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"title": "What Does '12 Years to Act on Climate Change' (Now 11 Years) Really Mean?",
"headTitle": "What Does ’12 Years to Act on Climate Change’ (Now 11 Years) Really Mean? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been hearing variations of the phrase “the world only has 12 years to deal with climate change” a lot lately. \u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>Sen. Bernie Sanders put a version of it front and center of his presidential \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082019/sanders-green-new-deal-climate-change-plan-fossil-fuels-transition-16-trillion\">campaign\u003c/a>\u003c/b> last week, \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://berniesanders.com/issues/the-green-new-deal/\">saying\u003c/a>\u003c/b> we now have “less than 11 years left to transform our energy system away from fossil fuels to energy efficiency and sustainable energy, if we are going to leave this planet healthy and habitable.”\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[aside postID=science_1944972,news_11728595]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But where does the idea of having 11 or 12 years come from, and what does it actually mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The number began drawing attention in 2018, when the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07102018/ipcc-climate-change-science-report-data-carbon-emissions-heat-waves-extreme-weather-oil-gas-agriculture\">report\u003c/a> describing what it would take to keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, a goal of the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report explained that countries would have to cut their anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, such as from power plants and vehicles, to net zero by around 2050. To reach that goal, it said, CO2 emissions would have to start dropping “well before 2030” and be on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SPM3a.png\">path\u003c/a> to fall by about 45 percent by around 2030 (12 years away at that time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Mid-century is actually the more significant target date in the report, but acting now is crucial to being able to meet that goal, said Duke University climate researcher Drew Shindell, a lead author on the mitigation chapter of the IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“We need to get the world on a path to net zero CO2 emissions by mid-century,” Shindell said. “That’s a huge transformation, so that if we don’t make a good start on it during the 2020s, we won’t be able to get there at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Scientists Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basic physics and climate science allow scientists to calculate how much CO2 it takes to raise the global temperature—and how much CO2 can still be emitted before global warming exceeds 1.5°C (2.7°F) compared to pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists worked backward from that basic knowledge to come up with timelines for what would have to happen to stay under 1.5°C warming, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/airscottdenning\">Scott Denning\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, who studies the warming atmosphere at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“They figured out how much extra heat we can stand. They calculated how much CO2 would produce that much heat, then how much total fuel would produce that much CO2. Then they considered ‘glide paths’ for getting emissions to zero before we burn too much carbon to avoid catastrophe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All this work gets summarized as ‘in order to avoid really bad outcomes, we have to be on a realistic glide path toward a carbon-free global economy by 2030.’ And that gets translated to something like ’emissions have to fall by half in a decade,’ and that gets oversimplified to ’12 years left.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There’s certainly a grain of truth in the phrase, but it’s so oversimplified that it leads to comically bad misconceptions about how to get there, conjuring up ridiculous cartoon imagery suggesting we just go on with life normally for the next 11 years and then the world ends,” Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s not what the IPCC writers envisioned, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The science on the 2030 date is clear, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University. The controversy stems from people mischaracterizing the carbon reduction timeline as a threshold for climate disaster. He noted that people promoting climate science denial and delay have also latched on to the phrase “to intentionally try to caricature the concern about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Success Look Like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would be helpful if people looked at the 2030 target in terms of what success looks like rather than what failure means, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Solving the problem by 2030, 2040 or 2050 requires a new global energy infrastructure, which is arguably easier and less expensive than past infrastructure shifts like indoor plumbing, rural electrification, the automobile and paved roads, telecommunications, computers, mobile phones or the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All of these past changes cost tens of trillions of dollars, adjusted for inflation. All of them were hugely disruptive. All of them took a decade or more, completely changed the industrial and economic and social landscape, and created bursts of growth and productivity and jobs. And arguably, all of them made life better for huge numbers of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This time, the shift is from heavy reliance on carbon-emitting fossil fuels to carbon-free energy sources, like wind power. And even with a speedy energy transition, the IPCC says keeping temperatures from warming more than 1.5°C will also likely require \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12102018/global-warming-solutions-negative-emissions-carbon-capture-technology-ipcc-climate-change-report\">removing CO2 from the atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003c/b> on a large scale.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946860 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px-160x174.