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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/XhBOTp1IyI0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s only known wolf pack has at least three new pups, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=171100&inline\">report\u003c/a> by the state Department of Fish and Wildlife. Trail cameras in Lassen County recorded the pups, as well as two or three adult wolves, in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grey wolves first came to California in this century. On December 28, 2011, a single grey wolf with a radio collar crossed the Oregon/California border into California history. Named OR-7, the wolf was the first confirmed grey wolf in the state since 1924, when the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/06/california%e2%80%99s-gray-wolves/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=california%2525e2%252580%252599s-gray-wolves\">last known wolf\u003c/a> in California was trapped and killed in Lassen County. OR-7 became famous — and for some, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%e2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">notorious\u003c/a> — as people debated what the return of the predators would mean for agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kent Laudon, a wolf specialist for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife who has studied the animals for 22 years, says he recognizes that wolves can cause challenges for people who own livestock. He tries hard to work with producers to find solutions like \u003ca href=\"https://wildlife.org/improvements-to-fladry/\">fladry fencing\u003c/a> or behavioral management of herds, he says, so that wolves and people can coexist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know wolves pretty well,” he said, “but then the producer knows their cattle pretty well… is there something in [the agricultural operation] that we can do to deter conflict? And that serves everybody well. And so what’s good for people, then, is… good for wolves as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having wolves return to California is one of the most significant environmental developments in conservation in this state,” said Amaroq Weiss, an advocate for West Coast wolves with the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced it would seek\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939114/u-s-moves-to-take-wolf-off-endangered-list-but-california-protections-still-strong\"> to delist\u003c/a> grey wolves as an endangered species in most of the lower 48 states. During the proposal’s comment period which ended July 15, the proposal drew opposition from 100 scientists, members of Congress, and, according to environmental groups, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2019/07/18-million-americans-speak-out-against-stripping-federal-protections-wolves\">1.8 million\u003c/a> comments from members of the public, though numbers on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=FWS-HQ-ES-2018-0097-0001\">actual proposal\u003c/a> are lower, possibly due to duplicate comments being removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although wolves remain protected under California’s Endangered Species Act, Weiss says maintaining federal endangered status is crucial, since many of California’s wolves come from other states that might not have similar protection at the state level.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XhBOTp1IyI0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XhBOTp1IyI0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s only known wolf pack has at least three new pups, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=171100&inline\">report\u003c/a> by the state Department of Fish and Wildlife. Trail cameras in Lassen County recorded the pups, as well as two or three adult wolves, in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grey wolves first came to California in this century. On December 28, 2011, a single grey wolf with a radio collar crossed the Oregon/California border into California history. Named OR-7, the wolf was the first confirmed grey wolf in the state since 1924, when the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/06/california%e2%80%99s-gray-wolves/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=california%2525e2%252580%252599s-gray-wolves\">last known wolf\u003c/a> in California was trapped and killed in Lassen County. OR-7 became famous — and for some, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%e2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">notorious\u003c/a> — as people debated what the return of the predators would mean for agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kent Laudon, a wolf specialist for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife who has studied the animals for 22 years, says he recognizes that wolves can cause challenges for people who own livestock. He tries hard to work with producers to find solutions like \u003ca href=\"https://wildlife.org/improvements-to-fladry/\">fladry fencing\u003c/a> or behavioral management of herds, he says, so that wolves and people can coexist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know wolves pretty well,” he said, “but then the producer knows their cattle pretty well… is there something in [the agricultural operation] that we can do to deter conflict? And that serves everybody well. And so what’s good for people, then, is… good for wolves as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the latest sign the Earth is undergoing unprecedented warming, European scientists said Monday that July was the hottest month ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" citation=\"United Nations Secretary General António Guterres\"]‘We have always lived through hot summers. But this is not the summer of our youth. This is not your grandfather’s summer.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While July is usually the warmest month of the year for the globe, according to our data it also was the warmest month recorded globally, by a very small margin,” Jean-Noël Thépaut, head of the European Union’s \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Copernicus\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Climate\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Change\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Service\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">,\u003c/a> said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, citing the latest data, United Nations Secretary General António Guterres told reporters that the world is facing a “climate emergency.” He noted the July numbers were even more significant because the previous record-beating month, July 2016, occurred during one of the strongest El Nino’s on record. The weather phenomenon, which causes more storm systems to form, also tends to contribute to higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have always lived through hot summers,” Guterres said. “But this is not the summer of our youth. This is not your grandfather’s summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The searing July followed the \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">warmest\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">June\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">ever\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">recorded\u003c/a>, and occurred in a year in which every month ranked as at least the fourth warmest on record, according to the European agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four warmest years on record are 2015-18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a news \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/another-exceptional-month-global-average-temperatures\">release\u003c/a>, the scientists at Copernicus framed July’s heat against the goals outlined in the Paris climate agreement, which aims to keep the increase in global average temperatures less than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) above preindustrial levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at that those increased temperatures, the effects on Earth’s environment would be dramatic, including rising sea levels and more frequent droughts and famines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The July temperature was close to 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) above those in the preindustrial era. Since then, the Earth has warmed about 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, according to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Impacts \u003c/strong>[aside postID=science_1944972,news_11728595]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of Europe \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/02/climate/european-heatwave-climate-change.html?module=inline\">baked\u003c/a> in a brutal heat wave this summer. In Greenland, where temperatures are 10 to 15 degrees F above average, 10 billion tons of ice is \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/melting-away\">melting\u003c/a> into the ocean daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exactly what the climate models predict,” said Daniel Kammen, a UC Berkeley professor who chairs the school’s Energy and Resources Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s resident s are already seeing the impacts of global warming in more frequent and intense wildfires. Residents also have higher medical and energy costs as they use more air conditioning, Kammen says, and farmers are taking a hit as they attempt to cope with new weather conditions. The expense is mostly being shouldered by low-income people who can least afford it, said Kammen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing the social disruption right here in the Bay Area, not just some remote story about 122-degree days in India,” he said. “It is very close to home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kammen says the new data underscores the importance of moving away from fossil fuels as an energy source, which would prevent the worst effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can still be done, and California can contribute, he says. Already, officials have committed the state to renewable energy and climate-friendly policies such as the cap-and-trade system and a mandate for solar energy capability in the construction of new homes, Kammen says. But he thinks the state can do more, like building homes around mass transit a\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">nd implementing farming techniques that use less fertilizer, pesticides and water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he wants to see “a realistic plan for the most car-intensive state in the nation to switch us all to electric and hydrogen vehicles. That has to be next on California’s agenda.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While July is usually the warmest month of the year for the globe, according to our data it also was the warmest month recorded globally, by a very small margin,” Jean-Noël Thépaut, head of the European Union’s \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Copernicus\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Climate\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Change\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Service\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">,\u003c/a> said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, citing the latest data, United Nations Secretary General António Guterres told reporters that the world is facing a “climate emergency.” He noted the July numbers were even more significant because the previous record-beating month, July 2016, occurred during one of the strongest El Nino’s on record. The weather phenomenon, which causes more storm systems to form, also tends to contribute to higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have always lived through hot summers,” Guterres said. “But this is not the summer of our youth. This is not your grandfather’s summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The searing July followed the \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">warmest\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">June\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">ever\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">recorded\u003c/a>, and occurred in a year in which every month ranked as at least the fourth warmest on record, according to the European agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four warmest years on record are 2015-18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a news \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/another-exceptional-month-global-average-temperatures\">release\u003c/a>, the scientists at Copernicus framed July’s heat against the goals outlined in the Paris climate agreement, which aims to keep the increase in global average temperatures less than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) above preindustrial levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at that those increased temperatures, the effects on Earth’s environment would be dramatic, including rising sea levels and more frequent droughts and famines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The July temperature was close to 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) above those in the preindustrial era. Since then, the Earth has warmed about 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, according to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Impacts \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of Europe \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/02/climate/european-heatwave-climate-change.html?module=inline\">baked\u003c/a> in a brutal heat wave this summer. In Greenland, where temperatures are 10 to 15 degrees F above average, 10 billion tons of ice is \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/melting-away\">melting\u003c/a> into the ocean daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exactly what the climate models predict,” said Daniel Kammen, a UC Berkeley professor who chairs the school’s Energy and Resources Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s resident s are already seeing the impacts of global warming in more frequent and intense wildfires. Residents also have higher medical and energy costs as they use more air conditioning, Kammen says, and farmers are taking a hit as they attempt to cope with new weather conditions. The expense is mostly being shouldered by low-income people who can least afford it, said Kammen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing the social disruption right here in the Bay Area, not just some remote story about 122-degree days in India,” he said. “It is very close to home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kammen says the new data underscores the importance of moving away from fossil fuels as an energy source, which would prevent the worst effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can still be done, and California can contribute, he says. Already, officials have committed the state to renewable energy and climate-friendly policies such as the cap-and-trade system and a mandate for solar energy capability in the construction of new homes, Kammen says. But he thinks the state can do more, like building homes around mass transit a\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">nd implementing farming techniques that use less fertilizer, pesticides and water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he wants to see “a realistic plan for the most car-intensive state in the nation to switch us all to electric and hydrogen vehicles. That has to be next on California’s agenda.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtjlbI_dIYI]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cockroaches are gross to lots of people. But not to a group of robotic engineers that’s part of partnership between UC Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Tsinghua\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">–\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Shenzhen\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Institute.\u003c/a> Where other folks are disgusted, they’re inspired. In fact, their latest robot is built in the form of a roach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the robots at this particular small scale are very fragile. If you step on them, you pretty much destroy the robot,” said Liwei Lin, a professor of mechanical engineering at UC Berkeley and senior author of the \u003ca href=\"https://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/4/32/eaax1594\">study\u003c/a> describing the robot, in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not robo-roach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A cockroach is a very strong insect,” said Junwen Zhong, a member of the team. “A cockroach can survive in a lot of critical environments. They are fast and flexible, and they are very difficult to kill. Even when you step on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roach robot weighs less than a tenth of a gram and still works after an attempted squish by someone weighing up to around 130 pounds. It also moves 20 times its body length in a single second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So How Does It Work? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot is constructed with a special material that expands and contracts with the application of electricity. (In engineer-speak, the material is piezoelectric, Zhong said, encased in an elastic polymer.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape of the robot’s body is important; it’s curved and paper thin, with legs. That design, coupled with the special material, enables the robot to move rapidly back and forth when electricity is applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot bends and straightens, and because of the elastic coating, its contortions are harnessed, propelling it forward. The result is that it skitters around in what Zhong describes as a “leapfrogging” motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may be wondering: Why did the team build this, exactly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhong says he hopes engineers can use the small, flexible robots to aid in the response to natural disasters. After an earthquake, for example, he thinks the resilient robot can help find survivors amongst the rubble and debris, accessing places that humans and larger, less roach-like robots can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also hopes to attach a small sensor to the robot that can detect the presence of gas and toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After a disaster, there are many places that are too dangerous for people to search,” Zhong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insights from the robot research were published in a recent \u003ca href=\"https://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/4/32/eaax1594\">paper\u003c/a> from the the journal \u003cem>Science Robotics\u003c/em>. There’s also a lot of great information about the roach-inspired robot in the UC Berkeley \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/07/31/you-cant-squash-this-roach-inspired-robot/\">news release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UtjlbI_dIYI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UtjlbI_dIYI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cockroaches are gross to lots of people. But not to a group of robotic engineers that’s part of partnership between UC Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Tsinghua\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">–\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Shenzhen\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Institute.\u003c/a> Where other folks are disgusted, they’re inspired. In fact, their latest robot is built in the form of a roach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the robots at this particular small scale are very fragile. If you step on them, you pretty much destroy the robot,” said Liwei Lin, a professor of mechanical engineering at UC Berkeley and senior author of the \u003ca href=\"https://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/4/32/eaax1594\">study\u003c/a> describing the robot, in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not robo-roach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A cockroach is a very strong insect,” said Junwen Zhong, a member of the team. “A cockroach can survive in a lot of critical environments. They are fast and flexible, and they are very difficult to kill. Even when you step on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roach robot weighs less than a tenth of a gram and still works after an attempted squish by someone weighing up to around 130 pounds. It also moves 20 times its body length in a single second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So How Does It Work? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot is constructed with a special material that expands and contracts with the application of electricity. (In engineer-speak, the material is piezoelectric, Zhong said, encased in an elastic polymer.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape of the robot’s body is important; it’s curved and paper thin, with legs. That design, coupled with the special material, enables the robot to move rapidly back and forth when electricity is applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot bends and straightens, and because of the elastic coating, its contortions are harnessed, propelling it forward. The result is that it skitters around in what Zhong describes as a “leapfrogging” motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may be wondering: Why did the team build this, exactly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhong says he hopes engineers can use the small, flexible robots to aid in the response to natural disasters. After an earthquake, for example, he thinks the resilient robot can help find survivors amongst the rubble and debris, accessing places that humans and larger, less roach-like robots can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also hopes to attach a small sensor to the robot that can detect the presence of gas and toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After a disaster, there are many places that are too dangerous for people to search,” Zhong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insights from the robot research were published in a recent \u003ca href=\"https://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/4/32/eaax1594\">paper\u003c/a> from the the journal \u003cem>Science Robotics\u003c/em>. There’s also a lot of great information about the roach-inspired robot in the UC Berkeley \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/07/31/you-cant-squash-this-roach-inspired-robot/\">news release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Amid the contentious dispute over immunization requirements for children, Kelley Watson Snyder stands out: She has been both a recalcitrant skeptic and an ardent proponent of childhood vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946143\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946143\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monterey, Calif., mother Kelley Watson Snyder, 38, poses with her two children, Jaylen, 9, and Kira, 5. Over time, she changed her opinion on vaccinations for her children, converting from an anti-vaxxer to an ardent proponent of vaccines who runs a pro-vaccination Facebook page. