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"title": "NOAA Scientists Confirm: July Was the Hottest Month Ever Recorded",
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"content": "\u003cp>July was the hottest month measured on Earth since records began in 1880, the latest in a long line of peaks that scientists say backs up predictions for man-made climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday that July was 0.95 degrees Celsius (1.71 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the 20th century average for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because July is generally the warmest month on the calendar, meteorologists say this means it also set a new all-time monthly record for the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month’s temperatures narrowly topped the previous July record, set in 2016, by 0.03 C (0.05 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results had been expected after several European countries including France, Belgium and Germany reported that July smashed previous national temperature records. The Swedish hamlet of Markusvinsa recorded a sizzling 34.8 C (94.6 F), the highest temperature measured north of the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA’s records, 9 of the 10 hottest Julys on record have occurred since 2005 and last month was the 43rd consecutive July above the 20th century average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record temperatures have gone hand-in-hand with other climate extremes. Warming oceans have led to an early melt of sea ice in the Bering Strait between Russia and Alaska, said Rick Thoman, a climate specialist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June of this year had already set a sizzling record for that month over the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year to date is also 0.95 C (1.71 F) above the long-term average, but still slightly behind 2016, NOAA said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>July was the hottest month measured on Earth since records began in 1880, the latest in a long line of peaks that scientists say backs up predictions for man-made climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday that July was 0.95 degrees Celsius (1.71 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the 20th century average for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because July is generally the warmest month on the calendar, meteorologists say this means it also set a new all-time monthly record for the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month’s temperatures narrowly topped the previous July record, set in 2016, by 0.03 C (0.05 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results had been expected after several European countries including France, Belgium and Germany reported that July smashed previous national temperature records. The Swedish hamlet of Markusvinsa recorded a sizzling 34.8 C (94.6 F), the highest temperature measured north of the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA’s records, 9 of the 10 hottest Julys on record have occurred since 2005 and last month was the 43rd consecutive July above the 20th century average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record temperatures have gone hand-in-hand with other climate extremes. Warming oceans have led to an early melt of sea ice in the Bering Strait between Russia and Alaska, said Rick Thoman, a climate specialist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June of this year had already set a sizzling record for that month over the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year to date is also 0.95 C (1.71 F) above the long-term average, but still slightly behind 2016, NOAA said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the mountains near Santa Cruz, there’s an area where nature’s rules don’t seem to apply. Everything \u003cem>looks\u003c/em> normal — there’s a stream, oak trees, redwoods, bobcats, skunks and the occasional opossum. Pacific tree frogs croak all day and into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only those who listen carefully would notice that something in this remote spot sounds unusual. Human voices have joined the mix — and they’re reading, sometimes a short story written by Paul Bowles, at other times, poetry by Gwendolyn Brooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These voices, and only these, have dramatically affected the way life moves through the area. Mountain lions avoid their old paths, and bobcats emerge almost exclusively at night. Rodents, meanwhile, have gotten bolder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creatures are responding to virtual voices — recordings that UC Santa Cruz researchers are playing through loudspeakers they’ve placed in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have used these sounds to \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/07/landscape-of-fear.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, for the first time, how entire ecosystems react to the fear of humans in their midst. These studies begin to quantify a painful truth: that humans alter any landscape in which we live, often in ways we can’t anticipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phantom Voices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Santa Cruz wildlife ecologist Justin Suraci says it’s hard for humans to fully understand how fear plays out in wild animals. Humans can’t really say that an animal feels fearful emotions, so Suraci and other researchers chose to monitor fear by observing how animal behavior changes when predators may be near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1200x960.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1920x1536.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In response to human voices, bobcats emerged almost exclusively at night. \u003ccite>(Barry Rowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci and his research adviser, Chris Wilmers, wanted to find out whether just the fear of humans — without a road or other physical markers nearby — would be enough to change animals’ behavior. To test their hypothesis, they chose the easiest sense to control: sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers staked out two separate square kilometers in the Santa Cruz Mountains. For five weeks, the team broadcast recordings of their voices, meant to mimic what animals might hear in a wildlife-urban interface, from 25 speakers in each region. The voices spoke infrequently, but creatures could hear them occasionally from any point in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By simultaneously studying the behavior of mountain lions, smaller carnivores such as bobcats, and prey such as deer mice, the team was able to isolate the effects of fear rippling through an ecosystem. Each species responded a little differently. Mountain lions avoided the area and moved more cautiously when they heard the voices, and bobcats started hunting mostly at night. Skunks moved around less than before; opossums took, on average, almost two days longer than usual to find food. Deer mice, by contrast, reveled in the absence of the large carnivores. They became bolder and foraged for food more thoroughly and in larger areas than they’d covered before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous experiments have suggested the influence of sound on a single species. Songbirds avoided a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/39/12105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phantom road\u003c/a>” in Idaho, where researchers played the sounds of passing cars. Mule deer in Colorado differentiated between predators based on \u003ca href=\"http://sci-hub.tw/10.1111/eth.12219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their calls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these experiments become much more complicated when they consider how fear moves through an entire landscape. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone has sparked a debate about whether the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z01-094#.XVSB-JNKgWp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fear of wolves\u003c/a> or their actual \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180622104544.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killing behavior\u003c/a> changed elk habits enough to produce a cascade of effects that ultimately changed the shape of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rZzHkpyPkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946514\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer mice took advantage of their predators’ absence to forage for food more intensely and in a wider range. \u003ccite>(Aria Crabb)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci says it’s a challenge to prove just why these changes happen, because it can be nearly impossible to divorce the fear of a predator from the predator’s actions. “So this has ended up being one of the first large landscape-scale experiments,” he says, “demonstrating this ‘landscape of fear’ — that just the fear of a predator can affect species,” even across an entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ancient Principle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bold critters might not seem extraordinary to people who live in cities, or who’ve watched the popular video of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPXUG8q4jKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizza Rat\u003c/a>” brazenly dragging an entire slice of pizza down the stairs of a subway station. But researchers say they’re impressed that Suraci and Wilmers have been able to link rodents’ behavior in a wild habitat to the rest of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Young, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/054400230X/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=054400230X&linkCode=as2&tag=birdlang-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What the Robin Knows\u003c/a>,” leads classes on bird language and animal tracking. He says it hadn’t occurred to him that sound, not a predator’s scent or physical presence, would set off fear in an ecosystem. But, he adds, he’s familiar with the idea that fear trickles down through a food web. Finding a predator by observing the behavior of its prey is an ancient tracking principle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young recalls how he once tried to photograph a mountain lion, but couldn’t find any footprints. What he did find was that deer clustered near a house with a dog, an animal that usually made them uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the deer were up close to the house on a consistent basis told us that they were using human presence as a safety barrier,” Young remembers. “So then we said, ‘Well, what are the deer afraid of?’” Sure enough, when he and his colleagues set up cameras near where deer were avoiding their favorite foods, within a few days the team had their mountain lion photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Striking a Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young pays particular attention to birds. He believes that observing other species returns humans to an ideal, pre-smartphone state of awareness. Studies have shown that birds use different warning calls for different predators, based even on potential attackers’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.washington.edu/news/2005/06/23/chickadees-alarm-calls-carry-information-about-size-threat-of-predator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">size and speed.\u003c/a> Once you notice that the birds around your house, for example, are “talking” about all the other animals, Young says, “you start to wonder, ‘what are they saying about me?’” [pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Jon Young']‘By going too often into these tender places, we love them to death.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once you realize that the chickadees and robins and towhees are gossiping about you, he thinks you might just change how you behave. He asserts that awareness of other species is key to preserving wild spaces like national parks. “Maybe if we’re gentle on the birds, and we learn that in our own backyards,” Young says, that can change the way humans move through the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the knowledge that our voices, even separated from our habitat-stomping, foreign-smelling, weapon-toting bodies, send fear ricocheting through an ecosystem, we can begin to consider how best to visit these wild areas. Suraci says we could even think about designing parks and hiking trails in ways that concentrate human visitation in certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By going too often into these tender places,” Young said, “we love them to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People need to figure out how to experience the natural world more gently than we do, agrees Daniel Blumstein, who studies ecotourism at UCLA and led the mule deer experiment. He notes that in 2015, scientists reported that the world’s protected areas receive an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002074&type=printable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8 billion\u003c/a> human visits a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people going into nature and experiencing nature,” Blumstein says. He maintains that “the more people get outside, the more they protect … and value nature.” And yet studies like Suraci’s and Wilmers’ indicate that our very presence may profoundly affect other species, right down to what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the mountains near Santa Cruz, there’s an area where nature’s rules don’t seem to apply. Everything \u003cem>looks\u003c/em> normal — there’s a stream, oak trees, redwoods, bobcats, skunks and the occasional opossum. Pacific tree frogs croak all day and into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only those who listen carefully would notice that something in this remote spot sounds unusual. Human voices have joined the mix — and they’re reading, sometimes a short story written by Paul Bowles, at other times, poetry by Gwendolyn Brooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These voices, and only these, have dramatically affected the way life moves through the area. Mountain lions avoid their old paths, and bobcats emerge almost exclusively at night. Rodents, meanwhile, have gotten bolder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creatures are responding to virtual voices — recordings that UC Santa Cruz researchers are playing through loudspeakers they’ve placed in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have used these sounds to \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/07/landscape-of-fear.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, for the first time, how entire ecosystems react to the fear of humans in their midst. These studies begin to quantify a painful truth: that humans alter any landscape in which we live, often in ways we can’t anticipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phantom Voices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Santa Cruz wildlife ecologist Justin Suraci says it’s hard for humans to fully understand how fear plays out in wild animals. Humans can’t really say that an animal feels fearful emotions, so Suraci and other researchers chose to monitor fear by observing how animal behavior changes when predators may be near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1200x960.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1920x1536.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In response to human voices, bobcats emerged almost exclusively at night. \u003ccite>(Barry Rowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci and his research adviser, Chris Wilmers, wanted to find out whether just the fear of humans — without a road or other physical markers nearby — would be enough to change animals’ behavior. To test their hypothesis, they chose the easiest sense to control: sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers staked out two separate square kilometers in the Santa Cruz Mountains. For five weeks, the team broadcast recordings of their voices, meant to mimic what animals might hear in a wildlife-urban interface, from 25 speakers in each region. The voices spoke infrequently, but creatures could hear them occasionally from any point in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By simultaneously studying the behavior of mountain lions, smaller carnivores such as bobcats, and prey such as deer mice, the team was able to isolate the effects of fear rippling through an ecosystem. Each species responded a little differently. Mountain lions avoided the area and moved more cautiously when they heard the voices, and bobcats started hunting mostly at night. Skunks moved around less than before; opossums took, on average, almost two days longer than usual to find food. Deer mice, by contrast, reveled in the absence of the large carnivores. They became bolder and foraged for food more thoroughly and in larger areas than they’d covered before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous experiments have suggested the influence of sound on a single species. Songbirds avoided a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/39/12105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phantom road\u003c/a>” in Idaho, where researchers played the sounds of passing cars. Mule deer in Colorado differentiated between predators based on \u003ca href=\"http://sci-hub.tw/10.1111/eth.12219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their calls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these experiments become much more complicated when they consider how fear moves through an entire landscape. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone has sparked a debate about whether the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z01-094#.XVSB-JNKgWp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fear of wolves\u003c/a> or their actual \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180622104544.