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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group said its monitoring of Sri Lankan internet connectivity found no disruptions to the fundamental infrastructure of the internet, meaning the blackout was directed at specific services. Some social media outlets, such as Twitter, appeared unaffected, but the blockage did disrupt popular messaging services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to be a problem for people trying to communicate with friends and family,” Toker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some internet users are circumventing the social media blocks by using a virtual private network, which masks the location of a computer, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t the first time Sri Lanka has blocked social media. The government imposed a weeklong ban in March 2018 because of concerns that WhatsApp and other platforms were being used to fan anti-Muslim violence in the country’s central region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis by Sri Lankan researcher and author Yudhanjaya Wijeratne of thousands of Facebook posts made during last year’s ban found that many Sri Lankans simply found ways around it. Wijeratne \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3275106\">has recommended\u003c/a> narrower and more “technically challenging” approaches to curbing hate speech, such as better detection and strengthening local laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook, which owns WhatsApp and Instagram, has struggled in recent years to combat the use of its platforms to incite violence and spread hate messages and political propaganda in countries including India, Myanmar and the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said in a statement Sunday that it has been working to support first responders and law enforcement in Sri Lanka and identify and remove content that violates company standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are aware of the government’s statement regarding the temporary blocking of social media platforms,” the company said. “People rely on our services to communicate with their loved ones and we are committed to maintaining our services and helping the community and the country during this tragic time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google didn’t respond to a request for comment about the disruption to its YouTube service in Sri Lanka. Requests for comment made to messaging services Snap and Viber were not returned Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "My Sister Can’t Speak, But She Makes Herself Heard",
"title": "My Sister Can’t Speak, But She Makes Herself Heard",
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"content": "\u003cp>I was there the night my sister, Ana, was born at San Francisco’s Mount Zion Hospital. I was 9, and I watched as she came out blue, the umbilical cord snarled around her neck. Those unknown minutes her brain was deprived of oxygen had a lasting impact. She was eventually diagnosed with athetoid cerebral palsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s 37 now. Caregivers help feed and dress her, and she talks through a device attached to her wheelchair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Roby39SpIEE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a baby, she endured terrible seizures. But she could read by the time she was 3. Her life has been marked by stunning accomplishments: traveling to Europe to present at conferences, giving talks at schools around the Bay Area, meeting renowned theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740897\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11740897\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36587_Ana-meets-hawking_0130-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36587_Ana-meets-hawking_0130-qut.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36587_Ana-meets-hawking_0130-qut-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana met Stephen Hawking when he gave a lecture at UC Berkeley in 2007. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Ana Berlowitz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Ana also faces life-threatening challenges. The simple act of eating can be terrifying. All of her food has to be blended, and she sometimes chokes when she eats. She’s dealt with staph infections that have landed her in the hospital, over and over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But somehow Ana has weathered all of this with patience, even humor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we were kids, I always worried about something terrible happening to her. I felt powerless to protect her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Ana Berlowitz is writing a book about her life, an incredible feat given the exhausting effort it takes to spell out even single words on her communication device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741261\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 316px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11741261\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"316\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut.jpg 1904w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut-160x167.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut-800x836.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut-1020x1066.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut-1148x1200.jpg 1148w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana Berlowitz and her sister, Victoria Mauleón, in 1983. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Victoria Mauleón)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Throughout my life, people expected very little of me,” she says in the introduction to her book. “I had to work to make myself heard, and even then, not everyone got what I was about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as I’ve been reading the drafts of her book, I’ve been horrified to learn about the ways she’s been hurt by people who’ve broken her trust, taken advantage of her and not let her advocate for herself. I asked her if I could sit down with her to talk about what it means to try to make yourself heard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ana recently moved from Oakland to San Francisco, in part so she could be closer to me and other family members. I try to see her once a week, and on this visit, I bring my audio recording kit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we first see each other, her huge blue eyes flicker with joy, and she flails her arms. That’s because the kind of cerebral palsy she has makes it hard for her to control her movements, especially when she's excited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11741223\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana Berlowitz is writing a memoir called \"Cerebral Scenes: My Life and Other Natural Disasters.\" She types the words on her communication device and her mother, Judith, enters them into a Google Doc. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once Ana calms down, she looks intensely at her communication device. She can’t use her hands to type. Instead, there’s a reflective dot attached to her glasses, and it controls a tracker in the device. Moving her head slowly, she types something out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about 30 seconds, the device spits out one word: \"Hi!\" The voice sounds a bit like a younger Siri, but more electronic, stiffer and a little crackly. And the device is not always reliable. A lot of times — because it's not working or one of the people taking care of her forgot to charge it — she is silenced, unable to communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can recall countless times, on airplanes, in restaurants or even at home, when her communication devices would fail her. Our mother would break out the hand-drawn, laminated sheets of paper she created for Ana when she was first learning how to read. One of us would point to pictures or words, Ana arching her body back in assent when we got to the right one, painstakingly spelling out her needs and desires, letter by letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741232\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11741232\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unable to use her voice to speak, Ana Berlowitz began reading when she was 3. Her mother, Judith Berlowitz, created several hand-drawn boards so Ana could communicate by pointing to words or images. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I ask Ana what it feels like to rely on other people and machines to express herself. She moves her head again, activating a beep from her communication device as she types the word “Weird.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I press her to say more. “Like a robot,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And what does that feel like?” I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Frustrating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741263\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-11741263\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"324\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom-160x166.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom-800x832.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom-1020x1060.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom-1155x1200.jpg 1155w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana Berlowitz, her sister Victoria Mauleón, and their mother Judith Berlowitz, in 1982. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Victoria Mauleón)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She devotes a lot of her book to talking about the caregivers and attendants she’s had over the years. I ask her why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's. So. So. Important,” she responds. I ask her what it feels like to have people take care of her in such intimate ways: helping feed her, taking her to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I. Feel. Like. A. Baby,” she types. And then she clicks another button with her tracker so the words come out in a sentence. “I feel like a baby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ana has had some wonderful attendants over the years. They’ve cared for her with respect and kindness. They share meals, adventures. They are there for her when we, her family, can’t be. But in the book she's writing, she describes the ways in which some of the people charged with taking care of her have hurt her, whether by accident or neglect:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I refuse to let anybody control me. Whenever someone tries to look over my shoulder at my communication device “just for fun,” without asking my permission, I feel abused. When people have ignored me when I’ve told them I needed to go to the bathroom, I feel abused. I have gotten urinary tract infections from holding it in too long, and have soiled myself from being ignored. Some of my attendants have ripped away my communication device because they did not want to hear me. ... I can’t stand it when people ignore me or neglect me. That is as cruel as physical abuse.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Hearing that guts me, makes me angry and sad. “It really is abuse, what you experienced,” I tell her. “But I'm really glad to hear that you refuse to let anybody control you or hurt you in this way. How will you do that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Train,” she says, meaning training her attendants to do a better job in caring for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741224\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11741224\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Because Ana's condition makes chewing food difficult, all of her meals have to be blended. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ana also writes about a boyfriend she had for nine years. He also has cerebral palsy and uses a wheelchair. In her book, she describes how he would use her caregivers for his own personal care and never pay them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>When we went anywhere I always ended up paying. He made me sleep naked after I bought all those cute negligees. I guess I was trying to please him. God only knows why I let this happen. As a disabled woman it is hard to find love and I just wanted a boyfriend.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Although he wielded a lot of power over her, she eventually broke up with him. I ask her how her experience with him impacted the way she sees relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to be careful of who you date,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask her what she wants people to know about what it's like to live with her disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Struggling to keep her head still, she aims the reflective dot on her glasses at the tracker in her communication device. The letters “A. M. A. Z.” sound, and then the word “Amazing.” I ask her why it’s amazing to have cerebral palsy, and she stares at her device and continues typing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So. Many. Opportunities.” She goes on to name some of the things she’s able to do: swimming, taking dance classes, all of the public speaking engagements she’s had at conferences and schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11741222\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana Berlowitz being interviewed by her sister, The California Report's senior editor, Victoria Mauleón, with their mother Judith Berlowitz in the background. