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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>Staying Safe This Thanksgiving\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has advised Americans not to travel for the Thanksgiving holiday, as the country logged more than 1 million new cases of COVID-19 in the past week alone. Still, with a vaccine likely to be approved in the coming weeks, there may be light at the end of the tunnel. Public health expert Dr. Robert Wachter likens the situation to watching a split-screen movie with horror on one side and hope on the other. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guests:\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Robert Wachter, chair, UCSF Department of Medicine\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>COVID-19 Updates From Santa Clara and Fresno\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This week, Gov. Gavin Newsom said he was pulling the “emergency brake” and imposing a curfew prohibiting most nonessential work and activities between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. The curfew applies to 41 counties in the “purple tier,” the state’s most restrictive category indicating “widespread risk” of COVID-19 transmission. We get reaction from the mayors of San Jose and Fresno.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guests:\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam Liccardo, mayor of San Jose\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lee Brand, mayor of Fresno\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Something Beautiful: Mosaic Steps of San Francisco\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Take a walk with us up some of San Francisco’s tiled staircases, including one boasting a mosaic of the sea and the stars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"description": "Staying Safe This Thanksgiving The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has advised Americans not to travel for the Thanksgiving holiday, as the country logged more than 1 million new cases of COVID-19 in the past week alone. Still, with a vaccine likely to be approved in the coming weeks, there may be light at the end of the tunnel. Public health expert Dr. Robert Wachter likens the situation to watching a split-screen movie with horror on one side and hope on the other. Guests: Dr. Robert Wachter, chair, UCSF Department of Medicine COVID-19 Updates From Santa Clara and Fresno",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>Staying Safe This Thanksgiving\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has advised Americans not to travel for the Thanksgiving holiday, as the country logged more than 1 million new cases of COVID-19 in the past week alone. Still, with a vaccine likely to be approved in the coming weeks, there may be light at the end of the tunnel. Public health expert Dr. Robert Wachter likens the situation to watching a split-screen movie with horror on one side and hope on the other. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guests:\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Robert Wachter, chair, UCSF Department of Medicine\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>COVID-19 Updates From Santa Clara and Fresno\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This week, Gov. Gavin Newsom said he was pulling the “emergency brake” and imposing a curfew prohibiting most nonessential work and activities between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. The curfew applies to 41 counties in the “purple tier,” the state’s most restrictive category indicating “widespread risk” of COVID-19 transmission. We get reaction from the mayors of San Jose and Fresno.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guests:\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam Liccardo, mayor of San Jose\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lee Brand, mayor of Fresno\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Something Beautiful: Mosaic Steps of San Francisco\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Take a walk with us up some of San Francisco’s tiled staircases, including one boasting a mosaic of the sea and the stars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Muni Forced to Redo Part of $52 Million Tunnel Project – Just 2 Years After Finishing It",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco’s Municipal Transportation Agency will be forced to redo part of a $52 million tunnel project because of a decision during construction two years ago that has led to potential stability problems along tracks used by several Muni light-rail lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the track work on the Twin Peaks Tunnel — a high-profile project marked by a series of difficulties, including the death of a worker struck by a falling beam — could cost tens of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFMTA officials first disclosed the issue last month to the agency’s board. The potential cost was first discussed publicly Tuesday during an SFMTA presentation to the San Francisco County Transportation Authority board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnel project included seismic retrofitting of the 2-mile-long structure, which first opened in 1918, and replacement of its 50-year-old track structure, including rails, ties and the ballast rock that provides a stable rail bed and allows water to drain from the trackway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Kirschbaum, the SFMTA’s director of transit, told the Transportation Authority board, a body made up of all 11 members of the Board of Supervisors, that instead of replacing the ballast rock during the project, as specified in \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/reports-and-documents/2018/01/2-6-18_item_14_contract_award_-_twin_peaks_tunnel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the project contract\u003c/a>, “a decision was made” to reuse the ballast that had been in place for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Tom Maguire, SFMTA director of sustainable streets\"]‘A competent contractor should be able to do work like this right. This is basic rail construction.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the ballast had been cleaned and kind of shaken out so that all of the mud and fine particles were removed, reusing the ballast probably would have been a cost-effective and time-effective strategy,” Kirschbaum said. “But it wasn’t. And as a result, we now have ballast that is really more mud than rock and needs to be addressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an answer to a question from Supervisor Rafael Mandelman, Kirschbaum said the cost of having a contractor go in and replace the ballast would be in the millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Millions or tens of millions?” Mandelman asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think tens of millions,” Kirschbaum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her initial presentation on the issue, during an Oct. 20 SFMTA board meeting, Kirschbaum said that when the tunnel work began in 2018, contractors discovered the old ballast was contaminated with a higher level of heavy metals than had been anticipated. That made the ballast “more costly to handle and more costly to dispose of,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to keep the project on-time and on-budget, the decision was made to reuse rather than replace the ballast,” Kirschbaum said in October. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mandelman noted Kirschbaum’s statement on Tuesday that “a decision was made” to reuse the uncleaned ballast and asked her who was responsible. Tom Maguire, the SFMTA’s director of sustainable streets, said the decision had been made jointly by agency staff and the project’s contractor, a joint venture involving Oakland’s Shimmick Construction and San Francisco-based Con-Quest Contractors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They had to weigh a couple of tricky issues in the field, including the possibility that some of the material might be contaminated and might need to be removed,” Maguire said. “However, that critical decision needed to have been elevated sooner and faster with a comprehensive view of all the risks” involved in leaving the old ballast in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maguire told the SFMTA board in October that the agency was discussing the issue with the City Attorney’s Office “and figuring out how to hold the contractor accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A competent contractor should be able to do work like this right,” Maguire told board. “This is basic rail construction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her own October presentation to the SFMTA board, Kirschbaum said that while the ballast problem didn’t pose an immediate safety problem, inspections have determined that track stability issues are likely to develop in one particular location in the tunnel’s eastern half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where we know it’s going to erode first based on visual inspections and what we’ve seen over the last two years is around the Eureka Curve,” between the Forest Hill and Castro stations, Kirschbaum said. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Out of Excuses’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Tuesday’s details about the tunnel issue emerged just days after \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmta.com/blog/central-subway-slowed-covid-19-still-making-progress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the SFMTA acknowledged\u003c/a> that its long-delayed Central Subway project will blow through another completion target date and likely not open until 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Twin Peaks Tunnel problem, on top of delays in other major projects and \u003ca href=\"https://sf.streetsblog.org/2020/09/02/bad-splices-point-to-fundamental-problems-at-muni/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an embarrassing August mishap\u003c/a> in which spliced electrical wires derailed the SFMTA’s attempt to relaunch Muni Metro light-rail service, prompted an exasperated response from Supervisor Aaron Peskin, who chairs the transportation board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this were just the Central Subway … I’d be frustrated,” Peskin said. “But when you add the ballast in the tunnel, and when you add the — frankly, I’m going to say it — screw-up relative to the splices, when you add that to the Van Ness BRT (bus rapid transit) delays, which is nowhere near as complicated as these other projects, you’re just, as I said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Central-Subway-delayed-again-until-2022-15727909.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the newspaper\u003c/a> the other day, you’re out of excuses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFMTA officials didn’t immediately respond to questions about when the ballast replacement work will begin. Except for its brief, troubled reopening in August, all Muni Metro light-rail service has been shut down since shortly after COVID-19 shelter-at-home orders were imposed in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Related Coverage' tag='twin-peaks-tunnel']The Twin Peaks Tunnel work took place during the summer of 2018 and was marked by a series of missteps and one construction tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muni’s use of bus shuttles to replace light-rail service through the tunnel during the two months of construction exposed a major shortage of coach operators and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Twin-Peaks-Tunnel-closure-compounds-Muni-driver-13153530.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">threw citywide bus service into disarray\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As work on the project was near completion, a falling beam killed Colusa County construction worker Patrick Ricketts, 51. That brought to light \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11686976/muni-chief-downplays-safety-concerns-in-sf-tunnel-project-after-worker-death\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a long history of safety violations\u003c/a> by Oakland-based Shimmick Construction, one of the project’s principal contractors. Cal/OSHA fined Shimmick and its joint venture partner in the project, San Francisco-based Con-Quest, $65,300 for safety infractions related to Ricketts’ death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the tunnel reopened, service was subject to repeated delays attributed to problems with trackside train control equipment. After nearly three weeks of frequently disrupted service, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691978/muni-says-contractors-mistakes-on-tunnel-project-causing-new-delays-in-service\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Muni said\u003c/a> that a contractor’s crew had damaged the trackside equipment while doing follow-up work on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco’s Municipal Transportation Agency will be forced to redo part of a $52 million tunnel project because of a decision during construction two years ago that has led to potential stability problems along tracks used by several Muni light-rail lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the track work on the Twin Peaks Tunnel — a high-profile project marked by a series of difficulties, including the death of a worker struck by a falling beam — could cost tens of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFMTA officials first disclosed the issue last month to the agency’s board. The potential cost was first discussed publicly Tuesday during an SFMTA presentation to the San Francisco County Transportation Authority board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnel project included seismic retrofitting of the 2-mile-long structure, which first opened in 1918, and replacement of its 50-year-old track structure, including rails, ties and the ballast rock that provides a stable rail bed and allows water to drain from the trackway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Kirschbaum, the SFMTA’s director of transit, told the Transportation Authority board, a body made up of all 11 members of the Board of Supervisors, that instead of replacing the ballast rock during the project, as specified in \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/reports-and-documents/2018/01/2-6-18_item_14_contract_award_-_twin_peaks_tunnel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the project contract\u003c/a>, “a decision was made” to reuse the ballast that had been in place for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her initial presentation on the issue, during an Oct. 20 SFMTA board meeting, Kirschbaum said that when the tunnel work began in 2018, contractors discovered the old ballast was contaminated with a higher level of heavy metals than had been anticipated. That made the ballast “more costly to handle and more costly to dispose of,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to keep the project on-time and on-budget, the decision was made to reuse rather than replace the ballast,” Kirschbaum said in October. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mandelman noted Kirschbaum’s statement on Tuesday that “a decision was made” to reuse the uncleaned ballast and asked her who was responsible. Tom Maguire, the SFMTA’s director of sustainable streets, said the decision had been made jointly by agency staff and the project’s contractor, a joint venture involving Oakland’s Shimmick Construction and San Francisco-based Con-Quest Contractors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They had to weigh a couple of tricky issues in the field, including the possibility that some of the material might be contaminated and might need to be removed,” Maguire said. “However, that critical decision needed to have been elevated sooner and faster with a comprehensive view of all the risks” involved in leaving the old ballast in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maguire told the SFMTA board in October that the agency was discussing the issue with the City Attorney’s Office “and figuring out how to hold the contractor accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A competent contractor should be able to do work like this right,” Maguire told board. “This is basic rail construction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her own October presentation to the SFMTA board, Kirschbaum said that while the ballast problem didn’t pose an immediate safety problem, inspections have determined that track stability issues are likely to develop in one particular location in the tunnel’s eastern half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where we know it’s going to erode first based on visual inspections and what we’ve seen over the last two years is around the Eureka Curve,” between the Forest Hill and Castro stations, Kirschbaum said. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Out of Excuses’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Tuesday’s details about the tunnel issue emerged just days after \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmta.com/blog/central-subway-slowed-covid-19-still-making-progress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the SFMTA acknowledged\u003c/a> that its long-delayed Central Subway project will blow through another completion target date and likely not open until 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Twin Peaks Tunnel problem, on top of delays in other major projects and \u003ca href=\"https://sf.streetsblog.org/2020/09/02/bad-splices-point-to-fundamental-problems-at-muni/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an embarrassing August mishap\u003c/a> in which spliced electrical wires derailed the SFMTA’s attempt to relaunch Muni Metro light-rail service, prompted an exasperated response from Supervisor Aaron Peskin, who chairs the transportation board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this were just the Central Subway … I’d be frustrated,” Peskin said. “But when you add the ballast in the tunnel, and when you add the — frankly, I’m going to say it — screw-up relative to the splices, when you add that to the Van Ness BRT (bus rapid transit) delays, which is nowhere near as complicated as these other projects, you’re just, as I said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Central-Subway-delayed-again-until-2022-15727909.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the newspaper\u003c/a> the other day, you’re out of excuses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFMTA officials didn’t immediately respond to questions about when the ballast replacement work will begin. Except for its brief, troubled reopening in August, all Muni Metro light-rail service has been shut down since shortly after COVID-19 shelter-at-home orders were imposed in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>California Lt. Gov. Eleni Kounalakis\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lt. Gov. Eleni Kounalakis’ name has been floated as a candidate for filling the U.S. Senate seat that Vice President-elect Kamala Harris will vacate when she is sworn in in January 2021. Kounalakis became California’s first female lieutenant governor when she was elected in 2018 — in her first run for political office — and one of her earliest endorsements came from Harris. Kounalakis reflects on her political career and discusses what’s at the top of her agenda as the state grapples with the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cb>Guest:\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eleni Kounalakis, Lieutenant Governor of California (D)\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Hopes Grow for COVID-19 Vaccine as Cases Surge\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The winter surge of coronavirus cases predicted by medical experts is here. The U.S. hit a daily record on Thursday with more than 160,000 people testing positive for the virus. In California, 11 counties are returning to more restrictive measures to try to control the virus’ spread as the statewide tally of cases reached a total of 1 million. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meanwhile, hope is growing for a vaccine following a promising announcement this week from pharmaceutical giant Pfizer that its COVID-19 vaccine was more than 90% effective in preventing infection among trial volunteers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And as part of President-elect Joe Biden’s transition plans, three UCSF doctors were appointed to a new national coronavirus task force.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guest:\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, professor and infectious disease specialist, UCSF\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Something Beautiful: The Art of David Park\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We end the show this week with a visit to SFMOMA and a major retrospective of painter David Park’s career. The pioneering Bay Area artist, who died in 1960, is known for expressionistic portraits and scenes captured from everyday life, from a music rehearsal to bathers by the water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Four seats on the BART board of directors were on the ballot Tuesday, and incumbents appear to have prevailed in every race as of Wednesday afternoon. That includes Contra Costa County board member Debora Allen, who was actively opposed by six of her eight fellow directors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, a conservative Contra Costa County Republican on a largely progressive board, has insisted the agency needs tougher policing in response to rider concerns about crime, fare evasion and passengers experiencing homelessness or behavioral health problems on the system. She has been critical of efforts to refocus agency resources to have uniformed but unarmed staff deal with nonviolent issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen has also pressed the board and agency management to consider deep budget cuts, including layoffs, to survive the fiscal crisis brought on by the coronavirus pandemic. She calls the current crisis, in which BART has suffered a decline of more than 85% of weekday riders, an opportunity to “right-size” the agency. Agency managers, with board support, have instead shifted workers from operating to capital projects, instituted a hiring freeze and redirected some planned expenditures to try to avoid a large-scale dismissal of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen’s differences with other board members led half a dozen of them to endorse Jamie Salcido, a member of the Walnut Creek transportation commission\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> The latest campaign finance reports show Salcido was able to out-raise Allen by about $93,000 to $65,000 — thanks in large part to a $20,000 contribution from San Francisco board member Bevan Dufty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with more than half the expected ballots counted, Allen racked up what appears to be an unbeatable lead — 64% to Salcido’s 26%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dufty, whose district covers central and southern San Francisco, is leading in his race with 66.6% of the vote over David Wei Wen Young (18.5%), Michael Petrelis (9%) and Patrick Mortiere (5.9%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Board President Lateefah Simon, representing a district that includes slices of western Contra Costa, northwestern Alameda and southeastern San Francisco, is leading with 69% support over Sharon Kidd’s 30%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his bid for a fourth term, Director John McPartland held a narrow lead in his Alameda County district, with 37.7% of the vote over rivals Steven Dunbar (33.7%) and Mike Wallace (28.4%). Wallace was endorsed by Debora Allen and state Sen. Steve Glazer, D-Orinda, a perennial BART critic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Director Rebecca Saltzman was unopposed and returns to the board for a second term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>— Dan Brekke (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/danbrekke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@danbrekke\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Incumbent board member John McPartland, representing Alameda County, also appears to be leading in a race that's still too close to call. ",
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"title": "BART Board Races: Incumbents Allen, Simon, Dufty Poised to Win | KQED",
"description": "Incumbent board member John McPartland, representing Alameda County, also appears to be leading in a race that's still too close to call. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Four seats on the BART board of directors were on the ballot Tuesday, and incumbents appear to have prevailed in every race as of Wednesday afternoon. That includes Contra Costa County board member Debora Allen, who was actively opposed by six of her eight fellow directors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, a conservative Contra Costa County Republican on a largely progressive board, has insisted the agency needs tougher policing in response to rider concerns about crime, fare evasion and passengers experiencing homelessness or behavioral health problems on the system. She has been critical of efforts to refocus agency resources to have uniformed but unarmed staff deal with nonviolent issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen has also pressed the board and agency management to consider deep budget cuts, including layoffs, to survive the fiscal crisis brought on by the coronavirus pandemic. She calls the current crisis, in which BART has suffered a decline of more than 85% of weekday riders, an opportunity to “right-size” the agency. Agency managers, with board support, have instead shifted workers from operating to capital projects, instituted a hiring freeze and redirected some planned expenditures to try to avoid a large-scale dismissal of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen’s differences with other board members led half a dozen of them to endorse Jamie Salcido, a member of the Walnut Creek transportation commission\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> The latest campaign finance reports show Salcido was able to out-raise Allen by about $93,000 to $65,000 — thanks in large part to a $20,000 contribution from San Francisco board member Bevan Dufty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with more than half the expected ballots counted, Allen racked up what appears to be an unbeatable lead — 64% to Salcido’s 26%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dufty, whose district covers central and southern San Francisco, is leading in his race with 66.6% of the vote over David Wei Wen Young (18.5%), Michael Petrelis (9%) and Patrick Mortiere (5.9%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Board President Lateefah Simon, representing a district that includes slices of western Contra Costa, northwestern Alameda and southeastern San Francisco, is leading with 69% support over Sharon Kidd’s 30%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his bid for a fourth term, Director John McPartland held a narrow lead in his Alameda County district, with 37.7% of the vote over rivals Steven Dunbar (33.7%) and Mike Wallace (28.4%). Wallace was endorsed by Debora Allen and state Sen. Steve Glazer, D-Orinda, a perennial BART critic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Director Rebecca Saltzman was unopposed and returns to the board for a second term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>— Dan Brekke (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/danbrekke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@danbrekke\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Surviving the Donner Party: California, Gold and Lifelong Secrets",