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killing behavior\u003c/a> changed elk habits enough to produce a cascade of effects that ultimately changed the shape of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rZzHkpyPkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946514\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer mice took advantage of their predators’ absence to forage for food more intensely and in a wider range. \u003ccite>(Aria Crabb)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci says it’s a challenge to prove just why these changes happen, because it can be nearly impossible to divorce the fear of a predator from the predator’s actions. “So this has ended up being one of the first large landscape-scale experiments,” he says, “demonstrating this ‘landscape of fear’ — that just the fear of a predator can affect species,” even across an entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ancient Principle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bold critters might not seem extraordinary to people who live in cities, or who’ve watched the popular video of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPXUG8q4jKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizza Rat\u003c/a>” brazenly dragging an entire slice of pizza down the stairs of a subway station. But researchers say they’re impressed that Suraci and Wilmers have been able to link rodents’ behavior in a wild habitat to the rest of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Young, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/054400230X/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=054400230X&linkCode=as2&tag=birdlang-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What the Robin Knows\u003c/a>,” leads classes on bird language and animal tracking. He says it hadn’t occurred to him that sound, not a predator’s scent or physical presence, would set off fear in an ecosystem. But, he adds, he’s familiar with the idea that fear trickles down through a food web. Finding a predator by observing the behavior of its prey is an ancient tracking principle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young recalls how he once tried to photograph a mountain lion, but couldn’t find any footprints. What he did find was that deer clustered near a house with a dog, an animal that usually made them uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the deer were up close to the house on a consistent basis told us that they were using human presence as a safety barrier,” Young remembers. “So then we said, ‘Well, what are the deer afraid of?’” Sure enough, when he and his colleagues set up cameras near where deer were avoiding their favorite foods, within a few days the team had their mountain lion photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Striking a Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young pays particular attention to birds. He believes that observing other species returns humans to an ideal, pre-smartphone state of awareness. Studies have shown that birds use different warning calls for different predators, based even on potential attackers’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.washington.edu/news/2005/06/23/chickadees-alarm-calls-carry-information-about-size-threat-of-predator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">size and speed.\u003c/a> Once you notice that the birds around your house, for example, are “talking” about all the other animals, Young says, “you start to wonder, ‘what are they saying about me?’” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once you realize that the chickadees and robins and towhees are gossiping about you, he thinks you might just change how you behave. He asserts that awareness of other species is key to preserving wild spaces like national parks. “Maybe if we’re gentle on the birds, and we learn that in our own backyards,” Young says, that can change the way humans move through the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the knowledge that our voices, even separated from our habitat-stomping, foreign-smelling, weapon-toting bodies, send fear ricocheting through an ecosystem, we can begin to consider how best to visit these wild areas. Suraci says we could even think about designing parks and hiking trails in ways that concentrate human visitation in certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By going too often into these tender places,” Young said, “we love them to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People need to figure out how to experience the natural world more gently than we do, agrees Daniel Blumstein, who studies ecotourism at UCLA and led the mule deer experiment. He notes that in 2015, scientists reported that the world’s protected areas receive an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002074&type=printable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8 billion\u003c/a> human visits a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people going into nature and experiencing nature,” Blumstein says. He maintains that “the more people get outside, the more they protect … and value nature.” And yet studies like Suraci’s and Wilmers’ indicate that our very presence may profoundly affect other species, right down to what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Defends Wolves, Argues Against Feds Removing Protections",
"headTitle": "California Defends Wolves, Argues Against Feds Removing Protections | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is pushing back on the federal government’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-03-15/pdf/2019-04420.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a> to delist wolves from the Endangered Species Act in the lower 48 states. This step would remove wolves’ federal protections, transferring decisions about wolf management to individual states and tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal, announced in March, frames the wolves’ current status as “one of the greatest comebacks in conservation history.” But environmentalists and now the California Fish and Game Commission have argued that, to make a full recovery, wolves still need Endangered Species Act protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 15, the Commission sent a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/CFGC-Wolf-Delisting-letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter\u003c/a> to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, strongly opposing the proposed delisting. The letter, signed by president Eric Sklar, states the ruling would end recovery efforts prematurely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The limited gray wolf return to some of the states that will be impacted by the proposed rule, including California, has been for only a brief period in the thousands of years history of gray wolf as a species,” states Sklar, “and most of the suitable habitat in these states has not yet been repopulated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946475\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-800x353.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"353\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-800x353.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-768x338.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-1020x449.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-1200x529.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An excerpt from a letter addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from the California Fish and Game Commission\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just this week, California also announced its intent to file a lawsuit against the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overhaul\u003c/a> of the Endangered Species Act. If the changes are implemented, federal agencies would be able to publicly share the economic impact of protecting endangered species. Threatened species, considered by biologists on their way to being critically endangered, would not receive the same protections as endangered species, as they do currently. The review process for actions taken by agencies affecting listed species would simplify. It is unclear how wolves would be affected by these modifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Wolves Should Roam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though California wolves would retain their listing in the state’s Endangered Species Act no matter the ruling, the Commission’s stance against delisting is not purely symbolic. The ruling would likely affect the state’s wolf population by restricting the numbers of wolves that enter from other states. After the last wolf in California was shot in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/06/california%e2%80%99s-gray-wolves/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=california%2525e2%252580%252599s-gray-wolves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1924\u003c/a>, wolves only started reappearing in the state in \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2011\u003c/a>, when one wandered over the Oregon border. Biologists say that California’s future wolf population will depend on expanding from other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good to see West Coast states that have an interest in wolf recovery speaking out about … the proposal that would undermine wolf recovery in their states,” said Brett Hartl, the government affairs director at the Center for Biological Diversity. “California is a good example of why their proposal doesn’t make sense, because wolves are definitely not recovered in California.” [pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Eric Sklar, California Fish and Game Commission']‘Discounting California and other vital, historic habitats ignores science and the law.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Determining the success of wolf recovery hinges on a discussion of where the predator should roam. Some controversy does exist over wolves’ historical range. In the proposal, the USFWS chooses to define ‘historic range’ as most of the continental United States except western California, southwestern Arizona, and the southeast United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=department-of-the-interior-celebrates-recovery-of-the-gray-wolf-with-&_ID=36378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">6,000\u003c/a> wolves now live in the continental United States, only \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946121/three-new-wolf-pups-sighted-in-northeast-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one pack\u003c/a> frequents California. Most people agree that populations have recovered in the northern Rocky Mountains and western Great Lakes, but the Commission points out that this range is only a tiny fraction of both the wolves’ historic range and the habitat scientists consider suitable. It calls the proposal’s definition of range “nonsensical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Discounting California and other vital, historic habitats ignores science and the law,” the letter states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Relying on Outdated Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the letter, Sklar says that much of the rule bases its analysis of the extent of recovery on “decades-old science.” The Commission argues that the criteria the USFWS uses to measure recovery are based on outdated science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peer reviewers of the proposal echoed this sentiment, adding that the cited studies were chosen haphazardly. In many cases, the reviewer wrote, “results in the best journals (ranked independently on a worldwide scale of impact factors) were ignored or overlooked, in favor of non-peer-reviewed interpretations or results from lower ranked journals.” The same reviewer notes that “in a few cases, the stronger evidence was paid for by the USFWS or was co-authored by USFWS staff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next For Wolves?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is, perhaps, no more polarizing endangered species than the gray wolf. Even as environmentalists celebrate the return of wolves, some ranchers view the predators as a threat to their livestock and livelihoods. The federal proposal chooses largely to ignore the threat anti-wolf communities may pose to wolf populations, stating that the motivations behind such attitudes are poorly understood. But the California Fish and Game Commission says that the ability of public opinion to impact wolf populations has been studied and should be considered more substantially in the delisting proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since targeted extirpation of the species was one of the main factors that led to gray wolf’s near extinction in the U.S.,” the letter argues, “it behooves USFWS to conduct a thorough analysis to demonstrate that such attitudes will not become a detriment to the future of the species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartl says he’s seen this happen before, when wolves were delisted in the Great Lakes in \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6183/476/tab-pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2011\u003c/a> and public tolerance for them declined. When wolves are prematurely delisted, Hartl warns, “it creates the perception, especially in rural areas, that it’s okay to shoot a wolf.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USFWS will now review the public comments on its proposal. Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=FWS-HQ-ES-2018-0097-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">750,000\u003c/a> comments are currently listed on the USFWS website. Some environmental groups believe the number may balloon to \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2019/7/13/20690727/endangered-species-list-2019-gray-wolves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly 2 million\u003c/a> once the mail-in comments are counted. Hartl expects the USFWS will take at least a year to review all substantive comments, and anticipates a final decision in fall 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration also proposed delisting the gray wolf in 2013, and faced a similarly extensive comment period. The ruling was largely \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/home/wolfrecovery/pdf/Gray-Wolf-Proposed-Delisting-FAQs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">abandoned\u003c/a>, though people disagree why; USFWS cites logistics, and environmentalists say the proposal languished in the face of inescapable facts and public outrage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is pushing back on the federal government’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-03-15/pdf/2019-04420.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a> to delist wolves from the Endangered Species Act in the lower 48 states. This step would remove wolves’ federal protections, transferring decisions about wolf management to individual states and tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal, announced in March, frames the wolves’ current status as “one of the greatest comebacks in conservation history.” But environmentalists and now the California Fish and Game Commission have argued that, to make a full recovery, wolves still need Endangered Species Act protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 15, the Commission sent a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/CFGC-Wolf-Delisting-letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter\u003c/a> to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, strongly opposing the proposed delisting. The letter, signed by president Eric Sklar, states the ruling would end recovery efforts prematurely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The limited gray wolf return to some of the states that will be impacted by the proposed rule, including California, has been for only a brief period in the thousands of years history of gray wolf as a species,” states Sklar, “and most of the suitable habitat in these states has not yet been repopulated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946475\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-800x353.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"353\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-800x353.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-768x338.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-1020x449.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn-1200x529.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/KQED_Torn.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An excerpt from a letter addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from the California Fish and Game Commission\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just this week, California also announced its intent to file a lawsuit against the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overhaul\u003c/a> of the Endangered Species Act. If the changes are implemented, federal agencies would be able to publicly share the economic impact of protecting endangered species. Threatened species, considered by biologists on their way to being critically endangered, would not receive the same protections as endangered species, as they do currently. The review process for actions taken by agencies affecting listed species would simplify. It is unclear how wolves would be affected by these modifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Wolves Should Roam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though California wolves would retain their listing in the state’s Endangered Species Act no matter the ruling, the Commission’s stance against delisting is not purely symbolic. The ruling would likely affect the state’s wolf population by restricting the numbers of wolves that enter from other states. After the last wolf in California was shot in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/06/california%e2%80%99s-gray-wolves/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=california%2525e2%252580%252599s-gray-wolves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1924\u003c/a>, wolves only started reappearing in the state in \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2011\u003c/a>, when one wandered over the Oregon border. Biologists say that California’s future wolf population will depend on expanding from other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good to see West Coast states that have an interest in wolf recovery speaking out about … the proposal that would undermine wolf recovery in their states,” said Brett Hartl, the government affairs director at the Center for Biological Diversity. “California is a good example of why their proposal doesn’t make sense, because wolves are definitely not recovered in California.