in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other data released Wednesday, both in briefing documents for the Friday panel and by other researchers, add to the swirling debate over a question that will affect millions of people who have been vaccinated against COVID-19 around the world: If the effectiveness of the vaccine wanes, do people need to top it off with an additional dose? If so, when should that happen given that much of the world has not received a first dose of vaccine yet? And should that decision vary by age and by whether people have other health conditions that could make Covid worse if they do become infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one side are drug companies and some researchers, who point to data showing the efficacy of the vaccines to protect all infections is waning and that a third shot will provide additional protection. On the other are those who point out that these vaccines are still keeping people out of the hospital and preventing them from dying, indicating that a booster is not needed yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advice of the FDA’s advisory panel on the matter will not be binding, but the agency is likely to consider it. If the FDA authorizes a booster dose, the decision on whether to give them broadly will be taken up by a separate advisory committee convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. There has been no date set yet for a meeting of that group, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, any decision by the FDA that limits the approval for booster shots, or even expresses hesitancy about how they should be used, will be seen as a rebuke to the Biden administration, which in August took the unusual step of unveiling a plan to offer boosters to the U.S. population, ahead of decisions from the FDA and the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those who have challenged the need for boosters at this point are two senior FDA officials who recently announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/31/top-vaccine-officials-leave-fda/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they will retire\u003c/a> from the agency this fall, a move seen to be motivated by their disagreement with the administration on the booster question. Marion Gruber and Phil Krause, director and deputy director, respectively, of FDA’s Office of Vaccines Research and Review, were also co-authors of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/09/13/international-review-argues-against-covid-19-vaccine-boosters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paper published Monday\u003c/a> in The Lancet that argued against the need for booster shots for the general public at this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the briefing documents made available Wednesday, Pfizer argued that the effectiveness of its vaccine is declining and that a third dose would return efficacy to the 95% level seen in clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent data from Israel showed the efficacy of the vaccine against infection with SARS-CoV-2 dropped from 95% in January to 39% in June. In an analysis of Pfizer’s own Phase 3 trial, which resulted in the vaccine’s approval, the incidence of breakthrough cases was higher among patients who received their second dose before December 2020 than in those who received their second dose after March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also released new data from a study conducted by Kaiser Permanente in Southern California that showed the waning efficacy is likely due to the vaccine becoming less effective over time, not because the new Delta variant is more resistant to the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Kaiser data, the efficacy of the vaccine at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection with the Delta variant dropped from 93% for those vaccinated less than one month to 53% for those vaccinated more than four months ago. For other variants, this drop was from 97% to 67%. At this point, about 88% of SARS-2 viruses detected globally are from the Delta family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the vaccine still did a very good job preventing hospitalizations in this dataset, reducing hospitalization by 93% in cases infected with the Delta variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It should be recognized that while observational studies can enable understanding of real-world effectiveness, there are known and unknown biases that can affect their reliability,” FDA scientists state in their report. “Due to these biases some studies may be more reliable than others. Furthermore, US-based studies of post- authorization effectiveness of [the vaccine] may most accurately represent vaccine effectiveness in the US population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA documents assessed questions about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/09/07/how-risk-side-effects-could-change-covid-19-vaccine-boosters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">safety of giving a third dose of the vaccine\u003c/a>, noting that for some issues, there are no answers. For instance, it is not known if a third dose would trigger elevated rates of myocarditis and pericarditis, a side effect seen mainly in males under the age of 40.