"headTitle": "Surviving the Donner Party: California, Gold and Lifelong Secrets | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>This is Part Two of the Bay Curious series on the Donner Party. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11844011/donner-party-pt-1\">Read Part One of this story here.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]W[/dropcap]hen the snow finally melted in spring of 1847, the grisly evidence of the Donner Party’s ordeal — the things that had been buried under feet of snow at Donner Lake — were revealed in full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Word of the Donner Party disaster had spread across the country and was already creating “lousy PR” for California, says Donner Party historian Greg Palmer. The story spooked would-be emigrants to the state, making officials wish “they could just wipe the slate clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution was a California military detachment, led by Gen. Stephen Kearny. On their way over the mountains to Kansas in summer 1847, these men were given new orders to go to Donner Lake and clean up the mess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writer Edwin Bryant was with them — himself a recent emigrant who’d been on the Oregon Trail just ahead of the Donner Party. What he later wrote about that day was stomach-churning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Near the principal lake cabin I saw two bodies entire, except the abdomens had been cut open and entrails extracted,” Bryant wrote. “Their flesh had been either wasted by famine or evaporated by exposure to dry atmosphere, and presented the appearance of mummies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844056\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donner Memorial State Park in summer \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bryant and the other soldiers were looking at what remained of the Donner Party: evidence of sheer desperation, and what it looks like when human bodies are stripped for food. “Human skeletons, in short, in every variety of mutilation,” Bryant wrote. “A more appalling spectacle I never witnessed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryant reported how that military party scraped all the remains they could find up from the forest floor, dug a hole in the floor of one of the cabins, and set fire to the whole thing: “With everything surrounding them connected with the horrible and melancholy tragedy, consumed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These soldiers weren’t just performing a physical clean-up job. They were taking a truly shameful part of the state’s history and erasing it from human sight. This new California demanded it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Survivors in the Spotlight\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As soldiers were burning the Donner Party’s dead up at Donner Lake, their family members who’d made it out alive were safe and warm miles away in the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of the survivors spent the immediate aftermath recovering in present-day Sacramento at Sutter’s Fort. Presided over by colonizer John Sutter, this was the same place that had acted as a kind of Donner Party rescue command center during those long winter months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the first survivors had escaped and brought the terrible news to California, public interest in the Donner Party saga soared. “The fact that it wasn’t just a bunch of mountain men … but these were women and children,” made it even more compelling, Palmer says. And of course, there was the cannibalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many people who find themselves at the center of disaster, the Donner Party survivors quickly found that other people were already writing their story for them. The same month that the last survivor, Lewis Keseberg, was rescued from Donner Lake, the California Star newspaper published an account it claimed was based on eyewitness accounts from the rescuers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A more shocking scene cannot be imagined than was witnessed by the party of men who went to the relief of the unfortunate emigrants in the California Mountains … A woman sat by the side of the body of her dead husband cutting out his tongue ; the heart she had already taken out, broiled, and eaten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Star cast the Donner Party as terrifying ghouls, so hooked on the taste of humans that they’d been somehow transformed by it into cannibalistic monsters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So changed had the emigrants become that when the rescuing party arrived with food, some of them cast it aside, and seemed to prefer the putrid human flesh that still remained.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844051\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844051\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man poses by stumps of trees cut above the snow line by the Donner Party in Summit Valley, Placer County, photographed in1866 by Lawrence & Houseworth, \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This account drips with revulsion at what cannibalism might have done to the Donner Party’s very humanity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Calculations were coldly made, as they sat around their gloomy camp fires, for the next succeeding meals… Language can not describe the awful change that a few weeks of dire suffering had wrought in the minds of the wretched and pitiable beings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of what was published in the California Star is undoubtedly sensationalized, or just flat-out wrong. But this story, published hot on the heels of the disaster, set the tone for how California looked at the Donner Party, and it haunted the survivors for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliza Donner was just three years old when the Sierras orphaned her. It wasn’t until 1911 that she felt able to write her memoir, and to talk publicly about what she remembered of the disaster, but also about her life as a Donner Party survivor. In her book “The Expedition of the Donner Party and its Tragic Fate” she detailed how for years afterward, people came up to her and quoted that newspaper story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evidently, it was written without malice, but in ignorance, and by some warmly clad, well nourished person, who did not know the humanizing effect of suffering and sorrow,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Two Survivors, Two Stories\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A lot of the public outcry was directed at the final man to leave Donner Lake: Lewis Keseberg. Much of this was owing to another bit of lurid reportage, this time courtesy of one of the men who’d rescued Keseberg, Capt. William Fallon. He wrote how he “discovered Keseberg lying down amid the human bones, and beside him a large pan full of fresh liver and lights [lungs]”, and heavily insinuated that Keseberg had murdered Eliza Donner’s mother, Tamsen Donner, to consume her flesh and keep himself alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From almost the moment he came down from the mountain, Keseberg was a marked man. “Some declared him crazy, others called him a monster,” wrote Eliza Donner, who knew all too well how fast — and how effectively — the written word could be used against someone. She described “blood-curdling editorials” that were written about Keseberg, “stamping him with the mark of Cain, and closing the door of every home against him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844052\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donner Lake, pictured in summer \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yet all the while, another man — the only actual, confirmed murderer of the Donner Party — received quite different treatment. It was no secret that William Foster had murdered the two Miwok men Luis and Salvador so that the first “Folorn Hope” group to escape Donner Lake could eat their flesh. But because of who he’d killed — two Native Americans, rather than a white woman like Tamsen Donner — Foster never faced a reckoning for his crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Greg Palmer says, it wasn’t even seen as a crime. “‘They’re only Indian’: That was the mentality of the day,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, Foster had chosen to join the third rescue party, to voluntarily return to Donner Lake to bring more people to safety. To the white world in California, Foster was a hero, not a murderer —and condemning him would have meant condemning a mindset and a way of life that had greatly benefited many people who came to California to claim it for their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the many more were about to make the journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Gold Rush Takes Over\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As brutal as the Donner Party’s life and death story is, the immediate aftermath actually marks a calm before the storm in California’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the short-term, the Donner Party horror scared people in California, but also would-be emigrants contemplating the same trip. The overland traffic of settlers in 1847 and 1848 dropped sharply, says Greg Palmer “because of what happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, 1848, just nine months after final survivor Lewis Keseberg was dragged off the mountain, gold was discovered in California. As if to demonstrate the interconnectedness of the players in this period of time, that gold was found on land claimed by none other than John Sutter, on a site he was developing as an expansion of his Sutter’s Fort empire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844049\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gold miners in El Dorado, California, between ca. 1848 and ca. 1853 \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those small flakes of gold in a river on Sutter’s land changed California forever — and most of all, for those Indigenous communities that had lived here for centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dahlton Brown is Executive Director for the \u003ca href=\"http://wiltonrancheria-nsn.gov/\">Wilton Rancheria\u003c/a> tribe in Elk Grove, outside Sacramento. And says he still finds it “just incredible” how the Miwok and Nisenan people of this region “could go from being the ancestral stewards of a place since time immemorial to just being a resource to be used, for the kind of capitalistic growth and entrenchment of an American society that hadn’t even been on this continent, established as a nation for 100 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier colonizers had already hugely disrupted the lives of California’s Indigenous residents. Settlers like the Donner Party had then wanted their land — and now with gold, everybody else did, too. White migration into California had been a trickle, but now it became a flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s estimated that in the first 20 years after gold was discovered, 80% of California’s Indigenous population was wiped out — not just by disease, but by destruction and murder. Those that survived found themselves displaced, and their customs, cultures and lives irrevocably altered — by design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were “insane restrictions put on our tribal communities that were meant to suffocate our life ways,” Brown says. These limitations were meant to “rob our communities and land, to make way for these miners and for these folks looking to make their riches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844048\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gold prospectors amid log cabins in El Dorado, California, between ca. 1848 and ca. 1853 \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California had a new image, a new way of being. And everything that came before that didn’t fit was treated like dirt in the gold pan: discarded in the name of “progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hidden From Sight\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As California bloomed under the Gold Rush, virtually all of the survivors of the Donner Party quietly, deliberately retreated from view, and scattered throughout the Bay Area and Northern California. For almost all of them, what happened up by Donner Lake was something they never wanted to talk about publicly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re imagining the remaining members of the Donner Party might have wanted to stick together, think again, says Greg Palmer. After what happened, there seems to have been very little desire to even speak to any of the others ever again. “There were animosities that weren’t forgotten,” Palmer says. “Which is totally natural.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the families that entered the mountains, only two survived intact: The Reed and Breen families. Of all of the survivors, the Reed clan probably made the best of it — something you could attribute to the fact that patriarch James Reed hadn’t actually been trapped in the Sierras with his family. His earlier banishment from the trail ensured his safe arrival into California, where he’d been able to find time to do some land deals in San Jose while he was raising money to go rescue his wife and children. These included the purchase of the land where San Jose State University now lies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Reed family escaped the mountains, they relocated down to the new home waiting for them in South Bay, where they settled into civic life with relative ease. After striking it rich in the Gold Rush, James Reed even became the Chief of Police in the San Jose Police Department. The family also welcomed two of the Donner family orphans into their home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After recuperating at Sutter’s Fort, the Breens quietly moved south to San Juan Bautista, outside Gilroy. The other survivors, who had all watched at least one family member die in the Sierras, scattered more quietly around Northern California — from Petaluma and Sonoma to Sebastopol and Tomales Bay. Marysville, just outside Yuba City, is named after one of the Donner Party survivors, Mary Murphy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what about Lewis Keseberg, the man who had ‘cannibal’ yelled at him in the street? He sued a bunch of people for calling him a murderer — but the judge sneeringly awarded him damages of just one dollar in each case. He lived for almost fifty more miserable years after being dragged off the mountain, beset by misfortune and bereavement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844053\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The large rock in Donner Memorial State Park that formed the back wall of the Murphy cabin, which now holds a plaque bearing the Donner Party’s names \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lansford Hastings, the entrepreneur whose wrong-headed guidebook was the blueprint for the Donner Party’s demise, became a lawyer in San Francisco, and then abandoned it to go into the Gold Rush business with none other than John Sutter. Even Sutter — the enslaving colonizer — described Hastings as “a bad man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hastings then became a Civil War major, on the Confederate side. Having been at least the semi-architect of one disastrous journey, his last voyage was to Brazil, where he was attempting to start a colony for Confederates. He died on the ship on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844059\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844059\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A plaque at Donner Memorial State Park bears the names of the Donner Party. The large boulder that holds the plaque was used as the back wall of the Murphy family cabin \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the survivors never even spoke about that winter with their own families, says Greg Palmer. “I guess you could call it the code of silence, remembering that this is the Victorian era … speaking of anything that’s very personal, particularly something as taboo as eating the flesh of people was just not done. And so the shameful stigma of it pervaded most of the members.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you remember that first newspaper story in the California Star, who could blame them? The public seized on what they’d read and if anything, remembered it as even worse. Eliza Donner recalled being taunted by a stranger years after the disaster, who “insisted that the Donner Party was responsible for its own misfortune” and who proclaimed “that he himself felt that the miserable wretches brought from starvation were not worth the price it had cost to save them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps this new California — swollen with people, gold and self-regard — didn’t want any reminder of early failures. Desperation and degradation, after all, hardly makes for a satisfying origin myth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Legend Resurrected\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For three decades after the disaster, little more was heard from or about the Donner Party survivors. But in 1878, a historian and newspaper editor in Truckee named Charles McGlashan had a chance encounter with a Donner Party survivor. This was James Breen — who, like Eliza Donner, had only been a tiny child when his family lived through the disaster. But the meeting was enough to get Charles McGlashan instantly obsessed with this local, infamous history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGlashan’s exhaustive research resulted in him writing the first comprehensive book on the Donner disaster: “The History of the Donner Party.” It reignited interest in this horrible part of California history, and those who had survived it. McGlashan even took a role in those survivors’ lives, urging Eliza Donner — then in her thirties —to meet with Lewis Keseberg and give him the chance to confess if he really had killed her mother up at Donner Lake. She agreed, and later wrote how Keseberg sank to the ground and cried out “On my knees before you, and in the sight of God, I want to assert my innocence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She chose to believe him — and if Keseberg was lying, then he held on to his secrets for another 16 years until his death, age 81, penniless in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliza Donner lived many years more. She was born before the railroads, but lived to see the First World War, and died in 1922 just before her 80th birthday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And thirteen years after that, a woman named Isabel Breen died in the South Bay, in 1935. She’d been just one year old when her family fought for their lives up at Donner Lake. With her death, the very last of the Donner Party survivors quietly left the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Secret Tomb\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>At Donner Memorial State Park, you can wander the site of the camps where the Breens, the Reeds and all those other families lived, and died. You can explore the museum, and pose for photos by the huge Pioneer Monument that stretches over 20 feet into the blue Truckee sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844044\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pioneer Monument in Donner Memorial State Park \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This massive statue was erected in the warm sun of summer in 1918. The crowd that watched included 80-year-old Patty Reed, who’d been just eight when her family survived the Sierras, and who’d returned to this place that had brought her family such unimaginable pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In summer, Donner Lake hums with the sound of campers and holidaymakers. In winter, when the snow shrouds everything, it’s much more silent. And that’s when your mind might turn to wondering: Where did all those bodies find their resting place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That military party that first swept this place when the snows thawed in 1847 had buried all the corpses they could find in a pit they’d dug in one the cabins, and then burned it all. But for a long time, nobody was able to work out which cabin that was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Palmer says they’ve excavated various parts of the park looking for the burial site: “They found rifle balls, jewelry, coins, buttons, various fragments of broken china and whatnot,” he says. “But they did not find evidence of a mass grave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they built Interstate 80 in the 1960s, they excavated another cabin site too. Nothing. That left one more place, hiding in plain sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only conclusion that we can reach is that the cabin that had the mass grave was the Breen family cabin, located where the monument is standing right now,” says Palmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844045\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844045\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-1918.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-1918.jpg 474w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-1918-160x135.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of people including then-California Gov. William D. Stephens at the 1918 unveiling of the Pioneer Monument \u003ccite>(Shades of San Francisco, San Francisco Public Library )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Meaning that buried under this landmark — the one that every visitor to this place poses for photographs in front of — is very probably a mass grave. Palmer says that cadaver dogs trained to detect the presence of human bodies have reacted to it in a way that leaves almost no doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes the monument “more than just a testament,” Palmer says. “It’s a tomb, and should be respected as such.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Lasting Legacy\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We humans like to make meaning from things. We’re compelled toward the idea that there are lessons to be found within history, even the bad parts, like quartz concealed in Sierra granite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking back at the Donner Party in 2020 — yes, it’s sometimes still treated like a pop culture punchline: the cannibalism, the grand plans gone spectacularly awry. Yet it’s also seen by many as kind of an American tragedy. A group of questing “pioneers” in search of the California dream, cruelly denied — but fate couldn’t stop some of them from prevailing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Dahlton Brown, of the Wilton Rancheria tribe, the Donner Party saga tells a very different story about California, and the United States as a whole. In this story, he sees “kind of this glorification of the American spirit, and having to do what needed to be done in order to survive — that has become pretty synonymous with the way that America treats itself. There’s this idea that ‘if I gotta step on a few necks to survive, then I’ll do it.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Donner Party wanted what many people have wanted throughout history: something better for them and their families. All the while, they knew that came at a cost for others — for the people whose land they were claiming for their own — and they did it anyway. For Brown, their drive to acquire and extract — that zeal to stretch out to grab more — doesn’t just prefigure the Gold Rush: it’s America in a nutshell. He says many Americans still often act like manifest destiny is their creed: “that there is this God-given and inherently given right that American citizens have to colonize a place because, in their view, it is making it better,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844064\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snowy peak on the route from Reno to Donner \u003ccite>(Alisha Vargas/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Donner disaster might even show us what happens when such an impulse isn’t accompanied by knowledge of the land you’re coming to claim. Knowledge that the Indigenous people who already lived here absolutely prized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As 81 people learned in the winter of 1846, if you misjudge this landscape it can consume you whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Where did those who survived the Sierras and cannibalism end up? And how did this notorious disaster come to represent everything California wanted to forget?",