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Determining the success of wolf recovery hinges on a discussion of where the predator should roam. Some controversy does exist over wolves’ historical range. In the proposal, the USFWS chooses to define ‘historic range’ as most of the continental United States except western California, southwestern Arizona, and the southeast United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=department-of-the-interior-celebrates-recovery-of-the-gray-wolf-with-&_ID=36378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">6,000\u003c/a> wolves now live in the continental United States, only \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946121/three-new-wolf-pups-sighted-in-northeast-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one pack\u003c/a> frequents California. Most people agree that populations have recovered in the northern Rocky Mountains and western Great Lakes, but the Commission points out that this range is only a tiny fraction of both the wolves’ historic range and the habitat scientists consider suitable. It calls the proposal’s definition of range “nonsensical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Discounting California and other vital, historic habitats ignores science and the law,” the letter states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Relying on Outdated Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the letter, Sklar says that much of the rule bases its analysis of the extent of recovery on “decades-old science.” The Commission argues that the criteria the USFWS uses to measure recovery are based on outdated science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peer reviewers of the proposal echoed this sentiment, adding that the cited studies were chosen haphazardly. In many cases, the reviewer wrote, “results in the best journals (ranked independently on a worldwide scale of impact factors) were ignored or overlooked, in favor of non-peer-reviewed interpretations or results from lower ranked journals.” The same reviewer notes that “in a few cases, the stronger evidence was paid for by the USFWS or was co-authored by USFWS staff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next For Wolves?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is, perhaps, no more polarizing endangered species than the gray wolf. Even as environmentalists celebrate the return of wolves, some ranchers view the predators as a threat to their livestock and livelihoods. The federal proposal chooses largely to ignore the threat anti-wolf communities may pose to wolf populations, stating that the motivations behind such attitudes are poorly understood. But the California Fish and Game Commission says that the ability of public opinion to impact wolf populations has been studied and should be considered more substantially in the delisting proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since targeted extirpation of the species was one of the main factors that led to gray wolf’s near extinction in the U.S.,” the letter argues, “it behooves USFWS to conduct a thorough analysis to demonstrate that such attitudes will not become a detriment to the future of the species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartl says he’s seen this happen before, when wolves were delisted in the Great Lakes in \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6183/476/tab-pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2011\u003c/a> and public tolerance for them declined. When wolves are prematurely delisted, Hartl warns, “it creates the perception, especially in rural areas, that it’s okay to shoot a wolf.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USFWS will now review the public comments on its proposal. Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=FWS-HQ-ES-2018-0097-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">750,000\u003c/a> comments are currently listed on the USFWS website. Some environmental groups believe the number may balloon to \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2019/7/13/20690727/endangered-species-list-2019-gray-wolves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly 2 million\u003c/a> once the mail-in comments are counted. Hartl expects the USFWS will take at least a year to review all substantive comments, and anticipates a final decision in fall 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration also proposed delisting the gray wolf in 2013, and faced a similarly extensive comment period. The ruling was largely \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/home/wolfrecovery/pdf/Gray-Wolf-Proposed-Delisting-FAQs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">abandoned\u003c/a>, though people disagree why; USFWS cites logistics, and environmentalists say the proposal languished in the face of inescapable facts and public outrage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Sues Trump Administration Over Clean Power Rollback",
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"content": "\u003cp>California has joined with 21 other states, the District of Columbia, Los Angeles, and five other cities in a legal challenge to the Trump administration’s repeal of Obama-era clean power rules.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Gov. Gavin Newsom']‘I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition, led by New York State, is suing the federal Environmental Protection Agency to try and block the agency from relaxing regulations on coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a Tuesday morning press conference in Sacramento, California Gov. Gavin Newsom said the Trump administration’s policy would increase air pollution and exacerbate global warming.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=science_1945609,science_1944972]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not just about fighting Donald Trump,” said Newsom. “This is about our kids and our grandkids. This is about clean air, clean water and endangered species. I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon” – whose administration authorized the EPA in nearly five decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit argues that the agency is responsible for regulating greenhouse gas emissions, and that the Trump administration’s Affordable Clean Energy rule fails this mandate. Also, the new power rules prop up aging coal-fired power plants, increase dirty air pollution and threaten the country’s most vulnerable people. The regulations replaced the Obama-era Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom announced the lawsuit flanked by state Attorney General Xavier Becerra and the California Air Resources Board Chairwoman Mary Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra called the administration’s attempt to scrap Obama climate rules foolish, unlawful, and a betrayal of “everyone who stands for cleaner air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It fails our economy, which depends on clean energy now more than ever,” he said. “We know what our energy future must look like, and we won’t get there by following President Trump’s misguided proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours before, Becerra vowed to sue the Trump administration for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act. Monday, he said California wouldn’t “pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action” but it would challenge actions when the state feels it is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols said the federal plan reverses California’s progress on combating climate change and keeps “the oldest and dirtiest power plants in the country on life support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon signed the federal Clean Air Act into law in 1970 to prevent air pollution and protect public health. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the law applies to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. After that ruling, the Obama administration said in its Clean Power Plan that carbon emissions from American power plants and cars endangered public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opened the door — or maybe requires, that’s what this lawsuit will be about — EPA to regulate emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and factories,” said Eric Biber, director of the Environmental and Energy Law Programs at UC Berkeley Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The focus here is really electric power plants,” he said. “The Obama Administration took two steps. The first step was to regulate emissions from new power plants. The second one was an effort to regulate emissions from existing power plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, whose state produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=69&t=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second most coal\u003c/a> behind Wyoming in 2017, predicted the lawsuit will ultimately fail at the U.S. Supreme Court, which stayed an earlier Obama administration attempt in 2016 at the request of a competing 27-state coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the lawsuit a “big government ‘power grab’” and argued that the Democratic attorneys general “are dead wrong” in their interpretation of the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The U.S. EPA said in a statement that it wouldn’t comment on pending litigation, but that it “worked diligently to ensure we produced a solid rule that we believe will be upheld in the courts, unlike the previous administration’s Clean Power Plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Doniger, senior strategic director for climate and clean energy for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said that the Trump administration is misreading the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goals of the Clean Power Plan were issued by Obama’s team in 2015 and are being met or surpassed,” he said. “The right thing to do at that point, because climate change is getting worse, is revise the standards and make them stronger. Instead, what the Trump administration is doing is reinterpreting the Clean Air Act so that it can’t do anything about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said his organization, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund and other groups plan Wednesday to file another lawsuit challenging the Trump administration on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two public health organizations, the American Lung Association and American Public Health Association, have already sued. Doniger said he expects all of the legal challenges will be folded into one case called American Lung Association vs. Wheeler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Andrew Wheeler became Trump’s EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don Thompson and Adam Beam from the Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dfd2bf676f89490390e9ee073f86849a\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not just about fighting Donald Trump,” said Newsom. “This is about our kids and our grandkids. This is about clean air, clean water and endangered species. I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon” – whose administration authorized the EPA in nearly five decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit argues that the agency is responsible for regulating greenhouse gas emissions, and that the Trump administration’s Affordable Clean Energy rule fails this mandate. Also, the new power rules prop up aging coal-fired power plants, increase dirty air pollution and threaten the country’s most vulnerable people. The regulations replaced the Obama-era Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom announced the lawsuit flanked by state Attorney General Xavier Becerra and the California Air Resources Board Chairwoman Mary Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra called the administration’s attempt to scrap Obama climate rules foolish, unlawful, and a betrayal of “everyone who stands for cleaner air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It fails our economy, which depends on clean energy now more than ever,” he said. “We know what our energy future must look like, and we won’t get there by following President Trump’s misguided proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours before, Becerra vowed to sue the Trump administration for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act. Monday, he said California wouldn’t “pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action” but it would challenge actions when the state feels it is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols said the federal plan reverses California’s progress on combating climate change and keeps “the oldest and dirtiest power plants in the country on life support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon signed the federal Clean Air Act into law in 1970 to prevent air pollution and protect public health. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the law applies to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. After that ruling, the Obama administration said in its Clean Power Plan that carbon emissions from American power plants and cars endangered public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opened the door — or maybe requires, that’s what this lawsuit will be about — EPA to regulate emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and factories,” said Eric Biber, director of the Environmental and Energy Law Programs at UC Berkeley Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The focus here is really electric power plants,” he said. “The Obama Administration took two steps. The first step was to regulate emissions from new power plants. The second one was an effort to regulate emissions from existing power plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, whose state produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=69&t=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second most coal\u003c/a> behind Wyoming in 2017, predicted the lawsuit will ultimately fail at the U.S. Supreme Court, which stayed an earlier Obama administration attempt in 2016 at the request of a competing 27-state coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the lawsuit a “big government ‘power grab’” and argued that the Democratic attorneys general “are dead wrong” in their interpretation of the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The U.S. EPA said in a statement that it wouldn’t comment on pending litigation, but that it “worked diligently to ensure we produced a solid rule that we believe will be upheld in the courts, unlike the previous administration’s Clean Power Plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Doniger, senior strategic director for climate and clean energy for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said that the Trump administration is misreading the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goals of the Clean Power Plan were issued by Obama’s team in 2015 and are being met or surpassed,” he said. “The right thing to do at that point, because climate change is getting worse, is revise the standards and make them stronger. Instead, what the Trump administration is doing is reinterpreting the Clean Air Act so that it can’t do anything about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said his organization, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund and other groups plan Wednesday to file another lawsuit challenging the Trump administration on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two public health organizations, the American Lung Association and American Public Health Association, have already sued. Doniger said he expects all of the legal challenges will be folded into one case called American Lung Association vs. Wheeler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Andrew Wheeler became Trump’s EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don Thompson and Adam Beam from the Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dfd2bf676f89490390e9ee073f86849a\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Attorney General Promises Suit Over Endangered Species Rollback",
"headTitle": "California Attorney General Promises Suit Over Endangered Species Rollback | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Within hours of the Trump administration’s announcement that it is rolling back enforcement of the landmark Endangered Species Act, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra vowed to mount a rigorous legal challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a hastily organized call with reporters, Becerra said the rollbacks put California’s threatened species at greater risk of extinction and promised to sue.[aside postID=science_1939114,science_1946357]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t look to pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action,” he said. “But we challenge these actions by this administration because it is necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He charged that the administration’s decision is meant to “boost the profits of companies that are already putting these species at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration on Monday rolled out some of the broadest changes in decades to enforcement of the Endangered Species Act, allowing the government to put an economic cost on saving a species and and make it harder to consider climate change in evaluating the status of a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary David Bernhardt and other administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/7d4ce27833384f548eaf76d395e6dd53\">contend\u003c/a> the changes improve efficiency of oversight while protecting rare species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best way to uphold the Endangered Species Act is to do everything we can to ensure it remains effective in achieving its ultimate goal — recovery of our rarest species,” Bernhardt said in a statement. “An effectively administered Act ensures more resources can go where they will do the most good: on-the-ground conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the administration announced its intention to rollback protections provided by the law and published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/improving_ESA/regulation-revisions.html\">draft\u003c/a> proposal. Today, it announced the final rule change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s plan will go into effect 30 days after being published in the federal register, barring a legal challenge to prevent it. The New York Times is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/climate/endangered-species-act-changes.html\">reporting\u003c/a> that the administration could publish the new rules in the federal register as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey and Defenders of Wildlife President Jamie Rappaport Clark joined Becerra in promising a swift lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the press call, Healey said relaxing the regulations is illegal because the changes violate the text and purpose of the Endangered Species Act. She said the changes are “arbitrary, capricious, and ignore the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the administration failed to conduct a full study of how the changes would impact the environment and didn’t allow for public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra said the rollbacks would require that the Fish and Wildlife Service craft individualized rules for each species. A move that, he said, would tangle California’s 35 threatened animals and 98 plant species in unnecessary red tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These species are categorized as threatened, and that’s based on science and data,” Becerra said. “But today’s rules throw out science and data. Instead of using science and data they inject economic consideration into what should only be a science-driven decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules water down protections for animals that are at risk of becoming endangered, or are designated as threatened, and make it easier to move a species off the endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the species that could be affected is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11762685/once-nearly-dead-as-the-dodo-california-condor-comeback-reaches-1000-chicks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California condor\u003c/a>, North America’s largest bird that once flew over most of California’s coastal mountains. After years of being critically endangered, the bird has made a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11762685/once-nearly-dead-as-the-dodo-california-condor-comeback-reaches-1000-chicks\">comeback\u003c/a> in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/marine-mammals/southern-sea-otter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">southern sea otter\u003c/a>, the smallest marine mammal in North America, is listed as threatened. The otters live along the coast from San Mateo County in the north to Santa Barbara in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other California species that could be affected are the threatened \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">northern\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">spotted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">owl\u003c/a> — its habitat has declined as a result of timber harvesting and land development — and the endangered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/o/olive-ridley-sea-turtle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olive Ridley sea turtle\u003c/a>, as well as the threatened \u003ca href=\"http://www.iws.org/species_sage_sparrow.html\">San Clemente bell sparrow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endangered Species Act is credited with helping save scores of animals and plants from extinction since President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1973, including the bald eagle, California condor and grizzly bear. The Endangered Species Act currently protects more than 1,600 species in the United States and its territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s changes include allowing economic cost to be taken into account as the federal government weighs protecting a struggling species, although the law stipulates that economic costs not be a factor in deciding whether to protect an animal. That prohibition was meant to ensure that the logging industry, for example, would not be able to push to block protections for a forest-dwelling animal on economic grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary Frazer, an assistant director at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, told reporters that the government would adhere to the law by disclosing the costs to the public, but officials wouldn’t factor economic considerations into their own decision making about protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing in here in my view is a radical change for how we have been consulting and listing species for the last decade or so,” Frazer said. Instead, he said, it brings “more transparency and certainty to the public about the way we’ll carry out our job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brett Hartl, a government affairs director for the Center for Biological Diversity conservation group, contended any such price tag would be inflated, and “an invitation for political interference” in the federal government’s decision whether to save a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be really naive and cynical and disingenuous to pretend” otherwise, Hartl said. “That’s the reason that Congress way back…prohibited the Service from doing that,” Hartl said. “It’s a science question: Is a species going extinct, yes or no?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other changes include ending blanket protections for species newly listed as threatened and a revision could block officials from considering the impact on wildlife from climate change, a major and growing threat to many species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the nearly half-century old act has been overwhelmingly successful in saving animals and plants that are listed as endangered, battles over some of the listings have been years-long and legend, pitting northern spotted owls, snail darters and other creatures and their protectors in court and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/12fc9368c0884087a92aafa1dd757042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">political fights\u003c/a> with industries, local opponents and others. Republican lawmakers have pushed for years to change the Endangered Species Act itself, in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. John Barrasso, a Wyoming Republican who leads the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, said Monday’s changes in enforcement to the act were “a good start,” but said he would continue working to change the act itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats blasted the changes, and conservationists promised a court fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations “take a wrecking ball to one of our oldest and most effective environmental laws, the Endangered Species Act,” said Sen. Tom Udall, a New Mexico Democrat, in a statement. “As we have seen time and time again, no environmental protection — no matter how effective or popular — is safe from this administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 10 attorneys general joined conservation groups in protesting an early draft of the changes, saying they put more wildlife at greater risk of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This effort to gut protections for endangered and threatened species has the same two features of most Trump administration actions: it’s a gift to industry, and it’s illegal,” said Drew Caputo, a vice president of litigation for the conservation advocacy group Earthjustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll see the Trump administration in court about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Riley, legal director of the nature program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, says the listing of species as threatened or endangered must be based on sound science and called the administration’s decision “appalling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in the midst of an extinction crisis,” she said, referring to the impact of climate change. “Rather than take steps to strengthen protections for these species, the Trump Administration is doing the opposite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A United Nations report warned in May that more than 1 million plants and animals globally face extinction, some within decades, owning to human development, climate change and other threats. The report called the rate of species loss a record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ellen Knickmeyer, of the Associated Press, contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Within hours of the Trump administration’s announcement that it is rolling back enforcement of the landmark Endangered Species Act, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra vowed to mount a rigorous legal challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a hastily organized call with reporters, Becerra said the rollbacks put California’s threatened species at greater risk of extinction and promised to sue.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t look to pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action,” he said. “But we challenge these actions by this administration because it is necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He charged that the administration’s decision is meant to “boost the profits of companies that are already putting these species at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration on Monday rolled out some of the broadest changes in decades to enforcement of the Endangered Species Act, allowing the government to put an economic cost on saving a species and and make it harder to consider climate change in evaluating the status of a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary David Bernhardt and other administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/7d4ce27833384f548eaf76d395e6dd53\">contend\u003c/a> the changes improve efficiency of oversight while protecting rare species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best way to uphold the Endangered Species Act is to do everything we can to ensure it remains effective in achieving its ultimate goal — recovery of our rarest species,” Bernhardt said in a statement. “An effectively administered Act ensures more resources can go where they will do the most good: on-the-ground conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the administration announced its intention to rollback protections provided by the law and published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/improving_ESA/regulation-revisions.html\">draft\u003c/a> proposal. Today, it announced the final rule change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s plan will go into effect 30 days after being published in the federal register, barring a legal challenge to prevent it. The New York Times is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/climate/endangered-species-act-changes.html\">reporting\u003c/a> that the administration could publish the new rules in the federal register as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey and Defenders of Wildlife President Jamie Rappaport Clark joined Becerra in promising a swift lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the press call, Healey said relaxing the regulations is illegal because the changes violate the text and purpose of the Endangered Species Act. She said the changes are “arbitrary, capricious, and ignore the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the administration failed to conduct a full study of how the changes would impact the environment and didn’t allow for public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra said the rollbacks would require that the Fish and Wildlife Service craft individualized rules for each species. A move that, he said, would tangle California’s 35 threatened animals and 98 plant species in unnecessary red tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These species are categorized as threatened, and that’s based on science and data,” Becerra said. “But today’s rules throw out science and data. Instead of using science and data they inject economic consideration into what should only be a science-driven decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules water down protections for animals that are at risk of becoming endangered, or are designated as threatened, and make it easier to move a species off the endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the species that could be affected is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11762685/once-nearly-dead-as-the-dodo-california-condor-comeback-reaches-1000-chicks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California condor\u003c/a>, North America’s largest bird that once flew over most of California’s coastal mountains. After years of being critically endangered, the bird has made a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11762685/once-nearly-dead-as-the-dodo-california-condor-comeback-reaches-1000-chicks\">comeback\u003c/a> in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/marine-mammals/southern-sea-otter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">southern sea otter\u003c/a>, the smallest marine mammal in North America, is listed as threatened. The otters live along the coast from San Mateo County in the north to Santa Barbara in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other California species that could be affected are the threatened \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">northern\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">spotted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">owl\u003c/a> — its habitat has declined as a result of timber harvesting and land development — and the endangered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/o/olive-ridley-sea-turtle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olive Ridley sea turtle\u003c/a>, as well as the threatened \u003ca href=\"http://www.iws.org/species_sage_sparrow.html\">San Clemente bell sparrow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endangered Species Act is credited with helping save scores of animals and plants from extinction since President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1973, including the bald eagle, California condor and grizzly bear. The Endangered Species Act currently protects more than 1,600 species in the United States and its territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s changes include allowing economic cost to be taken into account as the federal government weighs protecting a struggling species, although the law stipulates that economic costs not be a factor in deciding whether to protect an animal. That prohibition was meant to ensure that the logging industry, for example, would not be able to push to block protections for a forest-dwelling animal on economic grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary Frazer, an assistant director at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, told reporters that the government would adhere to the law by disclosing the costs to the public, but officials wouldn’t factor economic considerations into their own decision making about protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing in here in my view is a radical change for how we have been consulting and listing species for the last decade or so,” Frazer said. Instead, he said, it brings “more transparency and certainty to the public about the way we’ll carry out our job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brett Hartl, a government affairs director for the Center for Biological Diversity conservation group, contended any such price tag would be inflated, and “an invitation for political interference” in the federal government’s decision whether to save a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be really naive and cynical and disingenuous to pretend” otherwise, Hartl said. “That’s the reason that Congress way back…prohibited the Service from doing that,” Hartl said. “It’s a science question: Is a species going extinct, yes or no?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other changes include ending blanket protections for species newly listed as threatened and a revision could block officials from considering the impact on wildlife from climate change, a major and growing threat to many species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the nearly half-century old act has been overwhelmingly successful in saving animals and plants that are listed as endangered, battles over some of the listings have been years-long and legend, pitting northern spotted owls, snail darters and other creatures and their protectors in court and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/12fc9368c0884087a92aafa1dd757042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">political fights\u003c/a> with industries, local opponents and others. Republican lawmakers have pushed for years to change the Endangered Species Act itself, in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. John Barrasso, a Wyoming Republican who leads the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, said Monday’s changes in enforcement to the act were “a good start,” but said he would continue working to change the act itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats blasted the changes, and conservationists promised a court fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations “take a wrecking ball to one of our oldest and most effective environmental laws, the Endangered Species Act,” said Sen. Tom Udall, a New Mexico Democrat, in a statement. “As we have seen time and time again, no environmental protection — no matter how effective or popular — is safe from this administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 10 attorneys general joined conservation groups in protesting an early draft of the changes, saying they put more wildlife at greater risk of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This effort to gut protections for endangered and threatened species has the same two features of most Trump administration actions: it’s a gift to industry, and it’s illegal,” said Drew Caputo, a vice president of litigation for the conservation advocacy group Earthjustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll see the Trump administration in court about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Riley, legal director of the nature program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, says the listing of species as threatened or endangered must be based on sound science and called the administration’s decision “appalling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in the midst of an extinction crisis,” she said, referring to the impact of climate change. “Rather than take steps to strengthen protections for these species, the Trump Administration is doing the opposite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A United Nations report warned in May that more than 1 million plants and animals globally face extinction, some within decades, owning to human development, climate change and other threats. The report called the rate of species loss a record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ellen Knickmeyer, of the Associated Press, contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Will Check on 'Forever Chemicals' in Drinking Water. What You Need to Know",
