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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Aug. 21\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of following shelter-at-home orders due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Bay Area residents now have another reason to stay inside: dangerously poor air quality from a series of wildfires, which continue to burn out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Air Quality Index\u003c/a> in the region degenerated to \u003ca href=\"https://waqi.info/#/c/2.436/50.934/1.4z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">worst-in-the-world \u003c/a>status this week, with the unhealthiest conditions south, east and northeast of San Francisco, as smoke spread outward from the LNU, SCU and CZU Lightning Complex fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are urging people in areas where the air is classified as “unhealthy” — displayed as red on color-coded maps — to stay indoors, particularly those with respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD, as well as older adults, children and teens. For those who have to go out, the recommendation is to avoid strenuous outdoor activities or to shorten the amount of time outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forecast calls for the air to stay unhealthy for sensitive groups, such as those with heart or lung disease, throughout the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/clean-air/emergencies-and-natural-disasters/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Lung Association in California\u003c/a> offered the following advice for local residents struggling with the simultaneous health risks of smoke, extreme heat and COVID-19:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stay inside as much as possible, with doors, windows and fireplace dampers shut — and clean air circulating through air conditioners and/or air cleaners. Residents should use the recirculation setting on their home air conditioners to avoid outdoor air contamination. Using whole house fans is not recommended because they can allow unfiltered outside air into the home.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Those with chronic lung disease are encouraged to gather all their medications, delivery devices, prescriptions and insurance cards in one spot so they can quickly be transported in the event of an evacuation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If evacuating, remember to continue to follow guidance around COVID-19 such as practicing social distancing, wearing a cloth face covering and using hand sanitizer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contact a physician immediately if lung disease symptoms worsen or are not relieved by the usual medicines. Seek medical attention if experiencing wheezing, shortness of breath, difficulty taking a full breath, chest heaviness, lightheadedness, and dizziness.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Avoid exercising outdoors, particularly if you smell smoke or experience eye or throat irritation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For those returning to a fire-damaged home, limit exposure to ash by wearing protective clothing, gloves, goggles and a fitted N95 mask, if available. Note that a cloth mask, such as those often used to prevent the spread of COVID-19, will not adequately protect lungs from particles found in wildfire smoke.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Breathing particulate-heavy air could make people more susceptible to the novel coronavirus, says Dr. Madhavi Dandu, professor of medicine at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>ir pollution and all type of particulate matter, but especially the particulate 2.5 that we see in fires, can really impact both lung health as well as just general immune health,” Dandu said. “O\u003c/span>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>ne of the things that it does is destroy these little hairs that we call cilia that are in the lungs, which are ways to protect the lungs. They basically wipe off the germs, or spread off the germs, so that they don’t eventually get into the bloodstream.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dandu says given the health risks associated with breathing in smoke, “staying out of the polluted air if at all possible is the safest thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> ‘A Very Complicated Situation’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"x_docs-internal-guid-f791b892-7fff-1715-bcab-9128ac424c34\" dir=\"ltr\">Considering the array of disasters the region is now facing, Solano County Health Officer Dr. Bela Matyas says, the choices for staying safe are no longer cut and dried, and the confluence of heat and wildfire smoke amid the backdrop of the coronavirus pandemic is making an already difficult situation worse, particularly for people with underlying health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">For instance, for the many people in the region without air conditioning, cooled public spaces like movie theaters, malls and libraries are closed due to the pandemic. So some people now face the hard trade-off between opening the windows to get relief from the heat and breathing in the smoke that it allows in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“This is a very complicated situation. There is no perfect solution here, because solutions for one exacerbate the other,” Matyas said. “And so the compromise of trying to protect against all of these multiple things happening at the same time is the best that we can do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">For people with a respiratory illness, breathing in wildfire smoke can be especially dangerous, he says. But those without underlying health concerns might consider opening the windows to cool their living space for a short time before closing them again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">For the most vulnerable, the county is operating three combined cooling-evacuation centers, Matyas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">He called it “a little bit tricky, because as people are showing up, we need to screen them [for COVID-19]. But a lot of the symptoms that we screen for are actually created by the smoke. So a person shows up at an evacuation site coughing and short of breath, who’s just come from an evacuated zone within the fire. How do you know that it’s the smoke that did that as opposed to COVID?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">As for facial coverings, he distinguished between the less protective masks people are using to slow the spread of the coronavirus with the N95s that filter out harmful smoke particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“If you’re going to be going to a congregating environment like an evacuation center, by all means, bring your [anticoronavirus] mask so that when you’re indoors, you can maintain social distancing,” he said. “But I don’t think you can rely on masks as one of the elements of the strategy to protect against the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“N95 would be an appropriate type of mask to wear to protect yourself from dust and smoke. But those masks aren’t available” because of a shortage caused by the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">In San Francisco, which spent much of the day engulfed in air classified as “unhealthy,” either for sensitive groups or the general population, Mayor London Breed put the latest crises in the context of a warming globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“The effects of climate change are already being felt,” she said, “and sadly we know events like these are only going to become more common with drier weather and hotter temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cem>Jon Brooks and Danielle Venton contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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Note that a cloth mask, such as those often used to prevent the spread of COVID-19, will not adequately protect lungs from particles found in wildfire smoke.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Breathing particulate-heavy air could make people more susceptible to the novel coronavirus, says Dr. Madhavi Dandu, professor of medicine at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>ir pollution and all type of particulate matter, but especially the particulate 2.5 that we see in fires, can really impact both lung health as well as just general immune health,” Dandu said. “O\u003c/span>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>ne of the things that it does is destroy these little hairs that we call cilia that are in the lungs, which are ways to protect the lungs. They basically wipe off the germs, or spread off the germs, so that they don’t eventually get into the bloodstream.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dandu says given the health risks associated with breathing in smoke, “staying out of the polluted air if at all possible is the safest thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> ‘A Very Complicated Situation’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"x_docs-internal-guid-f791b892-7fff-1715-bcab-9128ac424c34\" dir=\"ltr\">Considering the array of disasters the region is now facing, Solano County Health Officer Dr. Bela Matyas says, the choices for staying safe are no longer cut and dried, and the confluence of heat and wildfire smoke amid the backdrop of the coronavirus pandemic is making an already difficult situation worse, particularly for people with underlying health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">For instance, for the many people in the region without air conditioning, cooled public spaces like movie theaters, malls and libraries are closed due to the pandemic. 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"content": "\u003cp>California Health and Human Services Secretary Dr. Mark Ghaly said in a media briefing Tuesday that the state’s backlog of COVID-19 test results is now resolved and that state numbers are now accurate, with about 4,600 new COVID-19 cases reported on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11831871/california-is-under-reporting-recent-covid-19-cases-due-to-technical-issue\">recent technical problem\u003c/a> had created the backlog of between 250,000-300,000 test results, and caused inaccurate reporting of COVID-19 positive case numbers while state officials worked to identify and fix the problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghaly said there were about 14,800 positive COVID-19 cases in the backlog, and that the state is working to install a new coronavirus data tracking system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, Ghaly noted a broad drop in childhood vaccination rates across the state, including for children getting MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccines. He pegged the decrease to months of stay-at-home orders, which have kept otherwise healthy Californians out of medical facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we went to a stay-at-home order, and many of our health care facilities went to more tele- or virtual-visits, fewer in-person visits, we saw what we expected, which was a significant decrease in vaccinations for young people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghaly pointed to vaccination data comparing 2020 to 2019 and expressed concern over a roughly 30% drop in childhood vaccination rates for all diseases for Californians of all racial and ethnic groups, ages 0-18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He encouraged families, parents and caregivers to schedule a time to catch up on some childhood vaccinations and said health providers have enacted many safety measures to avoid transmission of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghaly also stressed the importance of getting this year’s flu vaccine as a way to try and avoid burdening the health care system with flu cases on top of COVID-19 cases as we head into the fall and winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>— Polly Stryker \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hamrashaar\">@hamrashaar\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Health and Human Services Secretary Dr. Mark Ghaly said in a media briefing Tuesday that the state’s backlog of COVID-19 test results is now resolved and that state numbers are now accurate, with about 4,600 new COVID-19 cases reported on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11831871/california-is-under-reporting-recent-covid-19-cases-due-to-technical-issue\">recent technical problem\u003c/a> had created the backlog of between 250,000-300,000 test results, and caused inaccurate reporting of COVID-19 positive case numbers while state officials worked to identify and fix the problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghaly said there were about 14,800 positive COVID-19 cases in the backlog, and that the state is working to install a new coronavirus data tracking system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, Ghaly noted a broad drop in childhood vaccination rates across the state, including for children getting MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccines. He pegged the decrease to months of stay-at-home orders, which have kept otherwise healthy Californians out of medical facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we went to a stay-at-home order, and many of our health care facilities went to more tele- or virtual-visits, fewer in-person visits, we saw what we expected, which was a significant decrease in vaccinations for young people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghaly pointed to vaccination data comparing 2020 to 2019 and expressed concern over a roughly 30% drop in childhood vaccination rates for all diseases for Californians of all racial and ethnic groups, ages 0-18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He encouraged families, parents and caregivers to schedule a time to catch up on some childhood vaccinations and said health providers have enacted many safety measures to avoid transmission of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghaly also stressed the importance of getting this year’s flu vaccine as a way to try and avoid burdening the health care system with flu cases on top of COVID-19 cases as we head into the fall and winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>— Polly Stryker \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hamrashaar\">@hamrashaar\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A long heat wave is settling in across most of California, threatening wildfires and raising public health risks that include the spread of COVID-19 over the next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a dry heat, either. Temperatures will feel worse than usual, especially overnight, as a result of an unusual boost in atmospheric humidity caused by the remnants of a hurricane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, high temperatures around the Bay Area included 109 in Fairfield, 103 in Petaluma and 103 in Santa Rosa, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/map/?obs=true&wfo=mtr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climatologist Daniel Swain says some coastal areas will escape the most unbearable temperatures, but that heat will blanket 90% of California’s land mass, so most people should get ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I suspect this event will probably end up being one of the most significant widespread California extreme heat events in the past decade, if not longer,” \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/archives/7427\">writes \u003c/a>Swain on his Weather West blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Weather_West/status/1294275589487067139\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service has issued an excessive heat warning in effect through next Wednesday, noting that “drastic temperature differences will exist” between the coast and further inland, raising fears that Californians will flock to coastal areas despite the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CAL_FIRE/status/1293649657222946816\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire has issued a red flag warning for the Sierra foothills and parts of northeastern California through next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that won’t necessarily prompt a public safety power shutdown. A spokeswoman for PG&E says the utility’s in-house meteorologists take other factors into consideration, and the utility does not forsee issuing a PSPS this weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County emergency and health officials are offering air conditioning at cooling centers for residents seeking a respite from the heat. Everyone will have to wear a mask and observe social distancing requirements, and capacity will be reduced to comply with health orders. People who believe they might have been exposed to COVID-19 should stay home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SCC_OES/status/1294052556478377984\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/oes/residents/Pages/hot-weather-information.aspx?fbclid=IwAR1WV-S45wq6VB6xY4Q3ER7BEFLl3Wxq8tiPYEzRiKdvCWDYmwKFN7jpXzA\">Santa Clara County\u003c/a>, the Office of Emergency Management has opened cooling centers, some of which will be available until 9 p.m. over the weekend. \u003ca href=\"https://www.contracosta.ca.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=2295\">Contra Costa\u003c/a> has opened cooling centers at community centers where the coronavirus has curtailed the usual programs and services. Solano County cooling centers are usually in libraries; since they’re closed on weekends, few options remain, including at community centers in Fairfield. The county recommends calling first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrh/heatrisk/?&zoom=7.6000000000000005¢er=39.16,-121.49&basemap=OpenStreetMap%20WOC&boundaries=true,true,false,false&products=false,false,false&opacity=80\">You can use NOAA’s experimental tool\u003c/a> to see more about your heat risk over the next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials advise drinking water, keeping children and pets away from heat whenever possible, and checking on older neighbors, especially if they are alone.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A long heat wave is settling in across most of California, threatening wildfires and raising public health risks that include the spread of COVID-19 over the next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a dry heat, either. Temperatures will feel worse than usual, especially overnight, as a result of an unusual boost in atmospheric humidity caused by the remnants of a hurricane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, high temperatures around the Bay Area included 109 in Fairfield, 103 in Petaluma and 103 in Santa Rosa, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/map/?obs=true&wfo=mtr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climatologist Daniel Swain says some coastal areas will escape the most unbearable temperatures, but that heat will blanket 90% of California’s land mass, so most people should get ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I suspect this event will probably end up being one of the most significant widespread California extreme heat events in the past decade, if not longer,” \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/archives/7427\">writes \u003c/a>Swain on his Weather West blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/oes/residents/Pages/hot-weather-information.aspx?fbclid=IwAR1WV-S45wq6VB6xY4Q3ER7BEFLl3Wxq8tiPYEzRiKdvCWDYmwKFN7jpXzA\">Santa Clara County\u003c/a>, the Office of Emergency Management has opened cooling centers, some of which will be available until 9 p.m. over the weekend. \u003ca href=\"https://www.contracosta.ca.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=2295\">Contra Costa\u003c/a> has opened cooling centers at community centers where the coronavirus has curtailed the usual programs and services. Solano County cooling centers are usually in libraries; since they’re closed on weekends, few options remain, including at community centers in Fairfield. The county recommends calling first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrh/heatrisk/?&zoom=7.6000000000000005¢er=39.16,-121.49&basemap=OpenStreetMap%20WOC&boundaries=true,true,false,false&products=false,false,false&opacity=80\">You can use NOAA’s experimental tool\u003c/a> to see more about your heat risk over the next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials advise drinking water, keeping children and pets away from heat whenever possible, and checking on older neighbors, especially if they are alone.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Pandemic Galvanizes Money Managers Who See Climate Changes as Next Global Financial Crisis",