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Listing all those opportunities is so ... Ana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize I have so much to learn about my sister and about what it means to be disabled. And that I need to check my own assumptions, judgments and pity. Ana says that’s one of the reasons why she’s writing her book. In one chapter she describes a high school class she took about popular culture:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I gave a presentation on disability as a culture. That idea stuck in my head. The disability community is my culture. People need to understand my culture just as I need to understand theirs.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“People. Fought. Really. Hard,” she types out on her communication device, and then clicks, “People fought really hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the rights of people with disabilities?” I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes,” she clicks, and the robotic words — her words, coming through the device — exclaim, “Never give up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I write this book for the young generation,\" Ana says in her memoir, \"hoping you can be heard and understood, no matter what voice you use.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I was there the night my sister, Ana, was born at San Francisco’s Mount Zion Hospital. I was 9, and I watched as she came out blue, the umbilical cord snarled around her neck. Those unknown minutes her brain was deprived of oxygen had a lasting impact. She was eventually diagnosed with athetoid cerebral palsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s 37 now. Caregivers help feed and dress her, and she talks through a device attached to her wheelchair.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Roby39SpIEE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Roby39SpIEE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>As a baby, she endured terrible seizures. But she could read by the time she was 3. Her life has been marked by stunning accomplishments: traveling to Europe to present at conferences, giving talks at schools around the Bay Area, meeting renowned theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740897\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11740897\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36587_Ana-meets-hawking_0130-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36587_Ana-meets-hawking_0130-qut.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36587_Ana-meets-hawking_0130-qut-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana met Stephen Hawking when he gave a lecture at UC Berkeley in 2007. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Ana Berlowitz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Ana also faces life-threatening challenges. The simple act of eating can be terrifying. All of her food has to be blended, and she sometimes chokes when she eats. She’s dealt with staph infections that have landed her in the hospital, over and over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But somehow Ana has weathered all of this with patience, even humor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we were kids, I always worried about something terrible happening to her. I felt powerless to protect her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Ana Berlowitz is writing a book about her life, an incredible feat given the exhausting effort it takes to spell out even single words on her communication device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741261\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 316px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11741261\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"316\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut.jpg 1904w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut-160x167.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut-800x836.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut-1020x1066.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36622_Vic-and-Ana-1983-cropped-qut-1148x1200.jpg 1148w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana Berlowitz and her sister, Victoria Mauleón, in 1983. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Victoria Mauleón)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Throughout my life, people expected very little of me,” she says in the introduction to her book. “I had to work to make myself heard, and even then, not everyone got what I was about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as I’ve been reading the drafts of her book, I’ve been horrified to learn about the ways she’s been hurt by people who’ve broken her trust, taken advantage of her and not let her advocate for herself. I asked her if I could sit down with her to talk about what it means to try to make yourself heard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ana recently moved from Oakland to San Francisco, in part so she could be closer to me and other family members. I try to see her once a week, and on this visit, I bring my audio recording kit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we first see each other, her huge blue eyes flicker with joy, and she flails her arms. That’s because the kind of cerebral palsy she has makes it hard for her to control her movements, especially when she's excited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11741223\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36606__M6A0137-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana Berlowitz is writing a memoir called \"Cerebral Scenes: My Life and Other Natural Disasters.\" She types the words on her communication device and her mother, Judith, enters them into a Google Doc. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once Ana calms down, she looks intensely at her communication device. She can’t use her hands to type. Instead, there’s a reflective dot attached to her glasses, and it controls a tracker in the device. Moving her head slowly, she types something out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about 30 seconds, the device spits out one word: \"Hi!\" The voice sounds a bit like a younger Siri, but more electronic, stiffer and a little crackly. And the device is not always reliable. A lot of times — because it's not working or one of the people taking care of her forgot to charge it — she is silenced, unable to communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can recall countless times, on airplanes, in restaurants or even at home, when her communication devices would fail her. Our mother would break out the hand-drawn, laminated sheets of paper she created for Ana when she was first learning how to read. One of us would point to pictures or words, Ana arching her body back in assent when we got to the right one, painstakingly spelling out her needs and desires, letter by letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741232\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11741232\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36598__M6A0017-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unable to use her voice to speak, Ana Berlowitz began reading when she was 3. Her mother, Judith Berlowitz, created several hand-drawn boards so Ana could communicate by pointing to words or images. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I ask Ana what it feels like to rely on other people and machines to express herself. She moves her head again, activating a beep from her communication device as she types the word “Weird.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I press her to say more. “Like a robot,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And what does that feel like?” I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Frustrating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741263\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-11741263\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"324\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom-160x166.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom-800x832.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom-1020x1060.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36623_Vic-Ana-Mom-1155x1200.jpg 1155w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana Berlowitz, her sister Victoria Mauleón, and their mother Judith Berlowitz, in 1982. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Victoria Mauleón)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She devotes a lot of her book to talking about the caregivers and attendants she’s had over the years. I ask her why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's. So. So. Important,” she responds. I ask her what it feels like to have people take care of her in such intimate ways: helping feed her, taking her to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I. Feel. Like. A. Baby,” she types. And then she clicks another button with her tracker so the words come out in a sentence. “I feel like a baby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ana has had some wonderful attendants over the years. They’ve cared for her with respect and kindness. They share meals, adventures. They are there for her when we, her family, can’t be. But in the book she's writing, she describes the ways in which some of the people charged with taking care of her have hurt her, whether by accident or neglect:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I refuse to let anybody control me. Whenever someone tries to look over my shoulder at my communication device “just for fun,” without asking my permission, I feel abused. When people have ignored me when I’ve told them I needed to go to the bathroom, I feel abused. I have gotten urinary tract infections from holding it in too long, and have soiled myself from being ignored. Some of my attendants have ripped away my communication device because they did not want to hear me. ... I can’t stand it when people ignore me or neglect me. That is as cruel as physical abuse.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Hearing that guts me, makes me angry and sad. “It really is abuse, what you experienced,” I tell her. “But I'm really glad to hear that you refuse to let anybody control you or hurt you in this way. How will you do that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Train,” she says, meaning training her attendants to do a better job in caring for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741224\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11741224\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36609__M6A0214-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Because Ana's condition makes chewing food difficult, all of her meals have to be blended. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ana also writes about a boyfriend she had for nine years. He also has cerebral palsy and uses a wheelchair. In her book, she describes how he would use her caregivers for his own personal care and never pay them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>When we went anywhere I always ended up paying. He made me sleep naked after I bought all those cute negligees. I guess I was trying to please him. God only knows why I let this happen. As a disabled woman it is hard to find love and I just wanted a boyfriend.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Although he wielded a lot of power over her, she eventually broke up with him. I ask her how her experience with him impacted the way she sees relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to be careful of who you date,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask her what she wants people to know about what it's like to live with her disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Struggling to keep her head still, she aims the reflective dot on her glasses at the tracker in her communication device. The letters “A. M. A. Z.” sound, and then the word “Amazing.” I ask her why it’s amazing to have cerebral palsy, and she stares at her device and continues typing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So. Many. Opportunities.” She goes on to name some of the things she’s able to do: swimming, taking dance classes, all of the public speaking engagements she’s had at conferences and schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11741222\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36604__M6A0102-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana Berlowitz being interviewed by her sister, The California Report's senior editor, Victoria Mauleón, with their mother Judith Berlowitz in the background. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Listing all those opportunities is so ... Ana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize I have so much to learn about my sister and about what it means to be disabled. And that I need to check my own assumptions, judgments and pity. Ana says that’s one of the reasons why she’s writing her book. In one chapter she describes a high school class she took about popular culture:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I gave a presentation on disability as a culture. That idea stuck in my head. The disability community is my culture. People need to understand my culture just as I need to understand theirs.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“People. Fought. Really. Hard,” she types out on her communication device, and then clicks, “People fought really hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the rights of people with disabilities?” I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes,” she clicks, and the robotic words — her words, coming through the device — exclaim, “Never give up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I write this book for the young generation,\" Ana says in her memoir, \"hoping you can be heard and understood, no matter what voice you use.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "two-tiered-caste-system-the-world-of-white-collar-contracting-in-silicon-valley",