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kelley Watson Snyder)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Snyder, a Monterey, Calif., mother of two, was a so-called anti-vaxxer for many years, adding her voice to those that rejected mandatory vaccinations for school-age children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She later realized she was wrong and in 2014 founded a pro-vaccination Facebook group called “Crunchy Front Range Pro-Vaxxers,” which she administers. It is an invitation-only site on which approximately 1,100 members exchange views and information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder, 38, is also an advocate for pending California legislation, \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/california-vaccine-bill-amended-to-appease-governor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SB 276\u003c/a>, which targets bogus medical exemptions that allow unvaccinated children to attend school. The number of medical exemptions issued by physicians has \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/exemptions-surge-as-parents-and-doctors-do-hail-mary-around-vaccine-laws/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">risen sharply\u003c/a> in recent years. The Medical Board of California is \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/state-broadens-investigation-of-doctors-for-issuing-questionable-vaccination-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">investigating at least four\u003c/a> doctors for issuing questionable exemptions for children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, some infectious diseases once thought under control are breaking out again because parents failed to have their children vaccinated. Between Jan. 1 and July 25, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1,164 new measles cases\u003c/a> were reported across 30 states, the most since the disease was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">declared eliminated\u003c/a> in 2000, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. California has seen 62 new measles cases this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We talked to Snyder about her transformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>As a former opponent of mandatory childhood vaccines, can you describe the mindset?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-vaxxers have been around for a long time, but social media makes it easier to get into a loop. And once you’re there, it’s hard to see outside of it. Algorithms just show you more of what you’re already looking for. If you start searching anti-vaccination stories, that’s what starts popping up on your tagline. You start to think, “Oh, my God, there’s all these people and there’s so much of this going on.” But if you have a chance to peel back from that, you see that it’s actually a very small portion of the population who are really, really loud. The fear makes you angry and it makes you lash out. Once you get into that state, it’s easy to stay there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Describe a moment when you were in that state of mind.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When my daughter was born, I refused \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/vitamink/faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Vitamin K shot\u003c/a>. I remember lying there with my daughter in my arms, and the nurses said, “Hey, we’re going to give her the vitamin K,” and I said, “No, we’re not doing that.” They made me sign a form that said I was going against the recommended medical care. At the time, the anti-vaxxer voices in my head said they were trying to coerce me into doing something dangerous for my child. They told me I was going to have to stay in the hospital longer for observation. I saw that as trying to force me to inject my child with this poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What activities did you engage in as an anti-vaxxer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I joined some social media groups and would get together with some of those mothers who believed what I did. We used to call the pro-vaccination mothers “sheeple.” You’d ask them, “Have you thought about your stance? Have you even done any research?” Because when you’re in that anti-vax mindset, you spend all these hours on the internet, reading studies. I’ve come to realize that a Google search isn’t really research. Most times, you’re not reading an entire study, but only the abstract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What changed your mind on vaccinations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, I was in one particular anti-vaxxer Facebook group, and there was a debate going on about vaccines, and I started to notice that every time someone disagreed with them, the core members got belligerent, going straight to personal attacks. I also noticed that every single point they brought up had this immense conspiracy to go along with it. By that point, I’d started to think, “Do I really believe in all these conspiracies? Am I really that afraid, or can I go back and look at the evidence again?” By then, my daughter was 8 months old, and I just got over the fear I had as a first-time mom. I realized that my daughter was going to be OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you think the vaccination fight will play out in California and nationally?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think California is setting a precedent for vaccine laws across the country. We’re making sure that medical exemptions for vaccines are not being bought, and that’s a very serious problem. Other states have seen the work we’ve done and they’re working on their own legislation. We’ve come to realize that unless we get more vocal about our pro-vaccine stance, the anti-vaccine voices just get louder and louder. I sometimes refer to anti-vaxxers as the drunk drivers of public health. They’re dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you say today to the anti-vaxxers you once aligned with?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tell people that I understand their fears. I understand that parenting is very difficult, and all of us truly want the best for our children. I also know that the evidence is out there when people are willing to let their guards down. And I’m always happy to share real solid scientific evidence with people who want to do their critical thinking for themselves. I’m hoping people come around. I did. But we can’t force anybody. We just want to protect everyone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/the-real-life-conversion-of-a-former-anti-vaxxer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/the-real-life-conversion-of-a-former-anti-vaxxer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Amid the contentious dispute over immunization requirements for children, Kelley Watson Snyder stands out: She has been both a recalcitrant skeptic and an ardent proponent of childhood vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946143\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946143\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monterey, Calif., mother Kelley Watson Snyder, 38, poses with her two children, Jaylen, 9, and Kira, 5. Over time, she changed her opinion on vaccinations for her children, converting from an anti-vaxxer to an ardent proponent of vaccines who runs a pro-vaccination Facebook page. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kelley Watson Snyder)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Snyder, a Monterey, Calif., mother of two, was a so-called anti-vaxxer for many years, adding her voice to those that rejected mandatory vaccinations for school-age children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She later realized she was wrong and in 2014 founded a pro-vaccination Facebook group called “Crunchy Front Range Pro-Vaxxers,” which she administers. It is an invitation-only site on which approximately 1,100 members exchange views and information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder, 38, is also an advocate for pending California legislation, \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/california-vaccine-bill-amended-to-appease-governor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SB 276\u003c/a>, which targets bogus medical exemptions that allow unvaccinated children to attend school. The number of medical exemptions issued by physicians has \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/exemptions-surge-as-parents-and-doctors-do-hail-mary-around-vaccine-laws/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">risen sharply\u003c/a> in recent years. The Medical Board of California is \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/state-broadens-investigation-of-doctors-for-issuing-questionable-vaccination-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">investigating at least four\u003c/a> doctors for issuing questionable exemptions for children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, some infectious diseases once thought under control are breaking out again because parents failed to have their children vaccinated. Between Jan. 1 and July 25, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1,164 new measles cases\u003c/a> were reported across 30 states, the most since the disease was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">declared eliminated\u003c/a> in 2000, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. California has seen 62 new measles cases this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We talked to Snyder about her transformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>As a former opponent of mandatory childhood vaccines, can you describe the mindset?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-vaxxers have been around for a long time, but social media makes it easier to get into a loop. And once you’re there, it’s hard to see outside of it. Algorithms just show you more of what you’re already looking for. If you start searching anti-vaccination stories, that’s what starts popping up on your tagline. You start to think, “Oh, my God, there’s all these people and there’s so much of this going on.” But if you have a chance to peel back from that, you see that it’s actually a very small portion of the population who are really, really loud. The fear makes you angry and it makes you lash out. Once you get into that state, it’s easy to stay there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Describe a moment when you were in that state of mind.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When my daughter was born, I refused \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/vitamink/faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Vitamin K shot\u003c/a>. I remember lying there with my daughter in my arms, and the nurses said, “Hey, we’re going to give her the vitamin K,” and I said, “No, we’re not doing that.” They made me sign a form that said I was going against the recommended medical care. At the time, the anti-vaxxer voices in my head said they were trying to coerce me into doing something dangerous for my child. They told me I was going to have to stay in the hospital longer for observation. I saw that as trying to force me to inject my child with this poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What activities did you engage in as an anti-vaxxer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I joined some social media groups and would get together with some of those mothers who believed what I did. We used to call the pro-vaccination mothers “sheeple.” You’d ask them, “Have you thought about your stance? Have you even done any research?” Because when you’re in that anti-vax mindset, you spend all these hours on the internet, reading studies. I’ve come to realize that a Google search isn’t really research. Most times, you’re not reading an entire study, but only the abstract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What changed your mind on vaccinations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, I was in one particular anti-vaxxer Facebook group, and there was a debate going on about vaccines, and I started to notice that every time someone disagreed with them, the core members got belligerent, going straight to personal attacks. I also noticed that every single point they brought up had this immense conspiracy to go along with it. By that point, I’d started to think, “Do I really believe in all these conspiracies? Am I really that afraid, or can I go back and look at the evidence again?” By then, my daughter was 8 months old, and I just got over the fear I had as a first-time mom. I realized that my daughter was going to be OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you think the vaccination fight will play out in California and nationally?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think California is setting a precedent for vaccine laws across the country. We’re making sure that medical exemptions for vaccines are not being bought, and that’s a very serious problem. Other states have seen the work we’ve done and they’re working on their own legislation. We’ve come to realize that unless we get more vocal about our pro-vaccine stance, the anti-vaccine voices just get louder and louder. I sometimes refer to anti-vaxxers as the drunk drivers of public health. They’re dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you say today to the anti-vaxxers you once aligned with?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tell people that I understand their fears. I understand that parenting is very difficult, and all of us truly want the best for our children. I also know that the evidence is out there when people are willing to let their guards down. And I’m always happy to share real solid scientific evidence with people who want to do their critical thinking for themselves. I’m hoping people come around. I did. But we can’t force anybody. We just want to protect everyone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/the-real-life-conversion-of-a-former-anti-vaxxer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/the-real-life-conversion-of-a-former-anti-vaxxer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "You Are Now Much More Likely to Read This Climate Change Story",
"headTitle": "You Are Now Much More Likely to Read This Climate Change Story | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The public is paying a lot more attention to climate change news stories. That’s the thrust of Andrew McCormick’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cjr.org/covering_climate_now/climate-change-stories-readers.php\">piece\u003c/a> in the Columbia Journalism Review this week, challenging the conventional wisdom that people’s interest in the topic is low. Confronted with a report about climate change, this view holds, most news consumers will change the channel, turn the radio dial, click off the website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\"]MSNBC’s Chris Hayes’called climate change a ‘ratings killer,’ and just 22 of the top 50 U.S. newspapers last year covered a U.N. report that said humanity had just 12 years to avoid an even more catastrophic level of climate-related impacts than it already faces. But new data suggests the public is now starting to pay a lot more attention to the climate.[/pullquote]\u003cbr>\nAccording to the CJR report, only 22 of the 50 biggest newspapers in the U.S. covered the release of an October 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946004/you-are-now-much-more-likely-to-read-this-climate-change-story\">report\u003c/a> from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that said humanity had just \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/10/8/17948832/climate-change-global-warming-un-ipcc-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">12 years\u003c/a> to reduce emissions or face an even worse level of catastrophic impacts than it already does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MSNBC host Chris Hayes captured the media’s reluctance to delve into the climate story with a July 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chrislhayes/status/1021759145425489920?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost without exception, every time we’ve covered it’s been a palpable ratings killer,” Hayes\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chrislhayes/status/1021759145425489920?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>wrote. “So the incentives are not great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that appears to be changing, McCormick reports. He writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A review of industry-wide data and accounts from numerous top-line publications suggest that audience interest in climate coverage is, in fact, on the rise, and that dedicating resources to the story might suit companies’ bottom lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCormick reached that conclusion after CJR obtained January 2017 to June 2019 data from about 1,300 media outlets, mainly from North America and Europe. He enlisted the help of data scientist Su Hang and her team at Chartbeat, a web analytics company, to crunch the numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at the first quarter of each year, Hang found the number of total minutes people spent reading climate change stories, which Chartbeat says represents “attentive traffic,”\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>almost doubled from 2017 to 2019. At the same time, Hang noted, the number of articles published about climate change were up just 27%, an increase that wouldn’t alone account for the big jump in engaged minutes. Hang’s team defined a climate change story as any piece that included a discussion of the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would expect people that are randomly bumping around the internet to be reading 20 or 30 percent more, but what we are seeing is that they are doubling their attention,” Hang said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase in reader attention was also fairly steady over time, according to Josh Schwartz, head of the data science team at Chartbeat. That means the rise in engagement wasn’t driven by single blockbuster news events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are certainly huge news events like the U.S. withdrawing from the Paris climate accord, but for the most part, this is a week-over-week increase. It is not individual stories blowing it out and changing the curve,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is unclear is what’s driving the increased interest. In an email, CJR’s McCormick said he thinks that some outlets are “finding ways to crack the code” on covering the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially those that are finding ways to localize the issue,” he said. “That is, explaining the local environmental impacts of climate change or explaining how climate change is playing a role in extreme weather events in whatever region those publications serve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, McCormick says it’s clear from his interviews with experts and editors at media outlets that people are hungrier for climate change reporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate irony here is that climate change concern is on the rise because extreme weather events are happening with increased frequency and duration,” he said. “That is, audiences are seeing it and they’re now finally believing that it will affect them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Anxiety\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How that concern translates into people’s engagement with media is unclear. But the most recent Public Policy Institute of California annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/ppic-statewide-survey-californians-and-the-environment-july-2019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poll\u003c/a> on the environment suggests that the public’s climate anxiety is driven by actual disasters linked to global warming. This year, for instance, 71% of Californians said they were “very concerned” about wildfires becoming more severe\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944993/study-climate-change-a-leading-driver-of-californias-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> due to\u003c/a> climate change, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1945845/californians-concerns-about-worsening-wildfires-at-record-high\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record high \u003c/a>for the poll. The survey was conducted about eight months after last year’s Camp Fire, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11710884/list-of-those-who-died-in-butte-county-paradise-camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest\u003c/a> U.S. wildfire in 100 years, which was followed by months of media coverage on the state’s perilous wildfire conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the same poll, just 30% of Californians said the water supply is a “big problem,” down from nearly 50% in 2018. That result came after the state’s drought officially ended because of a particularly strong water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, only 42% expressed a strong concern about higher sea levels, even though one U.S. Geological Survey study showed that 600,000 coastal residents and $150 billion worth of property and infrastructure are now \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939059/the-ocean-is-not-a-bathtub-so-sea-level-rise-will-be-more-damaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">threatened \u003c/a>with inundation from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science’s own metrics seem to bear out the theory that the increasingly tangible effects of global warming are having an effect on the audience’s interest in the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve done several climate-related series,” said KQED Science Digital Editor Jon Brooks, “but our recent group of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stories\u003c/a> on ways to decrease the threat from worsening wildfires attracted by far the biggest audience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason people might be more focused on the climate is that as temperatures continue to rise and storms become more frequent and severe, the coverage increasingly reflects a sense of urgency. The Guardian, for instance, now refers to global warming as a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/31/climate-crisis-change-language\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate crisis\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCormick thinks the media stumbled in the past by assuming that climate change is largely a science story. He said climate change angles can and should be included in a broad array of stories, just like economics or politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is going to permeate most aspects of human life,” he said. “In some places, it already is. Many folks I spoke with emphasized that climate change is a dramatic human story — a food story, a housing story, a national security story and more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/johnupton/status/1021801036862947328?