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"title": "Surviving the Donner Party: California, Gold and Lifelong Secrets | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>This is Part Two of the Bay Curious series on the Donner Party. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11844011/donner-party-pt-1\">Read Part One of this story here.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">W\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>hen the snow finally melted in spring of 1847, the grisly evidence of the Donner Party’s ordeal — the things that had been buried under feet of snow at Donner Lake — were revealed in full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Word of the Donner Party disaster had spread across the country and was already creating “lousy PR” for California, says Donner Party historian Greg Palmer. The story spooked would-be emigrants to the state, making officials wish “they could just wipe the slate clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution was a California military detachment, led by Gen. Stephen Kearny. On their way over the mountains to Kansas in summer 1847, these men were given new orders to go to Donner Lake and clean up the mess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writer Edwin Bryant was with them — himself a recent emigrant who’d been on the Oregon Trail just ahead of the Donner Party. What he later wrote about that day was stomach-churning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Near the principal lake cabin I saw two bodies entire, except the abdomens had been cut open and entrails extracted,” Bryant wrote. “Their flesh had been either wasted by famine or evaporated by exposure to dry atmosphere, and presented the appearance of mummies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844056\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Creek-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donner Memorial State Park in summer \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bryant and the other soldiers were looking at what remained of the Donner Party: evidence of sheer desperation, and what it looks like when human bodies are stripped for food. “Human skeletons, in short, in every variety of mutilation,” Bryant wrote. “A more appalling spectacle I never witnessed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryant reported how that military party scraped all the remains they could find up from the forest floor, dug a hole in the floor of one of the cabins, and set fire to the whole thing: “With everything surrounding them connected with the horrible and melancholy tragedy, consumed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These soldiers weren’t just performing a physical clean-up job. They were taking a truly shameful part of the state’s history and erasing it from human sight. This new California demanded it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Survivors in the Spotlight\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As soldiers were burning the Donner Party’s dead up at Donner Lake, their family members who’d made it out alive were safe and warm miles away in the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of the survivors spent the immediate aftermath recovering in present-day Sacramento at Sutter’s Fort. Presided over by colonizer John Sutter, this was the same place that had acted as a kind of Donner Party rescue command center during those long winter months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the first survivors had escaped and brought the terrible news to California, public interest in the Donner Party saga soared. “The fact that it wasn’t just a bunch of mountain men … but these were women and children,” made it even more compelling, Palmer says. And of course, there was the cannibalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many people who find themselves at the center of disaster, the Donner Party survivors quickly found that other people were already writing their story for them. The same month that the last survivor, Lewis Keseberg, was rescued from Donner Lake, the California Star newspaper published an account it claimed was based on eyewitness accounts from the rescuers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A more shocking scene cannot be imagined than was witnessed by the party of men who went to the relief of the unfortunate emigrants in the California Mountains … A woman sat by the side of the body of her dead husband cutting out his tongue ; the heart she had already taken out, broiled, and eaten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Star cast the Donner Party as terrifying ghouls, so hooked on the taste of humans that they’d been somehow transformed by it into cannibalistic monsters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So changed had the emigrants become that when the rescuing party arrived with food, some of them cast it aside, and seemed to prefer the putrid human flesh that still remained.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844051\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844051\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-6-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man poses by stumps of trees cut above the snow line by the Donner Party in Summit Valley, Placer County, photographed in1866 by Lawrence & Houseworth, \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This account drips with revulsion at what cannibalism might have done to the Donner Party’s very humanity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Calculations were coldly made, as they sat around their gloomy camp fires, for the next succeeding meals… Language can not describe the awful change that a few weeks of dire suffering had wrought in the minds of the wretched and pitiable beings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of what was published in the California Star is undoubtedly sensationalized, or just flat-out wrong. But this story, published hot on the heels of the disaster, set the tone for how California looked at the Donner Party, and it haunted the survivors for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliza Donner was just three years old when the Sierras orphaned her. It wasn’t until 1911 that she felt able to write her memoir, and to talk publicly about what she remembered of the disaster, but also about her life as a Donner Party survivor. In her book “The Expedition of the Donner Party and its Tragic Fate” she detailed how for years afterward, people came up to her and quoted that newspaper story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evidently, it was written without malice, but in ignorance, and by some warmly clad, well nourished person, who did not know the humanizing effect of suffering and sorrow,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Two Survivors, Two Stories\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A lot of the public outcry was directed at the final man to leave Donner Lake: Lewis Keseberg. Much of this was owing to another bit of lurid reportage, this time courtesy of one of the men who’d rescued Keseberg, Capt. William Fallon. He wrote how he “discovered Keseberg lying down amid the human bones, and beside him a large pan full of fresh liver and lights [lungs]”, and heavily insinuated that Keseberg had murdered Eliza Donner’s mother, Tamsen Donner, to consume her flesh and keep himself alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From almost the moment he came down from the mountain, Keseberg was a marked man. “Some declared him crazy, others called him a monster,” wrote Eliza Donner, who knew all too well how fast — and how effectively — the written word could be used against someone. She described “blood-curdling editorials” that were written about Keseberg, “stamping him with the mark of Cain, and closing the door of every home against him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844052\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Lakeside-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donner Lake, pictured in summer \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yet all the while, another man — the only actual, confirmed murderer of the Donner Party — received quite different treatment. It was no secret that William Foster had murdered the two Miwok men Luis and Salvador so that the first “Folorn Hope” group to escape Donner Lake could eat their flesh. But because of who he’d killed — two Native Americans, rather than a white woman like Tamsen Donner — Foster never faced a reckoning for his crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Greg Palmer says, it wasn’t even seen as a crime. “‘They’re only Indian’: That was the mentality of the day,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, Foster had chosen to join the third rescue party, to voluntarily return to Donner Lake to bring more people to safety. To the white world in California, Foster was a hero, not a murderer —and condemning him would have meant condemning a mindset and a way of life that had greatly benefited many people who came to California to claim it for their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the many more were about to make the journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Gold Rush Takes Over\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As brutal as the Donner Party’s life and death story is, the immediate aftermath actually marks a calm before the storm in California’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the short-term, the Donner Party horror scared people in California, but also would-be emigrants contemplating the same trip. The overland traffic of settlers in 1847 and 1848 dropped sharply, says Greg Palmer “because of what happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, 1848, just nine months after final survivor Lewis Keseberg was dragged off the mountain, gold was discovered in California. As if to demonstrate the interconnectedness of the players in this period of time, that gold was found on land claimed by none other than John Sutter, on a site he was developing as an expansion of his Sutter’s Fort empire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844049\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-9-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gold miners in El Dorado, California, between ca. 1848 and ca. 1853 \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those small flakes of gold in a river on Sutter’s land changed California forever — and most of all, for those Indigenous communities that had lived here for centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dahlton Brown is Executive Director for the \u003ca href=\"http://wiltonrancheria-nsn.gov/\">Wilton Rancheria\u003c/a> tribe in Elk Grove, outside Sacramento. And says he still finds it “just incredible” how the Miwok and Nisenan people of this region “could go from being the ancestral stewards of a place since time immemorial to just being a resource to be used, for the kind of capitalistic growth and entrenchment of an American society that hadn’t even been on this continent, established as a nation for 100 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier colonizers had already hugely disrupted the lives of California’s Indigenous residents. Settlers like the Donner Party had then wanted their land — and now with gold, everybody else did, too. White migration into California had been a trickle, but now it became a flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s estimated that in the first 20 years after gold was discovered, 80% of California’s Indigenous population was wiped out — not just by disease, but by destruction and murder. Those that survived found themselves displaced, and their customs, cultures and lives irrevocably altered — by design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were “insane restrictions put on our tribal communities that were meant to suffocate our life ways,” Brown says. These limitations were meant to “rob our communities and land, to make way for these miners and for these folks looking to make their riches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844048\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-8-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gold prospectors amid log cabins in El Dorado, California, between ca. 1848 and ca. 1853 \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California had a new image, a new way of being. And everything that came before that didn’t fit was treated like dirt in the gold pan: discarded in the name of “progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hidden From Sight\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As California bloomed under the Gold Rush, virtually all of the survivors of the Donner Party quietly, deliberately retreated from view, and scattered throughout the Bay Area and Northern California. For almost all of them, what happened up by Donner Lake was something they never wanted to talk about publicly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re imagining the remaining members of the Donner Party might have wanted to stick together, think again, says Greg Palmer. After what happened, there seems to have been very little desire to even speak to any of the others ever again. “There were animosities that weren’t forgotten,” Palmer says. “Which is totally natural.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the families that entered the mountains, only two survived intact: The Reed and Breen families. Of all of the survivors, the Reed clan probably made the best of it — something you could attribute to the fact that patriarch James Reed hadn’t actually been trapped in the Sierras with his family. His earlier banishment from the trail ensured his safe arrival into California, where he’d been able to find time to do some land deals in San Jose while he was raising money to go rescue his wife and children. These included the purchase of the land where San Jose State University now lies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Reed family escaped the mountains, they relocated down to the new home waiting for them in South Bay, where they settled into civic life with relative ease. After striking it rich in the Gold Rush, James Reed even became the Chief of Police in the San Jose Police Department. The family also welcomed two of the Donner family orphans into their home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After recuperating at Sutter’s Fort, the Breens quietly moved south to San Juan Bautista, outside Gilroy. The other survivors, who had all watched at least one family member die in the Sierras, scattered more quietly around Northern California — from Petaluma and Sonoma to Sebastopol and Tomales Bay. Marysville, just outside Yuba City, is named after one of the Donner Party survivors, Mary Murphy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what about Lewis Keseberg, the man who had ‘cannibal’ yelled at him in the street? He sued a bunch of people for calling him a murderer — but the judge sneeringly awarded him damages of just one dollar in each case. He lived for almost fifty more miserable years after being dragged off the mountain, beset by misfortune and bereavement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844053\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Rock-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The large rock in Donner Memorial State Park that formed the back wall of the Murphy cabin, which now holds a plaque bearing the Donner Party’s names \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lansford Hastings, the entrepreneur whose wrong-headed guidebook was the blueprint for the Donner Party’s demise, became a lawyer in San Francisco, and then abandoned it to go into the Gold Rush business with none other than John Sutter. Even Sutter — the enslaving colonizer — described Hastings as “a bad man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hastings then became a Civil War major, on the Confederate side. Having been at least the semi-architect of one disastrous journey, his last voyage was to Brazil, where he was attempting to start a colony for Confederates. He died on the ship on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844059\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844059\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Plaque2-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A plaque at Donner Memorial State Park bears the names of the Donner Party. The large boulder that holds the plaque was used as the back wall of the Murphy family cabin \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the survivors never even spoke about that winter with their own families, says Greg Palmer. “I guess you could call it the code of silence, remembering that this is the Victorian era … speaking of anything that’s very personal, particularly something as taboo as eating the flesh of people was just not done. And so the shameful stigma of it pervaded most of the members.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you remember that first newspaper story in the California Star, who could blame them? The public seized on what they’d read and if anything, remembered it as even worse. Eliza Donner recalled being taunted by a stranger years after the disaster, who “insisted that the Donner Party was responsible for its own misfortune” and who proclaimed “that he himself felt that the miserable wretches brought from starvation were not worth the price it had cost to save them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps this new California — swollen with people, gold and self-regard — didn’t want any reminder of early failures. Desperation and degradation, after all, hardly makes for a satisfying origin myth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Legend Resurrected\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For three decades after the disaster, little more was heard from or about the Donner Party survivors. But in 1878, a historian and newspaper editor in Truckee named Charles McGlashan had a chance encounter with a Donner Party survivor. This was James Breen — who, like Eliza Donner, had only been a tiny child when his family lived through the disaster. But the meeting was enough to get Charles McGlashan instantly obsessed with this local, infamous history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGlashan’s exhaustive research resulted in him writing the first comprehensive book on the Donner disaster: “The History of the Donner Party.” It reignited interest in this horrible part of California history, and those who had survived it. McGlashan even took a role in those survivors’ lives, urging Eliza Donner — then in her thirties —to meet with Lewis Keseberg and give him the chance to confess if he really had killed her mother up at Donner Lake. She agreed, and later wrote how Keseberg sank to the ground and cried out “On my knees before you, and in the sight of God, I want to assert my innocence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She chose to believe him — and if Keseberg was lying, then he held on to his secrets for another 16 years until his death, age 81, penniless in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliza Donner lived many years more. She was born before the railroads, but lived to see the First World War, and died in 1922 just before her 80th birthday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And thirteen years after that, a woman named Isabel Breen died in the South Bay, in 1935. She’d been just one year old when her family fought for their lives up at Donner Lake. With her death, the very last of the Donner Party survivors quietly left the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Secret Tomb\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>At Donner Memorial State Park, you can wander the site of the camps where the Breens, the Reeds and all those other families lived, and died. You can explore the museum, and pose for photos by the huge Pioneer Monument that stretches over 20 feet into the blue Truckee sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844044\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Monument-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pioneer Monument in Donner Memorial State Park \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This massive statue was erected in the warm sun of summer in 1918. The crowd that watched included 80-year-old Patty Reed, who’d been just eight when her family survived the Sierras, and who’d returned to this place that had brought her family such unimaginable pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In summer, Donner Lake hums with the sound of campers and holidaymakers. In winter, when the snow shrouds everything, it’s much more silent. And that’s when your mind might turn to wondering: Where did all those bodies find their resting place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That military party that first swept this place when the snows thawed in 1847 had buried all the corpses they could find in a pit they’d dug in one the cabins, and then burned it all. But for a long time, nobody was able to work out which cabin that was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Palmer says they’ve excavated various parts of the park looking for the burial site: “They found rifle balls, jewelry, coins, buttons, various fragments of broken china and whatnot,” he says. “But they did not find evidence of a mass grave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they built Interstate 80 in the 1960s, they excavated another cabin site too. Nothing. That left one more place, hiding in plain sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only conclusion that we can reach is that the cabin that had the mass grave was the Breen family cabin, located where the monument is standing right now,” says Palmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844045\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844045\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-1918.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-1918.jpg 474w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-1918-160x135.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of people including then-California Gov. William D. Stephens at the 1918 unveiling of the Pioneer Monument \u003ccite>(Shades of San Francisco, San Francisco Public Library )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Meaning that buried under this landmark — the one that every visitor to this place poses for photographs in front of — is very probably a mass grave. Palmer says that cadaver dogs trained to detect the presence of human bodies have reacted to it in a way that leaves almost no doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes the monument “more than just a testament,” Palmer says. “It’s a tomb, and should be respected as such.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Lasting Legacy\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We humans like to make meaning from things. We’re compelled toward the idea that there are lessons to be found within history, even the bad parts, like quartz concealed in Sierra granite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking back at the Donner Party in 2020 — yes, it’s sometimes still treated like a pop culture punchline: the cannibalism, the grand plans gone spectacularly awry. Yet it’s also seen by many as kind of an American tragedy. A group of questing “pioneers” in search of the California dream, cruelly denied — but fate couldn’t stop some of them from prevailing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Dahlton Brown, of the Wilton Rancheria tribe, the Donner Party saga tells a very different story about California, and the United States as a whole. In this story, he sees “kind of this glorification of the American spirit, and having to do what needed to be done in order to survive — that has become pretty synonymous with the way that America treats itself. There’s this idea that ‘if I gotta step on a few necks to survive, then I’ll do it.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Donner Party wanted what many people have wanted throughout history: something better for them and their families. All the while, they knew that came at a cost for others — for the people whose land they were claiming for their own — and they did it anyway. For Brown, their drive to acquire and extract — that zeal to stretch out to grab more — doesn’t just prefigure the Gold Rush: it’s America in a nutshell. He says many Americans still often act like manifest destiny is their creed: “that there is this God-given and inherently given right that American citizens have to colonize a place because, in their view, it is making it better,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844064\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snowy peak on the route from Reno to Donner \u003ccite>(Alisha Vargas/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Donner disaster might even show us what happens when such an impulse isn’t accompanied by knowledge of the land you’re coming to claim. Knowledge that the Indigenous people who already lived here absolutely prized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As 81 people learned in the winter of 1846, if you misjudge this landscape it can consume you whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Endless Winter: A Fresh Look at the Donner Party Saga",
"headTitle": "Endless Winter: A Fresh Look at the Donner Party Saga | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This is Part One of a two-part Bay Curious series. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11844019/donner-party-pt2\">Read Part Two here.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]D[/dropcap]onner Memorial State Park is a serene place. You might even call it low key, considering its outsized place in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve driven I-80 east towards Reno, and climbed the road high into the mountains around Truckee, you’ve passed it. Safe in your car, up on the ridge on the freeway above Donner Lake, you’ve sped by the site of one of the grisliest, most infamous events in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Donner Memorial State Park, visitors are greeted by the towering Pioneer Monument: a giant column with a statue of a family at its top. It pays tribute to those people, like the Donner Party, who came from the midwest and walked over these mountains in the 1800s, on their way to make new lives in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844079\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pioneer Monument in Donner Memorial State Park \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Long before the railroad, these emigrants made the journey with animals and wagons full of everything they owned. Gold hadn’t yet been found in California, that would come later in 1848. At this time, it was land and total freedom, not nuggets, they wanted to claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Age of ‘Manifest Destiny’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In 1846, the “California” to which the Donner Party was journeying wasn’t actually part of the United States. This was still Mexican territory — called Alta California — and it wouldn’t become officially part of the U.S. for another four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this wasn’t empty land either. Before European colonization, California was home to an estimated 300,000 Indigenous people. From the Washoe tribe of the Lake Tahoe area to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11704679/there-were-once-more-than-425-shellmounds-in-the-bay-area-where-did-they-go\">the Ohlone\u003c/a> in what is now San Francisco, the wider Bay Area alone was — and still is — home to many longstanding tribes with incredibly diverse cultures and languages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pre-colonization, California was “a bountiful, bountiful place where communities were free to trade, free and interact,” says Dahlton Brown, Executive Director for the \u003ca href=\"http://wiltonrancheria-nsn.gov/\">Wilton Rancheria\u003c/a> tribe in Elk Grove, outside Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, he says, a life with “no restrictions on existence” for the Miwok and Nisenan people of this region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s ancestors are a part of the Donner Party’s story that often gets left out. It was their land that settlers like the Donner Party were trying to reach. What made these white migrants think they could pack up, relocate their entire families and everything they owned to claim this land for their own?