"title": "‘Two-Tiered Caste System’: The World of White-Collar Contracting in Silicon Valley",
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"headTitle": "‘Two-Tiered Caste System’: The World of White-Collar Contracting in Silicon Valley | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Just because someone has a tech job in Silicon Valley, it doesn’t mean they are pulling in a high salary with loads of paid time off, piles of free food and private buses to shuttle them to and from work. Contract workers often don’t share in these perks, even if they’re doing white-collar jobs like developing software, analyzing data or running the servers these tech companies depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re right there looking through the glass at people having this sort of wondrous experience, given loads and loads of perks and benefits. But we don’t get any of it, even though we’re effectively doing the same work,” said one contract worker who did language processing at Google. Like all of the workers interviewed for this story, she asked to remain anonymous for fear of losing her job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White-collar contractors often don’t work directly for tech companies but for third-party staffing firms. The workers typically earn less than their employee counterparts and have to pay for things like riding the shuttle — which is free for full-timers — to work. They may have limited access to the company campus, and aren’t invited to certain trips, parties and events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a contractor you’re treated like you’re less than everyone else,” said a Latina who did contract work at both Salesforce and the e-cigarette company Juul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total number of contract workers in Silicon Valley is unknown. But experts, academics and labor advocates interviewed for this story estimated more than 100,000 white- and blue-collar contractors are working in tech, doing jobs ranging from janitorial work to programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How and Why Silicon Valley Latched on to Contracting\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Since the late 1980s, companies nationwide have been switching their labor force over from employees to contractors. Contract workers are often cheaper than employees, they can be hired and fired more easily, and investors generally like to see lower employee headcounts. Silicon Valley has not only been part of this trend, but on the vanguard of it, said Chris Tilly, a UCLA professor who studies labor markets, inequality and public policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Silicon Valley and the tech sector is definitely way out in front of most sectors when it comes to contracting,” Tilly said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how it works in Silicon Valley: The companies go to a staffing firm with a bid and say, “Hey, we need X amount of workers for X price to do something like IT, build out a new division for, say, autonomous cars, or do our janitorial work,” said Pradeep Chauhan, who runs OnContracting — a rating and reviews website for workers to learn about conditions at different temp staffing agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Contract worker in Silicon Valley']‘It’s totally a two-tiered sort of caste system.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chauhan said there are more than 1,000 staffing agencies in Silicon Valley. Some have more traditional names like “Mountain View Staffing” and “Palo Alto Staffing.” Others have gone the startup-type route with business names like Akraya. Many specialize in a particular kind of work like IT, security or transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilly said in the investor-dependent, quick-pivot world of Silicon Valley, the advantages of the contractor model are even more valuable because it allows firms to quickly scale up and scale down projects with labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, this model saves tech firms money in benefits, too, since it would cost a lot to give contractors the same generous packages used to attract high-skilled programmers and software developers, said Chauhan, who worked in staffing at Microsoft in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In older industries like auto manufacturing, unions guard against switching employees to contractors, but that’s not the case for new companies in Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These companies start out with a tabula rasa,” a blank slate, Tilly said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Stuck in Contracting for Years\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>All of the temporary contract workers in this story hoped to move on or convert to employee status, but at most tech companies there is no direct path for them to do so. Companies like Google have policies that direct managers not to discuss the potential of converting to full-time work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this firm barrier between contractors and employees is legal protection from what are known as misclassification lawsuits. Chauhan said tech companies’ caution over misclassification issues started back at Microsoft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1990s, Microsoft had hired lots of contractors to do everything from IT work to software development. Some of these workers got stuck in contracting roles for years and ended up filing a class-action lawsuit against Microsoft for how it was “permatemping” its workers. After almost a decade of battling the lawsuit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.computerworld.com/article/2589538/it-personnel-microsoft-to-pay-97-million-to-settle-permatemp-case.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft settled for $97 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After Microsoft lost,” Chauhan said, “every contingent staffing department at every large company started setting up rules over how to best utilize contractors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chauhan said that to avoid legal trouble, companies do two things: They require staffing agencies to offer some kind of benefit package to workers to make them feel like they’re employees of the agency, not the tech company. And the companies require short-term contracts, a year or 18 months at most, which means contractors never settle into a permanent job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Contract worker in Silicon Valley who did language processing at Google']‘We’re right there looking through the glass at people having this sort of wondrous experience, given loads and loads of perks and benefits; but we don’t get any of it, even though we’re effectively doing the same work.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This leaves contract workers who want full-time work in a tricky position, with some believing they can break through if they try hard enough. One worker at Google said he was working overtime, even though he wasn’t supposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve found myself working secretly after hours, trying to avoid my manager if they’re around,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This worker grew up in the Bay Area and recently became a contract worker in tech. He is hoping to jump to full-time employment and build a career in the industry. But in his first months on the job, he is concerned he is not doing enough work in his contract role to move to full time and that he may be let go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You feel like a full-time employee and you feel like you’re going to be evaluated as a full-time employee,” he said. “But on the books and in your paycheck and your benefits — and some of the way you’re treated — you’re not a full-time employee.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2019/04/ShadowWorkforceBadgesHarnettTCRAM.mp3\" title=\"Silicon Valley's Shadow Workforce\" program=\"KQED News\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/RS8537_IMG_9782-scr-e1405355033607.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many white-collar contract workers see full-time employment as the only way to have a decent life in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A worker at a major Silicon Valley tech company has been waiting to get a full-time job so he can bring his pregnant wife and their young child — both who live in another country — to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after more than four years working contract to contract at different companies, it doesn’t look like he will land a full-time job soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m willing to work really hard to eventually have a path for conversion,” he said. “As long as that’s possible, I’m going to keep trying. There’s nothing else I can do, really.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2019/04/ShawdowWorkforce4HarnettTCRAM.mp3\" title=\"Waiting to Work Full Time\" program=\"KQED News\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/11/1928_transform.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘A Two-Tiered Caste System’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One worker interviewed for this story had previously been an adjunct professor at an Ivy League university. Adjuncts receive far less pay than full professors and have limited to no job security; tenured professor jobs are difficult to come by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worker left for a tech job, hoping to find the kind of steady career path that wasn’t available in academia. She couldn’t believe the similarities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I found myself in effectively the same situation,” she said, “It’s totally a two-tiered sort of caste system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2019/04/HarnettShadowWorkforce1.mp3\" title=\"Contracting White-Collar Workers\" program=\"KQED News\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/GoogleWalkout.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2016/03/contract-worker-study.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 study\u003c/a> of the contract workforce in Santa Clara County found deep racial and economic divides between contractors and full-time workers in the tech industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latinos and African Americans are underrepresented in Silicon Valley and in the tech industry as a whole. Often when they do get jobs, they aren’t hired as employees, but instead brought on as contractors. You can see that reflected in the UC Santa Cruz study numbers in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The study found that while African Americans and Latinos make up only 7% of full-time employees, they account for 26% of white-collar contractors and 56% of blue-collar contractors. So, as you go from the preferred full-time jobs down to white-collar contractors and finally blue-collar contractors, you see fewer and fewer white workers and more and more African Americans and Latinos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The study also found that contractors more often depend on public services and are vulnerable to homelessness, too, said Chris Benner, a professor of environmental studies and sociology who co-authored the study published by UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contract worker previously employed at Salesforce and Juul said that as a Latina she has experienced tech’s racial gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only people that I see that look like me, they’re cleaning up,” she said. “They’re doing custodial services. They’re at the front desk greeting people. They aren’t actually in the office.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2019/04/HarnettTechContractor2.mp3\" title=\"A Tech Caste System\" program=\"KQED News\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/951945140.