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nAccording to the CJR report, only 22 of the 50 biggest newspapers in the U.S. covered the release of an October 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946004/you-are-now-much-more-likely-to-read-this-climate-change-story\">report\u003c/a> from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that said humanity had just \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/10/8/17948832/climate-change-global-warming-un-ipcc-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">12 years\u003c/a> to reduce emissions or face an even worse level of catastrophic impacts than it already does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MSNBC host Chris Hayes captured the media’s reluctance to delve into the climate story with a July 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chrislhayes/status/1021759145425489920?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost without exception, every time we’ve covered it’s been a palpable ratings killer,” Hayes\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chrislhayes/status/1021759145425489920?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>wrote. “So the incentives are not great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that appears to be changing, McCormick reports. He writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A review of industry-wide data and accounts from numerous top-line publications suggest that audience interest in climate coverage is, in fact, on the rise, and that dedicating resources to the story might suit companies’ bottom lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCormick reached that conclusion after CJR obtained January 2017 to June 2019 data from about 1,300 media outlets, mainly from North America and Europe. He enlisted the help of data scientist Su Hang and her team at Chartbeat, a web analytics company, to crunch the numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at the first quarter of each year, Hang found the number of total minutes people spent reading climate change stories, which Chartbeat says represents “attentive traffic,”\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>almost doubled from 2017 to 2019. At the same time, Hang noted, the number of articles published about climate change were up just 27%, an increase that wouldn’t alone account for the big jump in engaged minutes. Hang’s team defined a climate change story as any piece that included a discussion of the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would expect people that are randomly bumping around the internet to be reading 20 or 30 percent more, but what we are seeing is that they are doubling their attention,” Hang said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase in reader attention was also fairly steady over time, according to Josh Schwartz, head of the data science team at Chartbeat. That means the rise in engagement wasn’t driven by single blockbuster news events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are certainly huge news events like the U.S. withdrawing from the Paris climate accord, but for the most part, this is a week-over-week increase. It is not individual stories blowing it out and changing the curve,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is unclear is what’s driving the increased interest. In an email, CJR’s McCormick said he thinks that some outlets are “finding ways to crack the code” on covering the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially those that are finding ways to localize the issue,” he said. “That is, explaining the local environmental impacts of climate change or explaining how climate change is playing a role in extreme weather events in whatever region those publications serve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, McCormick says it’s clear from his interviews with experts and editors at media outlets that people are hungrier for climate change reporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate irony here is that climate change concern is on the rise because extreme weather events are happening with increased frequency and duration,” he said. “That is, audiences are seeing it and they’re now finally believing that it will affect them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Anxiety\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How that concern translates into people’s engagement with media is unclear. But the most recent Public Policy Institute of California annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/ppic-statewide-survey-californians-and-the-environment-july-2019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poll\u003c/a> on the environment suggests that the public’s climate anxiety is driven by actual disasters linked to global warming. This year, for instance, 71% of Californians said they were “very concerned” about wildfires becoming more severe\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944993/study-climate-change-a-leading-driver-of-californias-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> due to\u003c/a> climate change, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1945845/californians-concerns-about-worsening-wildfires-at-record-high\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record high \u003c/a>for the poll. The survey was conducted about eight months after last year’s Camp Fire, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11710884/list-of-those-who-died-in-butte-county-paradise-camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest\u003c/a> U.S. wildfire in 100 years, which was followed by months of media coverage on the state’s perilous wildfire conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the same poll, just 30% of Californians said the water supply is a “big problem,” down from nearly 50% in 2018. That result came after the state’s drought officially ended because of a particularly strong water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, only 42% expressed a strong concern about higher sea levels, even though one U.S. Geological Survey study showed that 600,000 coastal residents and $150 billion worth of property and infrastructure are now \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939059/the-ocean-is-not-a-bathtub-so-sea-level-rise-will-be-more-damaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">threatened \u003c/a>with inundation from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science’s own metrics seem to bear out the theory that the increasingly tangible effects of global warming are having an effect on the audience’s interest in the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve done several climate-related series,” said KQED Science Digital Editor Jon Brooks, “but our recent group of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stories\u003c/a> on ways to decrease the threat from worsening wildfires attracted by far the biggest audience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason people might be more focused on the climate is that as temperatures continue to rise and storms become more frequent and severe, the coverage increasingly reflects a sense of urgency. The Guardian, for instance, now refers to global warming as a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/31/climate-crisis-change-language\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate crisis\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCormick thinks the media stumbled in the past by assuming that climate change is largely a science story. He said climate change angles can and should be included in a broad array of stories, just like economics or politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is going to permeate most aspects of human life,” he said. “In some places, it already is. Many folks I spoke with emphasized that climate change is a dramatic human story — a food story, a housing story, a national security story and more.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>They call it “managed retreat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Lisa Dale, Columbia University']‘It’s hard to imagine asking 50% of western residents to move to the city.’[/pullquote]More than a buzzphrase, the term has become something of a movement among officials looking for ways to cope with rising sea levels and increased river flooding. In short, it means getting out of harm’s way, literally moving people and possibly whole communities to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds radical, but it’s now a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/04/672285546/retreat-is-not-an-option-as-a-california-beach-town-plans-for-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">serious topic among planners\u003c/a> and scientists who are scheduling whole conferences around the benefits as well as the challenges of managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about in fire country, where California has seen so much devastation in recent years? I recently asked \u003cstrong>Lisa Dale\u003c/strong>, a social scientist at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2323\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Development Program\u003c/a>, if we should also be discussing managed retreat as a defense against the increasingly catastrophic wildfires we’ve seen in California. Here are excerpts from that interview, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nearly all the emphasis whenever anyone talks about managed retreat is on coastal and river flooding. Even out west, we don’t talk about it much in terms of fire. Should we\u003c/strong>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lisa Dale\u003c/strong>: I’m hard-pressed to say we should. I worked in the wildfire community for decades. I’ve never heard it discussed. To look back and say, “Really those people should be moving,” I don’t think it’s realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1943266']Remember, half the residents of the American West live in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlandfirersg.org/About/Wildland-Urban-Interface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildland-urban interface\u003c/a>. It’s hard to imagine asking 50% of western residents to move to the city. We’re asking for complete and total urbanization of the West if we want to retreat from wildfire zones. And that’s not what the West is about, and that’s not why people live there. So I don’t think it’s realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nearly all of the coastal U.S. is developed, whereas a relatively small proportion of the wildland-urban interface is developed. So it does seem like there’s at least an opportunity there\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. I think the opportunity is on the front end. So, while I’m reluctant to argue that we should be pushing people to move who already live in the risk area, I think there’s a lot we can do to create disincentives for new people to move there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 85% or so of the wildland-urban interface area is not yet developed. We have a huge opportunity there to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943266/one-potential-solution-to-fires-in-the-wilderness-dont-build-there\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minimize our future risk\u003c/a> by planning carefully and zoning and creating movement patterns for people to relocate, so that we’re not setting ourselves up for an inevitable situation where we do have to start considering relocating communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In California, they tried to attach a kind of a risk premium to people’s insurance policies, saying essentially, “Okay, if you’re going to live in these designated zones, you’re going to pay for some of the public costs of wildfires when they happen.” It didn’t fly.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We tried a number of similar measures in Colorado when I lived there, and those didn’t fly, either. And part of the problem comes down to the shortcomings of risk mapping. Because that is a binary choice. Some people will have to pay that fee and some people won’t have to pay that fee, and who gets put in the pay bucket becomes a really contentious question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what is the answer? I see you kind of rolling your eyes.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I really think local governments are the key. States can do a lot to force local governments to act, but states themselves can only take limited steps. Since the local governments are also the ones often saddled with the costs of wildfire, that’s an easy match. This is a layer of government that is facing the costs now and is therefore incentivized to create solutions. They run up against problems like, “If we close the wildland-urban interface from building, we’ve just reduced our tax base. We’ve just reduced the availability of private property in our town.” And no local government wants to do that. So it’s not easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance companies are also key to this story, and we’re starting to see some real action on that in the West. We’re starting to see home insurance companies require their policy holders in risk areas to complete defensible space work around their homes. We’re starting to see policies with disclosure requirements across the West, so that if you are moving there and don’t know you’re moving into a risk zone, there’s mandatory disclosure. Those will help. I think the combination of home insurance action and local government steps are likely the location of solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003cem>Note: Insurance companies have have also been canceling an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943180/increasingly-unavailable-and-unaffordable-home-insurance-threatened-amid-wildfire-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasing number\u003c/a> of homeowner policies in California’s wildfire-prone areas, with more expensive, less comprehensive policies as the alternative.\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>After the devastating\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tubbs-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> wine country fires\u003c/a> a couple of years ago, that swept through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11622421/video-santa-rosa-reeling-from-devastating-tubbs-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dense urban areas\u003c/a> in Santa Rosa, we saw residents go right back in and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11741498/a-third-of-homes-lost-in-2017-tubbs-fire-now-under-construction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">build in the same place\u003c/a>. And the local politicians were very reluctant to say they couldn’t.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I think that’s tricky. You’ve seen this for a long time across the West, which is part of why I’m a little distrustful of these risk maps. I think they lead to a false sense of safety for people whose homes are marked safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in fact, we know the fires are behaving in unprecedented ways so we can’t adequately predict the future. And we’re also seeing some really unexpected bottlenecks for progress. For example, one thing we kept coming up against in Colorado was homeowner associations that required certain building materials be used on their properties. Fire-resistant materials, for example, were forbidden in some of these homeowner associations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For aesthetic reasons?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly. So, they’re trying to create a style for all the homes in a community. And when those decisions were made decades ago, nobody was thinking about fire risk. We can do a lot with building materials, with requiring flame-resistant roof tiles for example, removing barriers to the adoption of those types of materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments can do a lot to think about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1942547/in-the-age-of-the-crazy-fast-fire-a-good-evacuation-plan-may-not-be-enough\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ways to get in and out\u003c/a> of high-risk neighborhoods for emergency vehicles so that fires don’t become as catastrophic as we’ve seen and can be more easily tackled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That was a huge factor in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camp Fire\u003c/a>, which leveled the entire city of Paradise in Butte County in 2018.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>I\u003c/b>t’s a huge factor in many communities. Part of living up in the woods is that you live on these long, windy roads, and there’s only one road to get to you. So it’s also a transportation and road-network issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a lot of opportunities, I think, especially in the West since so much of it is not yet developed, to redefine the way we develop those areas, redefine the way we build in those areas, all within the framework of reducing risk from wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>More than a buzzphrase, the term has become something of a movement among officials looking for ways to cope with rising sea levels and increased river flooding. In short, it means getting out of harm’s way, literally moving people and possibly whole communities to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds radical, but it’s now a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/04/672285546/retreat-is-not-an-option-as-a-california-beach-town-plans-for-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">serious topic among planners\u003c/a> and scientists who are scheduling whole conferences around the benefits as well as the challenges of managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about in fire country, where California has seen so much devastation in recent years? I recently asked \u003cstrong>Lisa Dale\u003c/strong>, a social scientist at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2323\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Development Program\u003c/a>, if we should also be discussing managed retreat as a defense against the increasingly catastrophic wildfires we’ve seen in California. Here are excerpts from that interview, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nearly all the emphasis whenever anyone talks about managed retreat is on coastal and river flooding. Even out west, we don’t talk about it much in terms of fire. Should we\u003c/strong>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lisa Dale\u003c/strong>: I’m hard-pressed to say we should. I worked in the wildfire community for decades. I’ve never heard it discussed. To look back and say, “Really those people should be moving,” I don’t think it’s realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Remember, half the residents of the American West live in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlandfirersg.org/About/Wildland-Urban-Interface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildland-urban interface\u003c/a>. It’s hard to imagine asking 50% of western residents to move to the city. We’re asking for complete and total urbanization of the West if we want to retreat from wildfire zones. And that’s not what the West is about, and that’s not why people live there. So I don’t think it’s realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nearly all of the coastal U.S. is developed, whereas a relatively small proportion of the wildland-urban interface is developed. So it does seem like there’s at least an opportunity there\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. I think the opportunity is on the front end. So, while I’m reluctant to argue that we should be pushing people to move who already live in the risk area, I think there’s a lot we can do to create disincentives for new people to move there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 85% or so of the wildland-urban interface area is not yet developed. We have a huge opportunity there to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943266/one-potential-solution-to-fires-in-the-wilderness-dont-build-there\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minimize our future risk\u003c/a> by planning carefully and zoning and creating movement patterns for people to relocate, so that we’re not setting ourselves up for an inevitable situation where we do have to start considering relocating communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In California, they tried to attach a kind of a risk premium to people’s insurance policies, saying essentially, “Okay, if you’re going to live in these designated zones, you’re going to pay for some of the public costs of wildfires when they happen.” It didn’t fly.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We tried a number of similar measures in Colorado when I lived there, and those didn’t fly, either. And part of the problem comes down to the shortcomings of risk mapping. Because that is a binary choice. Some people will have to pay that fee and some people won’t have to pay that fee, and who gets put in the pay bucket becomes a really contentious question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what is the answer? I see you kind of rolling your eyes.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I really think local governments are the key. States can do a lot to force local governments to act, but states themselves can only take limited steps. Since the local governments are also the ones often saddled with the costs of wildfire, that’s an easy match. This is a layer of government that is facing the costs now and is therefore incentivized to create solutions. They run up against problems like, “If we close the wildland-urban interface from building, we’ve just reduced our tax base. We’ve just reduced the availability of private property in our town.” And no local government wants to do that. So it’s not easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance companies are also key to this story, and we’re starting to see some real action on that in the West. We’re starting to see home insurance companies require their policy holders in risk areas to complete defensible space work around their homes. We’re starting to see policies with disclosure requirements across the West, so that if you are moving there and don’t know you’re moving into a risk zone, there’s mandatory disclosure. Those will help. I think the combination of home insurance action and local government steps are likely the location of solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003cem>Note: Insurance companies have have also been canceling an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943180/increasingly-unavailable-and-unaffordable-home-insurance-threatened-amid-wildfire-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasing number\u003c/a> of homeowner policies in California’s wildfire-prone areas, with more expensive, less comprehensive policies as the alternative.