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844075\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844075\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A covered wagon camp of emigrants on the Humboldt River in western Nevada pictured in 1859 by Daniel A. Jenks \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s simple, says Greg Palmer, a Donner Party historian who’s worked with the Donner Memorial State Park museum for several decades: “This is the era of Manifest Destiny. President James Polk has propagated the idea that it’s our divine right and duty to build a country coast to coast after the Louisiana Purchase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that this land was home for the Indigenous people who’d lived here for centuries, or that it was legally Mexican territory, didn’t stop self-styled pioneers from coming to California. In addition to almost limitless real estate opportunities, settlers like the Donner Party saw an escape from unfavorable situations in their own midwest homelands: places where diseases like cholera and malaria abounded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people prior to gold were moving west for a more healthful environment,” Palmer says. “Free land, ‘the land of milk and honey,’ opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Donner Party wasn’t just one family called Donner. It was a blended bunch of multiple families, plus some lone travelers and hired hands brought on board to assist: all bound together on a journey of over one thousand miles west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were joining many other migrants and traveling in one long snaking party of wheels and livestock along what was called the Oregon Trail; through the grasslands of Illinois, across the desert and, finally, over the mountains into California. And to fully understand just how shocking and unique what happened to the Donner Party was, it’s important to understand that their party was just one of many like them that season. “Hundreds of wagons and thousands of people,” as Palmer says, made it to the West safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Donner Party took a very different path — literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Who Were the Donner Party?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Emigrants making the journey west in the 1840s traveled in parties, and the Donner Party was led by 60-year-old George Donner from Illinois, accompanied by not just his own large family, but that of his brother, Jacob Donner. They set out with another local family, the Reeds. That’s the reason this group is sometimes also referred to as the Donner-Reed Party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Setting off from Independence, Missouri, the group was gradually joined by other would-be settlers: the Breen family from Ireland, the Graves clan, the Keseberg family and many more. At its largest, the Donner Party numbered almost 100 people, including children of all ages — from babies and toddlers to teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of the Donner Party weren’t the hardscrabble travelers you might be conjuring in your mind. As Palmer reminds us, “in the 1840s, to go overland to California or Oregon, poor people couldn’t do it. They couldn’t afford it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from the hired hands in the party — single men being paid to do the hard work on the journey — most of these families on the trail with the Donners had money and land already. They just wanted a little more of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844076\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844076\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A recreation of one of the Donner Party’s covered wagons in the Donner Memorial State Park museum \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So if there were a lot of folks making this journey West that year, what made the Donner Party different? Put simply, they were the only travelers on the trail who collectively decided to follow not the trusted path into California with all those others, but to take a chance on a new route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1846, migration West had become an industry — and any industry attracts its grifters. One of those was a guy called Lansford Hastings. He’d written a guide to making the journey into California that told travelers of a “cutoff” — a shortcut he promised would save them weeks, and cut out up to 400 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, this route was little short of a scam, based on guesswork. Hastings himself had never taken it, and his travel “guide” primarily recommended it because he wanted to divert travelers into places where he himself had money-making schemes set up to profit off them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from saving them time, Hasting’s cutoff actually added 30 days to the Donner Party’s journey — through heinously difficult terrain that was utterly unsuitable for wagons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, they were already too late setting off. Hastings’s terrible guide had gotten one thing right: in order not to cross the Sierra Nevada in the snow, travelers needed to leave the midwest at the right time. It warned would-be settlers “unless you pass over the mountains early in the fall, you are very liable to be detained, be impassable mountains of snow, until the next spring, or, perhaps, forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time members of the Donner Party left the midwest, they were already three weeks behind schedule. As the last wagons on the trail, their fate was sealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Struggles in the Desert\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Understandably, a lot of the focus on the Donner Party story tends to fall on the unbelievable horror that befell them in the mountains. One aspect of their saga that this focus tends to obscure: this band of travelers was in dangerous disarray far before they reached any snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extra weeks and miles on their journey from Hasting’s cutoff meant they were already running out of food. Their livestock, which pulled their wagons, were frequently taken by the Indigenous people through whose tribal land they were trekking. They often had to hitch themselves to their wagons when crossing rivers, exhausting themselves as they continued to trudge over inhospitable, jagged terrain they should never have been in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844070\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844070\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Weber Cañon in the Wasatch Mountains, photographed by Andrew J. Russell between 1868 and 1869 \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After having to literally hack a path through the Wasatch Mountains, the 80-mile ordeal of crossing the Great Salt Lake Desert alone took them a week. Hastings had told them it was 40 miles — it was double that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death began far before the Sierras. As they desperately pulled their wagons over steep rock, 19th century road rage kicked in — resulting in patriarch James Reed shooting another man dead. For this, Reed was banished and released into the wilderness to make his own way to California without his family. They stayed behind with the Donner Party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reed wasn’t the only one to leave the wagon trail. When it became clear that things were already going very wrong for this crew, two other men were sent ahead to California to bring back supplies. Their destination was a sprawling settlement located where Sacramento is now, a place called Sutter’s Fort, presided over by the Swiss colonizer John Sutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter’s Fort was Sutter’s miniature empire, and it represented the kind of opportunity that the Donner Party — miserably struggling on the other side of the Sierras — hoped to find in the California sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to the Indigenous people whose land Sutter had claimed, this place held only loss and pain. Sutter first sought to entice the local Miwok and Nisesan people to work for pay at his fort, but when he met those who wouldn’t, he forced them into what a visiting settler called “a complete state of slavery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844069\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844069\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sutter’s Fort in present-day Sacramento, pictured in 1847 \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Dahlton Brown of Wilton Rancheria, tales of Sutter’s cruelty to his ancestors echo to this day. “The man burned down Miwok and Nisenan roundhouses as a way of motivating people to work harder,” Brown says. “And that’s the equivalent of burning down somebody’s church.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the men from the Donner Party finally arrived at Sutter’s Fort, Sutter agreed to provide the supplies they requested. But he also “gave” them two young Miwok men to accompany them back into the desert with those lifesaving supplies, and to then help them complete their journey into California. A great deal still remains unknown about these two men, including whether they labored by choice at Sutter’s Fort or were enslaved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two men were called Luis and Salvador — names given to them when they were converted to Catholicism by the Spanish missionaries. Their story often gets lost or overlooked in the Donner Party saga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was later done to Luis and Salvador by the very people they were sent to help makes that fact all the more painful.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Reaching the Sierras\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>After multiple weeks in the desert, the Donner Party — already dangerously exhausted, and with barely any provisions — reached the granite cliff-faces of the Sierra Nevada. Just as it was starting to snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They approached from where Reno is now, rested, then edged slowly toward where Truckee now lies. Their slowness was another pivotal delay: it could be said, Greg Palmer says, that had they left the Reno area even one day earlier, they might have made it through the mountains safely, and the name “Donner Party” would just be a historical footnote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 20, 1846, this group of 81 adults and children was attacked by a shockingly early snowstorm that kept piling snow multiple feet deep on the ground around them. It didn’t stop for days. The snowstorms most of us have seen in our lives are nothing compared to what the Donner Party saw that year. It was snow that literally buried them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844086\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844086\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep snow photographed in the Donner area (Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road) in 1866, twenty years after the Donner Party’s ordeal (Lawrence & Houseworth) \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the travelers realized they could not go any further, they made camp by what’s now called Donner Lake, at the place where Donner Memorial State Park now lies. But several of them, including the Donner family themselves, were stuck miles behind at a place called Alder Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Donner Party started desperately constructing shelter from the elements. Some had the strength to fashion rough cabins — but in the unbelievable conditions and nonstop snow, others managed nothing more than lean-to tents made from sticks and canvas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The families of the Donner Party built their cabins and shelters startlingly far apart. After six months of chaos and violence on the trail these people were sick of the sight of each other. There truly was, Palmer says, “no love lost between the families. It’s every family out for themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already running dangerously low on provisions, the travelers trapped in the snow killed the last of their oxen for food — eating first the meat, then the hides. A few attempted to travel through the snow to the other side of the mountain, but were repeatedly forced to turn back by impassable snowdrifts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weeks turned into months, Patrick Breen, the father of the Breen family, began to keep a diary. It’s the only first-person account of the Donner Party horror written at the time that’s seen the light of day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Wednesday 13th Jan 1847 Snowing fast, snow higher than the shanty, must be 13 feet deep. Don’t know how to get wood this morning. It is dreadful to look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday Jan 26 1847 Provisions getting very scant. People getting weak, liveing [sic] on short allowance of hides.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A true battle for survival had begun. And all around them, as the days turned into weeks, the freezing snow just kept coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844068\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844068\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2017 reproduction of the Patrick Breen diary \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Snowbound Suffering\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Both the Donner Party camps were filled with children of all ages, enduring one of the most traumatic events imaginable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliza Donner was the youngest child in the Donner family, and was only three years old at the time. One of the few to survive in the family, she eventually wrote a memoir in much later life. In it, she emphasized the relentless isolation experienced by those trapped up in the Sierras: “Oh, it was painfully quiet some days in those great mountains, and lonesome upon the snow. The pines had a whispering homesick murmur, and we children had lost all inclination to play.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside their makeshift cabins, where weak and hungry families huddled to escape the elements, it was dark, and increasingly fetid — especially when the deaths began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Days at a time sequestered in the cabins: you can use your imagination and imagine just how gross that was,” Palmer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several weeks, it became clear that if anyone was going to survive, someone needed to go for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen of the strongest people in the Donner Party strapped on makeshift snowshoes, said goodbye to their families and hiked away high onto the peaks above Donner Lake to cross the mountains. With them were Luis and Salvador, the two Miwok men that John Sutter had delivered into this grueling ordeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if things at the camps were bad, things out on the pass, fully exposed to the elements, got much worse quickly. This was where the members of the Donner Party first gave in to their desperate hunger and took the irreversible step towards cannibalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snow on the route from Reno to Donner \u003ccite>(Alisha Vargas/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Cannibalism and Murder\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The snowshoe party — known in Donner Party lore as “the Forlorn Hope” — desperately pressed on with bleeding feet, virtually blinded by the glare of the snow. First one died, then another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were too far to return to the camps, so for the first time, the famished, freezing people of the Forlorn Hope band started to talk about the possibility of sustaining themselves on human flesh. When a third man died, the remaining survivors finally took that step, stripped his bones for flesh, and began to eat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion persists to this day that the Donner Party’s cannibalism never extended to outright murder for food, and that they only ate the flesh of the already-deceased. But unfortunately, that’s not accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the snowshoe party started to eat their dead, Luis and Salvador were the only ones to refuse, even though they themselves were dying of hunger. For the two Miwok men, to have eaten human flesh would have been “culturally taboo, and an absolute no” says Dahlton Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing their strength waning, that’s when one of the Donner Party, William Foster, murdered Luis and Salvador with his gun — so that the rest of the snowshoe party could eat their bodies, and keep themselves alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that Luis and Salvador had brought the Donner Party lifesaving supplies from John Sutter many weeks earlier — effectively saving their lives — made no difference. For Dahlton Brown, Sutter was “sending them up there as a sacrifice whether or not he knew it.” Ultimately, in being killed and used as meat, Luis and Salvador “were treated as no different than any animal the party may have come across.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844072\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844072\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A plaque at Donner Memorial State Park bearing the name of the members of the Donner Party. Luis is here spelled ‘Lewis’ \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1995, historian Joseph King used records at Mission San Jose, where he believed Luis and Salvador had been converted, to try to divine more information about the two murdered men. From this, King believed that Salvador might have been a Miwok of the Cosumne tribelet, whose birth name was Queyuen — and that he’d have been around 28 when he was murdered. King believed Luis might have been an Ochehamne Miwok, with the birth name Eema, who was just 19 when he was killed for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Dahlton Brown, it all comes down to who “gets” to write history. “The way the story has been shaped and evolved over time. It really shows you where emphasis was placed when it came to human life,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These men’s story deserves to be told,” Brown says. “They’ve really almost been erased from history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 33 days crossing the mountains, sustained by murdering and eating two men, the survivors of the Forlorn Hope party had the strength to stagger into the valley below. And the first people they saw — the ones who helped these half-dead survivors, giving them food and shelter — were people from the Miwok village they stumbled into. These villagers had no idea the party they were helping had murdered and eaten two of their own people just days before.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The First Rescue\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Once the survivors made it to Sutter’s Fort, news of the disaster spread like wildfire. As Eliza Donner later characterized the news they brought in her memoir: “Men, women, and little children are snow bound in the Sierras, and starving to death!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rescue had to be mounted, but ensuring the safe return of that many people would cost money. An open letter asking for assistance was written from Sutter’s Fort to the people of San Francisco, and was read aloud in the dining room of one of the city’s hotels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844073\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844073\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of San Francisco looking towards the bay by Frank Marryat, ca. 1850 \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pre-gold, San Francisco was not a large town — and some of those people listening to that letter had actually been on the emigrant trail with the Donner Party before they took that fateful cutoff. To these travelers safe and warm in that hotel dining room, this glimpse into what might have been their fate was horrifying, and as Eliza Donner later wrote, “the misfortunes which had since befallen the party seemed incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Francisco was digging into its pockets, James Reed — the Reed family patriarch who’d been banished from the Donner Party months before they reached the Sierras — had found that exile had saved his life. He made his way safely to California, and he too was now fundraising for a rescue party, knowing that his wife and children were running out of food fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a rag-tag rescue party of seven men was dispatched from Sutter’s Fort into the mountains. This first rescue party is known as the First Relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time the First Relief reached the Donner Party camps, 13 people there had already died. And the people they found still living were essentially living under the snow, their cabins blanketed by drifts as high as 15 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What those rescuers first saw when they arrived at the site, says Greg Palmer, were rudimentary chimneys: just “plumes of smoke coming out of a hole in the snow,” and “a woman crawling up out of a hole in the snow, kind of like coming out of a gopher hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those rescuers recollected how a woman, gaunt and delirious from hunger, asked him “Are you men from California or do you come from heaven?” But that first rescue party was only seven men, and all they could do was distribute a little food among the survivors, then lead the ones who were strong enough to walk out of the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was no modern Medevac to safety, but instead the start of a days-long march over the mountains, through snow drifts as high as buildings. In these desperate conditions, and still lacking enough food, several of them died on the rescue route.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cannibalism Comes to the Camps\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Back at the camps, the members of the Donner Party who’d had to watch others being led away to hopeful safety while they themselves were left behind, returned to trying to survive in those rotting, dark cabins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliza Donner was one of them. She recalled the desperation for food — any food. “The little field mice that had crept into camp were caught then and used to ease the pangs of hunger,” she wrote, years later. “Even the bark and twigs of pine were chewed in the vain effort to soothe the gnawings which made one cry for bread and meat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844084\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844084\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A display in Donner Memorial State Park museum contains a replica of a doll owned by Patty Reed, a daughter of the Reed family in the Donner Party \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was then that Patrick Breen’s diary made the first mention of cannibalism at the camp, after the death of a young man named Milt:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Friday Feb 26th 1847 Mrs Murphy said here yesterday that she thought she would commence on Milt and eat him.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Eliza Donner’s memoir confirms the fact that the starving survivors at the camp used the dead to “sustain the living.” But not, she said, until mothers had watched their children eat the very last of the food the first relief party had left them days ago — and until wolves had found the snowed-over graves they’d dug for the dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Perhaps God sent the wolves to show Mrs. Murphy and also Mrs. Graves where to get sustenance for their dependent little ones… Was it culpable, or cannibalistic to seek and use the only life-saving means left them?” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was several weeks until a second rescue party arrived, led by none other than James Reed, who’d finally raised enough money and men to go rescue his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, 17 people were evacuated — leaving only a few members of the Donner Party behind. This included most of the Donner family themselves at their creek camp, which had become a horrific site of death and bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two weeks later, a third rescue party arrived and evacuated the remaining Donner children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After surviving being stuck in an incredible blizzard near where Sugar Bowl ski resort now stands, Eliza Donner recalled reaching the safety of the Sacramento Valley, five months after they’d first been stranded in the Sierras:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There, we caught the first breath of springtide, touched the warm dry earth, and saw green fields far beyond the foot of that cold, cruel mountain range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Final Rescue\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Only a handful of the Donner Party were now left behind at the camps, walking skeletons kept barely alive by human flesh. They were either too weak to travel or refused to leave. Eliza Donner’s own mother wouldn’t leave her sick husband and watched her children leave without her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very last “rescuers” who made it to Donner Lake in April 1847 were really only making the journey for the salvage. And after so many months of survival, the landscape that greeted these people was one of total horror. Body parts — including heads — were reportedly strewn around the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found one last survivor: an injured man called Lewis Keseberg, whose family had been rescued by the first party. Suspiciously, Keseberg was now in possession of a great deal of the Donner family’s possessions, and coins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disgusted rescuers dragged Keseberg out of the camp along the same frozen path to freedom his own family had taken weeks before. Having been left for weeks back at the lake camp, watching others die around him until he entered complete isolation, Keseberg was utterly unaware that his young daughter had died on this path, and had been buried under the snow where she fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844083\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844083\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donner Lake at night \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stopping to rest, the exhausted Keseburg saw a piece of cloth sticking up from the snow and pulled it to find out what it was. He exhumed his own daughter’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a ghastly ending to a horrific saga. But as the last of the Donner Party was brought down from the mountains, and a silence settled over Donner Lake once more, California’s true reckoning with this disaster — and its own mythology — was only just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This was Part One of a two-part Bay Curious series. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11844019/donner-party-pt2\">Read Part Two here.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Cannibalism, death, suffering: Most know the broad strokes of the infamous Donner Party. But there are crucial elements to this story that get left out.",
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"description": "Cannibalism, death, suffering: Most know the broad strokes of the infamous Donner Party. But there are crucial elements to this story that get left out.",