"headTitle": "Pandemic Galvanizes Money Managers Who See Climate Changes as Next Global Financial Crisis | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was only back in January when Larry Fink announced that the world’s largest asset manager was making the risks associated with climate change a central tenet of how it did business and suggested that the rest of the financial world do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Climate change has become a defining factor in companies’ long-term prospects,” wrote Fink, the founder and chief executive of BlackRock, which handles nearly $7 trillion in investments, in his \u003ca href=\"https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/investor-relations/larry-fink-ceo-letter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">annual letter to shareholders\u003c/a>. “Awareness is rapidly changing, and I believe we are on the edge of a fundamental reshaping of finance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For those who had long been pressing investment banks and other asset managers to address their funding of the fossil fuel industry and other industries warming the climate, BlackRock’s announcement was a long-awaited and hard-fought victory. It signaled, advocacy groups said, that Wall Street’s elite were finally taking climate change seriously after more than a decade of pressure to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">So when the coronavirus pandemic hit less than two months later and all but derailed the global economy, many analysts expected the financial sector to walk back its newfound commitment to safeguarding the climate. Critics have long argued that the investment industry’s development of “socially responsible” funds — and particularly the ones tailored toward improving the environment — were simply marketing ploys meant to stir up business without making real changes. And in June, the Trump administration proposed a rule change that would make it harder for retirement plans to invest in those types of funds in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">But the pandemic hasn’t dissuaded investors from acting on climate change. And many analysts argue that the economic disaster caused by the virus has helped galvanize money managers — who now see climate change as the next global financial crisis — to more urgently protect their assets by transitioning away from high-carbon industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Since February, some of the world’s largest financial institutions have stopped putting their money behind\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04052020/oil-gas-banks-arctic-drilling-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> oil and gas drilling in the Arctic\u003c/a>, or into Canada’s particularly dirty\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/12/climate/blackrock-oil-sands-alberta-financing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> tar sands operations\u003c/a>. Investment funds geared toward either excluding the fossil fuel industry entirely, or underweighting high-carbon companies in their mix, have exploded with\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/07/sustainable-investing-is-set-to-surge-in-the-wake-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> record cash inflows\u003c/a>, despite the market turmoil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">In July, several top U.S. banks\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/22/fed-gets-new-carbon-warning-will-never-be-a-vaccine-for-climate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> funded the launch of a massive new climate initiative\u003c/a> aimed at spurring a quicker transition to a low-carbon economy, with Goldman Sachs pledging $750 billion through 2030 to address climate change in its operations, investments and financing. Morgan Stanley, too, made headlines when it announced, later that month, that it would become the first major U.S. bank to disclose how all of its investments and loans were contributing to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“The kind of change we’ve seen over the past six months indicates, in a new way, how important this issue is,” said Kirsten Spalding, senior program director for the advocacy investor group Ceres. “If this could happen with one virus, what are we waiting for in terms of climate change?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Say Banks’ Pledges Are Good, But Only a Start\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Morgan Stanley’s decision to disclose how its investments contribute to climate change is comparable to “admitting you’ve got a problem,” said longtime analyst Lila Holzman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Holzman, who manages the energy program for the prominent advocacy investment group As You Sow, has for years been pressuring banks like Morgan Stanley to disclose their financials in regard to global warming, but to no avail. “Now,” she said, “the institutions themselves are going to, in a sense, come clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Still, environmentalists say that Morgan Stanley’s pledge, the latest in a slew of pledges from banks over the last six months, is only a start. Admitting you have a problem is a good first step, Holzman said, but there is still a lot more work ahead, including setting specific targets to phase out companies with heavy carbon emissions from portfolios and creating detailed plans for how to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The reality is that even with recent pledges from banks to withdraw financial support from certain areas of fossil fuel development — mainly coal, Arctic drilling and oil sands projects — money managers are still bankrolling new fossil fuel development elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Between 2016 and 2019, 35 banks doled out $2.7 trillion for fossil fuel projects, according to the environmental group\u003ca href=\"https://www.ran.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/BOCC__2020_Summary_vENG_spread.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Rainforest Action Network\u003c/a>. Several U.S. banks accounted for a good chunk of that funding, with JPMorgan Chase having supplied $269 billion and Morgan Stanley having given $92 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Holzman said that’s exactly why banks should be more transparent about the impact and risks of their investments regarding climate change. If investors want to avoid funds that they believe exacerbate climate change, or puts their assets at risk from its effects, they currently don’t have good information to help them make that decision, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1968272 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/BankFossilFuelInvestChart529px_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/BankFossilFuelInvestChart529px_1.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/BankFossilFuelInvestChart529px_1-160x130.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Holzman said that’s exactly why banks should be more transparent about the impact and risks of their investments regarding climate change. If investors want to avoid funds that they believe exacerbate climate change, or puts their assets at risk from its effects, they currently don’t have good information to help them make that decision, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Both Holzman and Ceres’ Spalding hope Morgan Stanley’s decision will encourage other banks to voluntarily disclose their own finances in relation to climate change. They both expect governments to implement laws that would require banks to do so in the coming decades — although those regulations will likely be passed in Europe long before being adopted in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Banks and other asset managers have terrible track records in adopting measures to increase their transparency regarding climate-related risks to their finances. The boards of both BlackRock and Vanguard — another major investment firm — have voted overwhelmingly against shareholder resolutions meant to address global warming, including those requiring asset managers to disclose climate-related risks, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.majorityaction.us/asset-manager-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a report from the shareholder advocacy group Majority Action\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">But analysts say banks are starting to come around when it comes to climate-related resolutions. In May, the board of JPMorgan Chase voted to remove former ExxonMobil CEO Lee Raymond as the board’s lead independent director, amid pressure from climate activists. And in June, at the behest of European bank BNP Paribas, Chevron’s board\u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/news-center/press-releases/climate-action-100-investor-signatories-achieve-major-gains-during-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> voted for the first time ever\u003c/a> to align the oil giant with the Paris climate accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“They’ve really come a long way to recognize their role in contributing to climate change,” Holzman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>’Social Good’ Funds Growing Fast, But a Trump Proposal Could Stifle Them\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Growing investor demand to address climate change has also spurred an explosion in so-called ESG funds — investment funds that attempt to do “social good,” by taking environmental, societal and corporate governance factors into account, rather than looking at financials alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Last year, there were a staggering 37,000 index funds worldwide that tracked companies according to their ESG risk and performance profiles,\u003ca href=\"https://www.ethicalcorp.com/csr-cheat-sheet-esg-investors-turn-heat-blackrock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Reuters reported\u003c/a>. That’s a 60% increase from a year earlier, with ESG indexes being the fastest growing segment of the market. And so far this year, ESG funds have seen a record inflow of cash — more than $45 billion — despite the pandemic, with U.S. funds exceeding $10 billion, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/07/sustainable-investing-is-set-to-surge-in-the-wake-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a report from CNBC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">But a Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-06-30/pdf/2020-13705.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">proposal\u003c/a>, if finalized, could slow that growth by making it harder for pension plans to invest their money into such funds. In June, the Department of Labor proposed amendments to the investment duties regulation under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, which if enacted, would reaffirm that fiduciaries must select investments based solely on monetary return factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The proposal drew quick ire from advocacy and financial groups, including several state treasurers, who argued that taking climate change into account is a monetary factor. “The DOL proposal ignores the fact that funds that use ESG considerations have outperformed the market,” wrote Illinois State Treasurer Michael Frerichs in a press release. “As a fiduciary I believe it is my duty to consider material and systemic risks like those posed by the climate crisis, water scarcity and ineffective human capital management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">ESG funds aren’t without their faults, and most agree a green economy alone won’t solve the climate crisis. As a nascent market, ESG funds lack cohesive guidelines and methodologies for how to measure, report and enforce their environmental impact, said Gita Rao, a professor of finance at the MIT Sloan School of Management and a longtime investment consultant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“Part of the problem is we don’t have a set criteria,” Rao said. “We don’t have something that says, ‘If you are truly ESG, you should not be holding X, Y and Z.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">That ambiguity has allowed some funds to “greenwash,” she said, by claiming to be ESG while still holding companies with heavy carbon emissions. One BlackRock ESG index, for example, held\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/bf8b14cbffa5c3a1f10c6fd2702c7c38\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a significant share of ExxonMobil\u003c/a> back in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">There has been some progress on that front, and several groups have emerged to help banks standardize how they track, report and enforce ESG metrics in their portfolios. In July, Morgan Stanley joined one of those groups, the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials. Several other banks, including Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, Bank of America and JPMorgan Chase, joined the Rocky Mountain Institute’s Center for Climate-Aligned Finance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">While there are still issues to work out, ESG funds are still an effective way to transition to a cleaner economy, Rao said, especially if investor interest continues to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“Can we move money away from high-carbon companies? If the industry trend catches on in ESG the way it has in mainstream investment, absolutely — it will happen,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The risks of climate change and pressure from investors is driving the finance industry to move away from fossil fuels and improve its transparency.",
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"title": "Pandemic Galvanizes Money Managers Who See Climate Changes as Next Global Financial Crisis | KQED",
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"headline": "Pandemic Galvanizes Money Managers Who See Climate Changes as Next Global Financial Crisis",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was only back in January when Larry Fink announced that the world’s largest asset manager was making the risks associated with climate change a central tenet of how it did business and suggested that the rest of the financial world do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Climate change has become a defining factor in companies’ long-term prospects,” wrote Fink, the founder and chief executive of BlackRock, which handles nearly $7 trillion in investments, in his \u003ca href=\"https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/investor-relations/larry-fink-ceo-letter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">annual letter to shareholders\u003c/a>. “Awareness is rapidly changing, and I believe we are on the edge of a fundamental reshaping of finance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For those who had long been pressing investment banks and other asset managers to address their funding of the fossil fuel industry and other industries warming the climate, BlackRock’s announcement was a long-awaited and hard-fought victory. It signaled, advocacy groups said, that Wall Street’s elite were finally taking climate change seriously after more than a decade of pressure to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">So when the coronavirus pandemic hit less than two months later and all but derailed the global economy, many analysts expected the financial sector to walk back its newfound commitment to safeguarding the climate. Critics have long argued that the investment industry’s development of “socially responsible” funds — and particularly the ones tailored toward improving the environment — were simply marketing ploys meant to stir up business without making real changes. And in June, the Trump administration proposed a rule change that would make it harder for retirement plans to invest in those types of funds in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">But the pandemic hasn’t dissuaded investors from acting on climate change. And many analysts argue that the economic disaster caused by the virus has helped galvanize money managers — who now see climate change as the next global financial crisis — to more urgently protect their assets by transitioning away from high-carbon industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Since February, some of the world’s largest financial institutions have stopped putting their money behind\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04052020/oil-gas-banks-arctic-drilling-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> oil and gas drilling in the Arctic\u003c/a>, or into Canada’s particularly dirty\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/12/climate/blackrock-oil-sands-alberta-financing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> tar sands operations\u003c/a>. Investment funds geared toward either excluding the fossil fuel industry entirely, or underweighting high-carbon companies in their mix, have exploded with\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/07/sustainable-investing-is-set-to-surge-in-the-wake-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> record cash inflows\u003c/a>, despite the market turmoil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">In July, several top U.S. banks\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/22/fed-gets-new-carbon-warning-will-never-be-a-vaccine-for-climate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> funded the launch of a massive new climate initiative\u003c/a> aimed at spurring a quicker transition to a low-carbon economy, with Goldman Sachs pledging $750 billion through 2030 to address climate change in its operations, investments and financing. Morgan Stanley, too, made headlines when it announced, later that month, that it would become the first major U.S. bank to disclose how all of its investments and loans were contributing to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“The kind of change we’ve seen over the past six months indicates, in a new way, how important this issue is,” said Kirsten Spalding, senior program director for the advocacy investor group Ceres. “If this could happen with one virus, what are we waiting for in terms of climate change?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Say Banks’ Pledges Are Good, But Only a Start\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Morgan Stanley’s decision to disclose how its investments contribute to climate change is comparable to “admitting you’ve got a problem,” said longtime analyst Lila Holzman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Holzman, who manages the energy program for the prominent advocacy investment group As You Sow, has for years been pressuring banks like Morgan Stanley to disclose their financials in regard to global warming, but to no avail. “Now,” she said, “the institutions themselves are going to, in a sense, come clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Still, environmentalists say that Morgan Stanley’s pledge, the latest in a slew of pledges from banks over the last six months, is only a start. Admitting you have a problem is a good first step, Holzman said, but there is still a lot more work ahead, including setting specific targets to phase out companies with heavy carbon emissions from portfolios and creating detailed plans for how to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The reality is that even with recent pledges from banks to withdraw financial support from certain areas of fossil fuel development — mainly coal, Arctic drilling and oil sands projects — money managers are still bankrolling new fossil fuel development elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Between 2016 and 2019, 35 banks doled out $2.7 trillion for fossil fuel projects, according to the environmental group\u003ca href=\"https://www.ran.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/BOCC__2020_Summary_vENG_spread.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Rainforest Action Network\u003c/a>. Several U.S. banks accounted for a good chunk of that funding, with JPMorgan Chase having supplied $269 billion and Morgan Stanley having given $92 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Holzman said that’s exactly why banks should be more transparent about the impact and risks of their investments regarding climate change. If investors want to avoid funds that they believe exacerbate climate change, or puts their assets at risk from its effects, they currently don’t have good information to help them make that decision, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1968272 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/BankFossilFuelInvestChart529px_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/BankFossilFuelInvestChart529px_1.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/BankFossilFuelInvestChart529px_1-160x130.