"headTitle": "California Will Check on ‘Forever Chemicals’ in Drinking Water. What You Need to Know | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Over 75 years, a billion-dollar industry has grown up around a group of toxic chemicals that helps keep carpets clean, makes water roll off of camping equipment, and stops your food from sticking to frying pans. There are nearly 5,000 of these chemicals in a class called PFAS, for perfluoralkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re just beginning to understand the risk they pose. What chemists know is that the tough carbon-fluorine bonds in these “forever chemicals” make them break down very slowly in the environment — posing a persistent risk to water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>PFAS Linked to Liver and Developmental Problems \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf\">has profiled\u003c/a> PFAS, which has been studied in people and in animals. Studies have linked to it developmental problems, thyroid disease, harm to the immune system, and impaired liver function. The CDC and Environmental Protection Agency also say some of the chemicals in this class may cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium']Since PFAS have a long life in the environment, when you put takeout bowls with trace amounts of them in compost, the potentially toxic chemicals remain dangerous wherever they go.[/pullquote]PFAS are oil, stain, grease, and water repellent, so they’re found in consumer products like ski goggles and camping gear. What people are worried about now is where the chemicals might have entered drinking water through industrial uses. There’s a firefighting foam used on airport runways because it cleans up fuel spills and oil really well, and from there the PFAS chemicals could leach into soil, and then water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental Working Group toxicologist Alexis Temkin says that human exposure can come from drinking water and certain types of food, especially seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now beginning to understand that it can be found in compost, which can be used on other types of vegetables, which can then take up PFAS,” Temkin says. “So we know that the health hazard and the risk can come from a variety of different places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a federal program, starting a couple of decades ago\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> companies voluntarily phased out the older versions of these PFAS chemicals. They aren’t made in the U.S. anymore, but some other newer ones are, and these newer chemicals may be less toxic, or may not be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Thousands of Chemicals and Very Few Rules\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal rules set a health advisory limit for drinking water at 70 parts per trillion. The CDC’s toxicology review \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf\">suggests\u003c/a> that the for some chemicals the limit should be around one-fifth of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_560344' label='Inside the Story of 1,2,3-TCP']\u003cbr>\nThe Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pfas/draft-interim-recommendations-addressing-groundwater-contaminated-pfoa-and-pfos\">has issued\u003c/a> an interim plan which says that the agency will continue to study PFAS \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-02/documents/pfas_action_plan_021319_508compliant_1.pdf\">for a while yet\u003c/a>. States have been moving to take swifter action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Jersey made a hard limit for two PFAS chemicals, and is making companies test and clean up to that standard. It’s also now a condition of real estate transactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, California has set a health advisory at 70 parts per trillion. But that doesn’t mean people here are drinking tainted water. The State Water Resources Control Board is undertaking a huge \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/pfas/\">investigation\u003c/a> of where PFAS might be, beginning with 1500 airports, wells and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB756\">has now signed\u003c/a> a law requiring water agencies to disclose when any PFAS chemicals are found in water above a level of 70 parts per trillion. The Association of California Water Agencies opposed the law, expressing concern that it might make people scared of their water without giving consumers useful information because the science remains complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From Chipotle to Compost: PFAS in Takeout Containers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit New Food Economy \u003ca href=\"https://newfoodeconomy.org/pfas-forever-chemicals-sweetgreen-chipotle-compostable-biodegradable-bowls/\">tested for\u003c/a> PFAS and found it in compostable bowls from Chipotle and Sweetgreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern isn’t that one burrito bowl is going to get you sick. Since PFAS have a long life in the environment, when you put takeout bowls with trace amounts of them in compost, the potentially toxic chemicals remain dangerous wherever they go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, San Francisco banned PFAS chemicals from takeout materials — the bowls, the plates, the spoons, all of it — after lawsuits \u003ca href=\"https://theintercept.com/2018/07/31/3m-pfas-minnesota-pfoa-pfos/\">revealed\u003c/a> that companies including 3M knew for four decades or more that the chemicals were toxic and accumulated in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress has discussed taking action to keep PFAS out of disposable food containers, but it hasn’t taken action yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cleanup Is Expensive\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We \u003ca href=\"https://cen.acs.org/environment/persistent-pollutants/Forever-chemicals-technologies-aim-destroy/97/i12\">can \u003c/a>clean up PFAS from water supplies, but it’s costly. Water treatment plants have ways to trap the chemicals, including reverse osmosis. The problem is, treatment plants have to dispose of the chemicals they trap, and these chemicals don’t break down. It’s not an easy fix. Scientists are researching how to trap the chemicals better, and how to make the chemicals break down faster and more safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over 75 years, a billion-dollar industry has grown up around a group of toxic chemicals that helps keep carpets clean, makes water roll off of camping equipment, and stops your food from sticking to frying pans. There are nearly 5,000 of these chemicals in a class called PFAS, for perfluoralkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re just beginning to understand the risk they pose. What chemists know is that the tough carbon-fluorine bonds in these “forever chemicals” make them break down very slowly in the environment — posing a persistent risk to water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>PFAS Linked to Liver and Developmental Problems \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf\">has profiled\u003c/a> PFAS, which has been studied in people and in animals. Studies have linked to it developmental problems, thyroid disease, harm to the immune system, and impaired liver function. The CDC and Environmental Protection Agency also say some of the chemicals in this class may cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>PFAS are oil, stain, grease, and water repellent, so they’re found in consumer products like ski goggles and camping gear. What people are worried about now is where the chemicals might have entered drinking water through industrial uses. There’s a firefighting foam used on airport runways because it cleans up fuel spills and oil really well, and from there the PFAS chemicals could leach into soil, and then water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental Working Group toxicologist Alexis Temkin says that human exposure can come from drinking water and certain types of food, especially seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now beginning to understand that it can be found in compost, which can be used on other types of vegetables, which can then take up PFAS,” Temkin says. “So we know that the health hazard and the risk can come from a variety of different places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a federal program, starting a couple of decades ago\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> companies voluntarily phased out the older versions of these PFAS chemicals. They aren’t made in the U.S. anymore, but some other newer ones are, and these newer chemicals may be less toxic, or may not be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Thousands of Chemicals and Very Few Rules\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal rules set a health advisory limit for drinking water at 70 parts per trillion. The CDC’s toxicology review \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf\">suggests\u003c/a> that the for some chemicals the limit should be around one-fifth of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThe Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pfas/draft-interim-recommendations-addressing-groundwater-contaminated-pfoa-and-pfos\">has issued\u003c/a> an interim plan which says that the agency will continue to study PFAS \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-02/documents/pfas_action_plan_021319_508compliant_1.pdf\">for a while yet\u003c/a>. States have been moving to take swifter action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Jersey made a hard limit for two PFAS chemicals, and is making companies test and clean up to that standard. It’s also now a condition of real estate transactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, California has set a health advisory at 70 parts per trillion. But that doesn’t mean people here are drinking tainted water. The State Water Resources Control Board is undertaking a huge \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/pfas/\">investigation\u003c/a> of where PFAS might be, beginning with 1500 airports, wells and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB756\">has now signed\u003c/a> a law requiring water agencies to disclose when any PFAS chemicals are found in water above a level of 70 parts per trillion. The Association of California Water Agencies opposed the law, expressing concern that it might make people scared of their water without giving consumers useful information because the science remains complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From Chipotle to Compost: PFAS in Takeout Containers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit New Food Economy \u003ca href=\"https://newfoodeconomy.org/pfas-forever-chemicals-sweetgreen-chipotle-compostable-biodegradable-bowls/\">tested for\u003c/a> PFAS and found it in compostable bowls from Chipotle and Sweetgreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern isn’t that one burrito bowl is going to get you sick. Since PFAS have a long life in the environment, when you put takeout bowls with trace amounts of them in compost, the potentially toxic chemicals remain dangerous wherever they go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, San Francisco banned PFAS chemicals from takeout materials — the bowls, the plates, the spoons, all of it — after lawsuits \u003ca href=\"https://theintercept.com/2018/07/31/3m-pfas-minnesota-pfoa-pfos/\">revealed\u003c/a> that companies including 3M knew for four decades or more that the chemicals were toxic and accumulated in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress has discussed taking action to keep PFAS out of disposable food containers, but it hasn’t taken action yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cleanup Is Expensive\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We \u003ca href=\"https://cen.acs.org/environment/persistent-pollutants/Forever-chemicals-technologies-aim-destroy/97/i12\">can \u003c/a>clean up PFAS from water supplies, but it’s costly. Water treatment plants have ways to trap the chemicals, including reverse osmosis. The problem is, treatment plants have to dispose of the chemicals they trap, and these chemicals don’t break down. It’s not an easy fix. Scientists are researching how to trap the chemicals better, and how to make the chemicals break down faster and more safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feds Extend Review For Controversial Forest Plan",
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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service has extended public comment period on a controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/13/2019-12195/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">plan\u003c/a> to relax environmental permitting for new logging and forest management projects across millions of acres of federal forest lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would upend long-held environmental practices that have been in place since 1970, and make it easier for timber harvesting and bulldozing forest roads in all 20 of California’s federal forests, including national forests in Mendocino, Tahoe, Los Padres, and Lassen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade.’’\u003ccite>Alejandro Camacho, UC Irvine law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nepa/revisions/index.shtml\">said\u003c/a> that, with its limited staff, extended droughts, pests, and tree diseases have made it difficult for the agency to protect people from catastrophic wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about two million acres of federal forests are treated with thinning projects, prescribed burns or logging each year. The Forest Service would like to do a lot more. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\">estimate\u003c/a> 17 million acres of federal forests at high fire risk could be logged to reduce fire danger and 35 million acres should be treated with prescribed burns. The proposed rule changes will allow them to act more quickly, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulation Rollback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s only part of the picture. In 2018, President Donald Trump issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/eo-promoting-active-management-americas-forests-rangelands-federal-lands-improve-conditions-reduce-wildfire-risk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order \u003c/a>that encouraged federal agencies to ease environmental review for industrial operations on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration has called for more ‘\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/29/642955787/will-more-logging-save-western-forests-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">active\u003c/a>’ logging in western forests and wants to open up more federal forests to the timber industry. They say it will provide badly needed jobs in rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the one hand, periodically updating federal agency regulations is a good thing,” said Alejandro Camacho, a law professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade,” he said. “The most prominent changes are concerning because they open a category of actions by the agency that they are trying to exclude from environmental review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would more than double the size of projects that can bypass the analysis. For commercial logging and timber harvesting, that means expediting any proposal smaller than 4,200 acres, Camacho said. For forest thinning projects, where forest managers clear dense stands of trees and thick brush, the threshold is 7,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists have decried the plan, calling it a giveaway for corporations and saying it has the potential to destroy the environment. They say the rule change would shield logging contracts from public and scientific scrutiny, and could extend to new oil and gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, however, most of the federal drilling occurs on land overseen by the Bureau of Land Management, which is a separate agency with its own environmental process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randi Spivak, a public lands policy advocate for the Center for Biological Diversity, said that if the rule passes as it is written, the public will have no voice on the majority of decisions the government makes about national forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the voice of the people,” Spivak said. “Public comment is an opportunity for everyday citizens who love their national forests to get to comment and raise concerns over proposals by the Forest Service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent weeks, environmentalists rallied their people to oppose the plan, who flooded the Forest Service with comments. The comment \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/08/09/2019-17071/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">period\u003c/a> was initially supposed to last 60 days, ending on August 12. But the Forest Service has extended the comment period to the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service was not available for comment at the time of publication.[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Spill That Spurred a Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On January 28, 1969, toxic sludge and gas \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/news/the-ocean-is-boiling-the-complete-oral-history-of-the-1969-santa-barbara-oil-spill\">erupted\u003c/a> from an oil platform off the coast of Santa Barbara. The spill energized a burgeoning environmental movement around the idea that society needed to protect its wild lands and regulate how it does business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act, colloquially known as NEPA\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>into law. This mandated federal agencies to study how their plans could harm natural ecosystems. Officials must present these findings to the public, and give them a chance to weigh-in. The government doesn’t have to heed the advice or requests, but it’s required to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These proceedings can take years and the law has been a punching bag of business groups who complain of cumbersome bureaucracy. But the review process is the tip of the spear for environmental justice groups, who use comments and lawsuits to press policy and advocate for protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has its own, more rigorous environmental law, the California Environmental Quality Act. But that law covers state lands and doesn’t require review for logging in federal forests, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the Forest Service’s proposal is one part of a broader campaign by the Trump administration to erode environmental protections. The administration wants to relax how the government regulates carbon dioxide emissions, for example, and has set a two year limit on assessments of major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are focused not on the quality of analysis, but just on speeding it up,” Camacho said. “Ironically, that may slow it down because of all the number of lawsuits that will come because of the rushed analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service will be accepting comments on its proposal until August 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service has extended public comment period on a controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/13/2019-12195/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">plan\u003c/a> to relax environmental permitting for new logging and forest management projects across millions of acres of federal forest lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would upend long-held environmental practices that have been in place since 1970, and make it easier for timber harvesting and bulldozing forest roads in all 20 of California’s federal forests, including national forests in Mendocino, Tahoe, Los Padres, and Lassen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade.’’