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missing the target doesn’t imply the onset of cataclysmic \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\">climate change\u003c/a> in 2030, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things just keep getting worse and worse until we stop making them worse, and then they never get better,” he said. “But no matter what, the world has to move on from fossil fuels just as we moved on from tallow candles and outhouses and land lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Exceeding 1.5°C Warming Mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC report described how increasing greenhouse gas emissions will result in more dangerous and costly disruptions to global societies and ecosystems, including longer, hotter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082017/heatwaves-deadly-heat-humidity-wet-bulb-human-survivability-threshold\">heat waves\u003c/a> and more frequent crop-killing \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01052019/drought-climate-change-fingerprints-global-warming-20th-century-tree-rings-marvel-cook\">droughts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain glaciers will melt faster as the planet warms, creating \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26092018/climate-change-mountains-landslide-hazard-thawing-permafrost-rockfall-extreme-weather-glaciers-global-warming\">new risks\u003c/a>for settlements in the valleys below. The meltdown of polar ice sheets is also projected to accelerate, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06082018/global-warming-climate-change-floods-california-oroville-dam-scientists\">intensifying flooding\u003c/a> and speeding up sea level rise to a rate that will be hard to adapt to. More \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study\">Arctic permafrost will thaw\u003c/a>, releasing more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the rising risks, it’s important to understand that, “in the physical climate system, there are no scientists claiming that there is a magical threshold that we breach or don’t breach that determines whether we have a habitable climate system,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.c3we.ucar.edu/\">Center for Climate and Weather Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2030 target is useful because it shows how the “next decade is incredibly consequential for what we do.” Swain said. “But I think the emphasis that’s being placed on this specific 12-year window as a differentiator between existential crisis or not is problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First of all, it negates some of the risks that already exist and that will continue to build no matter what. And it also potentially suggests that anything short of complete victory in the next 12 years is pointless, which is exactly the opposite of the truth. At any point along the spectrum, more progress is always going to be better than less progress, less warming is always going to be better than more warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have We Passed Tipping Points Already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the “12 years” narrative may set up a deadline that’s too lenient, because some key part of the climate system may already be at or past tipping points, Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It creates the false illusion that there is some sort of guardrail moving forward, that if we just get in under the deadline we’ll be OK, he said. But “twelve years from now, it could be too late for some of these things, like the ice sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the past few years reinforces the idea that some climate tipping points have already been breached. Studies show some parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet are \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/31032017/-climate-change-science-greenland-global-warming-ice-melt\">unlikely to recover\u003c/a>, and parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may also be at or very near a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12082019/antarctica-climate-change-ocean-wind-ice-melting-glaciers-global-warming\">tipping point to rapid disintegration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in June suggested that the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL082187\">rate of permafrost thawing\u003c/a>is progressing much faster than climate models projected. And scientists studying the link between global warming and European heat waves said those recent extremes are also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02072019/climate-change-attribution-europe-heat-wave-hottest-june-record-wildfires-world-weather-data\">outside the scope\u003c/a> of what they expected at current levels of warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world will still exist if we breach 1.5°C and 2°C, but “the climate impacts and risks will be higher and the temperature will be higher,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Peters_Glen\">Glen Peters\u003c/a>, research director at the CICERO climate research center in Oslo. That all seems to be sinking in to public awareness, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But in terms of deadlines, we have already missed the deadline,” he said. “We should have started mitigating decades ago, then we would have the problem solved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been hearing variations of the phrase “the world only has 12 years to deal with climate change” a lot lately. \u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>Sen. Bernie Sanders put a version of it front and center of his presidential \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082019/sanders-green-new-deal-climate-change-plan-fossil-fuels-transition-16-trillion\">campaign\u003c/a>\u003c/b> last week, \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://berniesanders.com/issues/the-green-new-deal/\">saying\u003c/a>\u003c/b> we now have “less than 11 years left to transform our energy system away from fossil fuels to energy efficiency and sustainable energy, if we are going to leave this planet healthy and habitable.”\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But where does the idea of having 11 or 12 years come from, and what does it actually mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The number began drawing attention in 2018, when the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07102018/ipcc-climate-change-science-report-data-carbon-emissions-heat-waves-extreme-weather-oil-gas-agriculture\">report\u003c/a> describing what it would take to keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, a goal of the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report explained that countries would have to cut their anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, such as from power plants and vehicles, to net zero by around 2050. To reach that goal, it said, CO2 emissions would have to start dropping “well before 2030” and be on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SPM3a.png\">path\u003c/a> to fall by about 45 percent by around 2030 (12 years away at that time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Mid-century is actually the more significant target date in the report, but acting now is crucial to being able to meet that goal, said Duke University climate researcher Drew Shindell, a lead author on the mitigation chapter of the IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“We need to get the world on a path to net zero CO2 emissions by mid-century,” Shindell said. “That’s a huge transformation, so that if we don’t make a good start on it during the 2020s, we won’t be able to get there at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Scientists Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basic physics and climate science allow scientists to calculate how much CO2 it takes to raise the global temperature—and how much CO2 can still be emitted before global warming exceeds 1.5°C (2.7°F) compared to pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists worked backward from that basic knowledge to come up with timelines for what would have to happen to stay under 1.5°C warming, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/airscottdenning\">Scott Denning\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, who studies the warming atmosphere at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“They figured out how much extra heat we can stand. They calculated how much CO2 would produce that much heat, then how much total fuel would produce that much CO2. Then they considered ‘glide paths’ for getting emissions to zero before we burn too much carbon to avoid catastrophe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All this work gets summarized as ‘in order to avoid really bad outcomes, we have to be on a realistic glide path toward a carbon-free global economy by 2030.’ And that gets translated to something like ’emissions have to fall by half in a decade,’ and that gets oversimplified to ’12 years left.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There’s certainly a grain of truth in the phrase, but it’s so oversimplified that it leads to comically bad misconceptions about how to get there, conjuring up ridiculous cartoon imagery suggesting we just go on with life normally for the next 11 years and then the world ends,” Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s not what the IPCC writers envisioned, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The science on the 2030 date is clear, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University. The controversy stems from people mischaracterizing the carbon reduction timeline as a threshold for climate disaster. He noted that people promoting climate science denial and delay have also latched on to the phrase “to intentionally try to caricature the concern about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Success Look Like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would be helpful if people looked at the 2030 target in terms of what success looks like rather than what failure means, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Solving the problem by 2030, 2040 or 2050 requires a new global energy infrastructure, which is arguably easier and less expensive than past infrastructure shifts like indoor plumbing, rural electrification, the automobile and paved roads, telecommunications, computers, mobile phones or the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All of these past changes cost tens of trillions of dollars, adjusted for inflation. All of them were hugely disruptive. All of them took a decade or more, completely changed the industrial and economic and social landscape, and created bursts of growth and productivity and jobs. And arguably, all of them made life better for huge numbers of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This time, the shift is from heavy reliance on carbon-emitting fossil fuels to carbon-free energy sources, like wind power. And even with a speedy energy transition, the IPCC says keeping temperatures from warming more than 1.5°C will also likely require \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12102018/global-warming-solutions-negative-emissions-carbon-capture-technology-ipcc-climate-change-report\">removing CO2 from the atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003c/b> on a large scale.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946860 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px-160x174.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missing the target doesn’t imply the onset of cataclysmic \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\">climate change\u003c/a> in 2030, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things just keep getting worse and worse until we stop making them worse, and then they never get better,” he said. “But no matter what, the world has to move on from fossil fuels just as we moved on from tallow candles and outhouses and land lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Exceeding 1.5°C Warming Mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC report described how increasing greenhouse gas emissions will result in more dangerous and costly disruptions to global societies and ecosystems, including longer, hotter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082017/heatwaves-deadly-heat-humidity-wet-bulb-human-survivability-threshold\">heat waves\u003c/a> and more frequent crop-killing \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01052019/drought-climate-change-fingerprints-global-warming-20th-century-tree-rings-marvel-cook\">droughts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain glaciers will melt faster as the planet warms, creating \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26092018/climate-change-mountains-landslide-hazard-thawing-permafrost-rockfall-extreme-weather-glaciers-global-warming\">new risks\u003c/a>for settlements in the valleys below. The meltdown of polar ice sheets is also projected to accelerate, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06082018/global-warming-climate-change-floods-california-oroville-dam-scientists\">intensifying flooding\u003c/a> and speeding up sea level rise to a rate that will be hard to adapt to. More \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study\">Arctic permafrost will thaw\u003c/a>, releasing more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the rising risks, it’s important to understand that, “in the physical climate system, there are no scientists claiming that there is a magical threshold that we breach or don’t breach that determines whether we have a habitable climate system,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.c3we.ucar.edu/\">Center for Climate and Weather Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2030 target is useful because it shows how the “next decade is incredibly consequential for what we do.” Swain said. “But I think the emphasis that’s being placed on this specific 12-year window as a differentiator between existential crisis or not is problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First of all, it negates some of the risks that already exist and that will continue to build no matter what. And it also potentially suggests that anything short of complete victory in the next 12 years is pointless, which is exactly the opposite of the truth. At any point along the spectrum, more progress is always going to be better than less progress, less warming is always going to be better than more warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have We Passed Tipping Points Already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the “12 years” narrative may set up a deadline that’s too lenient, because some key part of the climate system may already be at or past tipping points, Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It creates the false illusion that there is some sort of guardrail moving forward, that if we just get in under the deadline we’ll be OK, he said. But “twelve years from now, it could be too late for some of these things, like the ice sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the past few years reinforces the idea that some climate tipping points have already been breached. Studies show some parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet are \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/31032017/-climate-change-science-greenland-global-warming-ice-melt\">unlikely to recover\u003c/a>, and parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may also be at or very near a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12082019/antarctica-climate-change-ocean-wind-ice-melting-glaciers-global-warming\">tipping point to rapid disintegration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in June suggested that the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL082187\">rate