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Holzman said that’s exactly why banks should be more transparent about the impact and risks of their investments regarding climate change. If investors want to avoid funds that they believe exacerbate climate change, or puts their assets at risk from its effects, they currently don’t have good information to help them make that decision, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Both Holzman and Ceres’ Spalding hope Morgan Stanley’s decision will encourage other banks to voluntarily disclose their own finances in relation to climate change. They both expect governments to implement laws that would require banks to do so in the coming decades — although those regulations will likely be passed in Europe long before being adopted in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Banks and other asset managers have terrible track records in adopting measures to increase their transparency regarding climate-related risks to their finances. The boards of both BlackRock and Vanguard — another major investment firm — have voted overwhelmingly against shareholder resolutions meant to address global warming, including those requiring asset managers to disclose climate-related risks, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.majorityaction.us/asset-manager-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a report from the shareholder advocacy group Majority Action\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">But analysts say banks are starting to come around when it comes to climate-related resolutions. In May, the board of JPMorgan Chase voted to remove former ExxonMobil CEO Lee Raymond as the board’s lead independent director, amid pressure from climate activists. And in June, at the behest of European bank BNP Paribas, Chevron’s board\u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/news-center/press-releases/climate-action-100-investor-signatories-achieve-major-gains-during-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> voted for the first time ever\u003c/a> to align the oil giant with the Paris climate accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“They’ve really come a long way to recognize their role in contributing to climate change,” Holzman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>’Social Good’ Funds Growing Fast, But a Trump Proposal Could Stifle Them\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Growing investor demand to address climate change has also spurred an explosion in so-called ESG funds — investment funds that attempt to do “social good,” by taking environmental, societal and corporate governance factors into account, rather than looking at financials alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Last year, there were a staggering 37,000 index funds worldwide that tracked companies according to their ESG risk and performance profiles,\u003ca href=\"https://www.ethicalcorp.com/csr-cheat-sheet-esg-investors-turn-heat-blackrock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Reuters reported\u003c/a>. That’s a 60% increase from a year earlier, with ESG indexes being the fastest growing segment of the market. And so far this year, ESG funds have seen a record inflow of cash — more than $45 billion — despite the pandemic, with U.S. funds exceeding $10 billion, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/07/sustainable-investing-is-set-to-surge-in-the-wake-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a report from CNBC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">But a Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-06-30/pdf/2020-13705.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">proposal\u003c/a>, if finalized, could slow that growth by making it harder for pension plans to invest their money into such funds. In June, the Department of Labor proposed amendments to the investment duties regulation under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, which if enacted, would reaffirm that fiduciaries must select investments based solely on monetary return factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The proposal drew quick ire from advocacy and financial groups, including several state treasurers, who argued that taking climate change into account is a monetary factor. “The DOL proposal ignores the fact that funds that use ESG considerations have outperformed the market,” wrote Illinois State Treasurer Michael Frerichs in a press release. “As a fiduciary I believe it is my duty to consider material and systemic risks like those posed by the climate crisis, water scarcity and ineffective human capital management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">ESG funds aren’t without their faults, and most agree a green economy alone won’t solve the climate crisis. As a nascent market, ESG funds lack cohesive guidelines and methodologies for how to measure, report and enforce their environmental impact, said Gita Rao, a professor of finance at the MIT Sloan School of Management and a longtime investment consultant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“Part of the problem is we don’t have a set criteria,” Rao said. “We don’t have something that says, ‘If you are truly ESG, you should not be holding X, Y and Z.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">That ambiguity has allowed some funds to “greenwash,” she said, by claiming to be ESG while still holding companies with heavy carbon emissions. One BlackRock ESG index, for example, held\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/bf8b14cbffa5c3a1f10c6fd2702c7c38\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a significant share of ExxonMobil\u003c/a> back in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">There has been some progress on that front, and several groups have emerged to help banks standardize how they track, report and enforce ESG metrics in their portfolios. In July, Morgan Stanley joined one of those groups, the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials. Several other banks, including Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, Bank of America and JPMorgan Chase, joined the Rocky Mountain Institute’s Center for Climate-Aligned Finance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">While there are still issues to work out, ESG funds are still an effective way to transition to a cleaner economy, Rao said, especially if investor interest continues to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“Can we move money away from high-carbon companies? If the industry trend catches on in ESG the way it has in mainstream investment, absolutely — it will happen,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The US Has a Dwindling Number of Months to Contain COVID-19 Before a Winter Surge",
"headTitle": "The US Has a Dwindling Number of Months to Contain COVID-19 Before a Winter Surge | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he good news: The United States has a window of opportunity to beat back COVID-19 before things get much, much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news: That window is rapidly closing. And the country seems unwilling or unable to seize the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is coming. Winter means cold and flu season, which is all but sure to complicate the task of figuring out who is sick with COVID-19 and who is suffering from a less threatening respiratory tract infection. It also means that cherished outdoor freedoms that link us to pre-COVID life — pop-up restaurant patios, picnics in parks, trips to the beach — will soon be out of reach, at least in northern parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless Americans use the dwindling weeks between now and the onset of “indoor weather” to tamp down transmission in the country, this winter could be Dickensianly bleak, public health experts warn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think November, December, January, February are going to be tough months in this country without a vaccine,” said Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is possible, of course, that some vaccines could be approved by then, thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/30/a-huge-experiment-how-the-world-made-so-much-progress-on-a-covid-19-vaccine-so-fast/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">historically rapid scientific work\u003c/a>. But there is little prospect that vast numbers of Americans will be vaccinated in time to forestall the grim winter Osterholm and others foresee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human coronaviruses, the distant cold-causing cousins of the virus that causes COVID-19, circulate year-round. Now is typically the low season for transmission. But in this summer of America’s failed COVID-19 response, the SARS-CoV-2 virus is widespread across the country, and pandemic-weary Americans seem more interested in resuming pre-COVID lifestyles than in suppressing the virus to the point where schools can be reopened, and stay open, and restaurants, movie theaters, and gyms can function with some restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be aiming for no transmission before we open the schools and we put kids in harm’s way — kids and teachers and their caregivers. And so, if that means no gym, no movie theaters, so be it,” said Caroline Buckee, associate director of the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics at Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We seem to be choosing leisure activities now over children’s safety in a month’s time. And I cannot understand that trade-off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many countries managed to suppress the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the United States has failed miserably. Countries in Europe and Asia are worrying about a second wave. Here, the first wave rages on, engulfing rural as well as urban parts of the country. Though there’s been a slight decline in cases in the past couple of weeks, more than 50,000 Americans a day are being diagnosed with COVID-19. And those are just the confirmed cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put that in perspective, at this rate the U.S. is racking up more cases in a week than Britain has accumulated since the start of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials had hoped transmission of the virus would abate with the warm temperatures of summer and the tendency — heightened this year — of people to take their recreational activities outdoors. Experts do believe people are less likely to transmit the virus outside, especially if they are wearing face coverings and keeping a safe distance apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in some places, people have been throwing COVID cautions to the wind, flouting public health orders in the process. Kristen Ehresmann, director of infectious disease epidemiology, prevention, and control for the Minnesota Department of Health, points to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.citypages.com/news/minnesota-sues-rodeo-for-flouting-coronavirus-rules/571995611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">large, three-day rodeo\u003c/a> that was held recently in her state. Organizers knew they were supposed to limit the number of attendees to 250 but refused; thousands attended. In Sturgis, South Dakota, an estimated quarter of a million motorcyclists were expected to descend on the city this past weekend for an annual rally that spans 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even on smaller scales, public health authorities know some people are letting down their guard. Others have never embraced the need to try to prevent the spread of the virus. Ehresmann’s father was recently invited to visit some friends; he went, she said, but wore his mask, elbow bumping instead of shaking proffered hands. “And the people kind of acted like … ‘Oh, you drank that Kool-Aid,’ rather than, ‘We all need to be doing this.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ehresmann and others in public health are flummoxed by the phenomenon of people refusing to acknowledge the risk the virus poses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just this idea of, ‘I just don’t want to believe it so therefore it’s not going to be true’ — honestly, I have not really dealt with that as it relates to disease before,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckee, the Harvard expert, wonders if the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/20/the-months-of-magical-thinking-as-the-coronavirus-swept-over-china-some-experts-were-in-denial-about-what-was-to-come/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">magical thinking\u003c/a> that seems to have infected swaths of the country is due to the fact many of the people who have died were elderly. For many Americans, she said, the disease has not yet touched their lives — but the movement restrictions and other response measures have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if children were dying, this would be … a different situation, quite honestly,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epidemiologist Michael Mina despairs that an important chance to wrestle the virus under control is being lost, as Americans ignore the realities of the pandemic in favor of trying to resume pre-COVID life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just continue to squander every bit of opportunity we get with this epidemic to get it under control,’’ said Mina, an assistant professor at Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health and associate medical director of clinical microbiology at Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best time to squash a pandemic is when the environmental characteristics slow transmission. It’s your one opportunity in the year, really, to leverage that extra assistance and get transmission under control,” he said, his frustration audible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving back transmission would require people to continue to make sacrifices, to accept the fact that life post-COVID cannot proceed as normal, not while so many people remain vulnerable to the virus. Instead, people are giddily throwing off the shackles of coronavirus suppression efforts, seemingly convinced that a few weeks of sacrifice during the spring was a one-time solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osterholm has for months warned that people were being misled about how long the restrictions on daily life would need to be in place. He now thinks the time has come for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/opinion/coronavirus-lockdown-unemployment-death.html?searchResultPosition=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">another lockdown\u003c/a>. “What we did before and more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country has fallen into a dangerous pattern, Osterholm said, where a spike in cases in a location leads to some temporary restraint from people who eventually become alarmed enough to start to take precautions. But as soon as cases start to plateau or decline a little, victory over the virus is declared and people think it’s safe to resume normal life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like an all or nothing phenomenon, right?” said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases. “You all locked down or you get so discouraged with being lockdown that you decide you’re going to be in crowded bars … you can have indoor parties with no masks. You can do all the things that are going to get you in trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osterholm said with the K-12 school year resuming in some parts of the country or set to start — along with universities — in a few weeks, transmission will take off and cases will start to climb again. He predicted the next peaks will “exceed by far the peak we have just experienced. Winter is only going to reinforce that. Indoor air,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckee thinks that if the country doesn’t alter the trajectory it is on, more shutdowns are inevitable. “I can’t see a way that we’re going to have restaurants and bars open in the winter, frankly. We’ll have resurgence. Everything will get shut down again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci favors a reset of the reopening measures, with a strong messaging component aimed at explaining to people why driving down transmission now will pay off later. Young people in particular need to understand that even if they are less likely to die from COVID-19, statistically speaking, transmission among 20-somethings will eventually lead to infections among their parents and grandparents, where the risk of severe infections and fatal outcomes is higher. (Young people can also develop long-term health problems as a result of the virus.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not them alone in a vacuum,” Fauci said. “They are spreading it to the people who are going to wind up in the hospital.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone has to work together to get cases down to more manageable levels, if the country hopes to avoid “a disastrous winter,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we can get it under much better control, between now and the mid-to-late fall when we get influenza or we get whatever it is we get in the fall and the winter. I’m not giving up,” Fauci said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But without an all-in effort “the cases are not going to come down,” he warned. “They’re not. They’re just not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Americans must use the weeks between now and the onset of “indoor weather” to tamp down coronavirus transmission, experts warn. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he good news: The United States has a window of opportunity to beat back COVID-19 before things get much, much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news: That window is rapidly closing. And the country seems unwilling or unable to seize the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is coming. Winter means cold and flu season, which is all but sure to complicate the task of figuring out who is sick with COVID-19 and who is suffering from a less threatening respiratory tract infection. It also means that cherished outdoor freedoms that link us to pre-COVID life — pop-up restaurant patios, picnics in parks, trips to the beach — will soon be out of reach, at least in northern parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless Americans use the dwindling weeks between now and the onset of “indoor weather” to tamp down transmission in the country, this winter could be Dickensianly bleak, public health experts warn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think November, December, January, February are going to be tough months in this country without a vaccine,” said Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is possible, of course, that some vaccines could be approved by then, thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/30/a-huge-experiment-how-the-world-made-so-much-progress-on-a-covid-19-vaccine-so-fast/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">historically rapid scientific work\u003c/a>. But there is little prospect that vast numbers of Americans will be vaccinated in time to forestall the grim winter Osterholm and others foresee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human coronaviruses, the distant cold-causing cousins of the virus that causes COVID-19, circulate year-round. Now is typically the low season for transmission. But in this summer of America’s failed COVID-19 response, the SARS-CoV-2 virus is widespread across the country, and pandemic-weary Americans seem more interested in resuming pre-COVID lifestyles than in suppressing the virus to the point where schools can be reopened, and stay open, and restaurants, movie theaters, and gyms can function with some restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be aiming for no transmission before we open the schools and we put kids in harm’s way — kids and teachers and their caregivers. And so, if that means no gym, no movie theaters, so be it,” said Caroline Buckee, associate director of the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics at Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We seem to be choosing leisure activities now over children’s safety in a month’s time. And I cannot understand that trade-off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many countries managed to suppress the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the United States has failed miserably. Countries in Europe and Asia are worrying about a second wave. Here, the first wave rages on, engulfing rural as well as urban parts of the country. Though there’s been a slight decline in cases in the past couple of weeks, more than 50,000 Americans a day are being diagnosed with COVID-19. And those are just the confirmed cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put that in perspective, at this rate the U.S. is racking up more cases in a week than Britain has accumulated since the start of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials had hoped transmission of the virus would abate with the warm temperatures of summer and the tendency — heightened this year — of people to take their recreational activities outdoors. Experts do believe people are less likely to transmit the virus outside, especially if they are wearing face coverings and keeping a safe distance apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in some places, people have been throwing COVID cautions to the wind, flouting public health orders in the process. Kristen Ehresmann, director of infectious disease epidemiology, prevention, and control for the Minnesota Department of Health, points to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.citypages.com/news/minnesota-sues-rodeo-for-flouting-coronavirus-rules/571995611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">large, three-day rodeo\u003c/a> that was held recently in her state. Organizers knew they were supposed to limit the number of attendees to 250 but refused; thousands attended. In Sturgis, South Dakota, an estimated quarter of a million motorcyclists were expected to descend on the city this past weekend for an annual rally that spans 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even on smaller scales, public health authorities know some people are letting down their guard. Others have never embraced the need to try to prevent the spread of the virus. Ehresmann’s father was recently invited to visit some friends; he went, she said, but wore his mask, elbow bumping instead of shaking proffered hands. “And the people kind of acted like … ‘Oh, you drank that Kool-Aid,’ rather than, ‘We all need to be doing this.