\u003ccite>Alejandro Camacho, UC Irvine law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nepa/revisions/index.shtml\">said\u003c/a> that, with its limited staff, extended droughts, pests, and tree diseases have made it difficult for the agency to protect people from catastrophic wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about two million acres of federal forests are treated with thinning projects, prescribed burns or logging each year. The Forest Service would like to do a lot more. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\">estimate\u003c/a> 17 million acres of federal forests at high fire risk could be logged to reduce fire danger and 35 million acres should be treated with prescribed burns. The proposed rule changes will allow them to act more quickly, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulation Rollback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s only part of the picture. In 2018, President Donald Trump issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/eo-promoting-active-management-americas-forests-rangelands-federal-lands-improve-conditions-reduce-wildfire-risk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order \u003c/a>that encouraged federal agencies to ease environmental review for industrial operations on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration has called for more ‘\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/29/642955787/will-more-logging-save-western-forests-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">active\u003c/a>’ logging in western forests and wants to open up more federal forests to the timber industry. They say it will provide badly needed jobs in rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the one hand, periodically updating federal agency regulations is a good thing,” said Alejandro Camacho, a law professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade,” he said. “The most prominent changes are concerning because they open a category of actions by the agency that they are trying to exclude from environmental review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would more than double the size of projects that can bypass the analysis. For commercial logging and timber harvesting, that means expediting any proposal smaller than 4,200 acres, Camacho said. For forest thinning projects, where forest managers clear dense stands of trees and thick brush, the threshold is 7,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists have decried the plan, calling it a giveaway for corporations and saying it has the potential to destroy the environment. They say the rule change would shield logging contracts from public and scientific scrutiny, and could extend to new oil and gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, however, most of the federal drilling occurs on land overseen by the Bureau of Land Management, which is a separate agency with its own environmental process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randi Spivak, a public lands policy advocate for the Center for Biological Diversity, said that if the rule passes as it is written, the public will have no voice on the majority of decisions the government makes about national forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the voice of the people,” Spivak said. “Public comment is an opportunity for everyday citizens who love their national forests to get to comment and raise concerns over proposals by the Forest Service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent weeks, environmentalists rallied their people to oppose the plan, who flooded the Forest Service with comments. The comment \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/08/09/2019-17071/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">period\u003c/a> was initially supposed to last 60 days, ending on August 12. But the Forest Service has extended the comment period to the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service was not available for comment at the time of publication.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration has instructed companies not to warn customers about products that contain glyphosate, a move aimed at California as it fights one of the world’s largest agriculture companies about the potentially cancer-causing chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says it “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-08/documents/glyphosate_registrant_letter_-_8-7-19_-_signed.pdf\">will no longer approve\u003c/a>” labels warning glyphosate is known to cause cancer. The chemical is marketed as a weed killer by Monsanto under the brand Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California requires warning labels on glyphosate products because the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an arm of the World Health Organization, has said it is “\u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/featured-news/media-centre-iarc-news-glyphosate/\">probably carcinogenic\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA disagrees, \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/draft-human-health-and-ecological-risk-assessments-glyphosate\">saying\u003c/a> its own research shows the chemical poses no risks to public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto has sued to block California’s warning label requirements. A federal judge blocked California from enforcing the labels while the lawsuit continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize that under federal law, the Environmental Protection Agency can make decisions about what kind of warnings these labels can carry,” Allan Hirsch, the chief deputy director of the state’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hirsch says California stands by its 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/glyphosate-listed-effective-july-7-2017-known-state-california-cause-cancer\">listing\u003c/a> of glyphosate under Proposition 65, which is based on the conclusions of the IARC. “EPA is free to disagree with IARC on that question, we know that they do,” he said. “But it’s misleading to dismiss California’s warnings as false.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The National Park Service has proposed to shoot a small number of elk each year as a way to reduce conflict with livestock that graze at \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft proposal for managing the national park would restrict the herd of tule elk to 120 adult animals in an area known as Drakes Beach. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=science_1920624,science_1866137]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re proposing management of that herd,” said Melanie Gunn, a park spokesperson, “to cap it at a viable population level and at one that is compatible with the ranching in the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tule elk are North America’s smallest elk species and found only in California. In this bucolic area of western Marin County, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ranchers say the elk consume grass and feed meant for cattle. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service estimated it could shoot between 10 to 15 elk annually, based on the rapid growth of the herd over the past few years. In 2018, an estimated 124 elk roamed Drakes Beach, up from 76 in 2014. More than 600 elk live on the seashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two dozen dairy and ranching families have leases on the national seashore and on the adjacent Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Agriculture takes up about a third of the park’s 44 square miles (114 square kilometers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups want the park to prohibit beef and dairy operations in the park and were quick to criticize the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s appalling,” said Jeff Miller, senior conservation advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an anti wildlife plan,” he said. “I’m having a hard time understanding what the Park Service is thinking. This plan calls for shooting and harassing elk in the only national park where they exist, and it does very little to address the significant environmental damage that’s occurring from the ranching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials also want to allow some existing ranchers to raise pigs, goats, chickens and other livestock in a small area of the park, as well as grow row crops such as artichokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service drafted the plan and several alternatives to manage the land as part of a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/aab79f98f1234183912d82ee7742f1f0\">settlement\u003c/a> after conservation groups sued the Park Service in 2016. The lawsuit alleged that the federal agency was violating the law by renewing ranching leases without considering the park’s preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park employees would likely kill a few elk at various times throughout the year, ensuring a proper ratio of male and female elk, Gunn said. The venison would be donated to charity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service expects to have a final plan by early 2020, after a 45-day public comment period, Gunn said, and are hosting two public \u003ca href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/meetingNotices.cfm?projectID=74313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meetings\u003c/a> about the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first meeting will be on August 27 between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m. at the West Marin School Gymnasium in Point Reyes Station. The second will be held the following day at the same time, but will be located at the Bay Model in Sausalito .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/c48ac87a078242f3a4bc30aea34359ed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re proposing management of that herd,” said Melanie Gunn, a park spokesperson, “to cap it at a viable population level and at one that is compatible with the ranching in the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tule elk are North America’s smallest elk species and found only in California. In this bucolic area of western Marin County, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ranchers say the elk consume grass and feed meant for cattle. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service estimated it could shoot between 10 to 15 elk annually, based on the rapid growth of the herd over the past few years. In 2018, an estimated 124 elk roamed Drakes Beach, up from 76 in 2014. More than 600 elk live on the seashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two dozen dairy and ranching families have leases on the national seashore and on the adjacent Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Agriculture takes up about a third of the park’s 44 square miles (114 square kilometers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups want the park to prohibit beef and dairy operations in the park and were quick to criticize the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s appalling,” said Jeff Miller, senior conservation advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an anti wildlife plan,” he said. “I’m having a hard time understanding what the Park Service is thinking. This plan calls for shooting and harassing elk in the only national park where they exist, and it does very little to address the significant environmental damage that’s occurring from the ranching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials also want to allow some existing ranchers to raise pigs, goats, chickens and other livestock in a small area of the park, as well as grow row crops such as artichokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service drafted the plan and several alternatives to manage the land as part of a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/aab79f98f1234183912d82ee7742f1f0\">settlement\u003c/a> after conservation groups sued the Park Service in 2016. The lawsuit alleged that the federal agency was violating the law by renewing ranching leases without considering the park’s preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park employees would likely kill a few elk at various times throughout the year, ensuring a proper ratio of male and female elk, Gunn said. The venison would be donated to charity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service expects to have a final plan by early 2020, after a 45-day public comment period, Gunn said, and are hosting two public \u003ca href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/meetingNotices.cfm?projectID=74313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meetings\u003c/a> about the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first meeting will be on August 27 between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m. at the West Marin School Gymnasium in Point Reyes Station. The second will be held the following day at the same time, but will be located at the Bay Model in Sausalito .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/c48ac87a078242f3a4bc30aea34359ed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists are adding a new creature to a list of giant, prehistoric animals that were previously unknown: The Heracles inexpectus, a supersize parrot, estimated to have been as tall as a small human child, was discovered by Australian researchers in New Zealand, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://rs.figshare.com/articles/Locality_and_Collection_data_for_Heracles_inexpectatus_from_Evidence_for_a_giant_parrot_from_the_Early_Miocene_of_New_Zealand/8965826\">study \u003c/a>published in \u003cem>Biology Letters\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bones of the bird, somewhere between 16 and 19 million years old, were discovered in a now extinct lake in St. Bathans in 2008. But the fossilized tibiotarsi, essentially the bird’s drumsticks, sat on a shelf for nearly a decade before a graduate student took a closer look. She realized the bones had been misidentified as an enormous, possibly \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/extinct-zealand-eagle-eaten-humans/story?id=8557686\">human-eating eagle\u003c/a> — which wouldn’t have been groundbreaking in the ornithological world, Trevor Worthy, the study’s lead researcher, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Worthy, who is a paleontologist at Flinders University, figured out the leg bones are evidence of the largest parrot known to science — now nicknamed “Squawkzilla.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The realization that these were parrots was astonishing, because nowhere has such a large parrot been found before,” Worthy said. Prior to his discovery, New Zealand’s \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2019-08-whopping-squawkzilla-herculesthe-giant-parrot.html\">kakapo \u003c/a>was believed to be the largest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team concluded the flightless parrot weighed 15 pounds and stood about 3 feet tall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Archer, a paleontologist at the University of New South Wales who was also involved in the study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/08/fossils-15-pound-parrot-found-new-zealand-kakapo/\">remarked \u003c/a>that the bird’s stature would make it “able to pick the lint out of your bellybutton.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study notes gigantism is not uncommon on islands and specifically New Zealand, where scientists have been digging up the remains of outsize animals since the early 19th century, including giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/wild-things/few-humans-were-needed-wipe-out-new-zealand%E2%80%99s-moa\">moa\u003c/a>, which were wiped out after humans arrived there in the 14th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison Shultz, associate curator of ornithology at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, told NPR the Heracles’ story fits the pattern of what has happened to bird species over the ages: “They get to an island, lose the ability to fly and get really big.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Shultz noted the bird fossil record is “fairly poor compared to the mammal fossil record because birds don’t fossilize very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons she gave is that bird bones are much less dense than mammal bones, making them more fragile and more likely to break down rather than fossilize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So anytime we can add to the bird story, it’s pretty exciting,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research suggests the parrot survived mostly on what was then lush, tropical vegetation that covered the region during the Miocene era. But it probably feasted on more substantive meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heracles, as the largest parrot ever, no doubt with a massive parrot beak that could crack wide open anything it fancied, may well have dined on more than conventional parrot foods, perhaps even other parrots,” said the study’s co-author, professor Mike Archer, in a \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2019-08-whopping-squawkzilla-herculesthe-giant-parrot.html\">statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worthy added it very likely had few, if any, real predators. “It lived with a similar-sized eagle, and the adzebill Aptornis, but at most these would have preyed on its chicks or eggs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Likewise there was a crocodile in the fauna, but one expects a parrot to be more clever than those and unlikely to be caught very often,” Worthy added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Discover+Prehistoric+Giant+%27Squawkzilla%27+Parrot%2C+As+Big+As+Small+Child+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists are adding a new creature to a list of giant, prehistoric animals that were previously unknown: The Heracles inexpectus, a supersize parrot, estimated to have been as tall as a small human child, was discovered by Australian researchers in New Zealand, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://rs.figshare.com/articles/Locality_and_Collection_data_for_Heracles_inexpectatus_from_Evidence_for_a_giant_parrot_from_the_Early_Miocene_of_New_Zealand/8965826\">study \u003c/a>published in \u003cem>Biology Letters\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bones of the bird, somewhere between 16 and 19 million years old, were discovered in a now extinct lake in St. Bathans in 2008. But the fossilized tibiotarsi, essentially the bird’s drumsticks, sat on a shelf for nearly a decade before a graduate student took a closer look. She realized the bones had been misidentified as an enormous, possibly \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/extinct-zealand-eagle-eaten-humans/story?id=8557686\">human-eating eagle\u003c/a> — which wouldn’t have been groundbreaking in the ornithological world, Trevor Worthy, the study’s lead researcher, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Worthy, who is a paleontologist at Flinders University, figured out the leg bones are evidence of the largest parrot known to science — now nicknamed “Squawkzilla.