\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>After the devastating\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tubbs-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> wine country fires\u003c/a> a couple of years ago, that swept through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11622421/video-santa-rosa-reeling-from-devastating-tubbs-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dense urban areas\u003c/a> in Santa Rosa, we saw residents go right back in and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11741498/a-third-of-homes-lost-in-2017-tubbs-fire-now-under-construction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">build in the same place\u003c/a>. And the local politicians were very reluctant to say they couldn’t.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I think that’s tricky. You’ve seen this for a long time across the West, which is part of why I’m a little distrustful of these risk maps. I think they lead to a false sense of safety for people whose homes are marked safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in fact, we know the fires are behaving in unprecedented ways so we can’t adequately predict the future. And we’re also seeing some really unexpected bottlenecks for progress. For example, one thing we kept coming up against in Colorado was homeowner associations that required certain building materials be used on their properties. Fire-resistant materials, for example, were forbidden in some of these homeowner associations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For aesthetic reasons?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly. So, they’re trying to create a style for all the homes in a community. And when those decisions were made decades ago, nobody was thinking about fire risk. We can do a lot with building materials, with requiring flame-resistant roof tiles for example, removing barriers to the adoption of those types of materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments can do a lot to think about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1942547/in-the-age-of-the-crazy-fast-fire-a-good-evacuation-plan-may-not-be-enough\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ways to get in and out\u003c/a> of high-risk neighborhoods for emergency vehicles so that fires don’t become as catastrophic as we’ve seen and can be more easily tackled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That was a huge factor in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camp Fire\u003c/a>, which leveled the entire city of Paradise in Butte County in 2018.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>I\u003c/b>t’s a huge factor in many communities. Part of living up in the woods is that you live on these long, windy roads, and there’s only one road to get to you. So it’s also a transportation and road-network issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a lot of opportunities, I think, especially in the West since so much of it is not yet developed, to redefine the way we develop those areas, redefine the way we build in those areas, all within the framework of reducing risk from wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco International Airport is banning the sale of single-use plastic water bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unprecedented move at one of the major airports in the country will take effect Aug. 20, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/No-fly-zone-SFO-bans-sale-of-plastic-water-14274754.php\">the San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule will apply to airport restaurants, cafes and vending machines. Travelers who need plain water will have to buy refillable aluminum or glass bottles if they don’t bring their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a department of San Francisco’s municipal government, the airport is following an ordinance approved in 2014 banning the sale of plastic water bottles on city-owned property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift away from plastics is also part of a broader plan to slash net carbon emissions and energy use to zero and eliminate most landfill waste by 2021, said airport spokesman Doug Yakel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, considering the approximately 4 million plastic water bottles sold per year at the airport, it may be more difficult for vendors to adhere to the water bottle ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether vendors out of compliance will be penalized is unclear, but Yakel said the airport hopes that “won’t be necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFO vendors already are required to provide only compostable single-use foodware, including to-go containers, condiment packets, straws and utensils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shops at the airports have adjusted easily to these requirements because of the increased availability of suppliers producing such products, said Michael Levine, CEO of the company that oversees Napa Farms Market, a store selling grab-and-go fare in Terminal 2 and International Terminal G.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the water bottle impact is a little trickier,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco International Airport is banning the sale of single-use plastic water bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unprecedented move at one of the major airports in the country will take effect Aug. 20, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/No-fly-zone-SFO-bans-sale-of-plastic-water-14274754.php\">the San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule will apply to airport restaurants, cafes and vending machines. Travelers who need plain water will have to buy refillable aluminum or glass bottles if they don’t bring their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a department of San Francisco’s municipal government, the airport is following an ordinance approved in 2014 banning the sale of plastic water bottles on city-owned property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift away from plastics is also part of a broader plan to slash net carbon emissions and energy use to zero and eliminate most landfill waste by 2021, said airport spokesman Doug Yakel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, considering the approximately 4 million plastic water bottles sold per year at the airport, it may be more difficult for vendors to adhere to the water bottle ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether vendors out of compliance will be penalized is unclear, but Yakel said the airport hopes that “won’t be necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFO vendors already are required to provide only compostable single-use foodware, including to-go containers, condiment packets, straws and utensils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shops at the airports have adjusted easily to these requirements because of the increased availability of suppliers producing such products, said Michael Levine, CEO of the company that oversees Napa Farms Market, a store selling grab-and-go fare in Terminal 2 and International Terminal G.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the water bottle impact is a little trickier,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "West Oakland Advocates Unhappy With EPA, City Agreement on Dirty Air",
"headTitle": "West Oakland Advocates Unhappy With EPA, City Agreement on Dirty Air | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After negotiating for two years, federal environmental officials reached a voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Resolution%20Letter%20and%20IRA%20-%20Paul%20Cort%20-13R%20and%2014R-17-R9%202019-07-26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">settlement\u003c/a> with the city and Port of Oakland over a discrimination complaint related to West Oakland’s dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement outlines a series of goals to improve communication between the community, the city and the port. But Oakland and the port did not agree to any new substantive actions to reduce pollution, according to Earthjustice, which filed the complaint on behalf of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/West-Oakland-Environmental-Indicators-Project-167059986686549/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project\u003c/a>. As part of the agreement, the EPA did not find any discrimination, which the city has \u003ca href=\"https://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/Closed%20Session%20Reporting%20Out%20Forms/JULY%209%202019%20CLOSED%20SESSION%20REPORTING%20OUT%20FINAL%20DECISION.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">denied\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Ghafar, an associate attorney with Earthjustice, said advocates were “disappointed that this is the result of two years’ worth of negotiations. The EPA folks, the D.C. folks, they don’t really know what is happening on the ground here in West Oakland with the state of the air quality and diesel pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Oakland group lodged the \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/2017-04-04-TitleVI_Complaint.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">complaint\u003c/a> with the civil rights offices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Transportation in April 2017. Filed under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the complaint accused the city and port of a pattern of discrimination in the expansion of freight activity that increased pollution in the majority-black communities who live in West Oakland. Residents in those neighborhoods suffer some of the worst air quality in the Bay Area as well as some of the lowest life expectancies in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filing prompted the EPA’s External Civil Rights Compliance Office to investigate whether Oakland was doing enough to prevent dangerous smog in the neighborhoods surrounding the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the goals on fostering better communication between stakeholders, the settlement cites two plans adopted by the port in recent years, one to \u003ca href=\"https://www.portofoakland.com/files/PDF/2020%20and%20Beyond%20Plan%20Vol%20I.pdf\">reduce\u003c/a> emissions while investing in electric vehicles, and another to \u003ca href=\"https://www.portofoakland.com/files/PDF/TMP%20layout%205.17.19-Web.pdf\">regulate\u003c/a> truck traffic in the neighborhoods around West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plenty of ‘Let’s Talk’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While EPA and Oakland officials came to a resolution, the West Oakland group says it will do little to improve the health of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It lacks direct action,” said Brian Beveridge, an organizer with the West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project. “There is plenty of, ‘Let’s talk and isn’t it great and we are going to work harder to make it better.’ But we would like to see some policy action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Beveridge wanted more from the settlement, he said the process did improve the dialogue between his group and the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the group filed the complaint after pressuring the port for years to engage with residents about air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The office of Oakland’s city attorney referred questions to the Port of Oakland. Mike Zampa, the port’s communications director, said in an emailed statement that its leaders are pleased to have reached a resolution with EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the port is “serious” in its commitment to civil rights, and he pointed to the port’s effort to curb emissions and manage traffic, as well as to the addition of a section on civil rights to its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margot Perez-Sullivan, an EPA spokesperson, said in an email that the agency “will now monitor the City and the Port commitments set forth in the Agreement, as appropriate, to ensure its terms are fully implemented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Poor Air Quality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Oakland is bounded by interstate freeways and the port. Long before the current case, advocacy groups have noted punishing air pollution and high local asthma rates, which they say are caused by toxic diesel fumes belching from trucks driving in and out of the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Port of Oakland, with its 1,300 acres of facilities and 18 deep-water berths, is the third busiest seaport in California and among the 10 busiest in the U.S. More than $59.2 billion in goods flows through its bustling docks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the complaint process, Beveridge’s group has worked with Oakland and the regional air quality regulator to craft an \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/ab617-community-health/west-oakland/draft_plan/wocap_draft_plan_vol1-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">action plan\u003c/a> to address the toxic air in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft of the plan is open for public comment. Beveridge said his group is hosting a community meeting about the plan on Aug. 17 at 10 a.m. at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westoaklandyouthcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Oakland Youth Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately this is about reducing the impacts of the freight industry at the Port of Oakland and the freight industry that is in residence in West Oakland, to reduce those impacts on the people of this community,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking forward to the process leading to something, we just don’t see that in the settlement.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After negotiating for two years, federal environmental officials reached a voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Resolution%20Letter%20and%20IRA%20-%20Paul%20Cort%20-13R%20and%2014R-17-R9%202019-07-26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">settlement\u003c/a> with the city and Port of Oakland over a discrimination complaint related to West Oakland’s dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement outlines a series of goals to improve communication between the community, the city and the port. But Oakland and the port did not agree to any new substantive actions to reduce pollution, according to Earthjustice, which filed the complaint on behalf of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/West-Oakland-Environmental-Indicators-Project-167059986686549/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project\u003c/a>. As part of the agreement, the EPA did not find any discrimination, which the city has \u003ca href=\"https://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/Closed%20Session%20Reporting%20Out%20Forms/JULY%209%202019%20CLOSED%20SESSION%20REPORTING%20OUT%20FINAL%20DECISION.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">denied\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Ghafar, an associate attorney with Earthjustice, said advocates were “disappointed that this is the result of two years’ worth of negotiations. The EPA folks, the D.C. folks, they don’t really know what is happening on the ground here in West Oakland with the state of the air quality and diesel pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Oakland group lodged the \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/2017-04-04-TitleVI_Complaint.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">complaint\u003c/a> with the civil rights offices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Transportation in April 2017. Filed under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the complaint accused the city and port of a pattern of discrimination in the expansion of freight activity that increased pollution in the majority-black communities who live in West Oakland. Residents in those neighborhoods suffer some of the worst air quality in the Bay Area as well as some of the lowest life expectancies in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filing prompted the EPA’s External Civil Rights Compliance Office to investigate whether Oakland was doing enough to prevent dangerous smog in the neighborhoods surrounding the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the goals on fostering better communication between stakeholders, the settlement cites two plans adopted by the port in recent years, one to \u003ca href=\"https://www.portofoakland.com/files/PDF/2020%20and%20Beyond%20Plan%20Vol%20I.pdf\">reduce\u003c/a> emissions while investing in electric vehicles, and another to \u003ca href=\"https://www.portofoakland.com/files/PDF/TMP%20layout%205.17.19-Web.pdf\">regulate\u003c/a> truck traffic in the neighborhoods around West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plenty of ‘Let’s Talk’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While EPA and Oakland officials came to a resolution, the West Oakland group says it will do little to improve the health of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It lacks direct action,” said Brian Beveridge, an organizer with the West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project. “There is plenty of, ‘Let’s talk and isn’t it great and we are going to work harder to make it better.’ But we would like to see some policy action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Beveridge wanted more from the settlement, he said the process did improve the dialogue between his group and the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the group filed the complaint after pressuring the port for years to engage with residents about air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The office of Oakland’s city attorney referred questions to the Port of Oakland. Mike Zampa, the port’s communications director, said in an emailed statement that its leaders are pleased to have reached a resolution with EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the port is “serious” in its commitment to civil rights, and he pointed to the port’s effort to curb emissions and manage traffic, as well as to the addition of a section on civil rights to its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margot Perez-Sullivan, an EPA spokesperson, said in an email that the agency “will now monitor the City and the Port commitments set forth in the Agreement, as appropriate, to ensure its terms are fully implemented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Poor Air Quality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Oakland is bounded by interstate freeways and the port. Long before the current case, advocacy groups have noted punishing air pollution and high local asthma rates, which they say are caused by toxic diesel fumes belching from trucks driving in and out of the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Port of Oakland, with its 1,300 acres of facilities and 18 deep-water berths, is the third busiest seaport in California and among the 10 busiest in the U.S. More than $59.2 billion in goods flows through its bustling docks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the complaint process, Beveridge’s group has worked with Oakland and the regional air quality regulator to craft an \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/ab617-community-health/west-oakland/draft_plan/wocap_draft_plan_vol1-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">action plan\u003c/a> to address the toxic air in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft of the plan is open for public comment. Beveridge said his group is hosting a community meeting about the plan on Aug. 17 at 10 a.m. at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westoaklandyouthcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Oakland Youth Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately this is about reducing the impacts of the freight industry at the Port of Oakland and the freight industry that is in residence in West Oakland, to reduce those impacts on the people of this community,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking forward to the process leading to something, we just don’t see that in the settlement.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "SoCalGas Admits Funding 'Front' Group in Fight for Its Future",