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ehresmann and others in public health are flummoxed by the phenomenon of people refusing to acknowledge the risk the virus poses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just this idea of, ‘I just don’t want to believe it so therefore it’s not going to be true’ — honestly, I have not really dealt with that as it relates to disease before,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckee, the Harvard expert, wonders if the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/20/the-months-of-magical-thinking-as-the-coronavirus-swept-over-china-some-experts-were-in-denial-about-what-was-to-come/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">magical thinking\u003c/a> that seems to have infected swaths of the country is due to the fact many of the people who have died were elderly. For many Americans, she said, the disease has not yet touched their lives — but the movement restrictions and other response measures have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if children were dying, this would be … a different situation, quite honestly,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epidemiologist Michael Mina despairs that an important chance to wrestle the virus under control is being lost, as Americans ignore the realities of the pandemic in favor of trying to resume pre-COVID life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just continue to squander every bit of opportunity we get with this epidemic to get it under control,’’ said Mina, an assistant professor at Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health and associate medical director of clinical microbiology at Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best time to squash a pandemic is when the environmental characteristics slow transmission. It’s your one opportunity in the year, really, to leverage that extra assistance and get transmission under control,” he said, his frustration audible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving back transmission would require people to continue to make sacrifices, to accept the fact that life post-COVID cannot proceed as normal, not while so many people remain vulnerable to the virus. Instead, people are giddily throwing off the shackles of coronavirus suppression efforts, seemingly convinced that a few weeks of sacrifice during the spring was a one-time solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osterholm has for months warned that people were being misled about how long the restrictions on daily life would need to be in place. He now thinks the time has come for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/opinion/coronavirus-lockdown-unemployment-death.html?searchResultPosition=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">another lockdown\u003c/a>. “What we did before and more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country has fallen into a dangerous pattern, Osterholm said, where a spike in cases in a location leads to some temporary restraint from people who eventually become alarmed enough to start to take precautions. But as soon as cases start to plateau or decline a little, victory over the virus is declared and people think it’s safe to resume normal life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like an all or nothing phenomenon, right?” said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases. “You all locked down or you get so discouraged with being lockdown that you decide you’re going to be in crowded bars … you can have indoor parties with no masks. You can do all the things that are going to get you in trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osterholm said with the K-12 school year resuming in some parts of the country or set to start — along with universities — in a few weeks, transmission will take off and cases will start to climb again. He predicted the next peaks will “exceed by far the peak we have just experienced. Winter is only going to reinforce that. Indoor air,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckee thinks that if the country doesn’t alter the trajectory it is on, more shutdowns are inevitable. “I can’t see a way that we’re going to have restaurants and bars open in the winter, frankly. We’ll have resurgence. Everything will get shut down again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci favors a reset of the reopening measures, with a strong messaging component aimed at explaining to people why driving down transmission now will pay off later. Young people in particular need to understand that even if they are less likely to die from COVID-19, statistically speaking, transmission among 20-somethings will eventually lead to infections among their parents and grandparents, where the risk of severe infections and fatal outcomes is higher. (Young people can also develop long-term health problems as a result of the virus.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not them alone in a vacuum,” Fauci said. “They are spreading it to the people who are going to wind up in the hospital.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone has to work together to get cases down to more manageable levels, if the country hopes to avoid “a disastrous winter,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we can get it under much better control, between now and the mid-to-late fall when we get influenza or we get whatever it is we get in the fall and the winter. I’m not giving up,” Fauci said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But without an all-in effort “the cases are not going to come down,” he warned. “They’re not. They’re just not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "california-ag-wants-more-companies-to-be-able-to-make-covid-19-drug",
"title": "California AG Wants More Companies to Be Able to Make COVID-19 Drug",
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"content": "\u003cp>Doctors say the antiviral drug remdesivir is one of the few treatments that benefits patients hospitalized with COVID-19. But the drug, made by Gilead Sciences, can cost more than $3,000 for the full course of treatment, and some hospitals — including several in the Bay Area — say it’s in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gilead.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Foster City-based Gilead\u003c/a> is currently the only company making remdesivir, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amerisourcebergen.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AmerisourceBergen\u003c/a> is the sole distributor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra \u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/Remdesivir%20Letter%2020200804.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to federal health officials, urging them to allow other companies to manufacture and distribute the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter, which was addressed to top officials at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institutes of Health, and the federal Food and Drug Administration, was endorsed by a bipartisan coalition of 34 state attorneys general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead has \u003ca href=\"https://www.gilead.com/purpose/advancing-global-health/covid-19/working-to-supply-remdesivir-for-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announced plans\u003c/a> to make 2 million courses of remdesivir, which can be either six or 10 vials, by the end of the year. Becerra’s letter calls that amount “dangerously low” to handle current or future coronavirus outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says now is the time to produce more of the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Gilead is not prepared to do it,” he said, “We have the right to say we’re going to try to do whatever we can, go wherever we must, to ramp up the supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No ‘Secret Sauce’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the development of remdesivir was supported in part by federal tax dollars, including a $30 million NIH-funded clinical trial, Becerra says there are legal grounds for Washington to intervene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as if there’s a secret sauce here,” Becerra told KQED. “Folks know how to make this drug and the taxpayers helped make that drug possible. Let’s get it out there to folks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-94/pdf/STATUTE-94-Pg3015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bayh-Dole Act\u003c/a>, the letter says, the federal government could make Gilead license its remdesivir patent to third party manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An HHS spokesperson wrote in an email that because remdesivir wasn’t, “as a whole,” funded by the federal government, it doesn’t believe the Bayh-Dole Act applies in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead said in a statement it was “deeply disappointed” by the letter, and that it misrepresented the overall need for its drug:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“One significant factual error is the assertion that all 3.5 million current COVID-19 patients should be treated with remdesivir. This assertion ignores the fact that not all COVID-19 patients are eligible to be treated with remdesivir and, thankfully, many will recover prior to hospitalization and never need the drug.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Remdesivir was shown in one \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1963229/government-study-shows-patients-responding-to-coronavirus-treatment-drugmaker-gilead-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">controlled clinical trial\u003c/a> to reduce median COVID-19 hospital stays by about four days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Desperate Hospitals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, an infectious disease specialist at UCSF, says that on Tuesday the hospital was down to two vials of remdesivir, with another shipment expected, but not guaranteed, to arrive soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chin-Hong says local hospitals have sent each other vials of remdesivir, when able, so that their COVID-19 patients can get the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re definitely desperate for the drug,” said Chin-Hong. “At the clinical end, health care providers currently in 2020 spend a disproportionate amount of time bartering [the] drug, sourcing the drug, trying to play remdesivir Tetris where we’re constantly figuring out, do we have enough?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the expectation of another coronavirus surge this winter, Chin-Hong says suppliers need to come together to make more remdesivir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The timing of the attorney general’s letter is actually perfect,” he said, “because if we decide to do something now, we could have an impact on that winter surge.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Doctors say the antiviral drug remdesivir is one of the few treatments that benefits patients hospitalized with COVID-19. But the drug, made by Gilead Sciences, can cost more than $3,000 for the full course of treatment, and some hospitals — including several in the Bay Area — say it’s in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gilead.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Foster City-based Gilead\u003c/a> is currently the only company making remdesivir, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amerisourcebergen.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AmerisourceBergen\u003c/a> is the sole distributor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra \u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/Remdesivir%20Letter%2020200804.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to federal health officials, urging them to allow other companies to manufacture and distribute the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter, which was addressed to top officials at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institutes of Health, and the federal Food and Drug Administration, was endorsed by a bipartisan coalition of 34 state attorneys general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead has \u003ca href=\"https://www.gilead.com/purpose/advancing-global-health/covid-19/working-to-supply-remdesivir-for-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announced plans\u003c/a> to make 2 million courses of remdesivir, which can be either six or 10 vials, by the end of the year. Becerra’s letter calls that amount “dangerously low” to handle current or future coronavirus outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says now is the time to produce more of the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Gilead is not prepared to do it,” he said, “We have the right to say we’re going to try to do whatever we can, go wherever we must, to ramp up the supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No ‘Secret Sauce’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the development of remdesivir was supported in part by federal tax dollars, including a $30 million NIH-funded clinical trial, Becerra says there are legal grounds for Washington to intervene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as if there’s a secret sauce here,” Becerra told KQED. “Folks know how to make this drug and the taxpayers helped make that drug possible. Let’s get it out there to folks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-94/pdf/STATUTE-94-Pg3015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bayh-Dole Act\u003c/a>, the letter says, the federal government could make Gilead license its remdesivir patent to third party manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An HHS spokesperson wrote in an email that because remdesivir wasn’t, “as a whole,” funded by the federal government, it doesn’t believe the Bayh-Dole Act applies in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead said in a statement it was “deeply disappointed” by the letter, and that it misrepresented the overall need for its drug:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“One significant factual error is the assertion that all 3.5 million current COVID-19 patients should be treated with remdesivir. This assertion ignores the fact that not all COVID-19 patients are eligible to be treated with remdesivir and, thankfully, many will recover prior to hospitalization and never need the drug.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Remdesivir was shown in one \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1963229/government-study-shows-patients-responding-to-coronavirus-treatment-drugmaker-gilead-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">controlled clinical trial\u003c/a> to reduce median COVID-19 hospital stays by about four days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Desperate Hospitals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, an infectious disease specialist at UCSF, says that on Tuesday the hospital was down to two vials of remdesivir, with another shipment expected, but not guaranteed, to arrive soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chin-Hong says local hospitals have sent each other vials of remdesivir, when able, so that their COVID-19 patients can get the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re definitely desperate for the drug,” said Chin-Hong. “At the clinical end, health care providers currently in 2020 spend a disproportionate amount of time bartering [the] drug, sourcing the drug, trying to play remdesivir Tetris where we’re constantly figuring out, do we have enough?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the expectation of another coronavirus surge this winter, Chin-Hong says suppliers need to come together to make more remdesivir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The timing of the attorney general’s letter is actually perfect,” he said, “because if we decide to do something now, we could have an impact on that winter surge.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Here's Why Medical Experts Say College Football Should Be Sidelined During Pandemic",
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"content": "\u003cp>Experts say it’s possible for athletes to play football safely during the COVID-19 pandemic — with the right protective measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But college football poses its own risks. With athletes attending class and living the freewheeling campus lifestyle, it’s a much more challenging prospect, according to leading Bay Area doctors and epidemiologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The players are supposed to go to school, too, the last time I checked,” said George Rutherford, an epidemiologist at UCSF. “Locker room, games, practices, weight training, all that can be made safe through testing, cleaning, wearing masks, improved ventilation in weight rooms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in a contact sport like football, the risk of transmission can be lowered if the game is played outside and helmets are outfitted with face-shields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the wild card is what happens when they walk out into the general student body,” says Rutherford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With confirmed coronavirus cases inside major football programs like \u003ca href=\"https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/29559800/rutgers-football-covid-19-outbreak-linked-campus-party\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Rutgers\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/college/2020/06/20/lsu-football-players-quarantined-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">LSU\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, athletes are growing increasingly concerned about catching and transmitting the virus. Some are accusing league officials of failing to meet calls for improving safety measures, while exploiting the athletes for the economic gain of the school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Players Go Public\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dissatisfied with how their universities have handled the pandemic, a group of a dozen Pac-12 football players threatened to opt out of the season in an open \u003ca href=\"https://www.theplayerstribune.com/en-us/articles/pac-12-players-covid-19-statement-football-season\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">letter\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to conference managers, published over the weekend and distributed on social media with the hashtag #WeAreUnited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/peneisewell58/status/1289974930155569153?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are being asked to play college sports in a pandemic in a system without enforced health and safety standards, and without transparency about COVID cases on our teams, the risks to ourselves, our families, and our communities,” the letter reads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The players say they’ve been communicating with more than 400 of their peers throughout the Pac-12, the Associated Press \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/f23c78cc8d09e6adc1797964d57bd40b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The players tied the actions to what they describe as the league’s failure to meet a broader range of social justice commitments. They demand that universities distribute half of the revenue generated by each sport among the athletes, stop requiring athletes to sign coronavirus liability waivers, provide extended health insurance and develop a social justice task force. In recent years, \u003ca href=\"https://morningconsult.com/2019/03/20/racial-divides-persist-on-compensation-for-student-athletes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nearly half\u003c/a> of Division I men’s football players were Black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“The lack of regard for our health and safety is central to the systemic racial injustices imposed by NCAA sports that disproportionately exploits Black athletes physically, academically, and financially,” they wrote in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/college/2020/08/04/pac-12-responds-to-players-threatening-boycott-season\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">email\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to league officials. \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align='right' citation='Brian Feeley, UCSF']‘As much as I love football, as much as I love college sports — my gut instinct is that we should hold off.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a two-page response letter, Pac-12 Commissioner Larry Scott, agreed to speak with the players, Sports Illustrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/college/2020/08/04/pac-12-responds-to-players-threatening-boycott-season\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">reported\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the letter, Scott said that player health is the league’s \u003cspan class=\"s3\">“No. 1 priority,” and “We support any student-athlete who chooses to opt out for health and safety reasons.” For players with pro football aspirations, opting out of a season could have enormous career consequences.