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is currently not known if there will be an increased risk of myocarditis/pericarditis or other adverse reactions after a booster dose of Comirnaty. These risks and associated uncertainties have to be considered when assessing benefit and risk,” the agency’s scientists wrote. Comirnaty is the brand name of Pfizer’s vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an \u003ca href=\"https://khub.net/documents/135939561/338928724/Vaccine+effectiveness+and+duration+of+protection+of+covid+vaccines+against+mild+and+severe+COVID-19+in+the+UK.pdf/10dcd99c-0441-0403-dfd8-11ba2c6f5801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis of vaccine efficacy from the United Kingdom\u003c/a> — the first country to begin vaccination with the vaccines developed in the West — gives further ammunition to those who have argued that booster shots for all are not warranted at this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis from Public Health England, which has not yet been peer-reviewed, found protection against hospitalization and deaths remains high for the Pfizer jab, even among older adults who are healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the sustained high [vaccine efficacy] against hospitalization and death, the additional benefit of a third dose against these more serious outcomes is limited in the current epidemiological situation,” the authors of the British study concluded. They added that vaccine efficacy “may, however, continue to wane over time and it is likely that booster doses may have a bigger impact on the more severe outcomes with longer intervals between the second and third doses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most significant waning of protection is occurring in people aged 65 and older who have significant health issues, the paper said. It is based on a comparison of the vaccination status of nearly 1.5 million people who tested positive for Covid-19 to nearly 3.3 million people who tested negative for the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that waning was greatest among individuals in clinical risk groups, suggesting that this group should be prioritized for boosters, whenever they are recommended,” the authors said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the findings, Britain’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization recommended Wednesday that everyone who was at the front of the line when the country began its vaccine rollout last December should receive a booster shot, once six months had passed since their second jab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those listed as being at the head of the priority list for boosters in the U.K. are those living in long-term care facilities, adults 50 years of age and older, front-line health care workers and social workers, people 16 to 49 years old with underlying health conditions that put them at high risk of developing severe disease if they contract the virus, and adults who live with immunocompromised people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"read-more standard\">\u003c/aside>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>How are young people coping with climate change? The answer, according to one study, is not well, and for good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3918955\">forthcoming study\u003c/a>, researchers with the U.K.’s University of Bath and other schools spoke to 10,000 people in 10 countries, all of whom were between the ages of 16 and 25, to gauge how they feel about climate change. The prevailing response could be summed up in two words: incredibly worried. And the respondents say governments aren’t doing enough to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey arrives more than six weeks before the world’s nations are set to gather in Glasgow, Scotland, at an annual meeting convened by the United Nations to address climate change. Scientists say that nations aren’t passing the right kinds of bold policies to avert the worst effects of climate change. The survey suggests that young people around the world grasp how widespread and dangerous political inaction is on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study concluded that there’s a correlation between negative emotions, such as worry, and beliefs that government responses to climate change have been inadequate. So the way governments have been addressing — or failing to address — climate change is directly affecting the mental health of young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those surveyed, nearly 60% reported that they felt either “very” or “extremely” worried about climate change, and more than half said climate change made them feel “afraid, sad, anxious, angry, powerless, helpless, and/or guilty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Positive feelings such as optimism were reported least among the respondents, researchers said. In fact, 77% said that they considered the future to be frightening, and 56% agreed with the viewpoint that humanity is doomed, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many young people, those feelings of fear and worry affect their ability to function, too, results showed. More than 45% of the respondents said the way they feel about climate change adversely affects their day-to-day lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for those living in poorer countries in the Southern Hemisphere, who are more likely to be affected by natural disasters worsened by climate change, the outlook is even worse: Overall, they’re more worried, and their ability to function is even more impeded, researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people also said they were generally dissatisfied with how their governments have been handling the realities of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across all the countries represented — the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil, France, Finland, India, Nigeria, Portugal and the Philippines — 65% of young people felt their government was failing them on climate change and 60% felt that the government had been dismissing citizens’ distress over it. Nearly half of those who said they talk with other people about climate change said that their concerns were ignored, according to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combating climate change individually isn’t enough on its own, the researchers said. Those in power have a responsibility to act to protect not only the Earth, but also the mental health of those who stand to inherit the planet, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one 16-year-old included in the study wrote, “I think it’s different for young people. For us, the destruction of the planet is personal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Young+People+Are+Anxious+About+Climate+Change+And+Say+Governments+Are+Failing+Them&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How are young people coping with climate change? The answer, according to one study, is not well, and for good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3918955\">forthcoming