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Contract Workers Increasingly Voice Their Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard for contract workers to organize: They often aren’t at companies long enough to form bonds with other workers and push for changes to the system. They also fear they could lose their jobs by speaking out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, some tech contractors have taken a stand: In 1998, Microsoft contractors formed WashTech/CWA to fight for higher pay and benefits. And in 2016, labor organizers succeeded in getting a union for bus drivers at tech companies like Facebook and Apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='silicon-valley' label='Coverage of the Silicon Valley']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, contractors are speaking out through groups like Silicon Valley Rising and the Tech Workers Coalition. They’ve helped organize protests and published open letters to tech CEOs demanding better treatment. Some of the workers we spoke with for this story contacted us through these organizing groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under increasing pressure from workers, tech companies have been addressing the contracting model. \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/technology/436939-google-will-require-healthcare-parental-leave-for-extended-workforce\">In response to a letter demanding equal treatment\u003c/a> for contractors signed by Google employees, the company said it will require staffing firms to provide health insurance, 12 hours of paid parental leave and at least $15 an hour. Staffing agencies must comply by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one of the workers interviewed for this story succeeded in getting a full-time job. She is at a small company, different from where she did contract work, and is relieved to have some stability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wants to use her role as an employee to advocate for contractors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hoping to tell people at my new company how important it is to treat their contractors with respect. How important benefits and sick time is for these workers.” She said “it’s hard to imagine changing a big tech company,” but she hopes she can stick her foot in the door where she can and push for small changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Tech Companies are Responding\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>KQED asked 10 tech companies about their response to concerns from contract workers. Apple, Palantir, Salesforce and Juul did not respond, while Oracle and Microsoft declined to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 2015, Facebook required vendor partners to provide a minimum set of benefits to “their employees,” a spokesperson said in an email. That includes 15 paid days off, $4,000 for new parents and a guaranteed $15 an hour minimum wage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel strongly that agencies should provide fair compensation and benefits for all contractors,” a Twitter spokesperson said in a statement. A Cisco representative made a similar comment, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amazon said contractors made up a small part — a single-digit percentage — of the company’s U.S. workforce. Also, unlike many other tech firms, Amazon encourages contractors to apply for full-time roles — with nearly 1-in-4 such workers hired for permanent jobs in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just because someone has a tech job in Silicon Valley, it doesn’t mean they are pulling in a high salary with loads of paid time off, piles of free food and private buses to shuttle them to and from work. Contract workers often don’t share in these perks, even if they’re doing white-collar jobs like developing software, analyzing data or running the servers these tech companies depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re right there looking through the glass at people having this sort of wondrous experience, given loads and loads of perks and benefits. But we don’t get any of it, even though we’re effectively doing the same work,” said one contract worker who did language processing at Google. Like all of the workers interviewed for this story, she asked to remain anonymous for fear of losing her job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White-collar contractors often don’t work directly for tech companies but for third-party staffing firms. The workers typically earn less than their employee counterparts and have to pay for things like riding the shuttle — which is free for full-timers — to work. They may have limited access to the company campus, and aren’t invited to certain trips, parties and events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a contractor you’re treated like you’re less than everyone else,” said a Latina who did contract work at both Salesforce and the e-cigarette company Juul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total number of contract workers in Silicon Valley is unknown. But experts, academics and labor advocates interviewed for this story estimated more than 100,000 white- and blue-collar contractors are working in tech, doing jobs ranging from janitorial work to programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How and Why Silicon Valley Latched on to Contracting\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Since the late 1980s, companies nationwide have been switching their labor force over from employees to contractors. Contract workers are often cheaper than employees, they can be hired and fired more easily, and investors generally like to see lower employee headcounts. Silicon Valley has not only been part of this trend, but on the vanguard of it, said Chris Tilly, a UCLA professor who studies labor markets, inequality and public policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Silicon Valley and the tech sector is definitely way out in front of most sectors when it comes to contracting,” Tilly said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how it works in Silicon Valley: The companies go to a staffing firm with a bid and say, “Hey, we need X amount of workers for X price to do something like IT, build out a new division for, say, autonomous cars, or do our janitorial work,” said Pradeep Chauhan, who runs OnContracting — a rating and reviews website for workers to learn about conditions at different temp staffing agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chauhan said there are more than 1,000 staffing agencies in Silicon Valley. Some have more traditional names like “Mountain View Staffing” and “Palo Alto Staffing.” Others have gone the startup-type route with business names like Akraya. Many specialize in a particular kind of work like IT, security or transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilly said in the investor-dependent, quick-pivot world of Silicon Valley, the advantages of the contractor model are even more valuable because it allows firms to quickly scale up and scale down projects with labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, this model saves tech firms money in benefits, too, since it would cost a lot to give contractors the same generous packages used to attract high-skilled programmers and software developers, said Chauhan, who worked in staffing at Microsoft in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In older industries like auto manufacturing, unions guard against switching employees to contractors, but that’s not the case for new companies in Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These companies start out with a tabula rasa,” a blank slate, Tilly said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Stuck in Contracting for Years\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>All of the temporary contract workers in this story hoped to move on or convert to employee status, but at most tech companies there is no direct path for them to do so. Companies like Google have policies that direct managers not to discuss the potential of converting to full-time work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this firm barrier between contractors and employees is legal protection from what are known as misclassification lawsuits. Chauhan said tech companies’ caution over misclassification issues started back at Microsoft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1990s, Microsoft had hired lots of contractors to do everything from IT work to software development. Some of these workers got stuck in contracting roles for years and ended up filing a class-action lawsuit against Microsoft for how it was “permatemping” its workers. After almost a decade of battling the lawsuit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.computerworld.com/article/2589538/it-personnel-microsoft-to-pay-97-million-to-settle-permatemp-case.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft settled for $97 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After Microsoft lost,” Chauhan said, “every contingent staffing department at every large company started setting up rules over how to best utilize contractors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chauhan said that to avoid legal trouble, companies do two things: They require staffing agencies to offer some kind of benefit package to workers to make them feel like they’re employees of the agency, not the tech company. And the companies require short-term contracts, a year or 18 months at most, which means contractors never settle into a permanent job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This leaves contract workers who want full-time work in a tricky position, with some believing they can break through if they try hard enough. One worker at Google said he was working overtime, even though he wasn’t supposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve found myself working secretly after hours, trying to avoid my manager if they’re around,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This worker grew up in the Bay Area and recently became a contract worker in tech. He is hoping to jump to full-time employment and build a career in the industry. But in his first months on the job, he is concerned he is not doing enough work in his contract role to move to full time and that he may be let go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You feel like a full-time employee and you feel like you’re going to be evaluated as a full-time employee,” he said. “But on the books and in your paycheck and your benefits — and some of the way you’re treated — you’re not a full-time employee.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many white-collar contract workers see full-time employment as the only way to have a decent life in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A worker at a major Silicon Valley tech company has been waiting to get a full-time job so he can bring his pregnant wife and their young child — both who live in another country — to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after more than four years working contract to contract at different companies, it doesn’t look like he will land a full-time job soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m willing to work really hard to eventually have a path for conversion,” he said. “As long as that’s possible, I’m going to keep trying. There’s nothing else I can do, really.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2016/03/contract-worker-study.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 study\u003c/a> of the contract workforce in Santa Clara County found deep racial and economic divides between contractors and full-time workers in the tech industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latinos and African Americans are underrepresented in Silicon Valley and in the tech industry as a whole. Often when they do get jobs, they aren’t hired as employees, but instead brought on as contractors. You can see that reflected in the UC Santa Cruz study numbers in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The study found that while African Americans and Latinos make up only 7% of full-time employees, they account for 26% of white-collar contractors and 56% of blue-collar contractors. So, as you go from the preferred full-time jobs down to white-collar contractors and finally blue-collar contractors, you see fewer and fewer white workers and more and more African Americans and Latinos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The study also found that contractors more often depend on public services and are vulnerable to homelessness, too, said Chris Benner, a professor of environmental studies and sociology who co-authored the study published by UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contract worker previously employed at Salesforce and Juul said that as a Latina she has experienced tech’s racial gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only people that I see that look like me, they’re cleaning up,” she said. “They’re doing custodial services. They’re at the front desk greeting people. They aren’t actually in the office.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, contractors are speaking out through groups like Silicon Valley Rising and the Tech Workers Coalition. They’ve helped organize protests and published open letters to tech CEOs demanding better treatment. Some of the workers we spoke with for this story contacted us through these organizing groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under increasing pressure from workers, tech companies have been addressing the contracting model. \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/technology/436939-google-will-require-healthcare-parental-leave-for-extended-workforce\">In response to a letter demanding equal treatment\u003c/a> for contractors signed by Google employees, the company said it will require staffing firms to provide health insurance, 12 hours of paid parental leave and at least $15 an hour. Staffing agencies must comply by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one of the workers interviewed for this story succeeded in getting a full-time job. She is at a small company, different from where she did contract work, and is relieved to have some stability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wants to use her role as an employee to advocate for contractors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hoping to tell people at my new company how important it is to treat their contractors with respect. How important benefits and sick time is for these workers.” She said “it’s hard to imagine changing a big tech company,” but she hopes she can stick her foot in the door where she can and push for small changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Tech Companies are Responding\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>KQED asked 10 tech companies about their response to concerns from contract workers. Apple, Palantir, Salesforce and Juul did not respond, while Oracle and Microsoft declined to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 2015, Facebook required vendor partners to provide a minimum set of benefits to “their employees,” a spokesperson said in an email. That includes 15 paid days off, $4,000 for new parents and a guaranteed $15 an hour minimum wage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel strongly that agencies should provide fair compensation and benefits for all contractors,” a Twitter spokesperson said in a statement. A Cisco representative made a similar comment, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amazon said contractors made up a small part — a single-digit percentage — of the company’s U.S. workforce. Also, unlike many other tech firms, Amazon encourages contractors to apply for full-time roles — with nearly 1-in-4 such workers hired for permanent jobs in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The real estate market in California is so competitive that few of the people needed to anchor communities, like firefighters and school teachers, can afford to live near where they work. That’s especially true in the Bay Area, where a school district in Mountain View recently announced a creative plan to help keep teachers around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The estimated $56 million plan, approved in late March by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mvwsd.