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mercury News \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/04/pac-12-boycott-threat-examining-the-players-demands-and-commissioner-larry-scotts-response-item-by-item/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> that players and the conference appear close on some matters and “galaxies apart on others.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/wilnerhotline/status/1290722923943100418?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Long-Term Health Risks\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Feeley, chief of sports medicine at UCSF, says the long-term health impacts of COVID-19 need to be better understood. By example he points to Eduardo Rodriguez, ace pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, who suffered only minor symptoms of COVID-19, only to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/08/02/red-sox-ace-27-wont-pitch-this-season-because-heart-ailment-linked-covid-19/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">sidelined\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for the season due to inflammation around his heart linked to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“To be honest — as much as I love football, as much as I love college sports — my gut instinct is that we should hold off until we know more about the disease process and potentially even have a vaccine,” Feeley tells KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sports are important,” he says, adding, “They’re not as important as your livelihood and your life. Setting people up for long-term disability when they’re already inherently at risk from playing sports — it is not worth the risk at this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassandra Lee, a physician and chief of sports service at UC Davis, agrees that with face shields, aggressive testing and other protective measures, the risk of coronavirus infection during the game is less. But she wonders if athletes kept up with their training during government-mandated shelter-in-place orders, and she worries about players getting hurt while competing in less than peak condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“These high-level athletes are working out, training hard and then they get the rug pulled out from under them in early spring,” she says. “We joke that we’ve all gained the ‘COVID 20.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dean Winslow, an infectious disease specialist at Stanford, says the NBA has demonstrated that contact sports can be safer for players with aggressive testing and isolation. The league built a quarantine zone inside Disney World designed to shield players and staff from exposure to the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The NBA did it right,” he says, but questioned whether that could be replicated at universities and state schools with fewer resources and where college athletes are free to eat at restaurants, attend parties and drink at bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my mind, these are more significant factors for transmission than athletes acquiring infection from the actual sport,” Winslow says. \u003cspan class=\"s5\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Experts say it’s possible for athletes to play football safely during the COVID-19 pandemic — with the right protective measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But college football poses its own risks. With athletes attending class and living the freewheeling campus lifestyle, it’s a much more challenging prospect, according to leading Bay Area doctors and epidemiologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The players are supposed to go to school, too, the last time I checked,” said George Rutherford, an epidemiologist at UCSF. “Locker room, games, practices, weight training, all that can be made safe through testing, cleaning, wearing masks, improved ventilation in weight rooms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in a contact sport like football, the risk of transmission can be lowered if the game is played outside and helmets are outfitted with face-shields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the wild card is what happens when they walk out into the general student body,” says Rutherford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With confirmed coronavirus cases inside major football programs like \u003ca href=\"https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/29559800/rutgers-football-covid-19-outbreak-linked-campus-party\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Rutgers\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/college/2020/06/20/lsu-football-players-quarantined-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">LSU\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, athletes are growing increasingly concerned about catching and transmitting the virus. Some are accusing league officials of failing to meet calls for improving safety measures, while exploiting the athletes for the economic gain of the school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Players Go Public\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dissatisfied with how their universities have handled the pandemic, a group of a dozen Pac-12 football players threatened to opt out of the season in an open \u003ca href=\"https://www.theplayerstribune.com/en-us/articles/pac-12-players-covid-19-statement-football-season\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">letter\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to conference managers, published over the weekend and distributed on social media with the hashtag #WeAreUnited.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>“We are being asked to play college sports in a pandemic in a system without enforced health and safety standards, and without transparency about COVID cases on our teams, the risks to ourselves, our families, and our communities,” the letter reads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The players say they’ve been communicating with more than 400 of their peers throughout the Pac-12, the Associated Press \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/f23c78cc8d09e6adc1797964d57bd40b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The players tied the actions to what they describe as the league’s failure to meet a broader range of social justice commitments. They demand that universities distribute half of the revenue generated by each sport among the athletes, stop requiring athletes to sign coronavirus liability waivers, provide extended health insurance and develop a social justice task force. In recent years, \u003ca href=\"https://morningconsult.com/2019/03/20/racial-divides-persist-on-compensation-for-student-athletes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nearly half\u003c/a> of Division I men’s football players were Black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“The lack of regard for our health and safety is central to the systemic racial injustices imposed by NCAA sports that disproportionately exploits Black athletes physically, academically, and financially,” they wrote in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/college/2020/08/04/pac-12-responds-to-players-threatening-boycott-season\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">email\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to league officials. \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a two-page response letter, Pac-12 Commissioner Larry Scott, agreed to speak with the players, Sports Illustrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/college/2020/08/04/pac-12-responds-to-players-threatening-boycott-season\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">reported\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the letter, Scott said that player health is the league’s \u003cspan class=\"s3\">“No. 1 priority,” and “We support any student-athlete who chooses to opt out for health and safety reasons.” For players with pro football aspirations, opting out of a season could have enormous career consequences.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mercury News \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/04/pac-12-boycott-threat-examining-the-players-demands-and-commissioner-larry-scotts-response-item-by-item/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> that players and the conference appear close on some matters and “galaxies apart on others.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Long-Term Health Risks\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Feeley, chief of sports medicine at UCSF, says the long-term health impacts of COVID-19 need to be better understood. By example he points to Eduardo Rodriguez, ace pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, who suffered only minor symptoms of COVID-19, only to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/08/02/red-sox-ace-27-wont-pitch-this-season-because-heart-ailment-linked-covid-19/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">sidelined\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for the season due to inflammation around his heart linked to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“To be honest — as much as I love football, as much as I love college sports — my gut instinct is that we should hold off until we know more about the disease process and potentially even have a vaccine,” Feeley tells KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sports are important,” he says, adding, “They’re not as important as your livelihood and your life. Setting people up for long-term disability when they’re already inherently at risk from playing sports — it is not worth the risk at this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassandra Lee, a physician and chief of sports service at UC Davis, agrees that with face shields, aggressive testing and other protective measures, the risk of coronavirus infection during the game is less. But she wonders if athletes kept up with their training during government-mandated shelter-in-place orders, and she worries about players getting hurt while competing in less than peak condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“These high-level athletes are working out, training hard and then they get the rug pulled out from under them in early spring,” she says. “We joke that we’ve all gained the ‘COVID 20.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dean Winslow, an infectious disease specialist at Stanford, says the NBA has demonstrated that contact sports can be safer for players with aggressive testing and isolation. The league built a quarantine zone inside Disney World designed to shield players and staff from exposure to the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The NBA did it right,” he says, but questioned whether that could be replicated at universities and state schools with fewer resources and where college athletes are free to eat at restaurants, attend parties and drink at bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my mind, these are more significant factors for transmission than athletes acquiring infection from the actual sport,” Winslow says. \u003cspan class=\"s5\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">A possible link between air quality and the coronavirus is about to go under the microscope in a state-sponsored research effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Since the early days of this pandemic, public health officials have suspected there is a direct link between dirty air and serious illness or even death from COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Air pollution damages the lungs and can cause inflammation and interfere with normal immune functions, two factors that could increase susceptibility to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In April, researchers at Harvard released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/air-pollution-linked-with-higher-covid-19-death-rates/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">nationwide study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that found a large overlap between counties with long-term exposure to pollution and deaths from this coronavirus.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, published as a preprint study, concluded that COVID-19 patients in areas with high levels of air pollution before the pandemic are more likely to die from the virus than people who live in places with cleaner air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months since the study was published, the virus has spread to all corners of California, which recently passed the grim milestone of being the first state in the nation with a half-million infections. Statistics \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11813696/latinos-around-the-bay-area-are-disproportionately-affected-by-covid-19\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">show\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the disease disproportionately affects communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.phi.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Public Health Institute\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based nonprofit health organization, and UCSF are launching a joint study funded by the California Air Resources Board to examine the link between dirty air and disparate health outcomes at the neighborhood level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s already evident that low-income communities of color in California are at disproportionate risk of getting COVID-19, and also at increased risk of hospitalization and death,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.phi.org/experts/gina-solomon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gina Solomon\u003c/a>, the lead researcher on the study.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“That’s a stark and horrifying fact already from the data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An open question, she says, is the extent to which air pollution is contributing to these health impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Harvard study examined data at the county level, but research has shown that air quality can vary wildly among neighborhoods and even individual\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1955755/a-fleet-of-cars-will-collect-bay-area-air-quality-data-block-by-block-24-7\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> city blocks\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solomon says it’s important for researchers to examine the “differences in air quality and health vulnerabilities across the counties,” as well as to examine the impact of recent exposure to air pollution along with long-term exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Her team will be analyzing local air quality models and exposure to particulate matter, ozone, smog, nitrogen oxides from diesel trucks and other air pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re already seeing higher rates of COVID in communities,” said Solomon. “For example, in the L.A. area, in Imperial County, Riverside County, where we see bad air locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The researchers will look closely at data in the neighborhoods of West Oakland, Bayview-Hunters Point, Richmond and other communities in the Bay Area with heavy diesel truck traffic and dirtier air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solomon says the results of the study could be available as soon as the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">A possible link between air quality and the coronavirus is about to go under the microscope in a state-sponsored research effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Since the early days of this pandemic, public health officials have suspected there is a direct link between dirty air and serious illness or even death from COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Air pollution damages the lungs and can cause inflammation and interfere with normal immune functions, two factors that could increase susceptibility to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In April, researchers at Harvard released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/air-pollution-linked-with-higher-covid-19-death-rates/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">nationwide study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that found a large overlap between counties with long-term exposure to pollution and deaths from this coronavirus.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, published as a preprint study, concluded that COVID-19 patients in areas with high levels of air pollution before the pandemic are more likely to die from the virus than people who live in places with cleaner air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months since the study was published, the virus has spread to all corners of California, which recently passed the grim milestone of being the first state in the nation with a half-million infections. Statistics \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11813696/latinos-around-the-bay-area-are-disproportionately-affected-by-covid-19\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">show\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the disease disproportionately affects communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.phi.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Public Health Institute\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based nonprofit health organization, and UCSF are launching a joint study funded by the California Air Resources Board to examine the link between dirty air and disparate health outcomes at the neighborhood level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s already evident that low-income communities of color in California are at disproportionate risk of getting COVID-19, and also at increased risk of hospitalization and death,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.phi.org/experts/gina-solomon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gina Solomon\u003c/a>, the lead researcher on the study.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“That’s a stark and horrifying fact already from the data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An open question, she says, is the extent to which air pollution is contributing to these health impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Harvard study examined data at the county level, but research has shown that air quality can vary wildly among neighborhoods and even individual\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1955755/a-fleet-of-cars-will-collect-bay-area-air-quality-data-block-by-block-24-7\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> city blocks\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solomon says it’s important for researchers to examine the “differences in air quality and health vulnerabilities across the counties,” as well as to examine the impact of recent exposure to air pollution along with long-term exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Her team will be analyzing local air quality models and exposure to particulate matter, ozone, smog, nitrogen oxides from diesel trucks and other air pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re already seeing higher rates of COVID in communities,” said Solomon. “For example, in the L.A. area, in Imperial County, Riverside County, where we see bad air locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The researchers will look closely at data in the neighborhoods of West Oakland, Bayview-Hunters Point, Richmond and other communities in the Bay Area with heavy diesel truck traffic and dirtier air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solomon says the results of the study could be available as soon as the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU_Fom02PIw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When shelter-in-place orders began in March, memes about how “\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/mar/22/shakespeare-in-lockdown-did-he-write-king-lear-in-plague-quarantine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shakespeare wrote King Lear in quarantine\u003c/a>” were impossible to miss on the internet. It was a way for droves of suddenly homebound people to joke about how to use this unprecedented time to focus on creative projects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/bobvulfov/status/1238896746689974280\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since then, we’ve seen countless coronavirus-inspired \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13876781/surprisingly-good-coronavirus-songs-to-stream-while-youre-sheltering-in-place\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">songs\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Add to the list a music video from Nicholas Braun called “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibodies (Do You Have The),”\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a (very) of-the-moment hook-up song that’s as cautious as it is anthemic. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Braun, who may be better known to “Succession” fans as Greg Hirsh (or to “Sky High” fans as Zach Springer) has actually been \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/nicholasbraun\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">making music for years\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> alongside his acting career. This latest single is a collaboration with PLUS1, and a portion of the proceeds from the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.doyouhavetheantibodies.