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The realization that these were parrots was astonishing, because nowhere has such a large parrot been found before,” Worthy said. Prior to his discovery, New Zealand’s \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2019-08-whopping-squawkzilla-herculesthe-giant-parrot.html\">kakapo \u003c/a>was believed to be the largest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team concluded the flightless parrot weighed 15 pounds and stood about 3 feet tall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Archer, a paleontologist at the University of New South Wales who was also involved in the study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/08/fossils-15-pound-parrot-found-new-zealand-kakapo/\">remarked \u003c/a>that the bird’s stature would make it “able to pick the lint out of your bellybutton.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study notes gigantism is not uncommon on islands and specifically New Zealand, where scientists have been digging up the remains of outsize animals since the early 19th century, including giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/wild-things/few-humans-were-needed-wipe-out-new-zealand%E2%80%99s-moa\">moa\u003c/a>, which were wiped out after humans arrived there in the 14th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison Shultz, associate curator of ornithology at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, told NPR the Heracles’ story fits the pattern of what has happened to bird species over the ages: “They get to an island, lose the ability to fly and get really big.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Shultz noted the bird fossil record is “fairly poor compared to the mammal fossil record because birds don’t fossilize very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons she gave is that bird bones are much less dense than mammal bones, making them more fragile and more likely to break down rather than fossilize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So anytime we can add to the bird story, it’s pretty exciting,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research suggests the parrot survived mostly on what was then lush, tropical vegetation that covered the region during the Miocene era. But it probably feasted on more substantive meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heracles, as the largest parrot ever, no doubt with a massive parrot beak that could crack wide open anything it fancied, may well have dined on more than conventional parrot foods, perhaps even other parrots,” said the study’s co-author, professor Mike Archer, in a \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2019-08-whopping-squawkzilla-herculesthe-giant-parrot.html\">statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worthy added it very likely had few, if any, real predators. “It lived with a similar-sized eagle, and the adzebill Aptornis, but at most these would have preyed on its chicks or eggs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Likewise there was a crocodile in the fauna, but one expects a parrot to be more clever than those and unlikely to be caught very often,” Worthy added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Discover+Prehistoric+Giant+%27Squawkzilla%27+Parrot%2C+As+Big+As+Small+Child+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study Suggests New Climate Threats to California's Oysters",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the winter, rainstorms soak California’s coastline. In the spring and summer, strong winds blow waves into the narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the briny bivalves that live in the bay, this is part of the natural rhythm of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, because of climate change, the torrents of winter rain run with increasing severity, and for oysters, all that freshwater can be dangerous. Summer’s waves bring increasingly acidic water, making it harder for small oysters to build their calcium-based shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification's+impact+on+oysters+and+other+shellfish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> threaten oysters, but new research from UC Davis suggests that climate change ravages\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the creatures in a multitude of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Grosholz, a marine biologist at the university, studies California’s oyster habitats in this pastoral part of West Marin County. He led a team of researchers who found changes to salinity and dissolved oxygen levels could have an even greater impact on California’s oyster growth than acidic water. The team published their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/climate-change-could-shrink-oyster-habitat-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings\u003c/a> this week in the journal \u003cem>Limnology and Oceanography\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hear a lot about ocean acidification,” Grosholz said. “We have to keep our eye on the fact that other variables that are influenced by climate change may be just as important in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Convergence of Stresses’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From warming water and air temperatures to ecological disruptions, California’s oyster populations face a “convergence of stresses,” Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water. In extreme cases, when the water temperatures rise too high, the oysters can suffocate. That trend is only expected to increase, as California experiences hotter summers with higher air and water temperatures, Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When winter storms fill estuaries with fresh water, it temporarily reduces the water’s saltiness. The rainwater upsets the oyster’s osmotic balance, Grosholz said, they need a bit of brine to survive or they stop pumping water and eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bivalves can handle the rain water for a few days. “They literally clam up and don’t open at all in low salinity,” he said. “But after a week or so they have to and that’s when they die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strong winter rainstorms driven by atmospheric rivers aren’t new, they are exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring and summer, wind drives deeper ocean water into estuaries and bays where the oysters live. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This upwelling process, Grosholz said, is like “when you put cream in your coffee and blow across the surface, you can see cream mixing up from the bottom.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawater is increasingly acidic because oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially hard for oysters to reproduce in acidic water as it can erode calcium carbonate, which they use to build their shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the seasonal issues, says Grosholz, “we’re seeing it squeeze at both ends. Climate change is reducing the critical zone where oysters do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists found similar results while \u003ca href=\"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1201015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researching\u003c/a> oysters in the coastal waters of Washington’s Puget Sound, according to Alexandria Boehm, an environmental engineer and professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Boehm co-lead a science panel in California that found that global carbon emissions were a major driver of ocean acidification and \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/OAH-Panel-Key-Findings-Recommendations-and-Actions-4.4.16-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> more studies into other threats to the oysters. Subsequently, the Legislature passed a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> to support research like the new UC Davis study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beds of the California native Olympia oyster provide habitat for small fish and invertebrates, which in turn are prey for shorebirds, salmon, and foraging sturgeon. Grosholz’s research focused on the Olympia oyster and the non-native Pacific oyster, known for its crisp texture and mild and sweet flavor. Pacific oysters support a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/economic_impact_of_shellfish_aquaculture_2013.pdf\">$25 million industry\u003c/a> in California and are a staple in oyster shacks and seafood restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED’s Michael Krasny on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872656/climate-change-may-shrink-northern-california-oyster-habitat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Forum, Oyster farmer Terry Sawyer talked about the study’s implications for his farm in Tomales Bay and operating a business in such a dynamic ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aquaculture industry challenge we are talking about is always change,” said Sawyer, a founder of \u003ca href=\"https://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hog Island Oyster Co\u003c/a>. “As a business, we have to prepare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Pacific oyster is the most commonly grown species in aquaculture around the world,” he said. “This is going on here in Tomales Bay, but the ramifications are for the entire industry on the West Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solutions and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While curbing climate change will take a global effort, Grosholz research points to a number of ways that wildlife officials in California can support oyster growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can divert the runoff away from oyster habitats, for example, and farmers can breed oysters to be more resilient to temperature changes in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, there are ongoing efforts to restore native oyster populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay and elsewhere, scientists and farmers construct reefs out of large mesh bags filled with discarded oyster shells. The restoration effort improves the habitat of bays and estuaries and help form more resilient shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oysters offer a real benefit to humans,” Grosholz said. “You see these projects actively being conducted in the San Francisco Bay, for example. That’s a reason to be hopeful about the future to me.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the winter, rainstorms soak California’s coastline. In the spring and summer, strong winds blow waves into the narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the briny bivalves that live in the bay, this is part of the natural rhythm of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, because of climate change, the torrents of winter rain run with increasing severity, and for oysters, all that freshwater can be dangerous. Summer’s waves bring increasingly acidic water, making it harder for small oysters to build their calcium-based shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification's+impact+on+oysters+and+other+shellfish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> threaten oysters, but new research from UC Davis suggests that climate change ravages\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the creatures in a multitude of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Grosholz, a marine biologist at the university, studies California’s oyster habitats in this pastoral part of West Marin County. He led a team of researchers who found changes to salinity and dissolved oxygen levels could have an even greater impact on California’s oyster growth than acidic water. The team published their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/climate-change-could-shrink-oyster-habitat-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings\u003c/a> this week in the journal \u003cem>Limnology and Oceanography\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hear a lot about ocean acidification,” Grosholz said. “We have to keep our eye on the fact that other variables that are influenced by climate change may be just as important in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Convergence of Stresses’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From warming water and air temperatures to ecological disruptions, California’s oyster populations face a “convergence of stresses,” Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water. In extreme cases, when the water temperatures rise too high, the oysters can suffocate. That trend is only expected to increase, as California experiences hotter summers with higher air and water temperatures, Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When winter storms fill estuaries with fresh water, it temporarily reduces the water’s saltiness. The rainwater upsets the oyster’s osmotic balance, Grosholz said, they need a bit of brine to survive or they stop pumping water and eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bivalves can handle the rain water for a few days. “They literally clam up and don’t open at all in low salinity,” he said. “But after a week or so they have to and that’s when they die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strong winter rainstorms driven by atmospheric rivers aren’t new, they are exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring and summer, wind drives deeper ocean water into estuaries and bays where the oysters live. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This upwelling process, Grosholz said, is like “when you put cream in your coffee and blow across the surface, you can see cream mixing up from the bottom.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawater is increasingly acidic because oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially hard for oysters to reproduce in acidic water as it can erode calcium carbonate, which they use to build their shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the seasonal issues, says Grosholz, “we’re seeing it squeeze at both ends. Climate change is reducing the critical zone where oysters do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists found similar results while \u003ca href=\"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1201015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researching\u003c/a> oysters in the coastal waters of Washington’s Puget Sound, according to Alexandria Boehm, an environmental engineer and professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Boehm co-lead a science panel in California that found that global carbon emissions were a major driver of ocean acidification and \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/OAH-Panel-Key-Findings-Recommendations-and-Actions-4.4.16-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> more studies into other threats to the oysters. Subsequently, the Legislature passed a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> to support research like the new UC Davis study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beds of the California native Olympia oyster provide habitat for small fish and invertebrates, which in turn are prey for shorebirds, salmon, and foraging sturgeon. Grosholz’s research focused on the Olympia oyster and the non-native Pacific oyster, known for its crisp texture and mild and sweet flavor. Pacific oysters support a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/economic_impact_of_shellfish_aquaculture_2013.pdf\">$25 million industry\u003c/a> in California and are a staple in oyster shacks and seafood restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED’s Michael Krasny on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872656/climate-change-may-shrink-northern-california-oyster-habitat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Forum, Oyster farmer Terry Sawyer talked about the study’s implications for his farm in Tomales Bay and operating a business in such a dynamic ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aquaculture industry challenge we are talking about is always change,” said Sawyer, a founder of \u003ca href=\"https://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hog Island Oyster Co\u003c/a>. “As a business, we have to prepare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Pacific oyster is the most commonly grown species in aquaculture around the world,” he said. “This is going on here in Tomales Bay, but the ramifications are for the entire industry on the West Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solutions and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While curbing climate change will take a global effort, Grosholz research points to a number of ways that wildlife officials in California can support oyster growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can divert the runoff away from oyster habitats, for example, and farmers can breed oysters to be more resilient to temperature changes in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, there are ongoing efforts to restore native oyster populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay and elsewhere, scientists and farmers construct reefs out of large mesh bags filled with discarded oyster shells. The restoration effort improves the habitat of bays and estuaries and help form more resilient shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oysters offer a real benefit to humans,” Grosholz said. “You see these projects actively being conducted in the San Francisco Bay, for example. That’s a reason to be hopeful about the future to me.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "UN Report Warns Global Heating Threatens Farming As We Know It",