"title": "Endless Winter: A Fresh Look at the Donner Party Saga | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This is Part One of a two-part Bay Curious series. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11844019/donner-party-pt2\">Read Part Two here.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">D\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>onner Memorial State Park is a serene place. You might even call it low key, considering its outsized place in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve driven I-80 east towards Reno, and climbed the road high into the mountains around Truckee, you’ve passed it. Safe in your car, up on the ridge on the freeway above Donner Lake, you’ve sped by the site of one of the grisliest, most infamous events in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Donner Memorial State Park, visitors are greeted by the towering Pioneer Monument: a giant column with a statue of a family at its top. It pays tribute to those people, like the Donner Party, who came from the midwest and walked over these mountains in the 1800s, on their way to make new lives in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844079\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Monument-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pioneer Monument in Donner Memorial State Park \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Long before the railroad, these emigrants made the journey with animals and wagons full of everything they owned. Gold hadn’t yet been found in California, that would come later in 1848. At this time, it was land and total freedom, not nuggets, they wanted to claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Age of ‘Manifest Destiny’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In 1846, the “California” to which the Donner Party was journeying wasn’t actually part of the United States. This was still Mexican territory — called Alta California — and it wouldn’t become officially part of the U.S. for another four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this wasn’t empty land either. Before European colonization, California was home to an estimated 300,000 Indigenous people. From the Washoe tribe of the Lake Tahoe area to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11704679/there-were-once-more-than-425-shellmounds-in-the-bay-area-where-did-they-go\">the Ohlone\u003c/a> in what is now San Francisco, the wider Bay Area alone was — and still is — home to many longstanding tribes with incredibly diverse cultures and languages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pre-colonization, California was “a bountiful, bountiful place where communities were free to trade, free and interact,” says Dahlton Brown, Executive Director for the \u003ca href=\"http://wiltonrancheria-nsn.gov/\">Wilton Rancheria\u003c/a> tribe in Elk Grove, outside Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, he says, a life with “no restrictions on existence” for the Miwok and Nisenan people of this region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s ancestors are a part of the Donner Party’s story that often gets left out. It was their land that settlers like the Donner Party were trying to reach. What made these white migrants think they could pack up, relocate their entire families and everything they owned to claim this land for their own?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844075\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844075\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-2-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A covered wagon camp of emigrants on the Humboldt River in western Nevada pictured in 1859 by Daniel A. Jenks \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s simple, says Greg Palmer, a Donner Party historian who’s worked with the Donner Memorial State Park museum for several decades: “This is the era of Manifest Destiny. President James Polk has propagated the idea that it’s our divine right and duty to build a country coast to coast after the Louisiana Purchase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that this land was home for the Indigenous people who’d lived here for centuries, or that it was legally Mexican territory, didn’t stop self-styled pioneers from coming to California. In addition to almost limitless real estate opportunities, settlers like the Donner Party saw an escape from unfavorable situations in their own midwest homelands: places where diseases like cholera and malaria abounded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people prior to gold were moving west for a more healthful environment,” Palmer says. “Free land, ‘the land of milk and honey,’ opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Donner Party wasn’t just one family called Donner. It was a blended bunch of multiple families, plus some lone travelers and hired hands brought on board to assist: all bound together on a journey of over one thousand miles west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were joining many other migrants and traveling in one long snaking party of wheels and livestock along what was called the Oregon Trail; through the grasslands of Illinois, across the desert and, finally, over the mountains into California. And to fully understand just how shocking and unique what happened to the Donner Party was, it’s important to understand that their party was just one of many like them that season. “Hundreds of wagons and thousands of people,” as Palmer says, made it to the West safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Donner Party took a very different path — literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Who Were the Donner Party?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Emigrants making the journey west in the 1840s traveled in parties, and the Donner Party was led by 60-year-old George Donner from Illinois, accompanied by not just his own large family, but that of his brother, Jacob Donner. They set out with another local family, the Reeds. That’s the reason this group is sometimes also referred to as the Donner-Reed Party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Setting off from Independence, Missouri, the group was gradually joined by other would-be settlers: the Breen family from Ireland, the Graves clan, the Keseberg family and many more. At its largest, the Donner Party numbered almost 100 people, including children of all ages — from babies and toddlers to teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of the Donner Party weren’t the hardscrabble travelers you might be conjuring in your mind. As Palmer reminds us, “in the 1840s, to go overland to California or Oregon, poor people couldn’t do it. They couldn’t afford it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from the hired hands in the party — single men being paid to do the hard work on the journey — most of these families on the trail with the Donners had money and land already. They just wanted a little more of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844076\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844076\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Museum-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A recreation of one of the Donner Party’s covered wagons in the Donner Memorial State Park museum \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So if there were a lot of folks making this journey West that year, what made the Donner Party different? Put simply, they were the only travelers on the trail who collectively decided to follow not the trusted path into California with all those others, but to take a chance on a new route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1846, migration West had become an industry — and any industry attracts its grifters. One of those was a guy called Lansford Hastings. He’d written a guide to making the journey into California that told travelers of a “cutoff” — a shortcut he promised would save them weeks, and cut out up to 400 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, this route was little short of a scam, based on guesswork. Hastings himself had never taken it, and his travel “guide” primarily recommended it because he wanted to divert travelers into places where he himself had money-making schemes set up to profit off them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from saving them time, Hasting’s cutoff actually added 30 days to the Donner Party’s journey — through heinously difficult terrain that was utterly unsuitable for wagons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, they were already too late setting off. Hastings’s terrible guide had gotten one thing right: in order not to cross the Sierra Nevada in the snow, travelers needed to leave the midwest at the right time. It warned would-be settlers “unless you pass over the mountains early in the fall, you are very liable to be detained, be impassable mountains of snow, until the next spring, or, perhaps, forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time members of the Donner Party left the midwest, they were already three weeks behind schedule. As the last wagons on the trail, their fate was sealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Struggles in the Desert\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Understandably, a lot of the focus on the Donner Party story tends to fall on the unbelievable horror that befell them in the mountains. One aspect of their saga that this focus tends to obscure: this band of travelers was in dangerous disarray far before they reached any snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extra weeks and miles on their journey from Hasting’s cutoff meant they were already running out of food. Their livestock, which pulled their wagons, were frequently taken by the Indigenous people through whose tribal land they were trekking. They often had to hitch themselves to their wagons when crossing rivers, exhausting themselves as they continued to trudge over inhospitable, jagged terrain they should never have been in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844070\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844070\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-7-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Weber Cañon in the Wasatch Mountains, photographed by Andrew J. Russell between 1868 and 1869 \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After having to literally hack a path through the Wasatch Mountains, the 80-mile ordeal of crossing the Great Salt Lake Desert alone took them a week. Hastings had told them it was 40 miles — it was double that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death began far before the Sierras. As they desperately pulled their wagons over steep rock, 19th century road rage kicked in — resulting in patriarch James Reed shooting another man dead. For this, Reed was banished and released into the wilderness to make his own way to California without his family. They stayed behind with the Donner Party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reed wasn’t the only one to leave the wagon trail. When it became clear that things were already going very wrong for this crew, two other men were sent ahead to California to bring back supplies. Their destination was a sprawling settlement located where Sacramento is now, a place called Sutter’s Fort, presided over by the Swiss colonizer John Sutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter’s Fort was Sutter’s miniature empire, and it represented the kind of opportunity that the Donner Party — miserably struggling on the other side of the Sierras — hoped to find in the California sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to the Indigenous people whose land Sutter had claimed, this place held only loss and pain. Sutter first sought to entice the local Miwok and Nisesan people to work for pay at his fort, but when he met those who wouldn’t, he forced them into what a visiting settler called “a complete state of slavery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844069\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844069\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-3-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sutter’s Fort in present-day Sacramento, pictured in 1847 \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Dahlton Brown of Wilton Rancheria, tales of Sutter’s cruelty to his ancestors echo to this day. “The man burned down Miwok and Nisenan roundhouses as a way of motivating people to work harder,” Brown says. “And that’s the equivalent of burning down somebody’s church.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the men from the Donner Party finally arrived at Sutter’s Fort, Sutter agreed to provide the supplies they requested. But he also “gave” them two young Miwok men to accompany them back into the desert with those lifesaving supplies, and to then help them complete their journey into California. A great deal still remains unknown about these two men, including whether they labored by choice at Sutter’s Fort or were enslaved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two men were called Luis and Salvador — names given to them when they were converted to Catholicism by the Spanish missionaries. Their story often gets lost or overlooked in the Donner Party saga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was later done to Luis and Salvador by the very people they were sent to help makes that fact all the more painful.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Reaching the Sierras\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>After multiple weeks in the desert, the Donner Party — already dangerously exhausted, and with barely any provisions — reached the granite cliff-faces of the Sierra Nevada. Just as it was starting to snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They approached from where Reno is now, rested, then edged slowly toward where Truckee now lies. Their slowness was another pivotal delay: it could be said, Greg Palmer says, that had they left the Reno area even one day earlier, they might have made it through the mountains safely, and the name “Donner Party” would just be a historical footnote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 20, 1846, this group of 81 adults and children was attacked by a shockingly early snowstorm that kept piling snow multiple feet deep on the ground around them. It didn’t stop for days. The snowstorms most of us have seen in our lives are nothing compared to what the Donner Party saw that year. It was snow that literally buried them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844086\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844086\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-5-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep snow photographed in the Donner area (Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road) in 1866, twenty years after the Donner Party’s ordeal (Lawrence & Houseworth) \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the travelers realized they could not go any further, they made camp by what’s now called Donner Lake, at the place where Donner Memorial State Park now lies. But several of them, including the Donner family themselves, were stuck miles behind at a place called Alder Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Donner Party started desperately constructing shelter from the elements. Some had the strength to fashion rough cabins — but in the unbelievable conditions and nonstop snow, others managed nothing more than lean-to tents made from sticks and canvas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The families of the Donner Party built their cabins and shelters startlingly far apart. After six months of chaos and violence on the trail these people were sick of the sight of each other. There truly was, Palmer says, “no love lost between the families. It’s every family out for themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already running dangerously low on provisions, the travelers trapped in the snow killed the last of their oxen for food — eating first the meat, then the hides. A few attempted to travel through the snow to the other side of the mountain, but were repeatedly forced to turn back by impassable snowdrifts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weeks turned into months, Patrick Breen, the father of the Breen family, began to keep a diary. It’s the only first-person account of the Donner Party horror written at the time that’s seen the light of day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Wednesday 13th Jan 1847 Snowing fast, snow higher than the shanty, must be 13 feet deep. Don’t know how to get wood this morning. It is dreadful to look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday Jan 26 1847 Provisions getting very scant. People getting weak, liveing [sic] on short allowance of hides.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A true battle for survival had begun. And all around them, as the days turned into weeks, the freezing snow just kept coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844068\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844068\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Diary-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2017 reproduction of the Patrick Breen diary \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Snowbound Suffering\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Both the Donner Party camps were filled with children of all ages, enduring one of the most traumatic events imaginable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliza Donner was the youngest child in the Donner family, and was only three years old at the time. One of the few to survive in the family, she eventually wrote a memoir in much later life. In it, she emphasized the relentless isolation experienced by those trapped up in the Sierras: “Oh, it was painfully quiet some days in those great mountains, and lonesome upon the snow. The pines had a whispering homesick murmur, and we children had lost all inclination to play.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside their makeshift cabins, where weak and hungry families huddled to escape the elements, it was dark, and increasingly fetid — especially when the deaths began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Days at a time sequestered in the cabins: you can use your imagination and imagine just how gross that was,” Palmer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several weeks, it became clear that if anyone was going to survive, someone needed to go for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen of the strongest people in the Donner Party strapped on makeshift snowshoes, said goodbye to their families and hiked away high onto the peaks above Donner Lake to cross the mountains. With them were Luis and Salvador, the two Miwok men that John Sutter had delivered into this grueling ordeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if things at the camps were bad, things out on the pass, fully exposed to the elements, got much worse quickly. This was where the members of the Donner Party first gave in to their desperate hunger and took the irreversible step towards cannibalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Flickr-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snow on the route from Reno to Donner \u003ccite>(Alisha Vargas/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Cannibalism and Murder\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The snowshoe party — known in Donner Party lore as “the Forlorn Hope” — desperately pressed on with bleeding feet, virtually blinded by the glare of the snow. First one died, then another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were too far to return to the camps, so for the first time, the famished, freezing people of the Forlorn Hope band started to talk about the possibility of sustaining themselves on human flesh. When a third man died, the remaining survivors finally took that step, stripped his bones for flesh, and began to eat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion persists to this day that the Donner Party’s cannibalism never extended to outright murder for food, and that they only ate the flesh of the already-deceased. But unfortunately, that’s not accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the snowshoe party started to eat their dead, Luis and Salvador were the only ones to refuse, even though they themselves were dying of hunger. For the two Miwok men, to have eaten human flesh would have been “culturally taboo, and an absolute no” says Dahlton Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing their strength waning, that’s when one of the Donner Party, William Foster, murdered Luis and Salvador with his gun — so that the rest of the snowshoe party could eat their bodies, and keep themselves alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that Luis and Salvador had brought the Donner Party lifesaving supplies from John Sutter many weeks earlier — effectively saving their lives — made no difference. For Dahlton Brown, Sutter was “sending them up there as a sacrifice whether or not he knew it.” Ultimately, in being killed and used as meat, Luis and Salvador “were treated as no different than any animal the party may have come across.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844072\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844072\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Plaque-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A plaque at Donner Memorial State Park bearing the name of the members of the Donner Party. Luis is here spelled ‘Lewis’ \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1995, historian Joseph King used records at Mission San Jose, where he believed Luis and Salvador had been converted, to try to divine more information about the two murdered men. From this, King believed that Salvador might have been a Miwok of the Cosumne tribelet, whose birth name was Queyuen — and that he’d have been around 28 when he was murdered. King believed Luis might have been an Ochehamne Miwok, with the birth name Eema, who was just 19 when he was killed for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Dahlton Brown, it all comes down to who “gets” to write history. “The way the story has been shaped and evolved over time. It really shows you where emphasis was placed when it came to human life,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These men’s story deserves to be told,” Brown says. “They’ve really almost been erased from history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 33 days crossing the mountains, sustained by murdering and eating two men, the survivors of the Forlorn Hope party had the strength to stagger into the valley below. And the first people they saw — the ones who helped these half-dead survivors, giving them food and shelter — were people from the Miwok village they stumbled into. These villagers had no idea the party they were helping had murdered and eaten two of their own people just days before.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The First Rescue\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Once the survivors made it to Sutter’s Fort, news of the disaster spread like wildfire. As Eliza Donner later characterized the news they brought in her memoir: “Men, women, and little children are snow bound in the Sierras, and starving to death!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rescue had to be mounted, but ensuring the safe return of that many people would cost money. An open letter asking for assistance was written from Sutter’s Fort to the people of San Francisco, and was read aloud in the dining room of one of the city’s hotels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844073\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844073\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-10-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of San Francisco looking towards the bay by Frank Marryat, ca. 1850 \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pre-gold, San Francisco was not a large town — and some of those people listening to that letter had actually been on the emigrant trail with the Donner Party before they took that fateful cutoff. To these travelers safe and warm in that hotel dining room, this glimpse into what might have been their fate was horrifying, and as Eliza Donner later wrote, “the misfortunes which had since befallen the party seemed incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Francisco was digging into its pockets, James Reed — the Reed family patriarch who’d been banished from the Donner Party months before they reached the Sierras — had found that exile had saved his life. He made his way safely to California, and he too was now fundraising for a rescue party, knowing that his wife and children were running out of food fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a rag-tag rescue party of seven men was dispatched from Sutter’s Fort into the mountains. This first rescue party is known as the First Relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time the First Relief reached the Donner Party camps, 13 people there had already died. And the people they found still living were essentially living under the snow, their cabins blanketed by drifts as high as 15 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What those rescuers first saw when they arrived at the site, says Greg Palmer, were rudimentary chimneys: just “plumes of smoke coming out of a hole in the snow,” and “a woman crawling up out of a hole in the snow, kind of like coming out of a gopher hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those rescuers recollected how a woman, gaunt and delirious from hunger, asked him “Are you men from California or do you come from heaven?” But that first rescue party was only seven men, and all they could do was distribute a little food among the survivors, then lead the ones who were strong enough to walk out of the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was no modern Medevac to safety, but instead the start of a days-long march over the mountains, through snow drifts as high as buildings. In these desperate conditions, and still lacking enough food, several of them died on the rescue route.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cannibalism Comes to the Camps\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Back at the camps, the members of the Donner Party who’d had to watch others being led away to hopeful safety while they themselves were left behind, returned to trying to survive in those rotting, dark cabins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliza Donner was one of them. She recalled the desperation for food — any food. “The little field mice that had crept into camp were caught then and used to ease the pangs of hunger,” she wrote, years later. “Even the bark and twigs of pine were chewed in the vain effort to soothe the gnawings which made one cry for bread and meat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844084\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844084\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/1-Dol-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A display in Donner Memorial State Park museum contains a replica of a doll owned by Patty Reed, a daughter of the Reed family in the Donner Party \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was then that Patrick Breen’s diary made the first mention of cannibalism at the camp, after the death of a young man named Milt:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Friday Feb 26th 1847 Mrs Murphy said here yesterday that she thought she would commence on Milt and eat him.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Eliza Donner’s memoir confirms the fact that the starving survivors at the camp used the dead to “sustain the living.” But not, she said, until mothers had watched their children eat the very last of the food the first relief party had left them days ago — and until wolves had found the snowed-over graves they’d dug for the dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Perhaps God sent the wolves to show Mrs. Murphy and also Mrs. Graves where to get sustenance for their dependent little ones… Was it culpable, or cannibalistic to seek and use the only life-saving means left them?” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was several weeks until a second rescue party arrived, led by none other than James Reed, who’d finally raised enough money and men to go rescue his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, 17 people were evacuated — leaving only a few members of the Donner Party behind. This included most of the Donner family themselves at their creek camp, which had become a horrific site of death and bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two weeks later, a third rescue party arrived and evacuated the remaining Donner children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After surviving being stuck in an incredible blizzard near where Sugar Bowl ski resort now stands, Eliza Donner recalled reaching the safety of the Sacramento Valley, five months after they’d first been stranded in the Sierras:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There, we caught the first breath of springtide, touched the warm dry earth, and saw green fields far beyond the foot of that cold, cruel mountain range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Final Rescue\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Only a handful of the Donner Party were now left behind at the camps, walking skeletons kept barely alive by human flesh. They were either too weak to travel or refused to leave. Eliza Donner’s own mother wouldn’t leave her sick husband and watched her children leave without her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very last “rescuers” who made it to Donner Lake in April 1847 were really only making the journey for the salvage. And after so many months of survival, the landscape that greeted these people was one of total horror. Body parts — including heads — were reportedly strewn around the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found one last survivor: an injured man called Lewis Keseberg, whose family had been rescued by the first party. Suspiciously, Keseberg was now in possession of a great deal of the Donner family’s possessions, and coins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disgusted rescuers dragged Keseberg out of the camp along the same frozen path to freedom his own family had taken weeks before. Having been left for weeks back at the lake camp, watching others die around him until he entered complete isolation, Keseberg was utterly unaware that his young daughter had died on this path, and had been buried under the snow where she fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11844083\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11844083\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night-1020x680.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/2-Night-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donner Lake at night \u003ccite>(Carly Severn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stopping to rest, the exhausted Keseburg saw a piece of cloth sticking up from the snow and pulled it to find out what it was. He exhumed his own daughter’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a ghastly ending to a horrific saga. But as the last of the Donner Party was brought down from the mountains, and a silence settled over Donner Lake once more, California’s true reckoning with this disaster — and its own mythology — was only just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This was Part One of a two-part Bay Curious series. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11844019/donner-party-pt2\">Read Part Two here.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Valero-Funded PAC Pours More Than $250,000 Into Benicia Mayor's Race",