of permafrost thawing\u003c/a>is progressing much faster than climate models projected. And scientists studying the link between global warming and European heat waves said those recent extremes are also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02072019/climate-change-attribution-europe-heat-wave-hottest-june-record-wildfires-world-weather-data\">outside the scope\u003c/a> of what they expected at current levels of warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world will still exist if we breach 1.5°C and 2°C, but “the climate impacts and risks will be higher and the temperature will be higher,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Peters_Glen\">Glen Peters\u003c/a>, research director at the CICERO climate research center in Oslo. That all seems to be sinking in to public awareness, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But in terms of deadlines, we have already missed the deadline,” he said. “We should have started mitigating decades ago, then we would have the problem solved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Another day, another environmental policy skirmish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, 17 other states, and Washington, D.C. today challenged a Trump administration plan to limit climate change analysis for major energy and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra called Trump’s plan “reckless” and said it “leads agencies to ignore the climate crisis, the most pressing environmental challenge of our time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re reminding President Trump once again: if you try to backslide on the safeguards protecting our nation’s environment and put polluters in the driver’s seat, we will hold you accountable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the White House floated new environmental review guidelines for federal projects like gas pipelines and highways. The draft guidance on consideration of greenhouse gas emissions under the National Environmental Policy Act doesn’t mention climate change or global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the draft say the Trump administration seeks to downplay climate change and warming as it approves infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes would ease regulations, and the administration says they’d allow for faster permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been two years since President Trump rescinded an Obama-era rule that required agencies to study and quantify planet-warming gas emissions as part of their decision-making process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition this morning released its \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">comment\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">letter\u003c/a>, which argues that the proposal encourages agencies to violate federal environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another day, another environmental policy skirmish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, 17 other states, and Washington, D.C. today challenged a Trump administration plan to limit climate change analysis for major energy and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra called Trump’s plan “reckless” and said it “leads agencies to ignore the climate crisis, the most pressing environmental challenge of our time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re reminding President Trump once again: if you try to backslide on the safeguards protecting our nation’s environment and put polluters in the driver’s seat, we will hold you accountable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the White House floated new environmental review guidelines for federal projects like gas pipelines and highways. The draft guidance on consideration of greenhouse gas emissions under the National Environmental Policy Act doesn’t mention climate change or global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the draft say the Trump administration seeks to downplay climate change and warming as it approves infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes would ease regulations, and the administration says they’d allow for faster permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been two years since President Trump rescinded an Obama-era rule that required agencies to study and quantify planet-warming gas emissions as part of their decision-making process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition this morning released its \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">comment\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">letter\u003c/a>, which argues that the proposal encourages agencies to violate federal environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Researchers Press California to Strengthen Landmark Climate Law",
"headTitle": "Researchers Press California to Strengthen Landmark Climate Law | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s cornerstone climate law for reducing planet warming emissions is coming under fire from a group of high-profile researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal and policy experts are challenging California’s top regulators to strengthen oversight of the state’s cap-and-trade law and to adopt changes to ensure that the state’s marketplace is reducing greenhouse gas pollution at the rate it claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors from Stanford Law School, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, among other institutions released a\u003ca href=\"https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Managing-Uncertainty-in-Carbon-Offsets-SLS-Working-Paper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> paper\u003c/a> today pressing the California Air Resources Board to strengthen accounting reviews and ensure the state’s landmark climate change law is achieving its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board monitors the cap-and-trade program, and agency leadership are vigorously defending it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers — many of whom have been active in the program’s rule making and have challenged the agency before — argue in the working paper that the emissions reductions in California’s offset program are inherently uncertain. In some cases, they wrote, the rules create “perverse incentives” toward increasing planet-warming gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California law is at the center of the state’s plans to fight climate change and the state is counting on the initiative to \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\">reduce\u003c/a> its total emissions by 40% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far, cap-and-trade programs have relied heavily on carbon offsets, as a way to meet the cap,” said lead author Barbara Haya, a UC Berkeley research fellow. “But carbon offsets have not worked very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Haya examined the board’s assumptions around its offset program for forests in the U.S. (the agency refers to it as the U.S. Forest Projects \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/protocols/usforest/forestprotocol2015.pdf\">protocol\u003c/a>). She \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Policy_Brief-US_Forest_Projects-Leakage-Haya_2.pdf\">estimates\u003c/a> landowners earn millions for reductions in planet warming emissions that might not be real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She argues that