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Whisman school district\u003c/a> board, involves buying\u003ca href=\"https://www.mvwsd.org/about/communications/news___events/m_v_w_s_d_forges_partnership_for_staff_housing\"> a 144-unit apartment building\u003c/a> to be built in the South Bay city for teachers and education staff. The decision comes after the school district reinstated health benefits and raised teacher salaries by as much as 28% over the past five years, but couldn’t stop teachers from leaving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had probably four or five resignations this year because they can’t afford to buy a home,” said school district Superintendent Ayindé Rudolph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The raises also meant some teachers living in low-income housing no longer qualified as low-income and had to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Teachers and other education professionals typically make too much money to qualify for traditional affordable housing,” said Mitch Mankin of \u003ca href=\"https://siliconvalleyathome.org/\">Silicon Valley at Home\u003c/a>, an affordable housing advocacy group. “But they also make too little to afford market rate housing prices in our crazy Bay Area housing market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is unique in that rather than building teacher housing on school property or housing them in school-owned accommodations, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/04/us/teachers-priced-out-tech-hubs.html\">like in Santa Clara County\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the district is buying a building from developer \u003ca href=\"https://fortbay.com/about/\">Fortbay\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to offer studios and one- to two-bedroom apartments. While the price of each unit will change based on income, it will all be subsidized by the district. Teachers who make $64,000 — the starting salary for teachers in Mountain View — can expect to pay about $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Whisman teachers make ends meet by living together or commuting from hours away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoe Sharp and Natalie LaRosa, elementary school teachers in the area, live with three other women who work in education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels sort of what college was like,” Sharp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='housing-crisis' label='The Bay Area Housing Crisis']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margaret Abe-Koga, Mountain View’s vice mayor, said she believes tech companies also have a responsibility to step in to pay for teacher housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really looking for the tech community to participate because they know we have a housing shortage and a lot of that is caused by their employees,” she said. “I’m hoping that they will contribute and participate because it’s the right thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook has already stepped up — in a way. The tech giant subsidizes about 22 homes near its Menlo Park headquarters for teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we all have an obligation to be part of the solution,” said school district Superintendent Rudolph. “We have a moral obligation to make sure that the people in our country who sacrifice making the top dollar to serve our kids, to serve our public, that we should do everything within our power to make sure that they can have a decent wage to live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subsidized housing will be built as part of a larger project at an existing apartment complex. The plan is expected to pass a Mountain View City Council vote scheduled for May.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guest: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Valerie Jarrett, author, “Finding My Voice” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“The first impression here, I’m thinking, ‘OMG, I’m really in Silicon Valley.” That is what you see on the TVs!'” gushed Jasmine Meng, 28, a materials engineer from Shanghai who is spending the first half of 2019 trying to launch a startup in Sunnyvale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for Meng, she has got the full backing of a giant German multinational, but more on that later. Let’s talk first about Meng’s winning startup idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In China’s big cities, horrendous air pollution is a regular thing, not just the occasional outgrowth of wildfires like those seen last fall in California. Air pollution is a top reason why you see so many Chinese people wearing face masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven’t visited China recently, you can watch any number of news reports depicting the country’s struggle with air pollution:\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaLuyS7yrIw]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am the potential customer of our products,” Meng said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that problem led Meng to come up with this pitch: a better face mask, one that is better fitting, better functioning, and frankly, less ugly. “It can protect your health and in the meantime, not compromise your style,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She delivered this pitch to her employer, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mann-hummel.com/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mann+Hummel\u003c/a>, which makes most of its billions annually from industrial air filter manufacturing; conventional car filters, to be specific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Headquartered near Stuttgart, Germany, Mann+Hummel has been looking for alternative directions to pivot into, given that the conventional car market is changing dramatically, disrupted in large part by Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R17ZNvGofe4]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Germany has long been famous for its high quality engineering and manufacturing. But the future of both is all about software: automation and artificial intelligence. You want to be a player in that future? You’re going to have people working here, in the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if Mann+Hummel is to survive, it needs new blockbuster products, too. So a few years ago, the company launched a startup contest called \u003ca href=\"https://blog.mann-hummel.com/en/part-innovative-start-scene/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InCube\u003c/a>. The winning idea gets you six months at a startup incubator, \u003ca href=\"https://www.plugandplaytechcenter.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Plug and Play Tech Center\u003c/a>, in Sunnyvale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how Meng has come to be Chief Product Officer of \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/purar_us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Purar\u003c/a>, “fighting smog with fashion” for a little more than three months now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meng and her team members from Germany, England and Mexico are halfway through their time at \u003ca href=\"https://www.plugandplaytechcenter.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Plug and Play Tech Center\u003c/a>, a startup accelerator that partners with large companies like Mann+Hummel to — \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11732182/is-the-future-of-automotive-engineering-in-silicon-valley-ask-this-german-auto-giant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among other things\u003c/a> — launch startups on a test run basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Purar has six months to develop Meng’s concept, identify and ink partnerships, and ultimately, make the case to headquarters that its fashionable face masks should become a Mann+Hummel department, subsidiary or spinoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been three InCube cohorts so far, all connected to filtration: indoor, water and now wearables. The first team, focused on building filtration, landed a partnership with \u003ca href=\"http://www.shimizu-industry.co.jp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shimizu Industry\u003c/a> of Japan and has since become a spinoff company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fail fast, is what they say,” said Candace Widdoes, Plug and Play’s Chief Operating Officer. Is six months enough time to get anything started? “Oh absolutely. We do three-month cohorts. Either you do something in three months or not! Six months is plenty of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739123\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11739123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut-800x630.jpg\" alt=\"The Purar team is surrounded, of course, by the requisite walls of sticky notes. But team members say the atmosphere at Plug and Play Tech Center is invigorating and optimistic. The entrepreneurs and investors they meet here are as keen to talk about collaboration as they are competition.\" width=\"800\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut-800x630.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut-1020x803.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut-1200x944.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Purar team is surrounded, of course, by the requisite walls of sticky notes. But team members say the atmosphere at Plug and Play Tech Center is invigorating and optimistic. The entrepreneurs and investors they meet here are as keen to talk about collaboration as they are competition. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we operate outside rigid and fixed corporate structures, brings many advantages to it,” said Purar’s Chief Marketing Officer, Isabell Kloess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How is Silicon Valley’s business culture different from that in Germany? For one thing, development projects often take three years, not three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Silicon Valley, “everything’s happening fast. So we have to be fast. Everybody is so curious. Everybody is really smart. There’s more emphasis on the sort of cooperative model where it’s like maybe there’s a way we can both thrive by working together on the same project,” said Kloess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, back in Germany, “a lot of things are standardized and planned out. One of my projects within the company prior [to Purar] was actually to standardize all of (the) processes worldwide,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11739124\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Intertextile20expo-800x552.jpeg\" alt=\"The Purar team recently visited the Intertextile expo in Shanghai, looking for potential suppliers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"552\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Intertextile20expo-800x552.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Intertextile20expo-160x110.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Intertextile20expo.jpeg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Purar team recently visited the Intertextile expo in Shanghai, looking for potential suppliers. \u003ccite>(Photo: Courtesy of Purar)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kloess doesn’t begrudge the steady, slow methodology of her employer back home. It’s typical, and often necessary, for a so-called “legacy company to operate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that mindset often proves resistant to new ideas, killing them off — and driving out the people who generate them. Sending those people to Silicon Valley gives them a genuine chance to try something that ultimately rebounds to the benefit of the mother ship back home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes the corporate employee more entrepreneurial,” Widdoes said. “Even if they go back to Mann+Hummel, they bring this incredible experience back with them. No matter what, it’s a win-win.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the talk about Purar being independent, the team’s pitch includes the backing and experience Mann+Hummel brings to the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens if Purar fails?