"headTitle": "SoCalGas Admits Funding ‘Front’ Group in Fight for Its Future | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Right now, regulators at the California Public Utilities Commission are weighing exactly how and when to wean the state away from natural gas. That means Southern California Gas is fighting for its future, and the Public Advocates Office, an independent watchdog within the CPUC, says the utility’s not fighting fairly, lying to regulators and violating ethics and other rules in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" citation=\"Mike Campbell, Public Advocates Office, CPUC\"]‘SoCalGas is really clear that it sees the state’s climate goals really as an existential threat.’[/pullquote]SoCalGas, a Sempra Company, produces only one thing; with the state aiming for 100% renewable energy by 2045, the company’s days of selling natural gas to millions of customers are numbered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SoCalGas is really clear that it sees the state’s climate goals really as an existential threat,” said Mike Campbell, a program manager with the Public Advocates Office, which represents ratepayers in commission proceedings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell’s office argues that the utility’s tactics include lying to regulators, undermining efficiency codes and standards, and “astroturfing”: funding a seemingly independent advocacy group with ratepayer money. The independent watchdog is asking the commission to sanction SoCalGas, investigate its relationship with the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://c4bes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions\u003c/a>, and withhold bonuses that would benefit the utility’s shareholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While utilities commonly work to sway regulatory outcomes, critics say what SoCalGas is doing is out of the ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945946\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1945946\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-800x448.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"485\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-800x448.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-768x430.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from a powerpoint by Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions, cited in a Sierra Club legal motion.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We know we have to move past gas to address climate change, to improve air quality, and so on,” said Earthjustice attorney Matt Vespa, who was among the first to raise questions about the utility’s tactics. “They’ve been fighting against this time and again; now they’re amplifying their efforts even more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas countered in a statement that while it has respect for the Public Advocates Office, the claims that the company lied or misled regulators are “simply untrue.” SoCalGas \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M277/K270/277270076.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argues\u003c/a> that “[c]onsumers want choice,” and the company is offering that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who is Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas heats water for showers, warms homes in winter, tumbles clothes dry, and cooks food in many California kitchens. That’s why buildings contribute about 25% of the state’s carbon pollution; they’re an often overlooked source of fossil fuel emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions, or C4BES, focuses on kitchens. Its website features homey, multiracial photos of happy people cooking food, all gathered around flame-fed stoves. The nonprofit registered with the state in January, saying it was “representing the interests of gas industrial, commercial and residential users.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including Earthjustice and the Sierra Club, argue that the group is a front; documents filed with the CPUC reveal that SoCalGas paid consultants to set up C4BES. Language the utility circulated in recruiting for the organization is nearly word-for-word the same as in the core principles now on the C4BES website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"left\" citation=\"Steve Weissman, former administrative law judge, CPUC\"]‘When the merits of the action you want to take stand on their own, you don’t have to be deceptive about selling it.’[/pullquote]Earthjustice’s Vespa says he first got suspicious of C4BES in the spring. He and other environmental advocates dug into it and found that last October, SoCalGas public policy manager Ken Chawkins offered a “welcome…aboard” to new C4BES board chair Matt Rahn, a Temecula city council member. SoCalGas itself has a representative on the C4BES board, as do eight organizations that received donations from the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Southern California Gas says it has been transparent in its role starting and funding the nonprofit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the organization joined the regulatory proceeding, saying it wanted to speak for gas users, C4BES \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M292/K932/292932611.PDF\">didn’t declare\u003c/a> any relationship with a regulated investor-owned utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice, Sierra Club and the Public Advocates office say that’s a big deal. Using shareholder money, utilities can advocate for themselves when regulators make rules. But critics say SoCalGas shouldn’t be able to spend money from shareholders or its customers to create a “separate” group to give itself a second voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945951\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A drilling rig probes for natural gas on farm property in the Sacramento Valley. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given the overlap between what the utility says and what the nonprofit says, “the way that SoCal Gas is attempting to inject those comments and ideas into the discourse, I think they should just raise those directly,” said Campbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vespa calls the relationship between the utility and the nonprofit outrageous. “It just really does fundamentally undermine the integrity of commission proceedings and transparency,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley law lecturer Steve Weissman, a former administrative law judge at the CPUC, says he’s seen SoCalGas do this before: create organizations, populate them with supporters, and use the organizations’ support to bolster their points. But neither he nor Vespa has ever heard of a nonprofit funded by a utility seeking to become a party to a rulemaking like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the merits of the action you want to take stand on their own,” Weissman said, “you don’t have to be deceptive about selling it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who’s Paying for This Advocacy?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investor-owned utilities are tightly regulated in how they can advocate for their interests; they’re not supposed to use ratepayer funds for political lobbying. And SoCalGas asserts that its “financial support for C4BES does not come from ratepayer dollars.” But according to Mike Campbell, from the public watchdog’s office, that’s “not credible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell points out that in official information requests, the utility has given the Public Advocates Office multiple conflicting answers about what money, from what internal accounts, is going toward C4BES. For example, in one response, the utility claimed that the consultants who helped launch C4BES were paid half out of ratepayer funds and half out of shareholder funds. After questions about funding spilled into the regulatory proceeding, SoCalGas now says the consultants were paid with shareholder funds, on which there are fewer limitations.\u003cbr>\n[aside postID='science_1945656']The Public Advocates office often requests information from utilities; according to Campbell, not often do the companies offer murky answers, then modify them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then as you [continue to] follow up, then another effort to mislead,” he said. “That’s extremely uncommon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the Public Advocates Office has asked the commission to investigate the relationship between the nonprofit and the utility, and sanction SoCalGas for violating Rule 1.1, under which anyone appearing before the CPUC \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M209/K618/209618807.PDF\">agrees\u003c/a> “never to mislead the Commission or its staff by an artifice or false statement of fact or law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ethical Questions Abound For SoCalGas Advocacy\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you pay your gas or electric bill in California, you’re also paying for your utility to weigh in on technical issues like energy efficiency, and complex codes and standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, critics have scrutinized SoCalGas’s advocacy, arguing that customers are paying for lobbying that would benefit shareholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As SoCalGas made its case for raising rates last year, Earthjustice and the Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Sierra-Club-and-UCS_Opening-Brief_2018-09-21.pdf\">pointed out\u003c/a> the utility spent customer money on, for example, mailings that mislead customers on the relative costs of gas and electric heating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"left\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Mike Campbell, Office of the Public Advocate, CPUC\"]‘I mean, if you’re willing to lie about little things, why wouldn’t you mislead about the big things?’[/pullquote]And commissioners sanctioned SoCalGas for its advocacy about new specifications for everything from dishwashers to pool pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, commissioners concluded that SoCalGas used money from customers to advocate \u003ci>against \u003c/i>stricter codes and standards, not \u003ci>for \u003c/i>them, and that “there is a potential for SoCalGas to misuse ratepayer funds authorized for codes and standards advocacy.” As a result, through 2025, SoCalGas \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M215/K706/215706139.PDF\">isn’t supposed to\u003c/a> charge ratepayers to do codes and standards advocacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Public Advocates Office says SoCalGas is violating that order, and they want the company sanctioned for that as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have evidence that they continued to work to undermine codes and standards even after the commission said you shouldn’t do that,” Campbell said. “And they kept charging those costs to ratepayers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aggressive Advocacy Across the State\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say SoCalGas’ aggressive advocacy sprawls beyond the PUC, into county board rooms and town council meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning last June, SoCalGas crisscrossed the state making \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Sierra-Club-Response-to-SoCalGas-Motion-to-Strike_2019-07-05.pdf\">dozens\u003c/a> of presentations — to city and county governments, local associations, and chambers of commerce — using the words “balanced energy solutions” and urging people to join the free group, C4BES.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two Southern California cities and three Central Valley counties have passed identical-language resolutions backing SoCalGas’ vision for “balanced energy solutions.” Supervisors in Kern, Tulare and Kings County approved the resolutions on their consent calendars, meaning without public discussion, and forwarded them as recommendations to legislators and regulators. Local reporting characterized their resolutions as evidence that the Central Valley doesn’t really share a Berkeley-type vision for moving away from natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most active people on the C4BES \u003ca href=\"https://c4bes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facebook page\u003c/a> are from the utility and the consulting firm that helped the utility set up the nonprofit. That page counts more than a thousand hidden members. But few people engage with it: Most likes come from people affiliated with SoCalGas, including former community relations manager Alexander Kim and current public policy manager Ken Chawkins; from independent lobbyists for SoCalGas like Chris Gilbride; and from consultants (including Jorge Flores and Richard Lichtenstein) at Marathon Communications, which appears to have helped set up the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An email to Jim McDaniel, a Marathon consultant named in the Public Advocates file, was forwarded to Marathon, who declined to comment on Marathon and McDaniel’s behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas has long positioned itself as a safe, clean, reliable bridge to a lighter-carbon future: an alternative to heavier fossil fuels at one end, and the daily ebb and flow of renewable energy at the other. But critics say infrastructure failures, including at the Aliso Canyon Gas Field in Los Angeles County, have helped make gas more expensive for California ratepayers in the last couple of years. Not long ago, the PUC opened \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M307/K534/307534571.PDF\">two investigations\u003c/a> into SoCalGas, over Aliso Canyon failures, and over SoCalGas and Sempra safety culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scattered ethics complaints, including the latest one about a nonprofit now clearly affiliated with SoCalGas, may seem small compared to penalties under consideration for wildfires, and the lobbying dollars other utilities put into that effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Campbell says it’s emblematic of a larger problem. “I mean, if you’re willing to lie about little things, why wouldn’t you mislead about the big things?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The battle for California’s carbon-free future might one day come to your kitchen stove, but right now it’s at the state Public Utilities Commission, where Southern California Gas is fighting for its business -- and a watchdog says the utility’s not fighting fairly.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Right now, regulators at the California Public Utilities Commission are weighing exactly how and when to wean the state away from natural gas. That means Southern California Gas is fighting for its future, and the Public Advocates Office, an independent watchdog within the CPUC, says the utility’s not fighting fairly, lying to regulators and violating ethics and other rules in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘SoCalGas is really clear that it sees the state’s climate goals really as an existential threat.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>SoCalGas, a Sempra Company, produces only one thing; with the state aiming for 100% renewable energy by 2045, the company’s days of selling natural gas to millions of customers are numbered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SoCalGas is really clear that it sees the state’s climate goals really as an existential threat,” said Mike Campbell, a program manager with the Public Advocates Office, which represents ratepayers in commission proceedings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell’s office argues that the utility’s tactics include lying to regulators, undermining efficiency codes and standards, and “astroturfing”: funding a seemingly independent advocacy group with ratepayer money. The independent watchdog is asking the commission to sanction SoCalGas, investigate its relationship with the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://c4bes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions\u003c/a>, and withhold bonuses that would benefit the utility’s shareholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While utilities commonly work to sway regulatory outcomes, critics say what SoCalGas is doing is out of the ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945946\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1945946\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-800x448.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"485\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-800x448.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-768x430.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from a powerpoint by Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions, cited in a Sierra Club legal motion.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We know we have to move past gas to address climate change, to improve air quality, and so on,” said Earthjustice attorney Matt Vespa, who was among the first to raise questions about the utility’s tactics. “They’ve been fighting against this time and again; now they’re amplifying their efforts even more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas countered in a statement that while it has respect for the Public Advocates Office, the claims that the company lied or misled regulators are “simply untrue.” SoCalGas \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M277/K270/277270076.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argues\u003c/a> that “[c]onsumers want choice,” and the company is offering that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who is Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas heats water for showers, warms homes in winter, tumbles clothes dry, and cooks food in many California kitchens. That’s why buildings contribute about 25% of the state’s carbon pollution; they’re an often overlooked source of fossil fuel emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions, or C4BES, focuses on kitchens. Its website features homey, multiracial photos of happy people cooking food, all gathered around flame-fed stoves. The nonprofit registered with the state in January, saying it was “representing the interests of gas industrial, commercial and residential users.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including Earthjustice and the Sierra Club, argue that the group is a front; documents filed with the CPUC reveal that SoCalGas paid consultants to set up C4BES. Language the utility circulated in recruiting for the organization is nearly word-for-word the same as in the core principles now on the C4BES website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Earthjustice’s Vespa says he first got suspicious of C4BES in the spring. He and other environmental advocates dug into it and found that last October, SoCalGas public policy manager Ken Chawkins offered a “welcome…aboard” to new C4BES board chair Matt Rahn, a Temecula city council member. SoCalGas itself has a representative on the C4BES board, as do eight organizations that received donations from the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Southern California Gas says it has been transparent in its role starting and funding the nonprofit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the organization joined the regulatory proceeding, saying it wanted to speak for gas users, C4BES \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M292/K932/292932611.PDF\">didn’t declare\u003c/a> any relationship with a regulated investor-owned utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice, Sierra Club and the Public Advocates office say that’s a big deal. Using shareholder money, utilities can advocate for themselves when regulators make rules. But critics say SoCalGas shouldn’t be able to spend money from shareholders or its customers to create a “separate” group to give itself a second voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945951\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A drilling rig probes for natural gas on farm property in the Sacramento Valley. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given the overlap between what the utility says and what the nonprofit says, “the way that SoCal Gas is attempting to inject those comments and ideas into the discourse, I think they should just raise those directly,” said Campbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vespa calls the relationship between the utility and the nonprofit outrageous. “It just really does fundamentally undermine the integrity of commission proceedings and transparency,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley law lecturer Steve Weissman, a former administrative law judge at the CPUC, says he’s seen SoCalGas do this before: create organizations, populate them with supporters, and use the organizations’ support to bolster their points. But neither he nor Vespa has ever heard of a nonprofit funded by a utility seeking to become a party to a rulemaking like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the merits of the action you want to take stand on their own,” Weissman said, “you don’t have to be deceptive about selling it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who’s Paying for This Advocacy?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investor-owned utilities are tightly regulated in how they can advocate for their interests; they’re not supposed to use ratepayer funds for political lobbying. And SoCalGas asserts that its “financial support for C4BES does not come from ratepayer dollars.” But according to Mike Campbell, from the public watchdog’s office, that’s “not credible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell points out that in official information requests, the utility has given the Public Advocates Office multiple conflicting answers about what money, from what internal accounts, is going toward C4BES. For example, in one response, the utility claimed that the consultants who helped launch C4BES were paid half out of ratepayer funds and half out of shareholder funds. After questions about funding spilled into the regulatory proceeding, SoCalGas now says the consultants were paid with shareholder funds, on which there are fewer limitations.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Public Advocates office often requests information from utilities; according to Campbell, not often do the companies offer murky answers, then modify them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then as you [continue to] follow up, then another effort to mislead,” he said. “That’s extremely uncommon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the Public Advocates Office has asked the commission to investigate the relationship between the nonprofit and the utility, and sanction SoCalGas for violating Rule 1.1, under which anyone appearing before the CPUC \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M209/K618/209618807.PDF\">agrees\u003c/a> “never to mislead the Commission or its staff by an artifice or false statement of fact or law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ethical Questions Abound For SoCalGas Advocacy\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you pay your gas or electric bill in California, you’re also paying for your utility to weigh in on technical issues like energy efficiency, and complex codes and standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, critics have scrutinized SoCalGas’s advocacy, arguing that customers are paying for lobbying that would benefit shareholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As SoCalGas made its case for raising rates last year, Earthjustice and the Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Sierra-Club-and-UCS_Opening-Brief_2018-09-21.pdf\">pointed out\u003c/a> the utility spent customer money on, for example, mailings that mislead customers on the relative costs of gas and electric heating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>And commissioners sanctioned SoCalGas for its advocacy about new specifications for everything from dishwashers to pool pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, commissioners concluded that SoCalGas used money from customers to advocate \u003ci>against \u003c/i>stricter codes and standards, not \u003ci>for \u003c/i>them, and that “there is a potential for SoCalGas to misuse ratepayer funds authorized for codes and standards advocacy.” As a result, through 2025, SoCalGas \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M215/K706/215706139.PDF\">isn’t supposed to\u003c/a> charge ratepayers to do codes and standards advocacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Public Advocates Office says SoCalGas is violating that order, and they want the company sanctioned for that as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have evidence that they continued to work to undermine codes and standards even after the commission said you shouldn’t do that,” Campbell said. “And they kept charging those costs to ratepayers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aggressive Advocacy Across the State\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say SoCalGas’ aggressive advocacy sprawls beyond the PUC, into county board rooms and town council meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning last June, SoCalGas crisscrossed the state making \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Sierra-Club-Response-to-SoCalGas-Motion-to-Strike_2019-07-05.pdf\">dozens\u003c/a> of presentations — to city and county governments, local associations, and chambers of commerce — using the words “balanced energy solutions” and urging people to join the free group, C4BES.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two Southern California cities and three Central Valley counties have passed identical-language resolutions backing SoCalGas’ vision for “balanced energy solutions.” Supervisors in Kern, Tulare and Kings County approved the resolutions on their consent calendars, meaning without public discussion, and forwarded them as recommendations to legislators and regulators. Local reporting characterized their resolutions as evidence that the Central Valley doesn’t really share a Berkeley-type vision for moving away from natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most active people on the C4BES \u003ca href=\"https://c4bes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facebook page\u003c/a> are from the utility and the consulting firm that helped the utility set up the nonprofit. That page counts more than a thousand hidden members. But few people engage with it: Most likes come from people affiliated with SoCalGas, including former community relations manager Alexander Kim and current public policy manager Ken Chawkins; from independent lobbyists for SoCalGas like Chris Gilbride; and from consultants (including Jorge Flores and Richard Lichtenstein) at Marathon Communications, which appears to have helped set up the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An email to Jim McDaniel, a Marathon consultant named in the Public Advocates file, was forwarded to Marathon, who declined to comment on Marathon and McDaniel’s behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas has long positioned itself as a safe, clean, reliable bridge to a lighter-carbon future: an alternative to heavier fossil fuels at one end, and the daily ebb and flow of renewable energy at the other. But critics say infrastructure failures, including at the Aliso Canyon Gas Field in Los Angeles County, have helped make gas more expensive for California ratepayers in the last couple of years. Not long ago, the PUC opened \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M307/K534/307534571.PDF\">two investigations\u003c/a> into SoCalGas, over Aliso Canyon failures, and over SoCalGas and Sempra safety culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scattered ethics complaints, including the latest one about a nonprofit now clearly affiliated with SoCalGas, may seem small compared to penalties under consideration for wildfires, and the lobbying dollars other utilities put into that effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Campbell says it’s emblematic of a larger problem. “I mean, if you’re willing to lie about little things, why wouldn’t you mislead about the big things?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Eight of the Most Important Space Discoveries Since the Apollo Landings",