study\u003c/a>, researchers with the U.K.’s University of Bath and other schools spoke to 10,000 people in 10 countries, all of whom were between the ages of 16 and 25, to gauge how they feel about climate change. The prevailing response could be summed up in two words: incredibly worried. And the respondents say governments aren’t doing enough to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey arrives more than six weeks before the world’s nations are set to gather in Glasgow, Scotland, at an annual meeting convened by the United Nations to address climate change. Scientists say that nations aren’t passing the right kinds of bold policies to avert the worst effects of climate change. The survey suggests that young people around the world grasp how widespread and dangerous political inaction is on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study concluded that there’s a correlation between negative emotions, such as worry, and beliefs that government responses to climate change have been inadequate. So the way governments have been addressing — or failing to address — climate change is directly affecting the mental health of young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those surveyed, nearly 60% reported that they felt either “very” or “extremely” worried about climate change, and more than half said climate change made them feel “afraid, sad, anxious, angry, powerless, helpless, and/or guilty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Positive feelings such as optimism were reported least among the respondents, researchers said. In fact, 77% said that they considered the future to be frightening, and 56% agreed with the viewpoint that humanity is doomed, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many young people, those feelings of fear and worry affect their ability to function, too, results showed. More than 45% of the respondents said the way they feel about climate change adversely affects their day-to-day lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for those living in poorer countries in the Southern Hemisphere, who are more likely to be affected by natural disasters worsened by climate change, the outlook is even worse: Overall, they’re more worried, and their ability to function is even more impeded, researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people also said they were generally dissatisfied with how their governments have been handling the realities of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across all the countries represented — the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil, France, Finland, India, Nigeria, Portugal and the Philippines — 65% of young people felt their government was failing them on climate change and 60% felt that the government had been dismissing citizens’ distress over it. Nearly half of those who said they talk with other people about climate change said that their concerns were ignored, according to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combating climate change individually isn’t enough on its own, the researchers said. Those in power have a responsibility to act to protect not only the Earth, but also the mental health of those who stand to inherit the planet, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one 16-year-old included in the study wrote, “I think it’s different for young people. For us, the destruction of the planet is personal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Young+People+Are+Anxious+About+Climate+Change+And+Say+Governments+Are+Failing+Them&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Long COVID and Breakthrough Infections: What We Know Now",
"headTitle": "Long COVID and Breakthrough Infections: What We Know Now | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Like millions of others, Kathleen Hipps thought she was safe from COVID-19 after she got two shots of the Moderna vaccine last spring. So she figured she just had a summer cold when she got the sniffles in July. But then she opened some Vicks VapoRub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who’s ever smelled Vicks VapoRub knows how pungent of a smell it is. And I couldn’t smell it. And that’s how I knew I had COVID,” says Hipps, 40, a Los Angeles lawyer who has two young sons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sure enough, Hipps tested positive. “I got very sick. I was very tired, very congested — could barely get out of bed. I couldn’t work at all. I had to find colleagues to cover my work for me. And I just spent the next week basically in bed, completely isolated from my family,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hipps never ran a fever, though, and did not have bad headaches or body aches. She started feeling better after about a week, tested negative and went back to working from home and caring for her family. She thought she was fully recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I was in my mom’s new car and all of a sudden I felt burning. And I thought there was something wrong with her car,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wherever she moved her foot, she could still feel the burning sensation. And then her other foot started burning, too. It felt like she was walking on hot coals, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve learned that this is neuropathy, and this a common symptom of long COVID,” Hipps says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Some patients’ symptoms last for weeks or months\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Long COVID\u003c/a> is a poorly defined, poorly understood condition that occurs when COVID-19 patients’ symptoms won’t go away\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7992371/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> for weeks or months,\u003c/a> or new ones emerge just when they think they’re all better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than six weeks after it started, Hipps still experiences the burning sensation every day, as well as tingling and numbness in her hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the numbness is so bad she can’t push her baby’s stroller. Her periods are really heavy. And work tires her out so fast now that she