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">single and merch\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sales will go toward Partners In Health and the COPE Program. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From the video’s website, “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This partnership will empower \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pih.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Partners In Health\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to control the spread of COVID-19 and ensure the most vulnerable people around the world receive access to dignified healthcare. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.copeprogram.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">COPE Program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will work to bring equity of care and essential supplies and goods to the people of the Navajo Nation, the area that currently has the highest death rate from COVID-19 in the U.S.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check out the video for yourself, and watch for B-roll footage of Gov. Gavin Newsom with the lyrics, “I’ve been waiting patiently, I obeyed the rules / Now I’m ready to break them on you, no more sending nudes.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/wU_Fom02PIw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/wU_Fom02PIw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When shelter-in-place orders began in March, memes about how “\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/mar/22/shakespeare-in-lockdown-did-he-write-king-lear-in-plague-quarantine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shakespeare wrote King Lear in quarantine\u003c/a>” were impossible to miss on the internet. It was a way for droves of suddenly homebound people to joke about how to use this unprecedented time to focus on creative projects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since then, we’ve seen countless coronavirus-inspired \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13876781/surprisingly-good-coronavirus-songs-to-stream-while-youre-sheltering-in-place\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">songs\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Add to the list a music video from Nicholas Braun called “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibodies (Do You Have The),”\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a (very) of-the-moment hook-up song that’s as cautious as it is anthemic. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Braun, who may be better known to “Succession” fans as Greg Hirsh (or to “Sky High” fans as Zach Springer) has actually been \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/nicholasbraun\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">making music for years\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> alongside his acting career. This latest single is a collaboration with PLUS1, and a portion of the proceeds from the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.doyouhavetheantibodies.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">single and merch\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sales will go toward Partners In Health and the COPE Program. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From the video’s website, “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This partnership will empower \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pih.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Partners In Health\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to control the spread of COVID-19 and ensure the most vulnerable people around the world receive access to dignified healthcare. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.copeprogram.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">COPE Program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will work to bring equity of care and essential supplies and goods to the people of the Navajo Nation, the area that currently has the highest death rate from COVID-19 in the U.S.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check out the video for yourself, and watch for B-roll footage of Gov. Gavin Newsom with the lyrics, “I’ve been waiting patiently, I obeyed the rules / Now I’m ready to break them on you, no more sending nudes.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Inside the ‘Huge Experiment’ to Rapidly Develop a COVID-19 Vaccine",
"headTitle": "Inside the ‘Huge Experiment’ to Rapidly Develop a COVID-19 Vaccine | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">N\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ever before have prospective vaccines for a pathogen entered final-stage clinical trials as rapidly as candidates for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just six months ago, when the death toll from the coronavirus \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/11/first-death-from-wuhan-pneumonia-outbreak-reported-as-scientists-release-dna-sequence-of-virus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stood at one,\u003c/a> and neither it nor the disease it caused \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/02/11/disease-caused-by-the-novel-coronavirus-has-name-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">had a name\u003c/a>, a team of Chinese scientists uploaded its genetic sequence to a \u003ca href=\"https://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">public site\u003c/a>. That kicked off the record-breaking rush to develop vaccines — the salve that experts say could ultimately quell the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Barney Graham, NIH']‘We were more prepared for a coronavirus than for any other family. To me, this is a wake-up call that we need to have a more systematic universal approach to developing vaccines and other countermeasures for virus families ahead of time.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The colossal impact of the coronavirus is motivating the speed, opening a spigot of funding and inspiring research teams around the world to join the hunt. But the astonishing pace of the progress is also a consequence of the virus itself: It is, scientifically speaking, an easier target for potential vaccines than other pathogens, and a prime candidate for cutting-edge vaccine platforms new to scientists’ toolkits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we got the sequence, we pulled the trigger to ask how fast we could go,” said Barney Graham, the deputy director of the National Institutes of Health’s Vaccine Research Center. “And because it was a coronavirus, we could get into a Phase 3 trial in six months instead of two years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, progress so far remains just that. The vaccines are now facing their real tests: the monthslong, Phase 3 trials that will demonstrate whether or not they protect people from the virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a huge experiment and no one knows how it’s going to turn out,” said James Le Duc, the director of the University of Texas Medical Branch’s Galveston National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines typically take years, if not decades, to reach people; the record now is four years for the mumps vaccine. Here’s what has propelled the COVID-19 endeavor to eclipse prior efforts so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Familiar Family\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>t’s difficult to associate anything with this pandemic with good fortune, but the fact that the culprit was a coronavirus — one that was strikingly similar to others that had previously leapt from animals to people — meant scientists could quickly rejigger vaccine projects in the works for those. It was almost like swapping a blue Lego for a red one in their assemblies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the teams pursuing vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 (the scientific name of the new coronavirus) have previously worked on vaccines for the original SARS virus, which caused a 2003 outbreak that killed some 800 people, and MERS, which has caused 2,500 cases since it started spreading in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earlier projects had pointed to a component of the coronaviruses called the spike protein as a ripe target for a vaccine, which gave scientists a head start for crafting their candidates. Work on SARS also illuminated stumbling blocks in designing coronavirus vaccines that COVID-19 immunizations have so far avoided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What really helped was the knowledge gained from the SARS-1 infection,” said Rama Rao Amara, an immunologist and vaccine researcher at Emory University. “SARS-2 is quite similar to SARS-1, especially in that spike protein. People could take a very educated guess that this is the protein that we need to be going after.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Acute, Not Chronic Infection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ARS-CoV-2 causes an acute disease, COVID-19. It’s an infection that most people will clear on their own, which means there’s a vanquishing immune response that a vaccine can aim to induce in order to protect people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not true for something like HIV, a virus for which there is no vaccine despite decades of research. HIV causes a chronic infection and integrates itself into people’s genomes; there’s no natural immune response that eliminates the virus that a vaccine can mimic. HIV also mutates much faster than coronaviruses do, meaning it’s more difficult to rally a lasting defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible, then, that a pathogen that’s harder to design a vaccine for than the coronavirus could ignite the next pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were more prepared for a coronavirus than for any other family,” NIH’s Graham said. “To me, this is a wake-up call that we need to have a more systematic universal approach to developing vaccines and other countermeasures for virus families ahead of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cutting-Edge Approaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">V\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>accines train the immune system to recognize a pathogen it hasn’t yet encountered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, our immune system builds that memory by battling an infection, so that it can halt a virus in its tracks should it try to invade a second time. A vaccine acts like that first exposure, but without making people sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With SARS-CoV-2, researchers are working with new ways of providing that first look, building vaccines on adaptable platforms engineered to easily pivot from pathogen to pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Older strategies for developing vaccines, such as obtaining the virus and weakening or inactivating it, are lengthy processes. But the cutting-edge approaches require scientists only to know the virus’ genetic sequence. With that, they can string together the right pieces of code to synthesize vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s allowed scientists to move with record speed. Less than 10 weeks after the Chinese scientists published the SARS-CoV-2 sequence, a team from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the biotech company Moderna had a candidate ready for a Phase 1 trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna/NIAID vaccine was built with mRNA, a piece of genetic code containing the instructions for the coronavirus’ spike protein. The vaccine shuttles the mRNA into cells, which “read” those instructions and churn out the protein — providing the immune system with that first peek to the spike, like giving a hound a scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from Pfizer and the German company BioNTech is \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/01/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-shows-positive-results/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">also working\u003c/a> on an mRNA vaccine, while a company called Inovio is \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/30/inovio-claims-positive-results-on-covid-19-vaccine-but-critical-data-are-missing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pursuing a vaccine\u003c/a> based on a different genetic material, DNA. Neither an mRNA nor a DNA vaccine has been approved before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing the sequence of the coronavirus has also spurred other approaches. Some groups — including Johnson & Johnson, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/22/early-study-of-covid-19-vaccine-developed-in-china-sees-mixed-results/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinese firm CanSino\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/20/study-provides-first-glimpse-of-efficacy-of-oxford-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a collaboration between Oxford University and AstraZeneca\u003c/a> — are attaching the gene for the spike protein to another, harmless virus that ferries it into cells. There, it gets expressed into the spike, allowing the immune system to mount its forces. Another company, Novavax, is producing versions of the spike from the gene and using them directly in its vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spike protein is a strategic choice. The proteins, which give SARS-CoV-2 the crown-like appearance that’s characteristic of coronaviruses, attach to receptors on people’s cells, allowing the virus to enter and replicate. By blocking spike proteins, then, vaccines could prevent infection. The spikes are also the “immunodominant” piece of the virus, meaning they elicit the strongest immune response. (Some vaccines are based on the whole spike, while some include select portions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are not only relying on advances in vaccine platforms. Innovations in basic genetics, immunology, and structural biology have also fueled the pace at which COVID-19 vaccines are moving. One way scientists have discovered so much about the spike protein, for example, is by applying methods honed over years to research the proteins on HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money, Money, Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">G\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>etting a vaccine approved is not just a scientific expedition. It’s also about money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason vaccine development is so slow normally is because companies want to see candidates successfully pass through each sequence in the development process before sinking funding into the next phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that playbook doesn’t fly in a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the biggest emergency we’ve had in our lifetime,” said Kawsar Talaat, a Johns Hopkins infectious disease physician and vaccine researcher. “Money is kind of no object. We don’t have time to wait.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To rally companies, funding agencies, including governments and foundations like the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, or CEPI, are throwing millions — and in some cases, billions — into the hunt for vaccines. On Sunday, for example, Moderna said it had received $472 million from the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, on top of the $483 million it got in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money isn’t just to cover the research and trials; it’s also to get companies to start manufacturing their products — even though their vaccines might not prove to be effective. It’s a strategy called manufacturing “at risk,” and public health experts say it’s necessary to ensure that any authorized vaccine can be rolled out to as many people as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government is also striking deals with companies to purchase their vaccines even before clinical trials are completed, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/07/novavax-maker-of-a-covid-19-vaccine-is-backed-by-operation-warp-speed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a $1.6 billion agreement\u003c/a> with Novavax that includes 100 million doses and a $1.95 billion compact with Pfizer and BioNTech, also for 100 million doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that industry is able to hedge their bets like this and to make these investments is because the government has put up the money,” said UTMB’s Le Duc, who formerly led the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s viral diseases division. “The government has recognized that this is an incredibly important issue and we need to be going full blast knowing full well that not all these vaccines will work. Some are going to be duds, and will lose money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulatory Nimbleness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>n-the-weeds regulatory decisions don’t get much public attention, but they are helping expedite clinical trials and the ultimate evaluation of how effective a vaccine is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these lessons were first learned during the West African Ebola crisis, when regulators embraced a new dexterity in green-lighting vaccine trials and took a more proactive approach to communicating with companies about the efficacy thresholds products needed to meet. That’s continuing with COVID-19: the Food and Drug Administration, for example, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-takes-action-help-facilitate-timely-development-safe-effective-covid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">outlined\u003c/a> that vaccines need to prevent infections or reduce the severity of COVID-19 in 50% of recipients to be approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ebola crisis “really did give the regulators greater experience and more comfort with the idea that they could have greater flexibility than they normally would have,” said Mark Feinberg, the president of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative and a former executive at Merck Vaccines. “They could make decisions more quickly and really be true partners in the development process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Textbook clinical trials include three increasingly large phases that establish how safe and effective a drug or vaccine is. But with the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the trials have been collapsed into Phase 1/2 or Phase 2/3 trials. It’s a wonky distinction, but it can shave weeks or months off the process by saving research teams from having to write new protocols or get additional clearances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The speed of vaccine development can also have an adverse effect. Some people have questioned how such a fast-moving process can ensure safety and might abstain from a vaccine. An \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dacdc8bc428dd4df6511bfa259cfec44\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Associated Press poll\u003c/a> in May found that Black and Latinx Americans, who have been disproportionately harmed by the pandemic and have a history of mistreatment by the medical field, are more skeptical about COVID-19 vaccines than white Americans — showing the importance of outreach campaigns that public health experts say are required to increase the uptake of immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others have raised suspicions that President Donald Trump — whose vaccine initiative is dubbed \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/06/16/fact-sheet-explaining-operation-warp-speed.