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"content": "\u003cp>The 1969-72 Apollo moon landings took place in the era when humankind was just beginning to explore outer space with robotic probes and space-based observatories. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a time when we took the cosmos more at face value, with a \u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>what you see is what you get” attitude. Black holes, for instance, were mind-bending, hypothetical objects whose existence was yet to be verified. And we still wondered if our sun might be the only star in the universe with planets\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945623 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The unique perspective of observing the cosmos and our planet's place in it from the vantage point of outer space has led to many scientific discoveries and philosophical revelations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The unique perspective of observing the cosmos and our planet’s place in it from the vantage point of outer space has led to many scientific discoveries and philosophical revelations. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the decades since the Apollo missions, a long list of fresh discoveries has reshaped our understanding of the universe, from the cosmic to the subatomic. Here are eight of the most important of those since humans last landed on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Confirmed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1971 strong emissions of X-rays were detected from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/cygnusx1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">point\u003c/a> in the constellation Cygnus. Like smoke from an unseen gun, the X-rays were believed to emanate from the first-ever detected \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes\">black hole\u003c/a>, though this wasn’t \u003ca href=\"https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2011/11/29/cygnus-x-1-a-black-hole-confirmed/\">confirmed \u003c/a>for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion of a massive object with gravity so strong that even light cannot escape goes back to at least 1784, when the Englishman John Michell first published the idea. Einstein’s theory of general relativity in the early 20th century predicted black holes, though the theoretical objects had such bizarre properties that \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/news/black-holes-albert-einstein-theory-relativity-space-time\">Einstein himself was not convinced\u003c/a> they could exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Life on the Ocean Floor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1977, a thriving ecosystem of living organisms was found on the floor of the deep ocean, surrounding a \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">hydrothermal vent\u003c/a> and subsisting entirely on heat and chemical energy emerging from Earth’s interior. An NSF-funded team of marine geologists made the discovery in the geothermal hot spot of the \u003ca href=\"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=334070\">Galapagos Rift\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945625\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘black smoker.’ Hydrothermal vents on the deep ocean floor support thriving communities of life that are not dependent on energy from sunlight.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This find provided a first example of life that thrives without sunlight in the cold, dark environment of the ocean floor, encouraging scientists to imagine how extraterrestrial life might form and prosper under very alien conditions on other worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dinosaur Killer Identified \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1980, the Nobel-prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez implicated an asteroid hitting Earth as the culprit responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs. This extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous geological period was a mystery that had gone unsolved for more than a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarez’s team found an unusually high concentration of the element iridium in the worldwide geologic layer of sediment marking the end of the Cretaceous period. Iridium is rare in Earth rocks, but abundant in asteroids, suggesting that a global asteroid- impact catastrophe was the logical source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945626\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 536px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography.jpg\" alt=\"A map of the northern Yucatan Peninsula showing the barely visible remnants of the Chixulub impact crater, formed by an asteroid strike about 66 million years ago. \" width=\"536\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography-160x179.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the northern Yucatan Peninsula showing the barely visible remnants of the Chixulub impact crater, formed by an asteroid strike about 66 million years ago. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/Chicxulub/regional-effects/\">100-mile wide impact crater\u003c/a> was identified at the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, with its center near the town of Chixulub. Mostly buried under jungle and sea floor sediment, the crater was chemically dated to around 66 million years old, coinciding with the dying off of the dinosaurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Chixulub crater is \u003ca href=\"https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2010/03/09/alvarez-theory-on-dinosaur/\">widely accepted\u003c/a> as the fatal wound that ended the 200 million year dynasty of Earth’s most famous extinct creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First Planets Outside Our Solar System Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first confirmed \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today\">discovery of a planet outside our solar system\u003c/a> occurred in 1992, when two extrasolar planets were detected orbiting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/8731/pulsars/\">pulsar\u003c/a>, which is the remnant core of a dead star, in the constellation Virgo. The first detection of an exoplanet orbiting a star that is still active and burning fuel took place three years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945627\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945627\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207.jpg\" alt=\"Most exoplanets are too far away and too small to be captured directly in an image, and are detected indirectly. This image is one of the first, and few, direct images of an exoplanet (small red blotch), shown next to its star. \" width=\"500\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207-160x139.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most exoplanets are too far away and too small to be captured directly in an image, and are detected indirectly. This image is one of the first, and few, direct images of an exoplanet (the small, red blotch) shown next to its star. \u003ccite>(NaCo/VLT/ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before these events, the existence of planets orbiting other stars was only speculation. To date, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total of 4,096 planets\u003c/a> in almost 3,000 planetary systems outside our solar system have been confirmed, most of them in our general neighborhood of the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Expansion of the Universe is Speeding Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, the scientific community was stunned to discover that our universe is not only expanding, a fact known for decades, but expanding at an \u003cem>accelerating rate\u003c/em>. Conventional wisdom dictated that gravitational attraction by matter within the universe should be slowing the expansion, but careful observations of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thephysicsmill.com/2015/06/29/type-1a-the-other-type-of-supernova/\">special type of supernova\u003c/a> that serves as a precision tool for measuring distances across the universe revealed the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the idea of “\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy\">dark energy\u003c/a>” was born, a strange form of energy thought to permeate the universe and exert a \u003cem>repulsive\u003c/em> force on all large-scale structures — galaxies and clusters of galaxies — driving them farther apart at an ever-faster rate\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> Though its nature remains largely unknown, it is estimated that at least 68% of the \u003ca href=\"https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html\">universe’s overall composition\u003c/a> is made up of dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factoring in another invisible substance called “\u003ca href=\"https://home.cern/science/physics/dark-matter\">dark matter\u003c/a>,” it turns out that the objects in the universe that we can see — the type of stuff we and our planet and the stars are made of — make up only about 4% of the universe’s mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ocean on Jupiter’s Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1995, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a> all but confirmed the existence of a massive ocean of liquid water, \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-europa/ocean/\">concealed beneath the icy crust\u003c/a> of Jupiter’s moon Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of Europa’s cracked surface suggested that it is a shell of ice floating on top of an ocean that may be up to 100 miles deep and contain twice the water in Earth’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1945628\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed.jpeg\" alt=\"The pattern of cracks in the icy crust of Jupiter's moon Europa was the first clue to the deep ocean it hides beneath.\" width=\"650\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed.jpeg 650w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed-160x118.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The existence of an ocean on a nearby world is reason for celebration by \u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/research/Astrobiology\">astrobiologists\u003c/a> interested in finding life beyond Earth, and has compelled \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">NASA\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://spacenews.com/scientists-want-nasa-and-esa-to-work-together-on-a-europa-lander-mission/\">ESA\u003c/a> to mount space missions to conduct further exploration of Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after Europa’s ocean was discovered, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft detected plumes of water vapor spewing from Saturn’s tiny moon \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, further upping the stakes in the search for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Holes Collide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-is-ligo\">Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory\u003c/a>, or LIGO, made the first-ever detection of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw\">gravity waves\u003c/a>. Gravity waves are disturbances, or ripples, in the fabric of \u003ca href=\"http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/specialRT/spacetime.html\">space-time\u003c/a>, caused by the acceleration of massive objects in space. The detection of these waves allows us to perceive events in the universe that cannot be observed by conventional instruments like telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945630\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 454px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch.jpg\" alt=\"The LIGO gravity wave observatory uses a laser to measure the extremely minute changes in distance between them caused by fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime. \" width=\"454\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch.jpg 454w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch-160x92.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LIGO gravity wave observatory uses a laser to measure the extremely minute changes in distance between them caused by fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime. \u003ccite>(LIGO/Shane Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was LIGO that detected the disturbance caused by two black holes colliding and merging, an event whose possibility was hypothesized but never observed. But because LIGO’s highly sensitive laser-and-mirror array enables it to measure distortions in space-time smaller than the nucleus of an atom, it was able to catch the collision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First Image of a Black Hole \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, an international array of coordinated telescopes, collectively called the \u003ca href=\"https://eventhorizontelescope.org/\">Event Horizon Telescope\u003c/a>, or EHT, achieved what was conventionally thought to be impossible: It captured an image of the silhouette of one of the most elusive objects in the universe, a black hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole\">supermassive black hole\u003c/a> caught on camera lies 53 million light years away, at the heart of the galaxy Messier 87, and contains the equivalent mass of 6.5 billion stars the size of our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes have long been famed as the ultimate dark object in the universe, impossible to capture in pictures by virtue of their strong gravity, which prevents any light from escaping. While it is a fact that light cannot get out of a black hole from inside its \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/Event+Horizon\">event horizon \u003c/a>— the distance at which the black hole’s gravity becomes strong enough to prevent light from escaping — it had long been thought that a black hole might be viewed in silhouette against the glow of hot gas surrounding it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But black holes are too small and distant for conventional telescopes to observe. The EHT array, however, is not a conventional telescope; it’s a collection of multiple millimeter-wavelength radio telescopes stationed at observatories from Antarctica to Greenland, Spain to Hawaii, and throughout the Americas. When their collective observations of a target object are synchronized, the EHT achieves imaging resolutions equal to an imaginary telescope that would measure half the size of Earth’s diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going forward, what can we imagine will be discovered in the next 50 years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life forms swimming in Europa’s remote ocean? A fresh and unexpected picture of the universe seen through the lens of dark energy telescopes? The long-sought radio signals from distant, intelligent civilizations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If recent history is a guide, we can imagine now what we may soon no longer need to.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From black holes to an ocean on Jupiter's moon, a spate of discoveries over the past 50 years has reshaped our understanding of the universe.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 1969-72 Apollo moon landings took place in the era when humankind was just beginning to explore outer space with robotic probes and space-based observatories. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a time when we took the cosmos more at face value, with a \u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>what you see is what you get” attitude. Black holes, for instance, were mind-bending, hypothetical objects whose existence was yet to be verified. And we still wondered if our sun might be the only star in the universe with planets\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945623 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The unique perspective of observing the cosmos and our planet's place in it from the vantage point of outer space has led to many scientific discoveries and philosophical revelations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The unique perspective of observing the cosmos and our planet’s place in it from the vantage point of outer space has led to many scientific discoveries and philosophical revelations. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the decades since the Apollo missions, a long list of fresh discoveries has reshaped our understanding of the universe, from the cosmic to the subatomic. Here are eight of the most important of those since humans last landed on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Confirmed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1971 strong emissions of X-rays were detected from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/cygnusx1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">point\u003c/a> in the constellation Cygnus. Like smoke from an unseen gun, the X-rays were believed to emanate from the first-ever detected \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes\">black hole\u003c/a>, though this wasn’t \u003ca href=\"https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2011/11/29/cygnus-x-1-a-black-hole-confirmed/\">confirmed \u003c/a>for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion of a massive object with gravity so strong that even light cannot escape goes back to at least 1784, when the Englishman John Michell first published the idea. Einstein’s theory of general relativity in the early 20th century predicted black holes, though the theoretical objects had such bizarre properties that \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/news/black-holes-albert-einstein-theory-relativity-space-time\">Einstein himself was not convinced\u003c/a> they could exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Life on the Ocean Floor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1977, a thriving ecosystem of living organisms was found on the floor of the deep ocean, surrounding a \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">hydrothermal vent\u003c/a> and subsisting entirely on heat and chemical energy emerging from Earth’s interior. An NSF-funded team of marine geologists made the discovery in the geothermal hot spot of the \u003ca href=\"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=334070\">Galapagos Rift\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945625\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘black smoker.’ Hydrothermal vents on the deep ocean floor support thriving communities of life that are not dependent on energy from sunlight.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This find provided a first example of life that thrives without sunlight in the cold, dark environment of the ocean floor, encouraging scientists to imagine how extraterrestrial life might form and prosper under very alien conditions on other worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dinosaur Killer Identified \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1980, the Nobel-prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez implicated an asteroid hitting Earth as the culprit responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs. This extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous geological period was a mystery that had gone unsolved for more than a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarez’s team found an unusually high concentration of the element iridium in the worldwide geologic layer of sediment marking the end of the Cretaceous period. Iridium is rare in Earth rocks, but abundant in asteroids, suggesting that a global asteroid- impact catastrophe was the logical source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945626\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 536px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography.jpg\" alt=\"A map of the northern Yucatan Peninsula showing the barely visible remnants of the Chixulub impact crater, formed by an asteroid strike about 66 million years ago. \" width=\"536\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography-160x179.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the northern Yucatan Peninsula showing the barely visible remnants of the Chixulub impact crater, formed by an asteroid strike about 66 million years ago. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/Chicxulub/regional-effects/\">100-mile wide impact crater\u003c/a> was identified at the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, with its center near the town of Chixulub. Mostly buried under jungle and sea floor sediment, the crater was chemically dated to around 66 million years old, coinciding with the dying off of the dinosaurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Chixulub crater is \u003ca href=\"https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2010/03/09/alvarez-theory-on-dinosaur/\">widely accepted\u003c/a> as the fatal wound that ended the 200 million year dynasty of Earth’s most famous extinct creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First Planets Outside Our Solar System Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first confirmed \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today\">discovery of a planet outside our solar system\u003c/a> occurred in 1992, when two extrasolar planets were detected orbiting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/8731/pulsars/\">pulsar\u003c/a>, which is the remnant core of a dead star, in the constellation Virgo. The first detection of an exoplanet orbiting a star that is still active and burning fuel took place three years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945627\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945627\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207.jpg\" alt=\"Most exoplanets are too far away and too small to be captured directly in an image, and are detected indirectly. This image is one of the first, and few, direct images of an exoplanet (small red blotch), shown next to its star. \" width=\"500\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207-160x139.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most exoplanets are too far away and too small to be captured directly in an image, and are detected indirectly. This image is one of the first, and few, direct images of an exoplanet (the small, red blotch) shown next to its star. \u003ccite>(NaCo/VLT/ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before these events, the existence of planets orbiting other stars was only speculation. To date, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total of 4,096 planets\u003c/a> in almost 3,000 planetary systems outside our solar system have been confirmed, most of them in our general neighborhood of the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Expansion of the Universe is Speeding Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, the scientific community was stunned to discover that our universe is not only expanding, a fact known for decades, but expanding at an \u003cem>accelerating rate\u003c/em>. Conventional wisdom dictated that gravitational attraction by matter within the universe should be slowing the expansion, but careful observations of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thephysicsmill.com/2015/06/29/type-1a-the-other-type-of-supernova/\">special type of supernova\u003c/a> that serves as a precision tool for measuring distances across the universe revealed the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the idea of “\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy\">dark energy\u003c/a>” was born, a strange form of energy thought to permeate the universe and exert a \u003cem>repulsive\u003c/em> force on all large-scale structures — galaxies and clusters of galaxies — driving them farther apart at an ever-faster rate\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> Though its nature remains largely unknown, it is estimated that at least 68% of the \u003ca href=\"https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html\">universe’s overall composition\u003c/a> is made up of dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factoring in another invisible substance called “\u003ca href=\"https://home.cern/science/physics/dark-matter\">dark matter\u003c/a>,” it turns out that the objects in the universe that we can see — the type of stuff we and our planet and the stars are made of — make up only about 4% of the universe’s mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ocean on Jupiter’s Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1995, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a> all but confirmed the existence of a massive ocean of liquid water, \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-europa/ocean/\">concealed beneath the icy crust\u003c/a> of Jupiter’s moon Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of Europa’s cracked surface suggested that it is a shell of ice floating on top of an ocean that may be up to 100 miles deep and contain twice the water in Earth’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1945628\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed.jpeg\" alt=\"The pattern of cracks in the icy crust of Jupiter's moon Europa was the first clue to the deep ocean it hides beneath.\" width=\"650\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed.jpeg 650w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed-160x118.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The existence of an ocean on a nearby world is reason for celebration by \u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/research/Astrobiology\">astrobiologists\u003c/a> interested in finding life beyond Earth, and has compelled \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">NASA\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://spacenews.com/scientists-want-nasa-and-esa-to-work-together-on-a-europa-lander-mission/\">ESA\u003c/a> to mount space missions to conduct further exploration of Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after Europa’s ocean was discovered, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft detected plumes of water vapor spewing from Saturn’s tiny moon \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, further upping the stakes in the search for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Holes Collide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-is-ligo\">Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory\u003c/a>, or LIGO, made the first-ever detection of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw\">gravity waves\u003c/a>. Gravity waves are disturbances, or ripples, in the fabric of \u003ca href=\"http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/specialRT/spacetime.html\">space-time\u003c/a>, caused by the acceleration of massive objects in space. The detection of these waves allows us to perceive events in the universe that cannot be observed by conventional instruments like telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945630\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 454px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch.jpg\" alt=\"The LIGO gravity wave observatory uses a laser to measure the extremely minute changes in distance between them caused by fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime. \" width=\"454\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch.jpg 454w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch-160x92.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LIGO gravity wave observatory uses a laser to measure the extremely minute changes in distance between them caused by fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime. \u003ccite>(LIGO/Shane Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was LIGO that detected the disturbance caused by two black holes colliding and merging, an event whose possibility was hypothesized but never observed. But because LIGO’s highly sensitive laser-and-mirror array enables it to measure distortions in space-time smaller than the nucleus of an atom, it was able to catch the collision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First Image of a Black Hole \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, an international array of coordinated telescopes, collectively called the \u003ca href=\"https://eventhorizontelescope.org/\">Event Horizon Telescope\u003c/a>, or EHT, achieved what was conventionally thought to be impossible: It captured an image of the silhouette of one of the most elusive objects in the universe, a black hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole\">supermassive black hole\u003c/a> caught on camera lies 53 million light years away, at the heart of the galaxy Messier 87, and contains the equivalent mass of 6.5 billion stars the size of our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes have long been famed as the ultimate dark object in the universe, impossible to capture in pictures by virtue of their strong gravity, which prevents any light from escaping. While it is a fact that light cannot get out of a black hole from inside its \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/Event+Horizon\">event horizon \u003c/a>— the distance at which the black hole’s gravity becomes strong enough to prevent light from escaping — it had long been thought that a black hole might be viewed in silhouette against the glow of hot gas surrounding it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But black holes are too small and distant for conventional telescopes to observe. The EHT array, however, is not a conventional telescope; it’s a collection of multiple millimeter-wavelength radio telescopes stationed at observatories from Antarctica to Greenland, Spain to Hawaii, and throughout the Americas. When their collective observations of a target object are synchronized, the EHT achieves imaging resolutions equal to an imaginary telescope that would measure half the size of Earth’s diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going forward, what can we imagine will be discovered in the next 50 years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life forms swimming in Europa’s remote ocean? A fresh and unexpected picture of the universe seen through the lens of dark energy telescopes? The long-sought radio signals from distant, intelligent civilizations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If recent history is a guide, we can imagine now what we may soon no longer need to.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Pushing Western Salmon Toward Extinction",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Pushing Western Salmon Toward Extinction | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific salmon that spawn in Western streams and rivers have been struggling for decades to survive water diversions, dams and logging. Now, global warming is pushing four important populations in California, Oregon and Idaho toward extinction, federal scientists warn in a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The new \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> shows that several of the region’s salmon populations are now bumping into temperature limits, with those that spawn far inland after lengthy summer stream migrations and those that spend a lot of time in coastal habitats like river estuaries among the most at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That includes Chinook salmon in California’s Central Valley and in the Columbia and Willamette River basins in Oregon; coho salmon in parts of Northern California and Oregon; and sockeye salmon that reach the Snake River Basin in Idaho, all of which are already on the federal endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These populations will need help to survive the warmer waters, more acidic oceans and changed seasonal streamflow patterns caused by global warming and other human impacts, said Lisa Crozier, a salmon researcher with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries program and lead author of the study, published July 24 in the journal PLOS One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are very resilient and opportunistic. That’s why we have hope. We just have to give them half a chance,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon live much of their lives in the ocean, but they swim far upstream to spawn. In the process, they’re a key part of the food chain, including for bears and whales, and they are important to indigenous groups and fisheries along the U.S. West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human infrastructure, including dams and water diversions, were already affecting their streams, reducing the flow and reducing access to the coldest habitats that can serve as a hiding place for salmon during heat waves or drought. Global warming is now intensifying those impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon populations that have persisted in Western rivers since the dam-building era have adapted to some of that warming, and their sensitivity to climate factors has been incorporated in conservation plans, Crozier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond 2 degrees Celsius of warming (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to the pre-industrial era, all bets are off, she said, because then the chances increase for significant changes in the ocean that could lead to a catastrophic failure of salmon populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing Is Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salmon migrations coincide with high spring runoff from melting mountain snows, while juvenile salmon return to the sea in sync with seasonal plankton blooms off the coasts.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945867 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px-160x249.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming is already disrupting those cycles for some salmon populations, including sockeye that swim 900 miles to spawn in streams high in the mountains of Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To spawn successfully, they need exactly the right combination of stream flows and temperatures at exactly the right time of year. But warmer temperatures are rapidly \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15012018/snow-drought-ski-western-water-supply-risk-climate-change-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changing the timing of snowmelt and runoff\u003c/a> in Western mountains, making it harder for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snake River sockeye are \u003ca href=\"https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/2016_status_review.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">listed as endangered\u003c/a>. In some streams, only a small number reach their spawning grounds. Their overall numbers \u003ca href=\"https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/multiple_species/final_2016_5-yr_review_snake_river_species.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grew slightly\u003c/a> between 2008 and 2014 (the most recent numbers available), thanks mainly to conservation measures, including the introduction of hatchery-raised fish to bolster the population after Snake River sockeye nearly disappeared from the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes they need human help to reach their goal, so they’re transported past dams in an “assisted migration,” which might become an important (and expensive) strategy to adapt to global warming for other species, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinook salmon in California’s Central Valley face even more daunting challenges, and some of those populations might be the first to blink out, said University of California, Santa Cruz, researcher Mark Carr, who studies salmon in their coastal habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These runs down in central California may simply not persist in the face of a changing climate and water conflicts. Can’t say they are lost causes, but they are the most likely candidates,” said Carr, a co-author on the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s frustrating,” he said. “I work on many species other than salmon, so it’s pretty overwhelming to try to identify how to mitigate or adapt to the growing impacts to so many species simultaneously. It’s even more frustrating to know that some policies, particularly the current administration’s, are fully counterproductive to the work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Central Valley Chinook also have to compete with humans for water, and they are already losing that contest. The greatest salmon declines are where the greatest conflicts over water occur, including the demand for agricultural water in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has a long history of destroying the freshwater ecosystems required to maintain strong salmon runs,” Carr said. “If we want salmon around in the future, we need to start working to ensure we have healthy freshwater ecosystems that will better tolerate the changing environmental conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Threatens Salmon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study covered 33 salmon populations along the U.S. Pacific Coast, from the Mexican border to the Canadian border, assessing how local environmental conditions will change and whether salmon populations will be able to adapt to the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research spells out several ways that global warming endangers the fish. Among them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Young salmon die when the water warms above a certain threshold, and droughts can leave salmon stranded or exposed to predators by low water levels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flooding can also flush eggs and young fish from their nests, so the scientists included projections of how global warming will affect extreme atmospheric river rain storms in California as one of the ways to measure the growing threat.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Warmer stream temperatures have also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01092016/yellowstone-river-fish-dying-kill-tied-global-warming-climate-change-parasite-montana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased outbreaks of fish disease\u003c/a> that can affect salmon, including pathogenic parasites. In May, a toxic algae bloom along the coast of Norway \u003ca href=\"https://www.tnp.no/norway/panorama/salmon-disaster-in-norway-connected-to-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killed 8 million farmed salmon\u003c/a> at an estimated cost of about $82 million. In Alaska’s Yukon River, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-15-na-ichfish15-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a parasite linked with global warming\u003c/a> has taken a big toll on the salmon fishery. And in recent weeks, local indigenous observers in Alaska have \u003ca href=\"https://www.leonetwork.org/en/posts/show/42B577D1-90C1-4B4B-AD7C-DA9BEAB09C69\">posted\u003c/a> numerous reports of dead salmon in rivers in the western part of the state, as water temperatures reached record highs during \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11072019/arctic-wildfires-alaska-climate-change-heat-wave-2019-university-funding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alaska’s record-setting heat wave\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Salmon are also sensitive to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12072016/ocean-currents-intensifying-bringing-stronger-storms-research-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changes in ocean currents\u003c/a> that carry nutrients, as well as sea level rise, which affects the physical connection between ocean and stream ecosystems, like \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21022018/sea-level-rise-coastal-wetlands-global-warming-mitigation-wildlife-habitat-storm-surge-usgs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coastal wetlands in California\u003c/a>. Some salmon populations living near the edge of the range of suitable conditions will start to cluster in rivers near the coast, unable to reach their historic spawning grounds unless “access to higher-elevation habitats is restored and habitat quality in rearing areas and migration corridors is improved,” the scientists wrote.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Crozier said scientists worldwide have been documenting “almost synchronous declines in salmon populations. Time after time, we see the same patterns of long-term decline.” For example, global research shows that climate change is expected to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rmrs/news-releases/global-warming-salmon-and-trout-northwestern-us-road-ruin-or-path-through-purgatory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reduce reproductive success\u003c/a> and jeopardize salmon migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most types of fish are affected by global warming. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16052018/fish-species-climate-change-migration-pacific-northwest-alaska-atlantic-gulf-maine-cod-pollock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research\u003c/a> last year showed many species important to U.S. coastal communities will move hundreds of miles northward during the next few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salmon will also move northward seeking cooler waters, and that is bad news for West Coast tribes whose place-based fishing rights are linked to pre-colonization fishing grounds. Native American communities can’t just relocate to another area to catch their allocation if the fish move away, said Tom Moore, an oceanographer with the \u003ca href=\"https://nwifc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting Salmon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maintaining any salmon populations will require significant restoration efforts to make sure they have large areas of connected habitat, the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other conservation strategies include releasing hatchery-spawned salmon, boosting streamflows at the right time with water releases from reservoirs, and even assisted migration, in which some fish are trapped, transported over dams and then released in rivers above the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carr said the study will help conservation efforts because it shows exactly when and how salmon vulnerability is highest at different stages, with the freshwater environment the key.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To sustain themselves, adults need to be able to successfully migrate to spawning habitat, and survival of the eggs and larvae require cool water temperatures, appropriate gravel structure, sufficient water flow and oxygen while eggs are in the sediments. And finally, there has to be enough water flow to allow them to migrate back to the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of these are changing in ways that threaten the survival of salmon runs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Critical to local economies and the food chain, the fish were already under pressure from human infrastructure like dams. But climate change has put salmon even more at risk.",
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"description": "Critical to local economies and the food chain, the fish were already under pressure from human infrastructure like dams. But climate change has put salmon even more at risk.",
"title": "Climate Change Pushing Western Salmon Toward Extinction | KQED",