has to take lots of breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really scared. I mean I’m really scared that there are things that are going on with me that I’m going to have to deal with for the rest of my life,” Hipps says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s really important to stress that the COVID-19 vaccines are still highly effective at protecting people from getting really sick or dying, and are still quite good at keeping most people from even catching the virus or getting mildly ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But breakthrough infections can happen, especially with the delta variant. And it’s becoming increasingly clear that unvaccinated people can develop long COVID symptoms, even from mild cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen that with the infection itself in the unvaccinated individuals about 30% of those individuals continue to have these long-haul COVID symptoms,” says Dr.\u003ca href=\"https://irp.nih.gov/pi/avindra-nath\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Avindra Nath\u003c/a>, who is studying long COVID at the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the concern is whether vaccinated people who get infected may be at risk for long COVID too, Nath says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s a good question,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Studies look for answers about long COVID\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A small\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1021888033\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Israeli study\u003c/a> recently provided the first evidence that breakthrough infections could lead to long COVID symptoms, although the numbers are small. Out of about 1,500 vaccinated health care workers, 39 got infected, and seven reported symptoms that lasted more than six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet-press.com/embargo/vaxeffectiveness.pdf\">large British study\u003c/a> subsequently found about 5% of people who got infected — even though they were fully vaccinated — experienced persistent symptoms, although the study also found that the odds of having symptoms for 28 days or more were halved by having two vaccine doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s a reasonable concern. But it’s too early. I think we need to follow these patients. It’s quite recent that they’ve been recognized. So at the moment we don’t have that answer,” Nath says, adding that if there is a risk, he suspects it’s probably very low.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>But the experts don’t all agree\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Some infectious disease experts remain highly skeptical that long COVID from breakthrough infections is a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pathophysiologically, it’s quite unlikely to get long COVID from a breakthrough infection,” says Dr.\u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/monica.gandhi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Monica Gandhi\u003c/a>, an infectious disease researcher at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the immune response generated by the vaccine would prevent the virus from taking hold in the body or triggering a harmful overreaction by the immune system, Gandhi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is absolutely not impossible, but pathophysiologically it is less likely,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers are convinced the problem is real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Categorically I can say that we have already seen a handful of cases of long COVID from breakthrough infection,” says\u003ca href=\"https://www.putrinolab.net/\"> David Putrino\u003c/a>, who studies long COVID at Mount Sinai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to behave as though there is the same chance as always of developing long COVID from a mild-to-asymptomatic infection because once you have it you can’t unring that bell and you’re looking at months to years of illness,” Putrino says. Putrino is working with\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/akiko_iwasaki/\"> Akiko Iwasaki\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Yale University, to try to understand how breakthrough infections can lead to persistent symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iwasaki says some people may experience long COVID because the virus is still hiding in the body. In others, it may be that their immune systems overreact to the virus — a so-called autoimmune response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the vaccine induces a robust immune response to quickly clear the virus during breakthrough infections,” Iwasaki says. “And that suggests to me that autoimmunity may be the culprit there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if breakthrough infections can lead to long COVID, others say there are also plenty of other reasons vaccinated people should continue to keep being careful to avoid catching the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day, my biggest concern honestly is not that I’m going to get long COVID,” says Dr.\u003ca href=\"https://vaccines.emory.edu/faculty-evc/primary-faculty/delrio_carlos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Carlos del Rio\u003c/a>, an infectious disease researcher at Emory University. “It’s that I’m going to bring COVID and give it to someone else. I mean, I have a young granddaughter. If I get infected, I could give it to her. I’m more concerned that people who are vaccinated can get infected and transmit to others.