"title": "Valero-Funded PAC Pours More Than $250,000 Into Benicia Mayor's Race",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>A political action committee funded mainly by the Valero Energy company has raised more than a quarter-million dollars to convince Benicia residents to vote for its preferred candidate in the city's mayoral race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Antonio-based oil giant runs the Benicia refinery, one of California's largest, which is located in the small Solano County city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Christina Strawbridge, Benicia city councilwoman and mayoral candidate\"]'Once again, Valero has gone after my opponent with negative ads. That does not work in Benicia.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contributions to the Working Families for a Strong Benicia PAC represent four times the total combined amount raised from individual donations by the city's three mayoral candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mayor's race, Valero and one of its allied unions are supporting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7BF991A639-AAED-4E1A-9735-86EA195E2C8D%7D/uploads/Christina_Strawbridge_Candidate_Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christina Strawbridge\u003c/a>, a councilwoman and vice mayor, against Councilman \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7BF991A639-AAED-4E1A-9735-86EA195E2C8D%7D/uploads/Steve_Young_Candidate_Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Steve Young\u003c/a> — both Democrats — funding phone polls, digital ads and mailers and reigniting a debate over the city's future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2019, Valero has donated $240,000 to the committee. The donations come two years after the Valero-funded PAC spent thousands to help Strawbridge and Lionel Largaespada \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11704576/valero-backed-candidates-win-benicia-city-council-election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">win seats\u003c/a> on the Benicia City Council and defeat Kari Birdseye, an environmentalist candidate who supported tighter regulation of the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PAC also received a $25,000 contribution from the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers Lodge 549 in what the union calls an effort to stop \"coastal politicians\" from killing manufacturing jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Steve Young wants Benicia to be a town where tech professionals buy a latte and telecommute. Christina Strawbridge wants it to be a place where our members who live in Benicia, who come home from work dirty and tired, can continue to raise their families, too,\" said Timothy Jefferies, the union's business manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Patterson, Benicia's current mayor and one of Valero's leading critics, is leaving office after serving in that position for 13 years and on the City Council for 17 years prior to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The election arrives as Valero and other oil companies that produce and process petroleum in California face declining sales because of the coronavirus pandemic and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11841676/behind-the-battle-for-the-future-of-californias-oil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increasing calls\u003c/a> for the state to move away from fossil fuels as it battles climate change-driven wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11839077/strong-california-gas-demand-unlikely-to-return-as-even-refineries-go-renewable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gasoline demand dropping\u003c/a>, two of the Bay Area's refineries, the Marathon plant in Martinez and Phillips 66 in Rodeo, are shifting to producing renewable fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Valero announced a \u003ca href=\"https://investorvalero.com/news/news-details/2020/Valero-Energy-Reports-Third-Quarter-2020-Results/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">loss of $464 million in the third quarter\u003c/a> of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two worst refinery accidents in the Bay Area in the last three years took place at Valero's Benicia refinery. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A May 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11681218/cpuc-probe-says-pge-mistakes-led-to-benicia-refinery-outage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">power outage at the refinery\u003c/a> led to a major release of toxic sulfur, prompting city leaders to call for an industrial safety ordinance. In March 2019, the plant had a series of malfunctions that led to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11737076/valeros-pollution-release-exposes-weaknesses-in-benicias-air-monitoring-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">another significant pollution release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patterson and Young have since pushed for the city to have more regulatory control over the refinery. Attacks from the Valero PAC followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Steve Young doesn't need a job because he is supported by the taxpayers of California. He has no reason to protect Benicia's jobs and tax base,\" states one of the recent mailers from the Valero PAC that was widely distributed to Benicia voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Christina is a local business owner and knows how important it is to keep Benicia working. Now, more than ever, we need leaders like Christina Strawbridge,\" it states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia residents have also received several rounds of calls paid for by the Valero-funded PAC, aimed at convincing voters to back Strawbridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Young: 'Leave it to Benicia Voters'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Young says he's not against the refinery, noting that it's a major part of Benicia's economy and that Valero frequently contributes to \"worthy local causes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the PAC is targeting him because he led a Planning Commission vote several years ago that ultimately led to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=B7EDC93A-FFF0-4A14-9B1A-1C8563BC256A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rejection of Valero's crude-by-rail application\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their ongoing attempts to influence the makeup of the City Council go far beyond normal corporate interest in local affairs,\" Young said in an email. \"Leave it to Benicia voters to elect their own representatives.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young says he wants the company to be more transparent about problems and accidents at the refinery and to send out immediate alerts to Benicia residents when accidents occur. He also says the city should have stronger air quality monitoring systems in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The relationship between Valero and the community is strained,\" Young said, adding that city officials and refinery executives can change that by holding monthly meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young says he's a stronger candidate than Strawbridge because of his career working in local government and his better understanding of how to address problems facing the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Strawbridge: 'Heal the Divide'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Strawbridge says that since she was elected to the City Council in 2018, relations between Benicia and the refinery have improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She notes that while the city did not put in place the more stringent regulations that Young and Patterson wanted, Benicia reached an agreement with Valero that includes the addition of portable air monitors, notifications during hazardous material incidents and increased disclosure on incident investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"valero\"]But she also acknowledges that the campaign work by the company's PAC is not helping the two sides get along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The relationship needs to improve and may have had a setback with this election cycle and Valero's formation of a PAC,\" Strawbridge said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is now a continued lack of trust within the community about the methods used during the election that were similar to 2018,\" she added. \"Once again, Valero has gone after my opponent with negative ads. That does not work in Benicia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strawbridge believes the pushback from Valero's critics has also gone too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There has been a concerted effort to discredit me on social media and the local paper by supporters of my opponent,\" Strawbridge said. \"As mayor of Benicia, I plan to heal the divide our city has experienced for many years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strawbridge touts her experience promoting nonprofits, preserving historic buildings and advocating for parks and local tourism. She says her background in small business will help guide the city through the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third mayoral candidate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7BF991A639-AAED-4E1A-9735-86EA195E2C8D%7D/uploads/Jason_Diavatis_Candidate_Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jason Diavatis\u003c/a>, who has not been supported or opposed by the Valero PAC, did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Influence in California\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Valero's donations to the PAC represent just one place the oil company has made campaign contributions to influence California races.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil giant and its various political action committees have contributed at least $14.1 million to California groups and congressional candidates in the state since 2015, according to a review of state and federal campaign finance data by \u003ca href=\"https://maplight.org/data/\">MapLight\u003c/a>, a Berkeley-based nonprofit that follows money in politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jason Kaune, the Benicia PAC's treasurer and head of political law at Nielsen Merksamer, a Sacramento-based lobbying firm, declined to comment. A Valero spokeswoman also did not return a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11700855/valero-backed-group-spends-heavily-to-sway-benicia-city-council-election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">work of a similar PAC in the 2018 election\u003c/a> led to a significant divide in Benicia, pitting environmentalists against refinery workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that election, the city filed a complaint with state campaign finance regulators, alleging that Valero sponsored a so-called push poll intended to negatively characterize Birdseye, the environmental candidate. The state's Fair Political Practices Commission, though, declined to investigate the calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dispute led the City Council to approve stronger disclosure rules for political committees involved in local elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Two years ago, a political action committee funded mostly by the oil giant targeted a Benicia City Council contest. Now it's focused on the mayor's race, with a war chest aimed at electing a candidate friendlier to its interests.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A political action committee funded mainly by the Valero Energy company has raised more than a quarter-million dollars to convince Benicia residents to vote for its preferred candidate in the city's mayoral race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Antonio-based oil giant runs the Benicia refinery, one of California's largest, which is located in the small Solano County city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contributions to the Working Families for a Strong Benicia PAC represent four times the total combined amount raised from individual donations by the city's three mayoral candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mayor's race, Valero and one of its allied unions are supporting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7BF991A639-AAED-4E1A-9735-86EA195E2C8D%7D/uploads/Christina_Strawbridge_Candidate_Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christina Strawbridge\u003c/a>, a councilwoman and vice mayor, against Councilman \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7BF991A639-AAED-4E1A-9735-86EA195E2C8D%7D/uploads/Steve_Young_Candidate_Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Steve Young\u003c/a> — both Democrats — funding phone polls, digital ads and mailers and reigniting a debate over the city's future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2019, Valero has donated $240,000 to the committee. The donations come two years after the Valero-funded PAC spent thousands to help Strawbridge and Lionel Largaespada \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11704576/valero-backed-candidates-win-benicia-city-council-election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">win seats\u003c/a> on the Benicia City Council and defeat Kari Birdseye, an environmentalist candidate who supported tighter regulation of the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PAC also received a $25,000 contribution from the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers Lodge 549 in what the union calls an effort to stop \"coastal politicians\" from killing manufacturing jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Steve Young wants Benicia to be a town where tech professionals buy a latte and telecommute. Christina Strawbridge wants it to be a place where our members who live in Benicia, who come home from work dirty and tired, can continue to raise their families, too,\" said Timothy Jefferies, the union's business manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Patterson, Benicia's current mayor and one of Valero's leading critics, is leaving office after serving in that position for 13 years and on the City Council for 17 years prior to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The election arrives as Valero and other oil companies that produce and process petroleum in California face declining sales because of the coronavirus pandemic and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11841676/behind-the-battle-for-the-future-of-californias-oil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increasing calls\u003c/a> for the state to move away from fossil fuels as it battles climate change-driven wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11839077/strong-california-gas-demand-unlikely-to-return-as-even-refineries-go-renewable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gasoline demand dropping\u003c/a>, two of the Bay Area's refineries, the Marathon plant in Martinez and Phillips 66 in Rodeo, are shifting to producing renewable fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Valero announced a \u003ca href=\"https://investorvalero.com/news/news-details/2020/Valero-Energy-Reports-Third-Quarter-2020-Results/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">loss of $464 million in the third quarter\u003c/a> of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two worst refinery accidents in the Bay Area in the last three years took place at Valero's Benicia refinery. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A May 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11681218/cpuc-probe-says-pge-mistakes-led-to-benicia-refinery-outage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">power outage at the refinery\u003c/a> led to a major release of toxic sulfur, prompting city leaders to call for an industrial safety ordinance. In March 2019, the plant had a series of malfunctions that led to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11737076/valeros-pollution-release-exposes-weaknesses-in-benicias-air-monitoring-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">another significant pollution release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patterson and Young have since pushed for the city to have more regulatory control over the refinery. Attacks from the Valero PAC followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Steve Young doesn't need a job because he is supported by the taxpayers of California. He has no reason to protect Benicia's jobs and tax base,\" states one of the recent mailers from the Valero PAC that was widely distributed to Benicia voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Christina is a local business owner and knows how important it is to keep Benicia working. Now, more than ever, we need leaders like Christina Strawbridge,\" it states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia residents have also received several rounds of calls paid for by the Valero-funded PAC, aimed at convincing voters to back Strawbridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Young: 'Leave it to Benicia Voters'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Young says he's not against the refinery, noting that it's a major part of Benicia's economy and that Valero frequently contributes to \"worthy local causes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the PAC is targeting him because he led a Planning Commission vote several years ago that ultimately led to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=B7EDC93A-FFF0-4A14-9B1A-1C8563BC256A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rejection of Valero's crude-by-rail application\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their ongoing attempts to influence the makeup of the City Council go far beyond normal corporate interest in local affairs,\" Young said in an email. \"Leave it to Benicia voters to elect their own representatives.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young says he wants the company to be more transparent about problems and accidents at the refinery and to send out immediate alerts to Benicia residents when accidents occur. He also says the city should have stronger air quality monitoring systems in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The relationship between Valero and the community is strained,\" Young said, adding that city officials and refinery executives can change that by holding monthly meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young says he's a stronger candidate than Strawbridge because of his career working in local government and his better understanding of how to address problems facing the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Strawbridge: 'Heal the Divide'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Strawbridge says that since she was elected to the City Council in 2018, relations between Benicia and the refinery have improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She notes that while the city did not put in place the more stringent regulations that Young and Patterson wanted, Benicia reached an agreement with Valero that includes the addition of portable air monitors, notifications during hazardous material incidents and increased disclosure on incident investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But she also acknowledges that the campaign work by the company's PAC is not helping the two sides get along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The relationship needs to improve and may have had a setback with this election cycle and Valero's formation of a PAC,\" Strawbridge said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is now a continued lack of trust within the community about the methods used during the election that were similar to 2018,\" she added. \"Once again, Valero has gone after my opponent with negative ads. That does not work in Benicia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strawbridge believes the pushback from Valero's critics has also gone too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There has been a concerted effort to discredit me on social media and the local paper by supporters of my opponent,\" Strawbridge said. \"As mayor of Benicia, I plan to heal the divide our city has experienced for many years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strawbridge touts her experience promoting nonprofits, preserving historic buildings and advocating for parks and local tourism. She says her background in small business will help guide the city through the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third mayoral candidate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7BF991A639-AAED-4E1A-9735-86EA195E2C8D%7D/uploads/Jason_Diavatis_Candidate_Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jason Diavatis\u003c/a>, who has not been supported or opposed by the Valero PAC, did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Influence in California\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Valero's donations to the PAC represent just one place the oil company has made campaign contributions to influence California races.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil giant and its various political action committees have contributed at least $14.1 million to California groups and congressional candidates in the state since 2015, according to a review of state and federal campaign finance data by \u003ca href=\"https://maplight.org/data/\">MapLight\u003c/a>, a Berkeley-based nonprofit that follows money in politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jason Kaune, the Benicia PAC's treasurer and head of political law at Nielsen Merksamer, a Sacramento-based lobbying firm, declined to comment. A Valero spokeswoman also did not return a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11700855/valero-backed-group-spends-heavily-to-sway-benicia-city-council-election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">work of a similar PAC in the 2018 election\u003c/a> led to a significant divide in Benicia, pitting environmentalists against refinery workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that election, the city filed a complaint with state campaign finance regulators, alleging that Valero sponsored a so-called push poll intended to negatively characterize Birdseye, the environmental candidate. The state's Fair Political Practices Commission, though, declined to investigate the calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dispute led the City Council to approve stronger disclosure rules for political committees involved in local elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>Election 2020: Barrett, Presidential Race, Unofficial Ballot Boxes\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Supreme Court nominee Amy Coney Barrett appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee this week for her confirmation hearings to replace Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg who died last month. Democratic members of the committee, including California Senators Dianne Feinstein and Kamala Harris, tried in vain to press Barrett for her opinions on abortion rights, the Affordable Care Act, presidential power limits and climate change. Republicans on the committee extolled her credentials and pushed ahead with scheduling a vote next week to advance her nomination despite Democrats’ objections. Also this week, the California Republican Party admitted to placing unofficial vote-by-mail drop boxes at churches, gun stores and other locations in Fresno, Orange and Los Angeles counties last weekend. Although party officials refused to comply with a cease-and-desist letter sent this week by California Attorney General Xavier Becerra, they agreed to enact safeguards for the collection of ballots and to deliver them within 72 hours, as required under state law. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cb>Guests:\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scott Shafer, KQED senior editor of politics and government\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marisa Lagos, KQED politics and government correspondent \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Generation Z and the 2020 Election\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Roughly 24 million members of Generation Z, people born after 1996, will be eligible to vote this November and comprise 10 percent of all voters, according to the Pew Research Center. They are more racially and ethnically diverse than other generations, including Millennials, with nearly one in four identifying as Latinx. Among the issues of greatest concern to Gen Z members are climate change, racism and income inequality, according to recent surveys. But the most digitally savvy generation may also be especially vulnerable to misinformation disseminated through social media platforms like YouTube, Instagram and Snapchat, which are popular with teens. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guests:\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Samantha Ivey, senior, Skyline High School \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Alexa Volland, multimedia reporter and teen fact-checking network editor, MediaWise \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Something Beautiful: Coyote Creek Parkway\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We end the show this week with a visit to Coyote Creek Parkway, a popular destination in San Jose that stretches for 15 miles, replete with trails for hikers, bicyclists and birdwatchers spying song sparrows and other species residing in a riparian habitat teeming with wildlife. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story includes a correction.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many Armenians in the Bay Area, the recent outbreak of violence in part of their homeland has sparked grave concerns and painful memories of past conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a tense time,” said Oakland resident Greg Nemet, who was among thousands of protesters walking across the Golden Gate Bridge on Saturday in a show of solidarity with the Armenian people. “Everybody is extremely on guard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Roxanne Makasdjian, executive director of the Genocide Education Project\"]‘It’s very frightening to watch — somewhat helplessly — when your homeland, the very survival is at stake.’[/pullquote]In late September, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/21507583/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-explained\">fighting reignited\u003c/a> in the Nagorno-Karabakh region, a territory of roughly 150,000 mostly ethnic Armenians, located in the Caucasus Mountains. Although internationally recognized as part of neighboring Azerbaijan, the region has been governed by Armenians since the fall of the Soviet Union nearly 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 350 people have already been killed in the escalating military conflict over the last few weeks, with Turkish forces backing Azerbaijan, and violence spreading to the civilian population. It’s the worst fighting the region — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/08/opinion/nagorno-karabakh-armenia-azerbaijan.html?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">known to Armenians as Artsakh\u003c/a> — has seen since a\u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.eu/article/the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict-explained-armenia-azerbaijan/\"> bloody ethnic war\u003c/a> in the 1990s that killed upward of 30,000 people, and ended in a ceasefire but no lasting resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armenians in the Bay Area are “praying for a peaceful resolution” and “rallying together to make sure that the world at large understands,” Nemet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concern has also risen sharply among the Bay Area’s sizable Armenian community, which includes roughly 50,000 people, following three suspected\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13886652/shaken-by-three-suspected-hate-crimes-sfs-armenian-community-gathers-hope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> hate crime\u003c/a> incidents last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/nina_spar/status/1315002813559103488\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many observers also see a disturbing connection between the current conflict and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/special-focus/armenia\">Armenian Genocide in 1915\u003c/a>, when more than a million ethnic Armenians were killed or expelled from Turkey by Ottoman authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco resident Lena Dakessian Halteh, who attended Saturday’s protest, has been channeling her response into art. “My most recent piece, titled ‘Soaring Cranes,’ was inspired by Diasporan Armenian identity, particularly within the context of the current humanitarian crisis stemming from the attacks,” she wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/CGIGqYgH4ct/?igshid=1nvy8p6nqe36p\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After Armenians were expelled from their homeland following the Armenian Genocide, the ‘Krounk’ (Crane) emerged as a Diasporic symbol — one of our displacement and also our call to return,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halteh says what is happening is personal for her and many Bay Area Armenians because they are descendants of survivors of genocide. “My grandparents were refugees who fled the Genocide and settled in Palestine, Syria and later Lebanon,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11841903\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11841903\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/Lena_Nimer-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lena Dakessian Halteh’s son holds a ‘Palestinians for Armenia’ sign on the Golden Gate Bridge on Saturday, Oct. 10, 2020. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Lena Dakessian Halteh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roxanne Makasdjian, executive director of the Bay Area-based Genocide Education Project, says she has barely slept since the attacks began several weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very frightening to watch — somewhat helplessly — when your homeland, the very survival is at stake,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Halteh, Makasdjian’s grandparents survived the Armenian Genocide, and she now helps educators in California teach about the tragedy. “We’re in serious crisis mode,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until 2019 that the U.S. government \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/12/us/politics/senate-armenian-genocide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">officially recognized the 1915 Armenian genocide\u003c/a>. “When perpetrators of genocide see that they can get away with it … they keep going,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_13886652\"]Makasdjian wants Americans to know that the U.S. government, which she says has supplied weapons to Turkey, is complicit in the current unrest. “Our American friends need to understand that and work with us — we hope to call upon our government to sanction Turkey and stop selling arms to [Azerbaijan],” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Makasdjian is also asking House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to call for a vote on a resolution introduced by U.S. Rep Jackie Speier, D-San Mateo,\u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/international/519263-lawmakers-introduce-resolution-condemning-azerbaijan-turkey-for-conflict\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> that condemns Azerbaijan \u003c/a>for instigating the current conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nanor Balabanian, a longtime Bay Area resident and teacher, spoke to KQED by phone from Armenia, where she had relocated just days before this latest conflict began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason this issue is different than other world issues is because this is a repetition of a genocide. … In 1915, the genocide happened because the world was silent,” said Balabanian, who is of Armenian descent, but was born in Syria, raised in Lebanon and moved to California as a teenager. She most recently taught history and English at a high school in East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I left the Bay to come here [to Armenia] and start a learning center,” she said, speaking from Armenia’s capital. “But now I’m going to focus on rebuilding houses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Balabanian says the silence from the international community feels personal. She’d like to see social justice movements in the Bay Area, as well as civil society more broadly, show support for her people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve always supported every movement, Black Lives Matter — we were there at the protests. Issues against immigrants and the immigrant community and the deportation centers — we were there protesting,” she said. “Do you know what’s going on here? How many times do I have to tell you how I need your help? I need your advocacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: The original version of this article stated that hundreds of people participated in the march on Saturday across the Golden Gate Bridge. There were, in fact, thousands of demonstrators — roughly 3,000 by one estimate. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Nina Sparling and Kate Wolffe contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“After Armenians were expelled from their homeland following the Armenian Genocide, the ‘Krounk’ (Crane) emerged as a Diasporic symbol — one of our displacement and also our call to return,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halteh says what is happening is personal for her and many Bay Area Armenians because they are descendants of survivors of genocide. “My grandparents were refugees who fled the Genocide and settled in Palestine, Syria and later Lebanon,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11841903\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11841903\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/Lena_Nimer-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lena Dakessian Halteh’s son holds a ‘Palestinians for Armenia’ sign on the Golden Gate Bridge on Saturday, Oct. 10, 2020. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Lena Dakessian Halteh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roxanne Makasdjian, executive director of the Bay Area-based Genocide Education Project, says she has barely slept since the attacks began several weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very frightening to watch — somewhat helplessly — when your homeland, the very survival is at stake,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Halteh, Makasdjian’s grandparents survived the Armenian Genocide, and she now helps educators in California teach about the tragedy. “We’re in serious crisis mode,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until 2019 that the U.S. government \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/12/us/politics/senate-armenian-genocide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">officially recognized the 1915 Armenian genocide\u003c/a>. “When perpetrators of genocide see that they can get away with it … they keep going,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Makasdjian wants Americans to know that the U.S. government, which she says has supplied weapons to Turkey, is complicit in the current unrest. “Our American friends need to understand that and work with us — we hope to call upon our government to sanction Turkey and stop selling arms to [Azerbaijan],” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Makasdjian is also asking House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to call for a vote on a resolution introduced by U.S. Rep Jackie Speier, D-San Mateo,\u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/international/519263-lawmakers-introduce-resolution-condemning-azerbaijan-turkey-for-conflict\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> that condemns Azerbaijan \u003c/a>for instigating the current conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nanor Balabanian, a longtime Bay Area resident and teacher, spoke to KQED by phone from Armenia, where she had relocated just days before this latest conflict began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason this issue is different than other world issues is because this is a repetition of a genocide. … In 1915, the genocide happened because the world was silent,” said Balabanian, who is of Armenian descent, but was born in Syria, raised in Lebanon and moved to California as a teenager. She most recently taught history and English at a high school in East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I left the Bay to come here [to Armenia] and start a learning center,” she said, speaking from Armenia’s capital. “But now I’m going to focus on rebuilding houses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Balabanian says the silence from the international community feels personal. She’d like to see social justice movements in the Bay Area, as well as civil society more broadly, show support for her people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve always supported every movement, Black Lives Matter — we were there at the protests. Issues against immigrants and the immigrant community and the deportation centers — we were there protesting,” she said. “Do you know what’s going on here? How many times do I have to tell you how I need your help? I need your advocacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: The original version of this article stated that hundreds of people participated in the march on Saturday across the Golden Gate Bridge. There were, in fact, thousands of demonstrators — roughly 3,000 by one estimate. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Nina Sparling and Kate Wolffe contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sometimes one great question begets another, and then another. Such was the case when Bronwyn Pidgeon, an eighth-grader from Half Moon Bay, began wondering what the Bay Area was like during the last ice age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An avowed cat aficionado — she has two, shouts to Molly and Coraline — Bronwyn especially wanted to know what large felines once roamed here. And she didn’t stop there. What about other animals — or for that matter, people? Was the coastline different? Was the landscape covered in ice, or were there many plants?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We at Bay Curious live for lists of questions such as these. Thank you, Bronwyn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there have been several ice ages throughout our planet’s long history. We’ll concern ourselves with the most recent, and specifically what the Bay Area was like around 12,000 years ago, near the end of a \u003ca href=\"https://stratigraphy.org/timescale/\">geological period\u003c/a> called the Pleistocene, which started more than 2.5 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What causes ice ages, you ask? In a word, gravity. Not every circle the Earth makes as it revolves ceaselessly around the sun is exactly the same. Over thousands of years, our planet sometimes wobbles a bit due to gravitational nudges from the sun and the moon. Also, sometimes those circles are stretched slightly by the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, these patterns, called \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/\">Milankovitch cycles\u003c/a>, change how much solar radiation the Earth gets, which affects our long-term climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Neat. So what was the landscape like?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If your mental picture of the ice age involves a frozen wasteland, you’re thinking of someplace besides the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Bay Area during the peak of the ice age was not covered with snow and ice. In fact, not much of California was,” says Doris Sloan, a retired UC Berkeley geologist and author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520241268\">\u003cem>Geology of the San Francisco Bay Region\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. “The main ice sheets covered Canada and the northern parts of the states in the midwest. Here in California, the ice sheet covered the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11487363' label='You might also like']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, the Bay Area would have been lush, verdant, and grassy, with several species of oak and perhaps more annual rainfall. Also, in place of the Bay, picture a valley, with a river flowing through what’s now known as Raccoon Strait, in between Angel Island and Tiburon. Also, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/quest/7788/the-importance-of-studying-the-history-of-sea-level-change-in-san-francisco-bay\">the Pacific coastline is not where you remember leaving it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level went down about 400 feet because so much of the Earth’s water was tied up on land in glaciers and ice sheets. Ocean level dropped. And that put the shoreline out past the Farallones, which is really quite amazing,” Sloan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever squinted west out over the ocean on a clear day at Land’s End, you may have seen the Farallon Islands. Or, maybe you’ve been lucky enough to go whale watching out there. During the last ice age, Sloan says, there wouldn’t have been all that pesky water between you and what she refers to as the Farallon Ridge — just a 20-odd-mile hike slightly downhill along a coastal plain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could have ridden your bicycle out to the Farallones and had a picnic on the mountaintops,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Rad. What about those prehistoric beasts?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pat Holroyd, the scientist in charge of Vertebrate Collections at the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley, says a non-exhaustive list of the remarkable creatures that roamed the Bay Area during the last ice age would include: mammoths, mastodons, camels, sloths, a muskox relative called a shrub-ox, short-faced bears, dire wolves, and, much to Bronwyn’s delight, \u003ca href=\"https://igws.indiana.edu/FossilsAndTime/Sabertooth\">saber-toothed cats\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/GqNmG1NUKdY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those cats would have preyed on herding animals like horses, Holroyd says, not necessarily mammoths or mastodons, except perhaps young ones. But wait, you ask, mammoths and mastodons weren’t the same thing? Nope — the Bay Area was graced by two different extinct elephant relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way they differ is they have different types of teeth, and that made it possible for them to eat different things,” Holroyd says. Mastodon teeth have big cusps suited to crushing whatever. “They would have been eating shrubs, parts of trees, even fruit. It gives them the ability to eat quite a bit of food,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mammoths, on the other hand, were grass specialists, with teeth more like flat grinding surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were other cats here as well, including the cougars, or mountain lions, still present today. Also perhaps lynx, which we associate with cooler climates. And maybe one called the American lion, the bones of which have appeared elsewhere in California; Holroyd says it wouldn’t be a shock for some to turn up in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Ayo big shouts goin out to the good folks at Indiana University’s Alumni Magazine for commissioning this 2 page spread about their \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Megalonyx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Megalonyx\u003c/a> giant ground \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/sloth?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#sloth\u003c/a> restoration project \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/MEGAJEFF?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#MEGAJEFF\u003c/a>! I also owe a big thanks (& a print 😉 to \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/eawilloughby?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Eawilloughby\u003c/a> for linking me with this client. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/SHM9KqT0md\">pic.twitter.com/SHM9KqT0md\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Brian Engh (@BrianEngh_Art) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BrianEngh_Art/status/1172561569164791808?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 13, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>As it happens, ice age bones turn up here \u003cem>all the time\u003c/em>. People have found mammoth teeth and bones while doing construction or out walking the dog. There was even a sloth femur a short walk from Holroyd’s work, in what’s now the Downtown Berkeley BART station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I tell people who call and ask about the likelihood of finding a fossil when they’re doing construction work in the Bay Area is that if you dig a big enough hole, you’ll probably find a fossil,” Holroyd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Were people here during the ice age?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“When people got to California is very controversial,” Holroyd says. “There’s no doubt that people were here by 12,000 years ago, and would have overlapped with some of these megafauna.” (Megafauna is a slightly more dignified term for “terrific beasts.” Tomayto, tomahto.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are signs of people here much earlier, she says, but it’s not easy to say exactly when — at least yet. Another problem is a lot of their early sites may now be underwater, “because just like today, the coastline is a great place to travel along. And so there were probably many coastal archaeological sites of the first peopling of North America that are now underwater out in the Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Bronwyn, she was quite pleased to hear about the Bay Area’s prehistoric cats, as well as the mammoths and mastodons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the most interesting thing was probably the fact that there were two different kinds of very large hairy elephants in this area,” she said. “And it’s really interesting that you used to be able to walk out to the Farallones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out she can see the islands from her house in Half Moon Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sometimes one great question begets another, and then another. Such was the case when Bronwyn Pidgeon, an eighth-grader from Half Moon Bay, began wondering what the Bay Area was like during the last ice age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An avowed cat aficionado — she has two, shouts to Molly and Coraline — Bronwyn especially wanted to know what large felines once roamed here. And she didn’t stop there. What about other animals — or for that matter, people? Was the coastline different? Was the landscape covered in ice, or were there many plants?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We at Bay Curious live for lists of questions such as these. Thank you, Bronwyn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there have been several ice ages throughout our planet’s long history. We’ll concern ourselves with the most recent, and specifically what the Bay Area was like around 12,000 years ago, near the end of a \u003ca href=\"https://stratigraphy.org/timescale/\">geological period\u003c/a> called the Pleistocene, which started more than 2.5 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What causes ice ages, you ask? In a word, gravity. Not every circle the Earth makes as it revolves ceaselessly around the sun is exactly the same. Over thousands of years, our planet sometimes wobbles a bit due to gravitational nudges from the sun and the moon. Also, sometimes those circles are stretched slightly by the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, these patterns, called \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/\">Milankovitch cycles\u003c/a>, change how much solar radiation the Earth gets, which affects our long-term climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Neat. So what was the landscape like?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If your mental picture of the ice age involves a frozen wasteland, you’re thinking of someplace besides the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Bay Area during the peak of the ice age was not covered with snow and ice. In fact, not much of California was,” says Doris Sloan, a retired UC Berkeley geologist and author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520241268\">\u003cem>Geology of the San Francisco Bay Region\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. “The main ice sheets covered Canada and the northern parts of the states in the midwest. Here in California, the ice sheet covered the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, the Bay Area would have been lush, verdant, and grassy, with several species of oak and perhaps more annual rainfall. Also, in place of the Bay, picture a valley, with a river flowing through what’s now known as Raccoon Strait, in between Angel Island and Tiburon. Also, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/quest/7788/the-importance-of-studying-the-history-of-sea-level-change-in-san-francisco-bay\">the Pacific coastline is not where you remember leaving it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level went down about 400 feet because so much of the Earth’s water was tied up on land in glaciers and ice sheets. Ocean level dropped. And that put the shoreline out past the Farallones, which is really quite amazing,” Sloan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever squinted west out over the ocean on a clear day at Land’s End, you may have seen the Farallon Islands. Or, maybe you’ve been lucky enough to go whale watching out there. During the last ice age, Sloan says, there wouldn’t have been all that pesky water between you and what she refers to as the Farallon Ridge — just a 20-odd-mile hike slightly downhill along a coastal plain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could have ridden your bicycle out to the Farallones and had a picnic on the mountaintops,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Rad. What about those prehistoric beasts?