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"headline": "Climate Change Pushing Western Salmon Toward Extinction",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific salmon that spawn in Western streams and rivers have been struggling for decades to survive water diversions, dams and logging. Now, global warming is pushing four important populations in California, Oregon and Idaho toward extinction, federal scientists warn in a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The new \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> shows that several of the region’s salmon populations are now bumping into temperature limits, with those that spawn far inland after lengthy summer stream migrations and those that spend a lot of time in coastal habitats like river estuaries among the most at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That includes Chinook salmon in California’s Central Valley and in the Columbia and Willamette River basins in Oregon; coho salmon in parts of Northern California and Oregon; and sockeye salmon that reach the Snake River Basin in Idaho, all of which are already on the federal endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These populations will need help to survive the warmer waters, more acidic oceans and changed seasonal streamflow patterns caused by global warming and other human impacts, said Lisa Crozier, a salmon researcher with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries program and lead author of the study, published July 24 in the journal PLOS One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are very resilient and opportunistic. That’s why we have hope. We just have to give them half a chance,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon live much of their lives in the ocean, but they swim far upstream to spawn. In the process, they’re a key part of the food chain, including for bears and whales, and they are important to indigenous groups and fisheries along the U.S. West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human infrastructure, including dams and water diversions, were already affecting their streams, reducing the flow and reducing access to the coldest habitats that can serve as a hiding place for salmon during heat waves or drought. Global warming is now intensifying those impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon populations that have persisted in Western rivers since the dam-building era have adapted to some of that warming, and their sensitivity to climate factors has been incorporated in conservation plans, Crozier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond 2 degrees Celsius of warming (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to the pre-industrial era, all bets are off, she said, because then the chances increase for significant changes in the ocean that could lead to a catastrophic failure of salmon populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing Is Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salmon migrations coincide with high spring runoff from melting mountain snows, while juvenile salmon return to the sea in sync with seasonal plankton blooms off the coasts.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945867 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px-160x249.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming is already disrupting those cycles for some salmon populations, including sockeye that swim 900 miles to spawn in streams high in the mountains of Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To spawn successfully, they need exactly the right combination of stream flows and temperatures at exactly the right time of year. But warmer temperatures are rapidly \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15012018/snow-drought-ski-western-water-supply-risk-climate-change-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changing the timing of snowmelt and runoff\u003c/a> in Western mountains, making it harder for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snake River sockeye are \u003ca href=\"https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/2016_status_review.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">listed as endangered\u003c/a>. In some streams, only a small number reach their spawning grounds. Their overall numbers \u003ca href=\"https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/multiple_species/final_2016_5-yr_review_snake_river_species.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grew slightly\u003c/a> between 2008 and 2014 (the most recent numbers available), thanks mainly to conservation measures, including the introduction of hatchery-raised fish to bolster the population after Snake River sockeye nearly disappeared from the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes they need human help to reach their goal, so they’re transported past dams in an “assisted migration,” which might become an important (and expensive) strategy to adapt to global warming for other species, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinook salmon in California’s Central Valley face even more daunting challenges, and some of those populations might be the first to blink out, said University of California, Santa Cruz, researcher Mark Carr, who studies salmon in their coastal habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These runs down in central California may simply not persist in the face of a changing climate and water conflicts. Can’t say they are lost causes, but they are the most likely candidates,” said Carr, a co-author on the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s frustrating,” he said. “I work on many species other than salmon, so it’s pretty overwhelming to try to identify how to mitigate or adapt to the growing impacts to so many species simultaneously. It’s even more frustrating to know that some policies, particularly the current administration’s, are fully counterproductive to the work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Central Valley Chinook also have to compete with humans for water, and they are already losing that contest. The greatest salmon declines are where the greatest conflicts over water occur, including the demand for agricultural water in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has a long history of destroying the freshwater ecosystems required to maintain strong salmon runs,” Carr said. “If we want salmon around in the future, we need to start working to ensure we have healthy freshwater ecosystems that will better tolerate the changing environmental conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Threatens Salmon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study covered 33 salmon populations along the U.S. Pacific Coast, from the Mexican border to the Canadian border, assessing how local environmental conditions will change and whether salmon populations will be able to adapt to the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research spells out several ways that global warming endangers the fish. Among them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Young salmon die when the water warms above a certain threshold, and droughts can leave salmon stranded or exposed to predators by low water levels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flooding can also flush eggs and young fish from their nests, so the scientists included projections of how global warming will affect extreme atmospheric river rain storms in California as one of the ways to measure the growing threat.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Warmer stream temperatures have also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01092016/yellowstone-river-fish-dying-kill-tied-global-warming-climate-change-parasite-montana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased outbreaks of fish disease\u003c/a> that can affect salmon, including pathogenic parasites. In May, a toxic algae bloom along the coast of Norway \u003ca href=\"https://www.tnp.no/norway/panorama/salmon-disaster-in-norway-connected-to-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killed 8 million farmed salmon\u003c/a> at an estimated cost of about $82 million. In Alaska’s Yukon River, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-15-na-ichfish15-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a parasite linked with global warming\u003c/a> has taken a big toll on the salmon fishery. And in recent weeks, local indigenous observers in Alaska have \u003ca href=\"https://www.leonetwork.org/en/posts/show/42B577D1-90C1-4B4B-AD7C-DA9BEAB09C69\">posted\u003c/a> numerous reports of dead salmon in rivers in the western part of the state, as water temperatures reached record highs during \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11072019/arctic-wildfires-alaska-climate-change-heat-wave-2019-university-funding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alaska’s record-setting heat wave\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Salmon are also sensitive to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12072016/ocean-currents-intensifying-bringing-stronger-storms-research-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changes in ocean currents\u003c/a> that carry nutrients, as well as sea level rise, which affects the physical connection between ocean and stream ecosystems, like \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21022018/sea-level-rise-coastal-wetlands-global-warming-mitigation-wildlife-habitat-storm-surge-usgs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coastal wetlands in California\u003c/a>. Some salmon populations living near the edge of the range of suitable conditions will start to cluster in rivers near the coast, unable to reach their historic spawning grounds unless “access to higher-elevation habitats is restored and habitat quality in rearing areas and migration corridors is improved,” the scientists wrote.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Crozier said scientists worldwide have been documenting “almost synchronous declines in salmon populations. Time after time, we see the same patterns of long-term decline.” For example, global research shows that climate change is expected to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rmrs/news-releases/global-warming-salmon-and-trout-northwestern-us-road-ruin-or-path-through-purgatory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reduce reproductive success\u003c/a> and jeopardize salmon migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most types of fish are affected by global warming. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16052018/fish-species-climate-change-migration-pacific-northwest-alaska-atlantic-gulf-maine-cod-pollock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research\u003c/a> last year showed many species important to U.S. coastal communities will move hundreds of miles northward during the next few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salmon will also move northward seeking cooler waters, and that is bad news for West Coast tribes whose place-based fishing rights are linked to pre-colonization fishing grounds. Native American communities can’t just relocate to another area to catch their allocation if the fish move away, said Tom Moore, an oceanographer with the \u003ca href=\"https://nwifc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting Salmon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maintaining any salmon populations will require significant restoration efforts to make sure they have large areas of connected habitat, the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other conservation strategies include releasing hatchery-spawned salmon, boosting streamflows at the right time with water releases from reservoirs, and even assisted migration, in which some fish are trapped, transported over dams and then released in rivers above the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carr said the study will help conservation efforts because it shows exactly when and how salmon vulnerability is highest at different stages, with the freshwater environment the key.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To sustain themselves, adults need to be able to successfully migrate to spawning habitat, and survival of the eggs and larvae require cool water temperatures, appropriate gravel structure, sufficient water flow and oxygen while eggs are in the sediments. And finally, there has to be enough water flow to allow them to migrate back to the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of these are changing in ways that threaten the survival of salmon runs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Californians' Concerns About Worsening Wildfires at Record High",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new poll reveals Californians’ considerable anxiety about the effects of climate change on the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A record number of California adults, 71%, said they’re very concerned about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\">wildfires\u003c/a> becoming more severe due to global warming, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/publication/ppic-statewide-survey-californians-and-the-environment-july-2019/.\">survey\u003c/a> conducted by the Public Policy Institute of California. That’s an increase of almost 10 percentage points over \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/wp-content/uploads/ppic-statewide-survey-july-2018.pdf\">last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 15% said they’re somewhat concerned about the worsening blazes. Last November’s Camp Fire, in Butte County, was the deadliest wildfire in the U.S. in 100 years, killing 85 people and destroying the town of Paradise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Released every July since 2000, the PPIC survey measures Californians’ opinions about the environment. This year, the results showed that 63% of adults believe the effects of global warming have already begun. When asked about specific impacts other than wildfires, 49% said they were very concerned about heat waves increasing in severity, and 42% expressed the same concern about rising sea levels. But last winter’s heavy rains seem to have washed away Californians’ fears about drought: Just 30% said the water supply is a big problem, a dramatic drop from last year’s 48%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katharine Mach, who studies the impacts of climate change at Stanford, calls this year’s survey results “heartening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems … that Californians strongly recognize that climate change is not just about what’s happening to the average thermostat on planet Earth, but it’s really something [that] is driving up across complex hazards …” Mach said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey showed African Americans and Latinos more concerned about global warming than other racial and ethnic groups: 73% of African Americans said that global warming was a very serious threat, compared to 66% of Latinos, 53% of Asian Americans, and 51% of whites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“African Americans and Latinos… tend to have higher concerns about environmental issues,” said Mark Baldassare, president of PPIC. “It goes beyond politics to feelings of vulnerability being greater in both lower-income communities as well as in racial and ethnic groups … It’s notable and it’s important to keep in mind as policy makers think about climate resiliency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Support Strong for Climate Policies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey showed Californians continue to show strong agreement with the state’s efforts to address climate change:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>75% support requiring automakers to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>74% support encouraging local government to change land use and transportation to reduce driving\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>71% support SB-100, which requires that all of the state’s electricity come from renewable sources by 2045\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>67% support the state law that requires California to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>64% support California making its own environmental policies to address global warming, separate from the federal government\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>57% support Gov. Gavin Newsom’s bill creating a $21 billion wildfire insurance fund to pay for future wildfire damages\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>53% support the state’s cap-and-trade system, which provides companies with incentives to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Also of note, 71% support Newsom’s use of cap-and-trade revenue to fund his clean water plan, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943578/climate-funds-for-clean-water-democrats-enviro-groups-are-split\">controversial\u003c/a> budget maneuver among some environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also revealed that Californians consider the environment important in their political decision making: 80% of voters said they would consider the candidates’ positions on the environment either very or somewhat important in the upcoming election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for President Trump, while state residents give him an anemic 32% job approval rating, they rate him even worse on the environment, with 26% approving of his polices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Californians were most in agreement on the subject of the coastline: 95% said that the condition of oceans and beaches is very or somewhat important to the state’s economy and Californians’ quality of life, with 77% rating it as very important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PPIC surveyed 1,706 adults for the study. The margin of error was plus or minus 3.4%.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new poll reveals Californians’ considerable anxiety about the effects of climate change on the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A record number of California adults, 71%, said they’re very concerned about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\">wildfires\u003c/a> becoming more severe due to global warming, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/publication/ppic-statewide-survey-californians-and-the-environment-july-2019/.\">survey\u003c/a> conducted by the Public Policy Institute of California. That’s an increase of almost 10 percentage points over \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/wp-content/uploads/ppic-statewide-survey-july-2018.pdf\">last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 15% said they’re somewhat concerned about the worsening blazes. Last November’s Camp Fire, in Butte County, was the deadliest wildfire in the U.S. in 100 years, killing 85 people and destroying the town of Paradise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Released every July since 2000, the PPIC survey measures Californians’ opinions about the environment. This year, the results showed that 63% of adults believe the effects of global warming have already begun. When asked about specific impacts other than wildfires, 49% said they were very concerned about heat waves increasing in severity, and 42% expressed the same concern about rising sea levels. But last winter’s heavy rains seem to have washed away Californians’ fears about drought: Just 30% said the water supply is a big problem, a dramatic drop from last year’s 48%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katharine Mach, who studies the impacts of climate change at Stanford, calls this year’s survey results “heartening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems … that Californians strongly recognize that climate change is not just about what’s happening to the average thermostat on planet Earth, but it’s really something [that] is driving up across complex hazards …” Mach said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey showed African Americans and Latinos more concerned about global warming than other racial and ethnic groups: 73% of African Americans said that global warming was a very serious threat, compared to 66% of Latinos, 53% of Asian Americans, and 51% of whites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“African Americans and Latinos… tend to have higher concerns about environmental issues,” said Mark Baldassare, president of PPIC. “It goes beyond politics to feelings of vulnerability being greater in both lower-income communities as well as in racial and ethnic groups … It’s notable and it’s important to keep in mind as policy makers think about climate resiliency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Support Strong for Climate Policies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey showed Californians continue to show strong agreement with the state’s efforts to address climate change:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>75% support requiring automakers to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>74% support encouraging local government to change land use and transportation to reduce driving\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>71% support SB-100, which requires that all of the state’s electricity come from renewable sources by 2045\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>67% support the state law that requires California to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>64% support California making its own environmental policies to address global warming, separate from the federal government\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>57% support Gov. Gavin Newsom’s bill creating a $21 billion wildfire insurance fund to pay for future wildfire damages\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>53% support the state’s cap-and-trade system, which provides companies with incentives to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Also of note, 71% support Newsom’s use of cap-and-trade revenue to fund his clean water plan, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943578/climate-funds-for-clean-water-democrats-enviro-groups-are-split\">controversial\u003c/a> budget maneuver among some environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also revealed that Californians consider the environment important in their political decision making: 80% of voters said they would consider the candidates’ positions on the environment either very or somewhat important in the upcoming election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for President Trump, while state residents give him an anemic 32% job approval rating, they rate him even worse on the environment, with 26% approving of his polices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Californians were most in agreement on the subject of the coastline: 95% said that the condition of oceans and beaches is very or somewhat important to the state’s economy and Californians’ quality of life, with 77% rating it as very important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PPIC surveyed 1,706 adults for the study. The margin of error was plus or minus 3.4%.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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