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Hipps hopes her symptoms don’t plague her for months or even years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s scary because there’s obviously a lot of things we don’t know about this virus and I’m scared about these long-term implications on my body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she is glad she got the vaccine. She knows it probably kept her out of the hospital and kept her alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+We+Know+About+Breakthrough+Infections+And+Long+COVID&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Like millions of others, Kathleen Hipps thought she was safe from COVID-19 after she got two shots of the Moderna vaccine last spring. So she figured she just had a summer cold when she got the sniffles in July. But then she opened some Vicks VapoRub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who’s ever smelled Vicks VapoRub knows how pungent of a smell it is. And I couldn’t smell it. And that’s how I knew I had COVID,” says Hipps, 40, a Los Angeles lawyer who has two young sons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sure enough, Hipps tested positive. “I got very sick. I was very tired, very congested — could barely get out of bed. I couldn’t work at all. I had to find colleagues to cover my work for me. And I just spent the next week basically in bed, completely isolated from my family,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hipps never ran a fever, though, and did not have bad headaches or body aches. She started feeling better after about a week, tested negative and went back to working from home and caring for her family. She thought she was fully recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I was in my mom’s new car and all of a sudden I felt burning. And I thought there was something wrong with her car,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wherever she moved her foot, she could still feel the burning sensation. And then her other foot started burning, too. It felt like she was walking on hot coals, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve learned that this is neuropathy, and this a common symptom of long COVID,” Hipps says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Some patients’ symptoms last for weeks or months\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Long COVID\u003c/a> is a poorly defined, poorly understood condition that occurs when COVID-19 patients’ symptoms won’t go away\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7992371/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> for weeks or months,\u003c/a> or new ones emerge just when they think they’re all better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than six weeks after it started, Hipps still experiences the burning sensation every day, as well as tingling and numbness in her hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the numbness is so bad she can’t push her baby’s stroller. Her periods are really heavy. And work tires her out so fast now that she has to take lots of breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really scared. I mean I’m really scared that there are things that are going on with me that I’m going to have to deal with for the rest of my life,” Hipps says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s really important to stress that the COVID-19 vaccines are still highly effective at protecting people from getting really sick or dying, and are still quite good at keeping most people from even catching the virus or getting mildly ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But breakthrough infections can happen, especially with the delta variant. And it’s becoming increasingly clear that unvaccinated people can develop long COVID symptoms, even from mild cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen that with the infection itself in the unvaccinated individuals about 30% of those individuals continue to have these long-haul COVID symptoms,” says Dr.\u003ca href=\"https://irp.nih.gov/pi/avindra-nath\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Avindra Nath\u003c/a>, who is studying long COVID at the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the concern is whether vaccinated people who get infected may be at risk for long COVID too, Nath says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s a good question,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Studies look for answers about long COVID\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A small\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1021888033\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Israeli study\u003c/a> recently provided the first evidence that breakthrough infections could lead to long COVID symptoms, although the numbers are small. Out of about 1,500 vaccinated health care workers, 39 got infected, and seven reported symptoms that lasted more than six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet-press.com/embargo/vaxeffectiveness.pdf\">large British study\u003c/a> subsequently found about 5% of people who got infected — even though they were fully vaccinated — experienced persistent symptoms, although the study also found that the odds of having symptoms for 28 days or more were halved by having two vaccine doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s a reasonable concern. But it’s too early. I think we need to follow these patients. It’s quite recent that they’ve been recognized. So at the moment we don’t have that answer,” Nath says, adding that if there is a risk, he suspects it’s probably very low.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>But the experts don’t all agree\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Some infectious disease experts remain highly skeptical that long COVID from breakthrough infections is a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pathophysiologically, it’s quite unlikely to get long COVID from a breakthrough infection,” says Dr.