"headTitle": "UN Report Warns Global Heating Threatens Farming As We Know It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> [aside postID=science_1943671,science_1941092]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiators for the world’s governments signed off on a report Wednesday that describes in alarming detail how agriculture, deforestation and other human impacts on lands are transforming the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), shows the urgent need to overhaul the global food system to help control climate-warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Written by more than 100 scientists from around the globe, it takes an unprecedented look at the impacts of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> on lands and the effects of land use on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say that the entire food production system, with transportation and packaging included, accounts for as much as 37 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, and that better land use, less-meat-intensive diets and eliminating food waste should be global priorities, crucial to the immediate, all-out effort needed to forestall a climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt the window is closing rapidly,” said Pamela McElwee, one of the report’s authors and a professor of human ecology at Rutgers University. “That’s a key message of this report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations over the final wording of the report, which was written after assessing thousands of studies, began in Geneva last week. Attendees said the talks were bogged down at times by negotiators from countries, including the United States, with powerful biofuels and livestock industries. Still, the report that emerged was clear that diets high in meat have a bigger carbon footprint and that biofuels can compete with food production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors had the daunting task of assessing the impact of agriculture and deforestation on the climate, and the equally challenging job of outlining ways that better land management can provide solutions to the climate crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released to the public on Aug. 8, shows that stopping deforestation, limiting greenhouse-gas-emitting fertilizers and raising crops in ways that \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/14112018/climate-change-solutions-forests-farms-carbon-storage-cancel-out-emissions-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">add carbon to the soil\u003c/a> are essential for achieving global goals for controlling rising temperatures.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946297 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, global lands absorb more carbon than they emit. But that will change if land degradation and deforestation continue, the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the future really depends on the choices we make today,” said Louis Verchot, one of the report’s lead authors and a researcher with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. He noted that greenhouse gases from lands are increasing, especially with a recent uptick in deforestation in Brazil and other South American countries. “Could land shift from a sink to a source? We know that’s very much a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intensive Farming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the carbon stored in the planet’s land is in natural landscapes, not those managed as farmland or forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to degrade ecosystems, if we continue to convert natural ecosystems, we continue to deforest and we continued to destroy our soils, we’re going to lose this natural subsidy that we’re getting that’s protecting us in part from ourselves and from the damage that we’re creating as we pump these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” Verchot explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the early 1960s, global population growth and more intensive farming have led to “unprecedented rates of land and freshwater use,” the report said. Human activities, including farming and other land uses, impact nearly three-quarters of the global land surface. Meat production has more than doubled, and the supply of calories per person has increased by one-third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agricultural developments that helped propel the world’s population are now some of the same ones that need to be retooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the population has grown, emissions related to agriculture have also grown, largely because of increases in livestock, deforestation to clear land for crops, and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and deforestation account for 23 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But the report says that if the entire spectrum of food production were factored in—from growing crops to transportation and packaging—that percentage could be as high as 37 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is already having severe effects on agriculture, with more drought and extreme downpours. That has threatened food security, in part because it drives down crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will likely get worse, especially in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, the report says. In some regions, extreme weather fueled by global warming could lead to “increased displacement, disrupted food chains, threatened livelihoods … and contribute to exacerbated stresses for conflict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential risk for “multi-bread-basket failure,” with climate disasters \u003ca href=\"http://insideclimatenews.org/news/11062018/climate-change-research-food-security-agriculture-impacts-corn-vegetables-crop-prices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hitting more than one\u003c/a> major agriculture region at the same time, is increasing, said Cynthia Rosenzweig, one of the report’s lead authors and a senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946298 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase-160x157.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors point to a suite of solutions for reducing agriculture’s impact on climate change, including farming more sustainably—using less fertilizer, lowering tillage and employing practices that increase the soil’s ability to hold carbon—as well as reducing higher-impact diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diets present major opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases as well, because diets that are rich in plant-based foods emit lower greenhouse gases than diets that are very heavy in red meat consumption,” Rosenzweig said. The report’s authors conclude that, by 2050, dietary changes could free up hundreds of millions of acres of land, which could help avoid deforestation and reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is the latest in a series of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/global-food-agriculture-revolution-eat-lancet-commission-climate-change-health-nutrition-report-less-meat\">high-profile publications\u003c/a> pointing to meat consumption, particularly of beef, as a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. Not only do cattle emit methane, but beef production also leads to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25042019/deforestation-annual-global-tree-loss-tropics-climate-solution-carbon-storage-wri\">deforestation for grazing lands\u003c/a> and cropland to grow feed for livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say reducing food waste is another key strategy for cutting emissions from the food system. Nearly a third of the food produced in the world is lost or wasted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crops At Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report underscores the urgency for using land-based solutions to tackle climate change, which can have a big impact but have to be accomplished in a relatively short time frame. As the climate heats up, crop yields will continue to drop while farm fields lose their ability to store carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the solutions, including large-scale tree-planting on previously unforested land and using land to grow biofuels, present trade-offs because they threaten to compete with land for growing food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors outline various scenarios in which global population and resource consumption rises or falls. The most optimistic scenario, in which fewer resources are consumed and more people adopt “low greenhouse gas” diets, would translate to lower emissions and help keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels—the aim of the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/paris-climate-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a critical report right now,” said Doreen Stabinsky, a professor of global environmental politics with the College of the Atlantic, who was in Geneva to observe the final negotiations over the report. “There’s been increasing recognition about the climate change impacts on land and food, and there’s a recognition that it’s all-hands-on-deck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC plans to release another report, this one exploring the relationships among climate change, oceans and frozen landscapes, or the “cryosphere,” this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Better land use, less-meat-intensive diets and eliminating food waste should be priorities to help forestall a climate catastrophe, the authors say.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiators for the world’s governments signed off on a report Wednesday that describes in alarming detail how agriculture, deforestation and other human impacts on lands are transforming the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), shows the urgent need to overhaul the global food system to help control climate-warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Written by more than 100 scientists from around the globe, it takes an unprecedented look at the impacts of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> on lands and the effects of land use on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say that the entire food production system, with transportation and packaging included, accounts for as much as 37 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, and that better land use, less-meat-intensive diets and eliminating food waste should be global priorities, crucial to the immediate, all-out effort needed to forestall a climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt the window is closing rapidly,” said Pamela McElwee, one of the report’s authors and a professor of human ecology at Rutgers University. “That’s a key message of this report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations over the final wording of the report, which was written after assessing thousands of studies, began in Geneva last week. Attendees said the talks were bogged down at times by negotiators from countries, including the United States, with powerful biofuels and livestock industries. Still, the report that emerged was clear that diets high in meat have a bigger carbon footprint and that biofuels can compete with food production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors had the daunting task of assessing the impact of agriculture and deforestation on the climate, and the equally challenging job of outlining ways that better land management can provide solutions to the climate crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released to the public on Aug. 8, shows that stopping deforestation, limiting greenhouse-gas-emitting fertilizers and raising crops in ways that \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/14112018/climate-change-solutions-forests-farms-carbon-storage-cancel-out-emissions-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">add carbon to the soil\u003c/a> are essential for achieving global goals for controlling rising temperatures.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946297 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, global lands absorb more carbon than they emit. But that will change if land degradation and deforestation continue, the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the future really depends on the choices we make today,” said Louis Verchot, one of the report’s lead authors and a researcher with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. He noted that greenhouse gases from lands are increasing, especially with a recent uptick in deforestation in Brazil and other South American countries. “Could land shift from a sink to a source? We know that’s very much a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intensive Farming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the carbon stored in the planet’s land is in natural landscapes, not those managed as farmland or forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to degrade ecosystems, if we continue to convert natural ecosystems, we continue to deforest and we continued to destroy our soils, we’re going to lose this natural subsidy that we’re getting that’s protecting us in part from ourselves and from the damage that we’re creating as we pump these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” Verchot explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the early 1960s, global population growth and more intensive farming have led to “unprecedented rates of land and freshwater use,” the report said. Human activities, including farming and other land uses, impact nearly three-quarters of the global land surface. Meat production has more than doubled, and the supply of calories per person has increased by one-third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agricultural developments that helped propel the world’s population are now some of the same ones that need to be retooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the population has grown, emissions related to agriculture have also grown, largely because of increases in livestock, deforestation to clear land for crops, and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and deforestation account for 23 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But the report says that if the entire spectrum of food production were factored in—from growing crops to transportation and packaging—that percentage could be as high as 37 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is already having severe effects on agriculture, with more drought and extreme downpours. That has threatened food security, in part because it drives down crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will likely get worse, especially in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, the report says. In some regions, extreme weather fueled by global warming could lead to “increased displacement, disrupted food chains, threatened livelihoods … and contribute to exacerbated stresses for conflict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential risk for “multi-bread-basket failure,” with climate disasters \u003ca href=\"http://insideclimatenews.org/news/11062018/climate-change-research-food-security-agriculture-impacts-corn-vegetables-crop-prices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hitting more than one\u003c/a> major agriculture region at the same time, is increasing, said Cynthia Rosenzweig, one of the report’s lead authors and a senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946298 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase-160x157.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors point to a suite of solutions for reducing agriculture’s impact on climate change, including farming more sustainably—using less fertilizer, lowering tillage and employing practices that increase the soil’s ability to hold carbon—as well as reducing higher-impact diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diets present major opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases as well, because diets that are rich in plant-based foods emit lower greenhouse gases than diets that are very heavy in red meat consumption,” Rosenzweig said. The report’s authors conclude that, by 2050, dietary changes could free up hundreds of millions of acres of land, which could help avoid deforestation and reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is the latest in a series of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/global-food-agriculture-revolution-eat-lancet-commission-climate-change-health-nutrition-report-less-meat\">high-profile publications\u003c/a> pointing to meat consumption, particularly of beef, as a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. Not only do cattle emit methane, but beef production also leads to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25042019/deforestation-annual-global-tree-loss-tropics-climate-solution-carbon-storage-wri\">deforestation for grazing lands\u003c/a> and cropland to grow feed for livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say reducing food waste is another key strategy for cutting emissions from the food system. Nearly a third of the food produced in the world is lost or wasted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crops At Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report underscores the urgency for using land-based solutions to tackle climate change, which can have a big impact but have to be accomplished in a relatively short time frame. As the climate heats up, crop yields will continue to drop while farm fields lose their ability to store carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the solutions, including large-scale tree-planting on previously unforested land and using land to grow biofuels, present trade-offs because they threaten to compete with land for growing food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors outline various scenarios in which global population and resource consumption rises or falls. The most optimistic scenario, in which fewer resources are consumed and more people adopt “low greenhouse gas” diets, would translate to lower emissions and help keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels—the aim of the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/paris-climate-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a critical report right now,” said Doreen Stabinsky, a professor of global environmental politics with the College of the Atlantic, who was in Geneva to observe the final negotiations over the report. “There’s been increasing recognition about the climate change impacts on land and food, and there’s a recognition that it’s all-hands-on-deck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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