California overestimated carbon dioxide emissions reductions by 80 million tons, and the program may only have accomplished 18% of the emission reductions it claims to have made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you consider that U.S. forests comprise the vast majority of the credits the agency has issued to date, that’s a big discrepancy. The analysis raises questions about how well the state’s landmark climate program — a model for other states and even countries — is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agency is aggressively defending its cap-and-trade program saying it’s a model for the international community and the forest initiative is the product of years of policy making, hearings, and stakeholder input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Nichols, the Air Resource Board’s chair and top official, said in a letter to members of the Legislature that the agency reviewed Haya’s forest study and strongly disagreed with her analysis because it “contains errors and misunderstandings of the Forest Protocol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the letter, the agency released a detailed \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/overview.pdf\">rebuttal\u003c/a>, to which Haya \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research/working-paper-series/policy-brief-arbas-us-forest-projects-offset-protocol-underestimates-leaka\">responded\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajinder Sahota, who manages the cap-and-trade program for the agency, said she’s fully confident that the program is working. “We categorically disagree with these assertions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She vigorously defended the forest program calling it the “global gold standard” and saying that it was designed over many years, thousands of review comments, and dozens of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota categorized Haya’s studies as representing “old arguments” and pointed to the fact that in 2015 the First District Court of Appeals rejected a lawsuit from environmental groups that charged the offset program could not be ensured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They brought the assertion that the offset program didn’t meet the requirements for being real, quantifiable emissions reductions,” Sahota said. “We litigated that and we prevailed in the lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Strengthening the Program\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California cap-and-trade works in two ways. It places a limit on industrial emissions — a “cap” that is lowered over time — and it creates a marketplace for companies to buy emissions offset credits from forest managers, dairy farmers, or others who are taking steps to remove carbon from the atmosphere or prevent its release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon offsets are central to California’s landmark climate change policy, and are organized into different areas the agency calls “\u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/offsets.htm\">protocols\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than reduce its own pollution, for example, an oil refinery can buy an offset that represents a ton of carbon emissions reductions from sustainable practices in another industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to explore how can an offset program be designed,” Haya said, “so that we can trust that the credits generated represent real emissions reductions and don’t undermine the effectiveness of our cap-and-trade programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 531px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946806\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"531\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg 531w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Haya, a research fellow at UC Berkeley. A portrait of Haya was taken near the Alumni House at UC Berkeley on Saturday August 24, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key issue, she added, has to do with California’s marketplace for “trading” emissions. State law requires that all of the offset credits be “real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable, and enforceable.” Haya’s research found something different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw really clearly looking at California’s program is that the reductions from offsets are inherently uncertain,” she said. “We know how to measure emissions under a cap, but it is much harder to measure emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Cullenward, an energy economist and co-author of the paper, said that California doesn’t maintain an ongoing, formal structure to monitor how well the program is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that these protocols can be used and used well, and we rely heavily on them, and invoke the idea that they’re high quality,” he said, adding that the California approach to ensuring quality with its offsets is “ad hoc.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, saying that all of the emissions offsets are verified by a third party; if any fraud is detected, the offsets are invalidated; and all of the underlying reports are made available to the public. Also, since the forest program was first adopted, the agency has updated its rules on different occasions after a review of the latest science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘\u003cstrong>Perverse Incentives’ \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers examined California’s recent initiatives that allow regulated industries to trade emissions, they found that, in some cases, they create what Haya calls “perverse incentives” that can lead to more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, with one of its new initiatives, coal mines can make money by burning off the methane gas that leaks during production. While burning methane releases carbon dioxide — the main greenhouse gas driving climate change — methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning the methane, even though it increases the carbon wafting in the air, is a net positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the researchers identified a problem. By destroying methane, the gassiest mines in the U.S. could earn enough money to remain open for longer than they would have at a moment when coal and natural gas are competing and mines closing. “Those profits can be substantial for those mines,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, California’s marketplace for emissions can deter governments from instituting other climate change regulations. Once an agency requires coal mines to flare their leaky gas, for example, the mines can no longer sell methane offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone can’t pay someone else to reduce emissions because they are already required by law,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, and points to the fact that before California adopted the coal mine program in 2014, agency staff \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/regact/2013/capandtrade13/1mmcecon.pdf\">estimated\u003c/a> its potential impacts and found the potential revenue for the industry was minimal, a half a percent of the value of overall domestic coal production. “The protocol does not make any financial impact on bottom line decisions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota pushed back on the notion that the cap-and-trade program could deter other agencies away from regulations calling it “another falsehood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to the fact that after the board adopted a market for capturing methane from dairy farms, California \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1201862/california-targets-dairy-cows-to-combat-global-warming\">passed\u003c/a> a bill regulating heat-trapping gases from livestock operations and landfills (when cows belch, pass gas and make manure they release methane).