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pat Holroyd, the scientist in charge of Vertebrate Collections at the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley, says a non-exhaustive list of the remarkable creatures that roamed the Bay Area during the last ice age would include: mammoths, mastodons, camels, sloths, a muskox relative called a shrub-ox, short-faced bears, dire wolves, and, much to Bronwyn’s delight, \u003ca href=\"https://igws.indiana.edu/FossilsAndTime/Sabertooth\">saber-toothed cats\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/GqNmG1NUKdY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/GqNmG1NUKdY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Those cats would have preyed on herding animals like horses, Holroyd says, not necessarily mammoths or mastodons, except perhaps young ones. But wait, you ask, mammoths and mastodons weren’t the same thing? Nope — the Bay Area was graced by two different extinct elephant relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way they differ is they have different types of teeth, and that made it possible for them to eat different things,” Holroyd says. Mastodon teeth have big cusps suited to crushing whatever. “They would have been eating shrubs, parts of trees, even fruit. It gives them the ability to eat quite a bit of food,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mammoths, on the other hand, were grass specialists, with teeth more like flat grinding surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were other cats here as well, including the cougars, or mountain lions, still present today. Also perhaps lynx, which we associate with cooler climates. And maybe one called the American lion, the bones of which have appeared elsewhere in California; Holroyd says it wouldn’t be a shock for some to turn up in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Ayo big shouts goin out to the good folks at Indiana University’s Alumni Magazine for commissioning this 2 page spread about their \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Megalonyx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Megalonyx\u003c/a> giant ground \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/sloth?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#sloth\u003c/a> restoration project \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/MEGAJEFF?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#MEGAJEFF\u003c/a>! I also owe a big thanks (& a print 😉 to \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/eawilloughby?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Eawilloughby\u003c/a> for linking me with this client. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/SHM9KqT0md\">pic.twitter.com/SHM9KqT0md\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Brian Engh (@BrianEngh_Art) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BrianEngh_Art/status/1172561569164791808?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 13, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>As it happens, ice age bones turn up here \u003cem>all the time\u003c/em>. People have found mammoth teeth and bones while doing construction or out walking the dog. There was even a sloth femur a short walk from Holroyd’s work, in what’s now the Downtown Berkeley BART station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I tell people who call and ask about the likelihood of finding a fossil when they’re doing construction work in the Bay Area is that if you dig a big enough hole, you’ll probably find a fossil,” Holroyd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Were people here during the ice age?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“When people got to California is very controversial,” Holroyd says. “There’s no doubt that people were here by 12,000 years ago, and would have overlapped with some of these megafauna.” (Megafauna is a slightly more dignified term for “terrific beasts.” Tomayto, tomahto.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are signs of people here much earlier, she says, but it’s not easy to say exactly when — at least yet. Another problem is a lot of their early sites may now be underwater, “because just like today, the coastline is a great place to travel along. And so there were probably many coastal archaeological sites of the first peopling of North America that are now underwater out in the Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Bronwyn, she was quite pleased to hear about the Bay Area’s prehistoric cats, as well as the mammoths and mastodons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the most interesting thing was probably the fact that there were two different kinds of very large hairy elephants in this area,” she said. “And it’s really interesting that you used to be able to walk out to the Farallones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out she can see the islands from her house in Half Moon Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Birth of 'Wine Country' Is a Story of Bugs, Taxes and War",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nestled in the hills just north of San Francisco is one of the most famous wine-producing regions in the world. Visitors come from all over to sip wine at bucolic wineries overlooking thousands of acres of grapes. But how did this region become famous for wine? That’s what Bay Curious listener Michael Viray wanted to know. The temperate Mediterranean climate would be good for growing all types of crops. How did wine come to dominate here?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The First Wine\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Catholic priests planted the first wine grapes in Sonoma County in the early 1820s at the \u003ca href=\"https://missionscalifornia.com/san-francisco-solano-mission/key-facts\">Mission San Francisco Solano\u003c/a>. And just a decade later, in the 1830s, when European settlers began making their homes in the Napa Valley, wine grapes would have been one of their crops. Commercial winemaking in what we now know as “wine country,” however, traces its roots back to a German immigrant named Charles Krug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11838201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11838201\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug-1020x1541.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Krug started one of the oldest wineries in Napa Valley back in 1861.\" width=\"400\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug-1020x1541.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug-800x1208.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug-160x242.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug-1017x1536.jpg 1017w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug.jpg 1350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Krug started one of the oldest wineries in Napa Valley back in 1861. \u003ccite>(Peter Mondavi Family Winery/\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CharlesKrug.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While living in San Francisco, Krug managed a German language newspaper and \u003ca href=\"https://napavalleyregister.com/wine/columnists/allison-levine/allison-levine-please-the-palate-mondavis-celebrate-75-years-at-krug-winery-in-napa-valley/article_249afd84-cabf-5a4e-a730-3b3c9b5e9a1b.html\">is said to have experimented with winemaking\u003c/a> as a hobby. When Krug married Carolina Bale in 1860, her family offered land just north of St. Helena for her dowry, says \u003ca href=\"https://gsm.ucdavis.edu/profile/dr-james-t-lapsley\">Jim Lapsley\u003c/a>, professor of viticulture and enology at UC Davis. The Charles Krug Winery opened there in 1861 and is considered to be the first commercial winery in Napa Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Gold Rush\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Gold Rush \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgenealogy.org/sf/history/hgpop.htm\">rapidly increased \u003c/a>California’s population, and the state joined the union in 1850. In 1840, California had about 8,000 people. Just 10 years later, the population had grown to roughly 100,000. Meanwhile, San Francisco was booming. In July 1849, 5,000 people called it home. Six months later, the population was five times that. By 1870, the population of the city had reached 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reaction to this population boom, more and more grape growers began to plant grapes in what we now know as wine country, an area that stretches through Napa, Sonoma, Mendocino, Lake and Solano counties. But California wines only represented a fraction of the wine consumed in the United States. California had no bottling plants, so grapes were shipped east on trains for bottling. And it was cheaper for consumers on the East Coast to import wine from Europe by boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1875, the federal government stepped in and increased import taxes on European wines. That made shipping wine from California more financially competitive, and California began to dominate the domestic table wine market. The more expensive wines still tended to come from Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Booms and Busts\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>By the 1880s, a small bug related to an aphid \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/05/dining/wine-talk-after-phylloxera-the-first-taste-of-a-better-grape.html\">arrived in the Napa Valley\u003c/a>. Phylloxera ate the roots of European grape varieties like Vitis Vinifera. Jim Lapsley says that when phylloxera arrived in wine country, “It killed the vineyards. And the only way you could really come up with a solution was to plant on grafted vines. The bottom, the rootstock would be a native variety,” which the bugs didn’t like, “And then on the top we have a graft with the European vinifera.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11838202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11838202\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-1020x677.jpg\" alt=\"Phylloxera galls on a leaf.\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phylloxera galls on a grape leaf. This aphid-like insect decimated North Bay vineyards between 1870-1890, although probably due to the regions dry climate it never went into its winged form, as pictured here. In California, Phylloxera stayed underground, eating the roots. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/28061028@N07/35287648956\">Candiru\u003c/a>/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grape growers also tried a few other solutions, including pumping poisonous gas into the soil and flooding entire vineyards. But the grafted rootstocks worked best, and they are still used widely on vineyards in Sonoma, Napa and surrounding counties today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1920s brought another rough patch to California winemakers. The U.S. Congress passed the 18th Amendment — better known as Prohibition — in 1919. Prohibition outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. Many wineries went out of business, and Lapsley says those that survived took advantage of a loophole in the law that allowed people to produce wine at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The grape industry in California switched from producing wine grapes to be sold to wineries, to grapes that could be shipped back east to home wine producers,” Lapsley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Prohibition, \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/how-prohibition-changed-the-way-americans-drink-100-years-ago-129854\">by the end of 1921 Americans were drinking again\u003c/a> at almost two-thirds the level they had before the law was passed. And eventually lawmakers gave in, overturning the 18th Amendment in 1933, and making alcohol of all types legal again in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The War Years Changed Everything\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Before World War II, the wine produced in the North Bay still \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/111499/distilling-the-story-of-california-wine-one-label-at-a-time\">didn’t look much like what we see today\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California wineries were producing bulk wine and shipping it out of state to bottlers,” Lapsley says. ”So most of the wine that was produced in California was not bottled under a California label.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11838206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11838206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Bunch of green wine grapes.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bunch of green wine grapes on the vine at To-Kalon Vineyard. \u003ccite>(Christopher Beale/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This would change as the government took over various parts of American industry for the war effort. The railroad cars that used to send wine east for bottling, were commandeered, leaving the wine industry with one solution — move their operation to California. So, Lapsley says, “In ‘43 bottlers start bottling in California for the first time.” And, those new bottles printed the locale on the label — making California wine a bottled and branded commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of wine produced in the North Bay \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsetglobal.com/media/3010/changing-face-of-the-us-consumer.pdf\">exploded in the 1970s\u003c/a> thanks to the millions of baby boomers coming of age. They loved white wine. Around this time, new innovations were arriving at wineries around the region. Things like refrigeration and stainless steel tanks not only helped sterilize and streamline the winemaking process, but also made it taste better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we ferment grapes, and especially white grapes, at lower temperatures, the fruity characteristics that are inherent in the grapes are enhanced and maintained,” Lapsley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Judgement of Paris Brings Respectability and Renown\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11838203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11838203\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Grapevines at Judds Hill Winery\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grapevines at Judds Hill Winery. \u003ccite>(Christopher Beale/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The real turning point for the respectability of California wines came in 1975 at the so-called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/109705/the-judgment-of-paris-the-blind-taste-test-that-decanted-the-wine-world\">“Judgement of Paris.”\u003c/a> California wines went head-to-head with European favorites and won a blind-taste test by French judges. The results sent a shockwave through the wine industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a feature article [in] \u003ca href=\"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947719,00.html\">Time Magazine\u003c/a>,” Lapsley says. “And basically it was a shot in the arm for the industry. It was validation. And we had even more people coming in and wanting to start wineries or plant vineyards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, wineries and grape growing operations work side by side in wine country. The industry has survived a lot in the past 160 years, but its challenges aren’t over. Climate change has led to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/08/15/climate-change-offers-up-a-new-wine-list/\">hotter, drier weather\u003c/a> and is forcing the industry to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926662/wineries-hedge-against-climate-change-move-to-cool-climates\">plan for and adapt to\u003c/a> an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t worry. People in the know say with absolute confidence that wine country — and its spirit of innovation — are here to stay. Cheers!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nestled in the hills just north of San Francisco is one of the most famous wine-producing regions in the world. Visitors come from all over to sip wine at bucolic wineries overlooking thousands of acres of grapes. But how did this region become famous for wine? That’s what Bay Curious listener Michael Viray wanted to know. The temperate Mediterranean climate would be good for growing all types of crops. How did wine come to dominate here?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The First Wine\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Catholic priests planted the first wine grapes in Sonoma County in the early 1820s at the \u003ca href=\"https://missionscalifornia.com/san-francisco-solano-mission/key-facts\">Mission San Francisco Solano\u003c/a>. And just a decade later, in the 1830s, when European settlers began making their homes in the Napa Valley, wine grapes would have been one of their crops. Commercial winemaking in what we now know as “wine country,” however, traces its roots back to a German immigrant named Charles Krug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11838201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11838201\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug-1020x1541.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Krug started one of the oldest wineries in Napa Valley back in 1861.\" width=\"400\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug-1020x1541.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug-800x1208.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug-160x242.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug-1017x1536.jpg 1017w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/CharlesKrug.jpg 1350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Krug started one of the oldest wineries in Napa Valley back in 1861. \u003ccite>(Peter Mondavi Family Winery/\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CharlesKrug.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While living in San Francisco, Krug managed a German language newspaper and \u003ca href=\"https://napavalleyregister.com/wine/columnists/allison-levine/allison-levine-please-the-palate-mondavis-celebrate-75-years-at-krug-winery-in-napa-valley/article_249afd84-cabf-5a4e-a730-3b3c9b5e9a1b.html\">is said to have experimented with winemaking\u003c/a> as a hobby. When Krug married Carolina Bale in 1860, her family offered land just north of St. Helena for her dowry, says \u003ca href=\"https://gsm.ucdavis.edu/profile/dr-james-t-lapsley\">Jim Lapsley\u003c/a>, professor of viticulture and enology at UC Davis. The Charles Krug Winery opened there in 1861 and is considered to be the first commercial winery in Napa Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Gold Rush\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Gold Rush \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgenealogy.org/sf/history/hgpop.htm\">rapidly increased \u003c/a>California’s population, and the state joined the union in 1850. In 1840, California had about 8,000 people. Just 10 years later, the population had grown to roughly 100,000. Meanwhile, San Francisco was booming. In July 1849, 5,000 people called it home. Six months later, the population was five times that. By 1870, the population of the city had reached 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reaction to this population boom, more and more grape growers began to plant grapes in what we now know as wine country, an area that stretches through Napa, Sonoma, Mendocino, Lake and Solano counties. But California wines only represented a fraction of the wine consumed in the United States. California had no bottling plants, so grapes were shipped east on trains for bottling. And it was cheaper for consumers on the East Coast to import wine from Europe by boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1875, the federal government stepped in and increased import taxes on European wines. That made shipping wine from California more financially competitive, and California began to dominate the domestic table wine market. The more expensive wines still tended to come from Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Booms and Busts\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>By the 1880s, a small bug related to an aphid \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/05/dining/wine-talk-after-phylloxera-the-first-taste-of-a-better-grape.html\">arrived in the Napa Valley\u003c/a>. Phylloxera ate the roots of European grape varieties like Vitis Vinifera. Jim Lapsley says that when phylloxera arrived in wine country, “It killed the vineyards. And the only way you could really come up with a solution was to plant on grafted vines. The bottom, the rootstock would be a native variety,” which the bugs didn’t like, “And then on the top we have a graft with the European vinifera.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11838202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11838202\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-1020x677.jpg\" alt=\"Phylloxera galls on a leaf.\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/PhylloxeraGallsOnLeaf.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phylloxera galls on a grape leaf. This aphid-like insect decimated North Bay vineyards between 1870-1890, although probably due to the regions dry climate it never went into its winged form, as pictured here. In California, Phylloxera stayed underground, eating the roots. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/28061028@N07/35287648956\">Candiru\u003c/a>/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grape growers also tried a few other solutions, including pumping poisonous gas into the soil and flooding entire vineyards. But the grafted rootstocks worked best, and they are still used widely on vineyards in Sonoma, Napa and surrounding counties today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1920s brought another rough patch to California winemakers. The U.S. Congress passed the 18th Amendment — better known as Prohibition — in 1919. Prohibition outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. Many wineries went out of business, and Lapsley says those that survived took advantage of a loophole in the law that allowed people to produce wine at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The grape industry in California switched from producing wine grapes to be sold to wineries, to grapes that could be shipped back east to home wine producers,” Lapsley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Prohibition, \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/how-prohibition-changed-the-way-americans-drink-100-years-ago-129854\">by the end of 1921 Americans were drinking again\u003c/a> at almost two-thirds the level they had before the law was passed. And eventually lawmakers gave in, overturning the 18th Amendment in 1933, and making alcohol of all types legal again in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The War Years Changed Everything\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Before World War II, the wine produced in the North Bay still \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/111499/distilling-the-story-of-california-wine-one-label-at-a-time\">didn’t look much like what we see today\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California wineries were producing bulk wine and shipping it out of state to bottlers,” Lapsley says. ”So most of the wine that was produced in California was not bottled under a California label.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11838206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11838206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Bunch of green wine grapes.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapesToKalonVineyard-CB.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bunch of green wine grapes on the vine at To-Kalon Vineyard. \u003ccite>(Christopher Beale/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This would change as the government took over various parts of American industry for the war effort. The railroad cars that used to send wine east for bottling, were commandeered, leaving the wine industry with one solution — move their operation to California. So, Lapsley says, “In ‘43 bottlers start bottling in California for the first time.” And, those new bottles printed the locale on the label — making California wine a bottled and branded commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of wine produced in the North Bay \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsetglobal.com/media/3010/changing-face-of-the-us-consumer.pdf\">exploded in the 1970s\u003c/a> thanks to the millions of baby boomers coming of age. They loved white wine. Around this time, new innovations were arriving at wineries around the region. Things like refrigeration and stainless steel tanks not only helped sterilize and streamline the winemaking process, but also made it taste better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we ferment grapes, and especially white grapes, at lower temperatures, the fruity characteristics that are inherent in the grapes are enhanced and maintained,” Lapsley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Judgement of Paris Brings Respectability and Renown\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11838203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11838203\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Grapevines at Judds Hill Winery\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/GrapevinesJuddsHillWinery-CB.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grapevines at Judds Hill Winery. \u003ccite>(Christopher Beale/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The real turning point for the respectability of California wines came in 1975 at the so-called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/109705/the-judgment-of-paris-the-blind-taste-test-that-decanted-the-wine-world\">“Judgement of Paris.”\u003c/a> California wines went head-to-head with European favorites and won a blind-taste test by French judges. The results sent a shockwave through the wine industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a feature article [in] \u003ca href=\"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947719,00.html\">Time Magazine\u003c/a>,” Lapsley says. “And basically it was a shot in the arm for the industry. It was validation. And we had even more people coming in and wanting to start wineries or plant vineyards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, wineries and grape growing operations work side by side in wine country. The industry has survived a lot in the past 160 years, but its challenges aren’t over. Climate change has led to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/08/15/climate-change-offers-up-a-new-wine-list/\">hotter, drier weather\u003c/a> and is forcing the industry to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926662/wineries-hedge-against-climate-change-move-to-cool-climates\">plan for and adapt to\u003c/a> an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t worry. People in the know say with absolute confidence that wine country — and its spirit of innovation — are here to stay. Cheers!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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