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then the next team starts,” Kloess said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“The first impression here, I’m thinking, ‘OMG, I’m really in Silicon Valley.” That is what you see on the TVs!'” gushed Jasmine Meng, 28, a materials engineer from Shanghai who is spending the first half of 2019 trying to launch a startup in Sunnyvale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for Meng, she has got the full backing of a giant German multinational, but more on that later. Let’s talk first about Meng’s winning startup idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In China’s big cities, horrendous air pollution is a regular thing, not just the occasional outgrowth of wildfires like those seen last fall in California. Air pollution is a top reason why you see so many Chinese people wearing face masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven’t visited China recently, you can watch any number of news reports depicting the country’s struggle with air pollution:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xaLuyS7yrIw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xaLuyS7yrIw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am the potential customer of our products,” Meng said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that problem led Meng to come up with this pitch: a better face mask, one that is better fitting, better functioning, and frankly, less ugly. “It can protect your health and in the meantime, not compromise your style,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She delivered this pitch to her employer, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mann-hummel.com/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mann+Hummel\u003c/a>, which makes most of its billions annually from industrial air filter manufacturing; conventional car filters, to be specific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Headquartered near Stuttgart, Germany, Mann+Hummel has been looking for alternative directions to pivot into, given that the conventional car market is changing dramatically, disrupted in large part by Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/R17ZNvGofe4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/R17ZNvGofe4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Germany has long been famous for its high quality engineering and manufacturing. But the future of both is all about software: automation and artificial intelligence. You want to be a player in that future? You’re going to have people working here, in the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if Mann+Hummel is to survive, it needs new blockbuster products, too. So a few years ago, the company launched a startup contest called \u003ca href=\"https://blog.mann-hummel.com/en/part-innovative-start-scene/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InCube\u003c/a>. The winning idea gets you six months at a startup incubator, \u003ca href=\"https://www.plugandplaytechcenter.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Plug and Play Tech Center\u003c/a>, in Sunnyvale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how Meng has come to be Chief Product Officer of \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/purar_us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Purar\u003c/a>, “fighting smog with fashion” for a little more than three months now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meng and her team members from Germany, England and Mexico are halfway through their time at \u003ca href=\"https://www.plugandplaytechcenter.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Plug and Play Tech Center\u003c/a>, a startup accelerator that partners with large companies like Mann+Hummel to — \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11732182/is-the-future-of-automotive-engineering-in-silicon-valley-ask-this-german-auto-giant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among other things\u003c/a> — launch startups on a test run basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Purar has six months to develop Meng’s concept, identify and ink partnerships, and ultimately, make the case to headquarters that its fashionable face masks should become a Mann+Hummel department, subsidiary or spinoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been three InCube cohorts so far, all connected to filtration: indoor, water and now wearables. The first team, focused on building filtration, landed a partnership with \u003ca href=\"http://www.shimizu-industry.co.jp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shimizu Industry\u003c/a> of Japan and has since become a spinoff company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fail fast, is what they say,” said Candace Widdoes, Plug and Play’s Chief Operating Officer. Is six months enough time to get anything started? “Oh absolutely. We do three-month cohorts. Either you do something in three months or not! Six months is plenty of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739123\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11739123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut-800x630.jpg\" alt=\"The Purar team is surrounded, of course, by the requisite walls of sticky notes. But team members say the atmosphere at Plug and Play Tech Center is invigorating and optimistic. The entrepreneurs and investors they meet here are as keen to talk about collaboration as they are competition.\" width=\"800\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut-800x630.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut-1020x803.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut-1200x944.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36470_Photo-Mar-08-8-37-31-AM-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Purar team is surrounded, of course, by the requisite walls of sticky notes. But team members say the atmosphere at Plug and Play Tech Center is invigorating and optimistic. The entrepreneurs and investors they meet here are as keen to talk about collaboration as they are competition. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we operate outside rigid and fixed corporate structures, brings many advantages to it,” said Purar’s Chief Marketing Officer, Isabell Kloess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How is Silicon Valley’s business culture different from that in Germany? For one thing, development projects often take three years, not three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Silicon Valley, “everything’s happening fast. So we have to be fast. Everybody is so curious. Everybody is really smart. There’s more emphasis on the sort of cooperative model where it’s like maybe there’s a way we can both thrive by working together on the same project,” said Kloess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, back in Germany, “a lot of things are standardized and planned out. One of my projects within the company prior [to Purar] was actually to standardize all of (the) processes worldwide,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11739124\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Intertextile20expo-800x552.jpeg\" alt=\"The Purar team recently visited the Intertextile expo in Shanghai, looking for potential suppliers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"552\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Intertextile20expo-800x552.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Intertextile20expo-160x110.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Intertextile20expo.jpeg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Purar team recently visited the Intertextile expo in Shanghai, looking for potential suppliers. \u003ccite>(Photo: Courtesy of Purar)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kloess doesn’t begrudge the steady, slow methodology of her employer back home. It’s typical, and often necessary, for a so-called “legacy company to operate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that mindset often proves resistant to new ideas, killing them off — and driving out the people who generate them. Sending those people to Silicon Valley gives them a genuine chance to try something that ultimately rebounds to the benefit of the mother ship back home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes the corporate employee more entrepreneurial,” Widdoes said. “Even if they go back to Mann+Hummel, they bring this incredible experience back with them. No matter what, it’s a win-win.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the talk about Purar being independent, the team’s pitch includes the backing and experience Mann+Hummel brings to the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens if Purar fails?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then the next team starts,” Kloess said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’ve driven north on 101 through Mountain View, you really can’t miss Moffett Field. Seeing the giant open airfield is one thing — but what really grabs the eye is the larger-than-life birdcage-looking structure known as Hangar One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> listener Laura Sneddon of Los Gatos has heard some stories about this spot over the years, and wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> to ask, “What is Moffett Field used for? Is it a NASA research center, a military base, or an airfield for private use by tech companies like Google?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: Yes! Moffett Federal Airfield is part NASA research center, part military base and part airfield for private use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the long answer is much more interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Moffett Field Gets Its Start with the Navy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Back in 1930, the good citizens of Santa Clara County bought 1,000 acres of waterfront property in Mountain View and Sunnyvale, and then sold the land to the U.S. Navy for $1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land was considered ideal to house the \u003cem>USS Macon\u003c/em>, part of the U.S. Navy’s rigid dirigible fleet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738471\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg\" alt=\"A view of Moffett Field from way up high.\" width=\"800\" height=\"781\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1020x996.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1200x1172.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut.jpg 1452w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of Moffett Field from way up high. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A dirigible is steerable, inflatable aircraft, first developed in the mid-19th century in France and Germany. This category includes everything from balloons to blimps to the rigid dirigible, a massive wonder of design developed in the 1870s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you travel northbound on 101 in Mountain View, you’ll see to the east what looks like a giant empty birdcage on an airfield. That was the garage, if you will, where Naval Air Station Sunnyvale parked the USS Macon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933.\" width=\"800\" height=\"621\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1020x792.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1200x931.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933. \u003ccite>(U.S. Naval Historical Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.moffettfieldmuseum.org/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, \u003c/a>explains: “After World War I, the U.S. Navy was extremely concerned about Japanese expansion in the Pacific, and they wanted a way to scout. Well, there was no radar. There was no satellites, and if you wanted to know where the enemy fleet was, somebody had to go out and look for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to get your mind around how big the USS Macon and its like were, even though they show up in a number of movies, including Pixar’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Up.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaTKDdn939M]A rigid dirigible has an internal metal frame and inflatable bags of gas that can carry the giant way up into the atmosphere and help you see far over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were used in World War I for scouting and even bombing attacks in Europe. The Navy commissioned six in the 1920s and ’30s, including the USS Macon, once called the “Queen of the Skies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“785 feet long. It was a flying aircraft carrier,” Stubkjaer says. “It had what was called a trapeze, which was basically an arm that could swing down, that would hold the aircraft until it was ready to fly off. And off it would go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it wanted to land, the frame would come down, the airplane would fly up, hook on and swing up into it. So it could hold four airplanes (Sparrowhawk biplanes, to be specific). And the idea was that the airship would take it out to the area they wanted to investigate and then send the airplanes in a search pattern to cover a great deal of distance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWoEQRl8dCs]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But Rigid Dirigibles Had a Tendency to Die Young\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The USS Macon went down off the coast of Big Sur in 1935, when it ran into some bad weather. Two of its 83 crewmen died. “That basically ends the rigid airship program,” Stubkjaer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what the team of \u003ca href=\"https://nautiluslive.org/ev-nautilus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration Vehicle Nautilus\u003c/a> saw when they \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/Y1xi_3_wnlU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explored the wreck\u003c/a> of the USS Macon on the ocean floor in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting the end of the Navy’s rigid dirigible program predates the horrific \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgWHbpMVQ1U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hindenberg Disaster\u003c/a> in 1937, when the hydrogen-inflated German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and went up in flames while trying to dock in New Jersey. Thirty-six people died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military’s rigid dirigible fleet flew using helium, not hydrogen, but the giant airships were delicate creatures. For a variety of reasons, nearly all of them crashed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738473\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11738473 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. "From a visual perspective, it's more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure," Stubkjaer says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. “From a visual perspective, it’s more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure,” Stubkjaer says. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moffett saw a lot of military use in the decades that followed, including blimp patrols in WWII, but let’s fast forward to today, when this former naval air station is now owned and operated by the \u003ca href=\"https://history.arc.nasa.gov/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, also known as NASA Ames. Scientists and engineers are working on a wide variety of projects related to manned and unmanned space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also rents out space to the California Air National Guard and other military units, as well as private outfits like \u003ca href=\"https://su.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Singularity University\u003c/a> and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So is Google Building a Modern Dirigible at Moffett?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>That was the \u003ca href=\"https://gizmodo.com/googles-spending-1-billion-on-an-old-nasa-hangar-no-o-1657058955\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">buzz\u003c/a> a few years ago, and you could see why, given that a) NASA Ames \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/november/nasa-signs-lease-with-planetary-ventures-llc-for-use-of-moffett-airfield-and/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leased Hangar One\u003c/a> and part of Moffett Field to Google subsidiary Planetary Ventures in 2014; and b) Hangar One is so big. Right? Why else would you want to lease that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a far-fetched idea. Dirigible development continues today \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OapLIy46zvs&app=desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the U.S. military, \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/c-0aYicv26M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for the U.S. military\u003c/a> and for \u003ca href=\"https://www.rdrnews.com/2017/08/23/venture-works-on-new-airship-technology-launching-of-structure-is-planned-before-the-end-of-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private outfits\u003c/a>, too. There’s a lot of interest in what can be accomplished for science, business and national security at the edge of the earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, Google spokespeople I spoke with insist they are not working on dirigibles at Moffett. They are working on \u003cem>balloons\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons up into the air: 60 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons into the air: 60,000 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Project Loon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alphabet, Google’s parent company, owns a number of subsidiaries, including \u003ca href=\"https://loon.co\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Loon\u003c/a>, which employs a network of stratospheric balloons to deliver internet connectivity to far-flung places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do that with stratospheric balloons,” says operations program manager Nick Kohli, who also likes to call himself Loon’s “global balloon concierge.” Basically, he organizes balloon launches, keeping them up in the air, and then collecting them when they come down to earth, often more than 100 days after they first launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in “near space,” he explains, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit, the atmosphere is thin. There, the helium inside Loon’s polyethylene balloons expands, and the balloons, which look like jellyfish at ground level, expand to the size of “two tennis courts, laid end to end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moffett’s Hangar Two, one of three giant hangars on the property, was a handy place to conduct early tests. “It’s a nice, big space that you can shield from the wind and so that you can inflate these balloons to full size, to be able to see how they take shape, just as if we were in the stratosphere,” Kohli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airfield is pretty handy, too. “Moffett’s one of the longest open runways that’s around. It was designed for huge aircraft. You really have to struggle to find places where you can see line of sight for that long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Giant airships that served as flying aircraft carriers were once housed at Moffett Field's Hangar One. These days, it's a hub for research and development.",
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"title": "That Giant Structure Off 101 Once Housed a Flying Aircraft Carrier | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’ve driven north on 101 through Mountain View, you really can’t miss Moffett Field. Seeing the giant open airfield is one thing — but what really grabs the eye is the larger-than-life birdcage-looking structure known as Hangar One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> listener Laura Sneddon of Los Gatos has heard some stories about this spot over the years, and wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> to ask, “What is Moffett Field used for? Is it a NASA research center, a military base, or an airfield for private use by tech companies like Google?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: Yes! Moffett Federal Airfield is part NASA research center, part military base and part airfield for private use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the long answer is much more interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Moffett Field Gets Its Start with the Navy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Back in 1930, the good citizens of Santa Clara County bought 1,000 acres of waterfront property in Mountain View and Sunnyvale, and then sold the land to the U.S. Navy for $1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land was considered ideal to house the \u003cem>USS Macon\u003c/em>, part of the U.S. Navy’s rigid dirigible fleet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738471\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg\" alt=\"A view of Moffett Field from way up high.\" width=\"800\" height=\"781\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1020x996.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1200x1172.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut.jpg 1452w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of Moffett Field from way up high. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A dirigible is steerable, inflatable aircraft, first developed in the mid-19th century in France and Germany. This category includes everything from balloons to blimps to the rigid dirigible, a massive wonder of design developed in the 1870s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you travel northbound on 101 in Mountain View, you’ll see to the east what looks like a giant empty birdcage on an airfield. That was the garage, if you will, where Naval Air Station Sunnyvale parked the USS Macon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933.\" width=\"800\" height=\"621\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1020x792.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1200x931.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933. \u003ccite>(U.S. Naval Historical Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.moffettfieldmuseum.org/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, \u003c/a>explains: “After World War I, the U.S. Navy was extremely concerned about Japanese expansion in the Pacific, and they wanted a way to scout. Well, there was no radar. There was no satellites, and if you wanted to know where the enemy fleet was, somebody had to go out and look for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to get your mind around how big the USS Macon and its like were, even though they show up in a number of movies, including Pixar’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Up.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/DaTKDdn939M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/DaTKDdn939M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A rigid dirigible has an internal metal frame and inflatable bags of gas that can carry the giant way up into the atmosphere and help you see far over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were used in World War I for scouting and even bombing attacks in Europe. The Navy commissioned six in the 1920s and ’30s, including the USS Macon, once called the “Queen of the Skies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“785 feet long. It was a flying aircraft carrier,” Stubkjaer says. “It had what was called a trapeze, which was basically an arm that could swing down, that would hold the aircraft until it was ready to fly off. And off it would go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it wanted to land, the frame would come down, the airplane would fly up, hook on and swing up into it. So it could hold four airplanes (Sparrowhawk biplanes, to be specific). And the idea was that the airship would take it out to the area they wanted to investigate and then send the airplanes in a search pattern to cover a great deal of distance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/IWoEQRl8dCs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/IWoEQRl8dCs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But Rigid Dirigibles Had a Tendency to Die Young\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The USS Macon went down off the coast of Big Sur in 1935, when it ran into some bad weather. Two of its 83 crewmen died. “That basically ends the rigid airship program,” Stubkjaer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what the team of \u003ca href=\"https://nautiluslive.org/ev-nautilus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration Vehicle Nautilus\u003c/a> saw when they \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/Y1xi_3_wnlU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explored the wreck\u003c/a> of the USS Macon on the ocean floor in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting the end of the Navy’s rigid dirigible program predates the horrific \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgWHbpMVQ1U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hindenberg Disaster\u003c/a> in 1937, when the hydrogen-inflated German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and went up in flames while trying to dock in New Jersey. Thirty-six people died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military’s rigid dirigible fleet flew using helium, not hydrogen, but the giant airships were delicate creatures. For a variety of reasons, nearly all of them crashed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738473\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11738473 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. "From a visual perspective, it's more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure," Stubkjaer says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. “From a visual perspective, it’s more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure,” Stubkjaer says. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moffett saw a lot of military use in the decades that followed, including blimp patrols in WWII, but let’s fast forward to today, when this former naval air station is now owned and operated by the \u003ca href=\"https://history.arc.nasa.gov/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, also known as NASA Ames. Scientists and engineers are working on a wide variety of projects related to manned and unmanned space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also rents out space to the California Air National Guard and other military units, as well as private outfits like \u003ca href=\"https://su.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Singularity University\u003c/a> and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So is Google Building a Modern Dirigible at Moffett?