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she acknowledged that other agencies might use California’s cap-and-trade law as an excuse not to pass regulations that they don’t want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Regulation is the best way to achieve these emissions reductions because it guarantees action,” she said. “But until such time that regulations can be formulated, offset protocols incentivize early action and actually get people doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, it’s a carrot rather than the stick way to produce emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>U.S. Forests and Amazon Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason that the quality of the program is so important is because California is a testing ground for climate policy, and the state exports its ideas to other countries, and also states like Oregon, which was poised to pass a similar law this year (until 11 Republican senators revolted, fled the state in protest, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/07/30/boeing-killed-oregons-cap-and-trade-deal-by-peeling-away-the-key-democrats-vote/\">killed\u003c/a> the bill).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quality of the state’s landmark climate law is all the more important because the board will meet next month to consider framework rules for a new tropical forest program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the agency is not yet considering adopting a program for international rainforest — that would require years of environmental review and public comment — the board will consider a methodology for what such a program might look like, a precursor to adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is important because fires are ripping across the Brazilian Amazon after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946696/fires-spread-across-brazilian-amazon-after-surge-in-deforestation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surge\u003c/a> in deforestation, and supporters of expanding California’s market \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/commentary/climate-change-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argue\u003c/a> that the state can fight climate change while saving tropical forests throughout the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California approved a new program, forest managers in Brazil could earn money by sustainably managing their forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ensuring the quality of the program in other countries with different types of governments is a difficult challenge, Cullenward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California will be overseeing the program, who’s going to do that?” he said. “If you think it’s challenging to manage a forest protocol in the continental United States and Alaska, how about operating in Acre, Brazil, right now?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Germany, Norway, and other governments invested in a fund to support sustainable forestry in this part of Brazil. But recently, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753836508/why-norway-and-germany-have-frozen-money-going-to-the-amazon-fund\">withdrew\u003c/a> their investment because Brazil’s right-of-center president, Jair Bolsonaro, encourages deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/21/753140642/tens-of-thousands-of-fires-ravage-brazilian-amazon-where-deforestation-has-spike\">reporting\u003c/a> has Bolsonaro on the record saying he wants the Amazon open to development and describing rainforest protection measures as “obstacles” to the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Pushback \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade law is a second generation carbon offset program. European leaders promoted the first generation program following the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, when an international coalition of countries promised to reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kyoto’s offsets didn’t work very well. One \u003ca href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/ets/docs/clean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf\">study\u003c/a> found that only 2% of the projects have a “high likelihood” of ensuring that emission reductions were additional and not over-estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporting in \u003ca href=\"https://features.propublica.org/brazil-carbon-offsets/inconvenient-truth-carbon-credits-dont-work-deforestation-redd-acre-cambodia/\">ProPublica\u003c/a> revealed that the program subsidized thousands of projects, including coal plants, that claimed credits for being more efficient than they would have been. The European Union stopped accepting the credits after the program became mired in technical and human rights scandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s market is meant to respond to some of the criticisms of the dysfunctional first generation program created under the United Nations climate trading regime and is different in a few key ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kyoto’s initiative was voluntary and underfunded. But California’s program allows companies to offset a small percentage of their carbon output and only recognizes forests in the U.S., where the state can presumably have more oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The offset program is one of the most transparent parts of the cap-and-trade program,” Sahota said. “We were sensitive to the concerns about distrust of offsets when we were designing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from the get-go, environmental justice groups like the Asian Pacific Environmental Network and Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability debated whether California’s cap-and-trade offsets would improve on the old model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They argue it allows industry to pay to pollute in areas already suffering from toxic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, they’ve recently eased back on their protests as long as the revenue from the market be used to meet the needs of neighborhoods most prone to dirty air; as, they hope, will be the case with California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943578/climate-funds-for-clean-water-democrats-enviro-groups-are-split\">plan\u003c/a> to use cap-and-trade money to clean dirty drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s cornerstone climate law for reducing planet warming emissions is coming under fire from a group of high-profile researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal and policy experts are challenging California’s top regulators to strengthen oversight of the state’s cap-and-trade law and to adopt changes to ensure that the state’s marketplace is reducing greenhouse gas pollution at the rate it claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors from Stanford Law School, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, among other institutions released a\u003ca href=\"https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Managing-Uncertainty-in-Carbon-Offsets-SLS-Working-Paper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> paper\u003c/a> today pressing the California Air Resources Board to strengthen accounting reviews and ensure the state’s landmark climate change law is achieving its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board monitors the cap-and-trade program, and agency leadership are vigorously defending it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers — many of whom have been active in the program’s rule making and have challenged the agency before — argue in the working paper that the emissions reductions in California’s offset program are inherently uncertain. In some cases, they wrote, the rules create “perverse incentives” toward increasing planet-warming gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California law is at the center of the state’s plans to fight climate change and the state is counting on the initiative to \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\">reduce\u003c/a> its total emissions by 40% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far, cap-and-trade programs have relied heavily on carbon offsets, as a way to meet the cap,” said lead author Barbara Haya, a UC Berkeley research fellow. “But carbon offsets have not worked very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Haya examined the board’s assumptions around its offset program for forests in the U.S. (the agency refers to it as the U.S. Forest Projects \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/protocols/usforest/forestprotocol2015.pdf\">protocol\u003c/a>). She \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Policy_Brief-US_Forest_Projects-Leakage-Haya_2.pdf\">estimates\u003c/a> landowners earn millions for reductions in planet warming emissions that might not be real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She argues that California overestimated carbon dioxide emissions reductions by 80 million tons, and the program may only have accomplished 18% of the emission reductions it claims to have made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you consider that U.S. forests comprise the vast majority of the credits the agency has issued to date, that’s a big discrepancy. The analysis raises questions about how well the state’s landmark climate program — a model for other states and even countries — is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agency is aggressively defending its cap-and-trade program saying it’s a model for the international community and the forest initiative is the product of years of policy making, hearings, and stakeholder input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Nichols, the Air Resource Board’s chair and top official, said in a letter to members of the Legislature that the agency reviewed Haya’s forest study and strongly disagreed with her analysis because it “contains errors and misunderstandings of the Forest Protocol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the letter, the agency released a detailed \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/overview.pdf\">rebuttal\u003c/a>, to which Haya \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research/working-paper-series/policy-brief-arbas-us-forest-projects-offset-protocol-underestimates-leaka\">responded\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajinder Sahota, who manages the cap-and-trade program for the agency, said she’s fully confident that the program is working. “We categorically disagree with these assertions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She vigorously defended the forest program calling it the “global gold standard” and saying that it was designed over many years, thousands of review comments, and dozens of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota categorized Haya’s studies as representing “old arguments” and pointed to the fact that in 2015 the First District Court of Appeals rejected a lawsuit from environmental groups that charged the offset program could not be ensured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They brought the assertion that the offset program didn’t meet the requirements for being real, quantifiable emissions reductions,” Sahota said. “We litigated that and we prevailed in the lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Strengthening the Program\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California cap-and-trade works in two ways. It places a limit on industrial emissions — a “cap” that is lowered over time — and it creates a marketplace for companies to buy emissions offset credits from forest managers, dairy farmers, or others who are taking steps to remove carbon from the atmosphere or prevent its release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon offsets are central to California’s landmark climate change policy, and are organized into different areas the agency calls “\u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/offsets.htm\">protocols\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than reduce its own pollution, for example, an oil refinery can buy an offset that represents a ton of carbon emissions reductions from sustainable practices in another industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to explore how can an offset program be designed,” Haya said, “so that we can trust that the credits generated represent real emissions reductions and don’t undermine the effectiveness of our cap-and-trade programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 531px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946806\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"531\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg 531w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Haya, a research fellow at UC Berkeley. A portrait of Haya was taken near the Alumni House at UC Berkeley on Saturday August 24, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key issue, she added, has to do with California’s marketplace for “trading” emissions. State law requires that all of the offset credits be “real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable, and enforceable.” Haya’s research found something different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw really clearly looking at California’s program is that the reductions from offsets are inherently uncertain,” she said. “We know how to measure emissions under a cap, but it is much harder to measure emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Cullenward, an energy economist and co-author of the paper, said that California doesn’t maintain an ongoing, formal structure to monitor how well the program is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that these protocols can be used and used well, and we rely heavily on them, and invoke the idea that they’re high quality,” he said, adding that the California approach to ensuring quality with its offsets is “ad hoc.