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Operation Warp Speed\u003c/a> — might force an emergency authorization of a vaccine before the election, even if it hasn’t cleared efficacy and safety standards. Presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden on Monday \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@JoeBiden/my-statement-on-vaccines-2133deed94ee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">raised the specter\u003c/a> of politics interfering in the quest for a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and regulators are already stressing that safeguards aren’t being jettisoned. Public health experts say vaccine makers need to be transparent that while manufacturing and regulatory steps are being streamlined, safety checks aren’t being sacrificed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a call with reporters Monday, NIH Director Francis Collins, whom former President Barack Obama first tapped for the position, defended the integrity of the decisions regulators will make. “Nothing is being done here to compromise the safety” of COVID-19 vaccine trials, he said, “nor will we compromise on an ultimate conclusion about whether the vaccine is effective. Those issues are going to be tested in the most rigorous way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Challenges Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly what all this speed will translate into remains to be seen. The monthslong, final-stage clinical trials starting now will settle that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech candidates \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/27/pfizer-biontech-pick-covid19-vaccine-begin-pivotal-study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">respectively launched\u003c/a> Phase 3 and Phase 2/3 trials this week, and the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is in a Phase 2/3 trial. Others are entering pivotal studies soon. These involve enrolling thousands of people, injecting half with the candidate and half with a placebo or control, and then comparing whether people who received the vaccine are less likely to be infected than their counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some vaccine candidates could very well fail — a normal part of the scientific pursuit, experts say. “I hope that doesn’t happen, but people need to accept when things don’t pan out the way they hope,” said Maria Elena Bottazzi, the co-director of Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development at Baylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not clear yet what a vaccine “working” will look like. A COVID-19 vaccine might \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/22/the-world-needs-covid-19-vaccines-it-may-also-be-overestimating-their-power/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">be like the flu vaccine\u003c/a> — only preventing infections in some people, or staving off serious disease but still leaving people contagious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vaccine that prevents even 50% of infections would be a massive lifeline. But experts worry there’s a disconnect between a public expecting vaccines to instantly reset their lives and what the first vaccines may actually allow. Successful vaccines \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/22/confusion-spreads-over-system-to-determine-priority-access-to-covid-19-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">will likely be restricted\u003c/a> to front-line workers and vulnerable populations at first. It could take some time for enough vaccine to be made for everyone who wants a shot. Some vaccines might require two doses to confer protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might not be some magic bullet that’s going to stop the pandemic in its tracks, and people need to be prepared for that possibility,” said Columbia University virologist Angela Rasmussen about the first vaccines that reach people. “I really hate the term vaccine race. Because that implies there’s going to be a medal ceremony, and the pandemic is over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">N\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ever before have prospective vaccines for a pathogen entered final-stage clinical trials as rapidly as candidates for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just six months ago, when the death toll from the coronavirus \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/11/first-death-from-wuhan-pneumonia-outbreak-reported-as-scientists-release-dna-sequence-of-virus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stood at one,\u003c/a> and neither it nor the disease it caused \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/02/11/disease-caused-by-the-novel-coronavirus-has-name-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">had a name\u003c/a>, a team of Chinese scientists uploaded its genetic sequence to a \u003ca href=\"https://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">public site\u003c/a>. That kicked off the record-breaking rush to develop vaccines — the salve that experts say could ultimately quell the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The colossal impact of the coronavirus is motivating the speed, opening a spigot of funding and inspiring research teams around the world to join the hunt. But the astonishing pace of the progress is also a consequence of the virus itself: It is, scientifically speaking, an easier target for potential vaccines than other pathogens, and a prime candidate for cutting-edge vaccine platforms new to scientists’ toolkits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we got the sequence, we pulled the trigger to ask how fast we could go,” said Barney Graham, the deputy director of the National Institutes of Health’s Vaccine Research Center. “And because it was a coronavirus, we could get into a Phase 3 trial in six months instead of two years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, progress so far remains just that. The vaccines are now facing their real tests: the monthslong, Phase 3 trials that will demonstrate whether or not they protect people from the virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a huge experiment and no one knows how it’s going to turn out,” said James Le Duc, the director of the University of Texas Medical Branch’s Galveston National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines typically take years, if not decades, to reach people; the record now is four years for the mumps vaccine. Here’s what has propelled the COVID-19 endeavor to eclipse prior efforts so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Familiar Family\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>t’s difficult to associate anything with this pandemic with good fortune, but the fact that the culprit was a coronavirus — one that was strikingly similar to others that had previously leapt from animals to people — meant scientists could quickly rejigger vaccine projects in the works for those. It was almost like swapping a blue Lego for a red one in their assemblies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the teams pursuing vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 (the scientific name of the new coronavirus) have previously worked on vaccines for the original SARS virus, which caused a 2003 outbreak that killed some 800 people, and MERS, which has caused 2,500 cases since it started spreading in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earlier projects had pointed to a component of the coronaviruses called the spike protein as a ripe target for a vaccine, which gave scientists a head start for crafting their candidates. Work on SARS also illuminated stumbling blocks in designing coronavirus vaccines that COVID-19 immunizations have so far avoided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What really helped was the knowledge gained from the SARS-1 infection,” said Rama Rao Amara, an immunologist and vaccine researcher at Emory University. “SARS-2 is quite similar to SARS-1, especially in that spike protein. People could take a very educated guess that this is the protein that we need to be going after.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Acute, Not Chronic Infection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ARS-CoV-2 causes an acute disease, COVID-19. It’s an infection that most people will clear on their own, which means there’s a vanquishing immune response that a vaccine can aim to induce in order to protect people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not true for something like HIV, a virus for which there is no vaccine despite decades of research. HIV causes a chronic infection and integrates itself into people’s genomes; there’s no natural immune response that eliminates the virus that a vaccine can mimic. HIV also mutates much faster than coronaviruses do, meaning it’s more difficult to rally a lasting defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible, then, that a pathogen that’s harder to design a vaccine for than the coronavirus could ignite the next pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were more prepared for a coronavirus than for any other family,” NIH’s Graham said. “To me, this is a wake-up call that we need to have a more systematic universal approach to developing vaccines and other countermeasures for virus families ahead of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cutting-Edge Approaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">V\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>accines train the immune system to recognize a pathogen it hasn’t yet encountered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, our immune system builds that memory by battling an infection, so that it can halt a virus in its tracks should it try to invade a second time. A vaccine acts like that first exposure, but without making people sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With SARS-CoV-2, researchers are working with new ways of providing that first look, building vaccines on adaptable platforms engineered to easily pivot from pathogen to pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Older strategies for developing vaccines, such as obtaining the virus and weakening or inactivating it, are lengthy processes. But the cutting-edge approaches require scientists only to know the virus’ genetic sequence. With that, they can string together the right pieces of code to synthesize vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s allowed scientists to move with record speed. Less than 10 weeks after the Chinese scientists published the SARS-CoV-2 sequence, a team from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the biotech company Moderna had a candidate ready for a Phase 1 trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna/NIAID vaccine was built with mRNA, a piece of genetic code containing the instructions for the coronavirus’ spike protein. The vaccine shuttles the mRNA into cells, which “read” those instructions and churn out the protein — providing the immune system with that first peek to the spike, like giving a hound a scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from Pfizer and the German company BioNTech is \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/01/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-shows-positive-results/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">also working\u003c/a> on an mRNA vaccine, while a company called Inovio is \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/30/inovio-claims-positive-results-on-covid-19-vaccine-but-critical-data-are-missing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pursuing a vaccine\u003c/a> based on a different genetic material, DNA. Neither an mRNA nor a DNA vaccine has been approved before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing the sequence of the coronavirus has also spurred other approaches. Some groups — including Johnson & Johnson, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/22/early-study-of-covid-19-vaccine-developed-in-china-sees-mixed-results/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinese firm CanSino\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/20/study-provides-first-glimpse-of-efficacy-of-oxford-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a collaboration between Oxford University and AstraZeneca\u003c/a> — are attaching the gene for the spike protein to another, harmless virus that ferries it into cells. There, it gets expressed into the spike, allowing the immune system to mount its forces. Another company, Novavax, is producing versions of the spike from the gene and using them directly in its vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spike protein is a strategic choice. The proteins, which give SARS-CoV-2 the crown-like appearance that’s characteristic of coronaviruses, attach to receptors on people’s cells, allowing the virus to enter and replicate. By blocking spike proteins, then, vaccines could prevent infection. The spikes are also the “immunodominant” piece of the virus, meaning they elicit the strongest immune response. (Some vaccines are based on the whole spike, while some include select portions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are not only relying on advances in vaccine platforms. Innovations in basic genetics, immunology, and structural biology have also fueled the pace at which COVID-19 vaccines are moving. One way scientists have discovered so much about the spike protein, for example, is by applying methods honed over years to research the proteins on HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money, Money, Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">G\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>etting a vaccine approved is not just a scientific expedition. It’s also about money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason vaccine development is so slow normally is because companies want to see candidates successfully pass through each sequence in the development process before sinking funding into the next phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that playbook doesn’t fly in a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the biggest emergency we’ve had in our lifetime,” said Kawsar Talaat, a Johns Hopkins infectious disease physician and vaccine researcher. “Money is kind of no object. We don’t have time to wait.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To rally companies, funding agencies, including governments and foundations like the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, or CEPI, are throwing millions — and in some cases, billions — into the hunt for vaccines. On Sunday, for example, Moderna said it had received $472 million from the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, on top of the $483 million it got in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money isn’t just to cover the research and trials; it’s also to get companies to start manufacturing their products — even though their vaccines might not prove to be effective. It’s a strategy called manufacturing “at risk,” and public health experts say it’s necessary to ensure that any authorized vaccine can be rolled out to as many people as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government is also striking deals with companies to purchase their vaccines even before clinical trials are completed, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/07/novavax-maker-of-a-covid-19-vaccine-is-backed-by-operation-warp-speed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a $1.6 billion agreement\u003c/a> with Novavax that includes 100 million doses and a $1.95 billion compact with Pfizer and BioNTech, also for 100 million doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that industry is able to hedge their bets like this and to make these investments is because the government has put up the money,” said UTMB’s Le Duc, who formerly led the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s viral diseases division. “The government has recognized that this is an incredibly important issue and we need to be going full blast knowing full well that not all these vaccines will work. Some are going to be duds, and will lose money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulatory Nimbleness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>n-the-weeds regulatory decisions don’t get much public attention, but they are helping expedite clinical trials and the ultimate evaluation of how effective a vaccine is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these lessons were first learned during the West African Ebola crisis, when regulators embraced a new dexterity in green-lighting vaccine trials and took a more proactive approach to communicating with companies about the efficacy thresholds products needed to meet. That’s continuing with COVID-19: the Food and Drug Administration, for example, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-takes-action-help-facilitate-timely-development-safe-effective-covid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">outlined\u003c/a> that vaccines need to prevent infections or reduce the severity of COVID-19 in 50% of recipients to be approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ebola crisis “really did give the regulators greater experience and more comfort with the idea that they could have greater flexibility than they normally would have,” said Mark Feinberg, the president of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative and a former executive at Merck Vaccines. “They could make decisions more quickly and really be true partners in the development process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Textbook clinical trials include three increasingly large phases that establish how safe and effective a drug or vaccine is. But with the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the trials have been collapsed into Phase 1/2 or Phase 2/3 trials. It’s a wonky distinction, but it can shave weeks or months off the process by saving research teams from having to write new protocols or get additional clearances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The speed of vaccine development can also have an adverse effect. Some people have questioned how such a fast-moving process can ensure safety and might abstain from a vaccine. An \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dacdc8bc428dd4df6511bfa259cfec44\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Associated Press poll\u003c/a> in May found that Black and Latinx Americans, who have been disproportionately harmed by the pandemic and have a history of mistreatment by the medical field, are more skeptical about COVID-19 vaccines than white Americans — showing the importance of outreach campaigns that public health experts say are required to increase the uptake of immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others have raised suspicions that President Donald Trump — whose vaccine initiative is dubbed \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/06/16/fact-sheet-explaining-operation-warp-speed.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Operation Warp Speed\u003c/a> — might force an emergency authorization of a vaccine before the election, even if it hasn’t cleared efficacy and safety standards. Presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden on Monday \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@JoeBiden/my-statement-on-vaccines-2133deed94ee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">raised the specter\u003c/a> of politics interfering in the quest for a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and regulators are already stressing that safeguards aren’t being jettisoned. Public health experts say vaccine makers need to be transparent that while manufacturing and regulatory steps are being streamlined, safety checks aren’t being sacrificed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a call with reporters Monday, NIH Director Francis Collins, whom former President Barack Obama first tapped for the position, defended the integrity of the decisions regulators will make. “Nothing is being done here to compromise the safety” of COVID-19 vaccine trials, he said, “nor will we compromise on an ultimate conclusion about whether the vaccine is effective. Those issues are going to be tested in the most rigorous way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Challenges Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly what all this speed will translate into remains to be seen. The monthslong, final-stage clinical trials starting now will settle that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech candidates \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/27/pfizer-biontech-pick-covid19-vaccine-begin-pivotal-study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">respectively launched\u003c/a> Phase 3 and Phase 2/3 trials this week, and the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is in a Phase 2/3 trial. Others are entering pivotal studies soon. These involve enrolling thousands of people, injecting half with the candidate and half with a placebo or control, and then comparing whether people who received the vaccine are less likely to be infected than their counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some vaccine candidates could very well fail — a normal part of the scientific pursuit, experts say. “I hope that doesn’t happen, but people need to accept when things don’t pan out the way they hope,” said Maria Elena Bottazzi, the co-director of Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development at Baylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not clear yet what a vaccine “working” will look like. A COVID-19 vaccine might \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/22/the-world-needs-covid-19-vaccines-it-may-also-be-overestimating-their-power/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">be like the flu vaccine\u003c/a> — only preventing infections in some people, or staving off serious disease but still leaving people contagious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vaccine that prevents even 50% of infections would be a massive lifeline. But experts worry there’s a disconnect between a public expecting vaccines to instantly reset their lives and what the first vaccines may actually allow. Successful vaccines \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/22/confusion-spreads-over-system-to-determine-priority-access-to-covid-19-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">will likely be restricted\u003c/a> to front-line workers and vulnerable populations at first. It could take some time for enough vaccine to be made for everyone who wants a shot. Some vaccines might require two doses to confer protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might not be some magic bullet that’s going to stop the pandemic in its tracks, and people need to be prepared for that possibility,” said Columbia University virologist Angela Rasmussen about the first vaccines that reach people. “I really hate the term vaccine race. Because that implies there’s going to be a medal ceremony, and the pandemic is over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "During Pandemic, Earthquake Scientists Detect Longest Period of Seismic Stillness on Record",