\u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/monica.gandhi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Monica Gandhi\u003c/a>, an infectious disease researcher at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the immune response generated by the vaccine would prevent the virus from taking hold in the body or triggering a harmful overreaction by the immune system, Gandhi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is absolutely not impossible, but pathophysiologically it is less likely,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers are convinced the problem is real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Categorically I can say that we have already seen a handful of cases of long COVID from breakthrough infection,” says\u003ca href=\"https://www.putrinolab.net/\"> David Putrino\u003c/a>, who studies long COVID at Mount Sinai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to behave as though there is the same chance as always of developing long COVID from a mild-to-asymptomatic infection because once you have it you can’t unring that bell and you’re looking at months to years of illness,” Putrino says. Putrino is working with\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/akiko_iwasaki/\"> Akiko Iwasaki\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Yale University, to try to understand how breakthrough infections can lead to persistent symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iwasaki says some people may experience long COVID because the virus is still hiding in the body. In others, it may be that their immune systems overreact to the virus — a so-called autoimmune response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the vaccine induces a robust immune response to quickly clear the virus during breakthrough infections,” Iwasaki says. “And that suggests to me that autoimmunity may be the culprit there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if breakthrough infections can lead to long COVID, others say there are also plenty of other reasons vaccinated people should continue to keep being careful to avoid catching the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day, my biggest concern honestly is not that I’m going to get long COVID,” says Dr.\u003ca href=\"https://vaccines.emory.edu/faculty-evc/primary-faculty/delrio_carlos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Carlos del Rio\u003c/a>, an infectious disease researcher at Emory University. “It’s that I’m going to bring COVID and give it to someone else. I mean, I have a young granddaughter. If I get infected, I could give it to her. I’m more concerned that people who are vaccinated can get infected and transmit to others.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Hipps hopes her symptoms don’t plague her for months or even years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s scary because there’s obviously a lot of things we don’t know about this virus and I’m scared about these long-term implications on my body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Most damselflies prefer sunny spots, but the quirky San Francisco forktail damselfly digs the fogginess of its hometown. When they hook up, they do it in style — linking their delicate bodies in a heart shape, then flying tandem for an hour or more after.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s a classic summer day in San Francisco — foggy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But for the quirky San Francisco forktail damselfly, the weather is perfect for finding love. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Damselflies are dragonfly cousins. They’re both odonates, a group of flying insects. When they’re at rest, most damselflies neatly fold their wings back, while dragonflies keep theirs outstretched.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Rare-forktail-damselflies-introduced-at-9973051.php\">Read more\u003c/a> about how the Presidio Trust is working with the San Francisco Zoo in their attempt to reestablish the San Francisco forktail damselfly in its hometown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more about the damselfly’s fascinating life cycle \u003ca href=\"http://lifeinfreshwater.net/damselfly-nymphs-odonata-zygoptera/\">here\u003c/a>.[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Male San Francisco forktail damselflies aren’t afraid to show some flair — they’re decked out in turquoise. Young females sport a soft pink. Down in the reeds, the courtship begins. The male flies up to the female. He then uses claspers at the end of his blue body to hold the female just behind her head.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In what looks like an advanced yoga pose, the female curves her entire body forward. She hooks the tip of her abdomen to his midsection. The male leaves nothing to chance. Inside her body, he carefully scrapes out the sperm from any previous partners. Then he deposits his own. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the mating is over, the pair stays connected, sometimes for more than an hour. This keeps the other males at bay, and gives time for only his sperm to fertilize her eggs. When the female’s ready to lay her eggs, the pair moves close to the water. She slices tiny openings into these reeds with her ovipositor, a tube-shaped organ for laying eggs. She tucks them just under the plant’s surface — one at a time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A couple of weeks later, the eggs hatch into voracious nymphs called naiads. They’ll spend a few months like this in the water. Naiads breathe through caudal gills, these leafy things on their backside. Just like these dragonfly naiads, they’ll climb out of the water, shed their exoskeleton, and eventually fly off. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are thousands of species of damselflies, but the San Francisco forktail is special — it’s one of just a few that thrive in a foggy, coastal climate. Researchers think their darker, more robust bodies may better absorb heat and help them stay warm in cool places. But a warming world is diminishing the fog that blankets this city. Plus, the wetlands they lay their eggs in are disappearing. San Francisco forktail damselflies are now one of the rarest species of odonates in North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So researchers from the San Francisco Zoo are stepping in. They’ve figured out how to breed the San Francisco forktail in captivity, and are releasing and monitoring their populations. The number of these insects in the wild is increasing. But will their efforts be enough? It’s too early to tell. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">San Francisco has long been home to dreamers, misfits, lovers. The work of these scientists is not just for biodiversity — it’s an attempt to save another colorful resident that calls this City by the Bay its home.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
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