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>That was the \u003ca href=\"https://gizmodo.com/googles-spending-1-billion-on-an-old-nasa-hangar-no-o-1657058955\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">buzz\u003c/a> a few years ago, and you could see why, given that a) NASA Ames \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/november/nasa-signs-lease-with-planetary-ventures-llc-for-use-of-moffett-airfield-and/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leased Hangar One\u003c/a> and part of Moffett Field to Google subsidiary Planetary Ventures in 2014; and b) Hangar One is so big. Right? Why else would you want to lease that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a far-fetched idea. Dirigible development continues today \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OapLIy46zvs&app=desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the U.S. military, \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/c-0aYicv26M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for the U.S. military\u003c/a> and for \u003ca href=\"https://www.rdrnews.com/2017/08/23/venture-works-on-new-airship-technology-launching-of-structure-is-planned-before-the-end-of-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private outfits\u003c/a>, too. There’s a lot of interest in what can be accomplished for science, business and national security at the edge of the earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, Google spokespeople I spoke with insist they are not working on dirigibles at Moffett. They are working on \u003cem>balloons\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons up into the air: 60 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons into the air: 60,000 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Project Loon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alphabet, Google’s parent company, owns a number of subsidiaries, including \u003ca href=\"https://loon.co\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Loon\u003c/a>, which employs a network of stratospheric balloons to deliver internet connectivity to far-flung places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do that with stratospheric balloons,” says operations program manager Nick Kohli, who also likes to call himself Loon’s “global balloon concierge.” Basically, he organizes balloon launches, keeping them up in the air, and then collecting them when they come down to earth, often more than 100 days after they first launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in “near space,” he explains, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit, the atmosphere is thin. There, the helium inside Loon’s polyethylene balloons expands, and the balloons, which look like jellyfish at ground level, expand to the size of “two tennis courts, laid end to end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moffett’s Hangar Two, one of three giant hangars on the property, was a handy place to conduct early tests. “It’s a nice, big space that you can shield from the wind and so that you can inflate these balloons to full size, to be able to see how they take shape, just as if we were in the stratosphere,” Kohli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airfield is pretty handy, too. “Moffett’s one of the longest open runways that’s around. It was designed for huge aircraft. You really have to struggle to find places where you can see line of sight for that long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Facebook, Google Face House Committee on Rise of Hate Crimes, White Supremacy",
"title": "Facebook, Google Face House Committee on Rise of Hate Crimes, White Supremacy",
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"content": "\u003cp>WASHINGTON — A congressional hearing on online hate turned into a vivid demonstration of the problem Tuesday when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RZswuCGPwM\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">YouTube livestream\u003c/a> of the proceedings was bombarded with racist and anti-Semitic comments from internet users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Hate Crimes and White Supremacy\" tag=\"white-supremacy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YouTube disabled the live chat section of the streaming video about 30 minutes into the hearing because of what it called \"hateful comments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident came as executives from Google and Facebook appeared before the House Judiciary Committee to answer questions about the companies' role in the spread of hate crimes and the rise of white nationalism in the U.S. They were joined by leaders of such human rights organizations as the Anti-Defamation League and the Equal Justice Society, along with conservative commentator Candace Owens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neil Potts, Facebook director of public policy, and Alexandria Walden, counsel for free expression and human rights at Google, defended policies at the two companies that prohibit material that incites violence or hate. Google owns YouTube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no place for terrorism or hate on Facebook,\" Potts testified. \"We remove any content that incites violence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearing broke down into partisan disagreement among the lawmakers and among some of the witnesses, with Republican members of Congress denouncing as hate speech Democratic Rep. Ilhan Omar's criticism of American supporters of Israel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the bickering went on, committee chairman Rep. Jerrold Nadler, D-N.Y., was handed a news report that included the hateful comments about the hearing on YouTube. He read them aloud, along with the users' screen names, as the room quieted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This just illustrates part of the problem we're dealing with,\" Nadler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearing comes as the U.S. is experiencing an increase in hate crimes and hate groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 1,020 known hate groups in the country in 2018, the fourth straight year of growth, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center, which monitors extremism in the U.S. Hate crimes, meanwhile, rose 30 percent in the three-year period ending in 2017, the organization said, citing FBI figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic Rep. David Cicilline of Rhode Island grilled the Facebook and Google executives about their companies' responsibility for the spread of white supremacist views, pushing them to acknowledge they have played a role, even if it was unintentional. Potts and Walden conceded the companies have a duty to try to curb hate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the challenges became clear as Cicilline pushed Potts to answer why Facebook did not immediately remove far-right commentator Faith Goldy last week, after announcing a ban on white nationalism on the social network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldy, who has asked her viewers to help \"stop the white race from vanishing,\" was not removed until Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What specific proactive steps is Facebook taking to identify other leaders like Faith Goldy and pre-emptively remove them from the platform?\" Cicilline asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potts reiterated that the company works to identify people with links to hate and violence and banishes them from Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearing was prompted by the mosque shootings last month in Christchurch, New Zealand, that left 50 people dead. The gunman \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/19/704690054/facebook-admits-mosque-shooting-video-was-viewed-at-least-4-000-times\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">livestreamed the attacks on Facebook\u003c/a> and published a long post online that espoused white supremacist views.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But controversy over white nationalism and hate speech has dogged online platforms such as Facebook and Google's YouTube for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, following the deadly violence in Charlottesville, Virginia, tech giants \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/09e4a4b1fb664b5a947ec23fc988ef07\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">began banishing\u003c/a> extremist groups and individuals espousing white supremacist views and support for violence. Facebook extended the ban to white nationalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the ban, accounts such as one with the name Aryan Pride were still visible as of late Monday. The account read: \"IF YOUR NOT WHITE friend ur own kind cause Im not ur friend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, a Senate subcommittee will hold a hearing on allegations that companies such as Facebook, Google and Twitter are biased against conservatives, an allegation leveled by political figures from President Trump on down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies have denied any such bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ortutay and Lerman contributed from San Francisco.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YouTube disabled the live chat section of the streaming video about 30 minutes into the hearing because of what it called \"hateful comments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident came as executives from Google and Facebook appeared before the House Judiciary Committee to answer questions about the companies' role in the spread of hate crimes and the rise of white nationalism in the U.S. They were joined by leaders of such human rights organizations as the Anti-Defamation League and the Equal Justice Society, along with conservative commentator Candace Owens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neil Potts, Facebook director of public policy, and Alexandria Walden, counsel for free expression and human rights at Google, defended policies at the two companies that prohibit material that incites violence or hate. Google owns YouTube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no place for terrorism or hate on Facebook,\" Potts testified. \"We remove any content that incites violence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearing broke down into partisan disagreement among the lawmakers and among some of the witnesses, with Republican members of Congress denouncing as hate speech Democratic Rep. Ilhan Omar's criticism of American supporters of Israel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the bickering went on, committee chairman Rep. Jerrold Nadler, D-N.Y., was handed a news report that included the hateful comments about the hearing on YouTube. He read them aloud, along with the users' screen names, as the room quieted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This just illustrates part of the problem we're dealing with,\" Nadler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearing comes as the U.S. is experiencing an increase in hate crimes and hate groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 1,020 known hate groups in the country in 2018, the fourth straight year of growth, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center, which monitors extremism in the U.S. Hate crimes, meanwhile, rose 30 percent in the three-year period ending in 2017, the organization said, citing FBI figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic Rep. David Cicilline of Rhode Island grilled the Facebook and Google executives about their companies' responsibility for the spread of white supremacist views, pushing them to acknowledge they have played a role, even if it was unintentional. Potts and Walden conceded the companies have a duty to try to curb hate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the challenges became clear as Cicilline pushed Potts to answer why Facebook did not immediately remove far-right commentator Faith Goldy last week, after announcing a ban on white nationalism on the social network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldy, who has asked her viewers to help \"stop the white race from vanishing,\" was not removed until Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What specific proactive steps is Facebook taking to identify other leaders like Faith Goldy and pre-emptively remove them from the platform?\" Cicilline asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potts reiterated that the company works to identify people with links to hate and violence and banishes them from Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearing was prompted by the mosque shootings last month in Christchurch, New Zealand, that left 50 people dead. The gunman \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/19/704690054/facebook-admits-mosque-shooting-video-was-viewed-at-least-4-000-times\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">livestreamed the attacks on Facebook\u003c/a> and published a long post online that espoused white supremacist views.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But controversy over white nationalism and hate speech has dogged online platforms such as Facebook and Google's YouTube for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, following the deadly violence in Charlottesville, Virginia, tech giants \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/09e4a4b1fb664b5a947ec23fc988ef07\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">began banishing\u003c/a> extremist groups and individuals espousing white supremacist views and support for violence. Facebook extended the ban to white nationalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the ban, accounts such as one with the name Aryan Pride were still visible as of late Monday. The account read: \"IF YOUR NOT WHITE friend ur own kind cause Im not ur friend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, a Senate subcommittee will hold a hearing on allegations that companies such as Facebook, Google and Twitter are biased against conservatives, an allegation leveled by political figures from President Trump on down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies have denied any such bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ortutay and Lerman contributed from San Francisco.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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