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"content": "\u003cp>As coronavirus cases spread across the globe, governments shut down businesses and humans retreated into their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International shipping slowed, cruise ships docked and ocean noise was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/07/20/891854646/whales-get-a-break-as-pandemic-creates-quieter-oceans\">measurably less\u003c/a>, giving relief to whales, which are highly sensitive to noise. California’s shelter-in-place order forced a huge number of cars off the streets, and bears lazily strolled across typically busy roads in \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/138795446168746/videos/254721205716091/\">Yosemite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coronavirus pandemic and shelter-in-place orders offered a unique opportunity to study the natural world without the usual human cacophony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team of 76 scientists from around the world has now quantified this moment of quiet, what some have called the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/07/23/1005574/lockdown-was-the-longest-period-of-quiet-in-human-history/\">seismic silence\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1237-z\">anthropause\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientists analyzed readings from more than 300 stations scattered around the globe and discovered that the shutdowns caused a period of seismic stillness that was longer and more sustained than anything their instruments had recorded before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967904\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967904 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-1020x432.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-768x325.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of Rob Anthony/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group’s \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/07/22/science.abd2438\">findings\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>, show that lockdown rules meant to slow the spread of this coronavirus led to a global median reduction in observed seismic noise of up to 50% between March and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Lecocq, lead author and seismologist with the Royal Observatory of Belgium, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00965-x\">\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> \u003c/a>that the months of quiet created a unique moment for scientific observation. Suddenly, their sensitive equipment could detect activity from small earthquakes that normally would have been masked by human vibrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, of course, are a major — but not the only — source of seismic noise, the hum of activity vibrating the Earth’s crust. Seismometers can register the sound of cars on highways, barrelling trains, swiveling cranes and even feet stomping in a packed sports arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this “cultural noise,” has for years muddied the sound of small earthquakes quietly rumbling below Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles and other major cities that exist above active fault lines, according to Rob Anthony, a USGS scientist and a co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults underneath cities are the most problematic,” he told KQED. “If they go off, they’re going to do the most damage to buildings because everyone’s living there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data the group collected could potentially improve the ability to map many smaller earthquake faults that lie underneath these cities, improving building codes and emergency response in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taka’aki Taira, a research seismologist at UC Berkeley, also participated in the study. He says the Bay Area saw a “clear drop of human-generated seismic noise following the shelter-in-place order,” adding that his lab is “exploring our seismic data to see if we can detect signals from small earthquakes that are usually buried in noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many seismologists expected the lockdowns would cause a decrease in seismic noise, based on their observations of other moments when humans are less active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you just look at seismic records, you see very strong day cycles and a large part of that is just that there’s less people and machinery moving around at night,” Anthony said. “On Christmas, the seismic noise drops substantially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new seismic record is so interesting, he says, because it shows a stillness that begins in China and spreads to other countries, following the path of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China implemented lockdown measures the soonest, at some point in January,” recalls Anthony. “And then later, as other countries implemented lockdowns in March and April, when you could start to see it in other cities across the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He credits the Royal Observatory’s Lecocq, who mobilized dozens of seismologists to work on the study and shared a uniform software code to coordinate everyone’s efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we were all stuck at home during this crisis,” says Anthony, “he provided open source code to seismologists across the world so that they could do this type of analysis on their own.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As coronavirus cases spread across the globe, governments shut down businesses and humans retreated into their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International shipping slowed, cruise ships docked and ocean noise was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/07/20/891854646/whales-get-a-break-as-pandemic-creates-quieter-oceans\">measurably less\u003c/a>, giving relief to whales, which are highly sensitive to noise. California’s shelter-in-place order forced a huge number of cars off the streets, and bears lazily strolled across typically busy roads in \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/138795446168746/videos/254721205716091/\">Yosemite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coronavirus pandemic and shelter-in-place orders offered a unique opportunity to study the natural world without the usual human cacophony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team of 76 scientists from around the world has now quantified this moment of quiet, what some have called the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/07/23/1005574/lockdown-was-the-longest-period-of-quiet-in-human-history/\">seismic silence\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1237-z\">anthropause\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientists analyzed readings from more than 300 stations scattered around the globe and discovered that the shutdowns caused a period of seismic stillness that was longer and more sustained than anything their instruments had recorded before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967904\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967904 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-1020x432.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-768x325.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of Rob Anthony/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group’s \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/07/22/science.abd2438\">findings\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>, show that lockdown rules meant to slow the spread of this coronavirus led to a global median reduction in observed seismic noise of up to 50% between March and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Lecocq, lead author and seismologist with the Royal Observatory of Belgium, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00965-x\">\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> \u003c/a>that the months of quiet created a unique moment for scientific observation. Suddenly, their sensitive equipment could detect activity from small earthquakes that normally would have been masked by human vibrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, of course, are a major — but not the only — source of seismic noise, the hum of activity vibrating the Earth’s crust. Seismometers can register the sound of cars on highways, barrelling trains, swiveling cranes and even feet stomping in a packed sports arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this “cultural noise,” has for years muddied the sound of small earthquakes quietly rumbling below Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles and other major cities that exist above active fault lines, according to Rob Anthony, a USGS scientist and a co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults underneath cities are the most problematic,” he told KQED. “If they go off, they’re going to do the most damage to buildings because everyone’s living there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data the group collected could potentially improve the ability to map many smaller earthquake faults that lie underneath these cities, improving building codes and emergency response in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taka’aki Taira, a research seismologist at UC Berkeley, also participated in the study. He says the Bay Area saw a “clear drop of human-generated seismic noise following the shelter-in-place order,” adding that his lab is “exploring our seismic data to see if we can detect signals from small earthquakes that are usually buried in noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many seismologists expected the lockdowns would cause a decrease in seismic noise, based on their observations of other moments when humans are less active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you just look at seismic records, you see very strong day cycles and a large part of that is just that there’s less people and machinery moving around at night,” Anthony said. “On Christmas, the seismic noise drops substantially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new seismic record is so interesting, he says, because it shows a stillness that begins in China and spreads to other countries, following the path of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China implemented lockdown measures the soonest, at some point in January,” recalls Anthony. “And then later, as other countries implemented lockdowns in March and April, when you could start to see it in other cities across the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He credits the Royal Observatory’s Lecocq, who mobilized dozens of seismologists to work on the study and shared a uniform software code to coordinate everyone’s efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we were all stuck at home during this crisis,” says Anthony, “he provided open source code to seismologists across the world so that they could do this type of analysis on their own.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>After weeks of indecision, California health officials Wednesday added San Mateo to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/CountyMonitoringDataStep2.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">watchlist\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of counties experiencing troubling coronavirus transmission.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a county is on the watchlist for three days or longer, the state can order the shuttering of businesses while the county works with health officials to lower the numbers below watchlist thresholds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county “will be in involved in active engagement with the state while the case rate is closely monitored” over the next three days, the county said in an \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/press-release/san-mateo-county-added-state%E2%80%99s-covid-19-monitoring-list-preparing-potential-additional\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">update\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it acknowledged that health officials believe the case rate will not decrease in time to prevent more business closures and disruptions. The county advised gyms, salons, malls, places of worship and other businesses to prepare to operate outside or through customer pickup by Saturday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Businesses like tattoo parlors that are not allowed to operate outside must temporarily close. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools in counties on the state’s monitoring list are not allowed to hold in-class instruction, though elementary schools can request a waiver from the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Coronavirus Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state will add a county to the watchlist if it detects a surge in coronavirus cases or hospitalizations; if ICU bed and ventilator capacity are stretched too thin; or if not enough tests are given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, county data shows an average case rate of 110.4 per 100,000 people — higher than the state benchmark of 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Mateo County is experiencing an elevated case rate that exceeds the State threshold,” the California Department of Public Health explains on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/CountyMonitoringDataStep2.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">County Data Monitoring\u003c/a> webpage. “The County sees roots of community transmission related to social gatherings without sufficient physical distancing and wearing of facial coverings, as well as higher exposure for residents performing work that involves person-to-person contact and crowded housing conditions that make home isolation difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is asking the county to expand testing and contact tracing, find more places for those infected with the coronavirus to quarantine away from their families, and prepare its hospital systems for a potential surge in COVID-19 patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County, the last of nine Bay Area counties to escape monitoring status, has teetered on the edge of getting listed since mid-July, when monitoring of its coronavirus data registered a spike in cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/davidcanepa/status/1288575595425628161?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Open … For Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying off the list has meant businesses like Physique Magnifique Fitness Training Academy can keep their doors open while those in watchlist counties have been forced to mostly shut down after a brief period of activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physique Magnifique is operating with modifications. Staffers take the temperatures of members at the door, sanitize shoe bottoms, and wipe down the equipment once an hour, said Futaba Takashima, co-owner of the bodybuilding gym with her husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past weeks, as the county’s numbers crossed over into the red zone, her anticipation mounted that the state would drop the hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect it,” Takashima said last week. “The first time we got shut down, we didn’t think it would go on for so long. But we were shut down for three-and-a-half-months, which was not good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mike Callagy, county manager, said in a statement it’s clear that COVID-19 is spreading in the Bay Area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s vital that we all do everything we can — wearing face coverings, washing our hands, and avoiding gatherings — to slow and eventually stop the spread,” he said. “These individual actions can make a huge difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The county was pessimistic about its chances of decreasing its case count in time to prevent the forced closure of indoor operations at gyms, salons, malls, places of worship and other businesses starting Saturday morning.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After weeks of indecision, California health officials Wednesday added San Mateo to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/CountyMonitoringDataStep2.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">watchlist\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of counties experiencing troubling coronavirus transmission.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a county is on the watchlist for three days or longer, the state can order the shuttering of businesses while the county works with health officials to lower the numbers below watchlist thresholds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county “will be in involved in active engagement with the state while the case rate is closely monitored” over the next three days, the county said in an \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/press-release/san-mateo-county-added-state%E2%80%99s-covid-19-monitoring-list-preparing-potential-additional\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">update\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it acknowledged that health officials believe the case rate will not decrease in time to prevent more business closures and disruptions. The county advised gyms, salons, malls, places of worship and other businesses to prepare to operate outside or through customer pickup by Saturday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Businesses like tattoo parlors that are not allowed to operate outside must temporarily close. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools in counties on the state’s monitoring list are not allowed to hold in-class instruction, though elementary schools can request a waiver from the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Coronavirus Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state will add a county to the watchlist if it detects a surge in coronavirus cases or hospitalizations; if ICU bed and ventilator capacity are stretched too thin; or if not enough tests are given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, county data shows an average case rate of 110.4 per 100,000 people — higher than the state benchmark of 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Mateo County is experiencing an elevated case rate that exceeds the State threshold,” the California Department of Public Health explains on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/CountyMonitoringDataStep2.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">County Data Monitoring\u003c/a> webpage. “The County sees roots of community transmission related to social gatherings without sufficient physical distancing and wearing of facial coverings, as well as higher exposure for residents performing work that involves person-to-person contact and crowded housing conditions that make home isolation difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is asking the county to expand testing and contact tracing, find more places for those infected with the coronavirus to quarantine away from their families, and prepare its hospital systems for a potential surge in COVID-19 patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County, the last of nine Bay Area counties to escape monitoring status, has teetered on the edge of getting listed since mid-July, when monitoring of its coronavirus data registered a spike in cases.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Open … For Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying off the list has meant businesses like Physique Magnifique Fitness Training Academy can keep their doors open while those in watchlist counties have been forced to mostly shut down after a brief period of activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physique Magnifique is operating with modifications. Staffers take the temperatures of members at the door, sanitize shoe bottoms, and wipe down the equipment once an hour, said Futaba Takashima, co-owner of the bodybuilding gym with her husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past weeks, as the county’s numbers crossed over into the red zone, her anticipation mounted that the state would drop the hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect it,” Takashima said last week. “The first time we got shut down, we didn’t think it would go on for so long. But we were shut down for three-and-a-half-months, which was not good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mike Callagy, county manager, said in a statement it’s clear that COVID-19 is spreading in the Bay Area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s vital that we all do everything we can — wearing face coverings, washing our hands, and avoiding gatherings — to slow and eventually stop the spread,” he said. “These individual actions can make a huge difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
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