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, saying that all of the emissions offsets are verified by a third party; if any fraud is detected, the offsets are invalidated; and all of the underlying reports are made available to the public. Also, since the forest program was first adopted, the agency has updated its rules on different occasions after a review of the latest science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘\u003cstrong>Perverse Incentives’ \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers examined California’s recent initiatives that allow regulated industries to trade emissions, they found that, in some cases, they create what Haya calls “perverse incentives” that can lead to more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, with one of its new initiatives, coal mines can make money by burning off the methane gas that leaks during production. While burning methane releases carbon dioxide — the main greenhouse gas driving climate change — methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning the methane, even though it increases the carbon wafting in the air, is a net positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the researchers identified a problem. By destroying methane, the gassiest mines in the U.S. could earn enough money to remain open for longer than they would have at a moment when coal and natural gas are competing and mines closing. “Those profits can be substantial for those mines,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, California’s marketplace for emissions can deter governments from instituting other climate change regulations. Once an agency requires coal mines to flare their leaky gas, for example, the mines can no longer sell methane offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone can’t pay someone else to reduce emissions because they are already required by law,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, and points to the fact that before California adopted the coal mine program in 2014, agency staff \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/regact/2013/capandtrade13/1mmcecon.pdf\">estimated\u003c/a> its potential impacts and found the potential revenue for the industry was minimal, a half a percent of the value of overall domestic coal production. “The protocol does not make any financial impact on bottom line decisions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota pushed back on the notion that the cap-and-trade program could deter other agencies away from regulations calling it “another falsehood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to the fact that after the board adopted a market for capturing methane from dairy farms, California \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1201862/california-targets-dairy-cows-to-combat-global-warming\">passed\u003c/a> a bill regulating heat-trapping gases from livestock operations and landfills (when cows belch, pass gas and make manure they release methane).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she acknowledged that other agencies might use California’s cap-and-trade law as an excuse not to pass regulations that they don’t want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Regulation is the best way to achieve these emissions reductions because it guarantees action,” she said. “But until such time that regulations can be formulated, offset protocols incentivize early action and actually get people doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, it’s a carrot rather than the stick way to produce emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>U.S. Forests and Amazon Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason that the quality of the program is so important is because California is a testing ground for climate policy, and the state exports its ideas to other countries, and also states like Oregon, which was poised to pass a similar law this year (until 11 Republican senators revolted, fled the state in protest, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/07/30/boeing-killed-oregons-cap-and-trade-deal-by-peeling-away-the-key-democrats-vote/\">killed\u003c/a> the bill).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quality of the state’s landmark climate law is all the more important because the board will meet next month to consider framework rules for a new tropical forest program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the agency is not yet considering adopting a program for international rainforest — that would require years of environmental review and public comment — the board will consider a methodology for what such a program might look like, a precursor to adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is important because fires are ripping across the Brazilian Amazon after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946696/fires-spread-across-brazilian-amazon-after-surge-in-deforestation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surge\u003c/a> in deforestation, and supporters of expanding California’s market \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/commentary/climate-change-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argue\u003c/a> that the state can fight climate change while saving tropical forests throughout the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California approved a new program, forest managers in Brazil could earn money by sustainably managing their forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ensuring the quality of the program in other countries with different types of governments is a difficult challenge, Cullenward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California will be overseeing the program, who’s going to do that?” he said. “If you think it’s challenging to manage a forest protocol in the continental United States and Alaska, how about operating in Acre, Brazil, right now?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Germany, Norway, and other governments invested in a fund to support sustainable forestry in this part of Brazil. But recently, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753836508/why-norway-and-germany-have-frozen-money-going-to-the-amazon-fund\">withdrew\u003c/a> their investment because Brazil’s right-of-center president, Jair Bolsonaro, encourages deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/21/753140642/tens-of-thousands-of-fires-ravage-brazilian-amazon-where-deforestation-has-spike\">reporting\u003c/a> has Bolsonaro on the record saying he wants the Amazon open to development and describing rainforest protection measures as “obstacles” to the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Pushback \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade law is a second generation carbon offset program. European leaders promoted the first generation program following the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, when an international coalition of countries promised to reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kyoto’s offsets didn’t work very well. One \u003ca href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/ets/docs/clean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf\">study\u003c/a> found that only 2% of the projects have a “high likelihood” of ensuring that emission reductions were additional and not over-estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporting in \u003ca href=\"https://features.propublica.org/brazil-carbon-offsets/inconvenient-truth-carbon-credits-dont-work-deforestation-redd-acre-cambodia/\">ProPublica\u003c/a> revealed that the program subsidized thousands of projects, including coal plants, that claimed credits for being more efficient than they would have been. The European Union stopped accepting the credits after the program became mired in technical and human rights scandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s market is meant to respond to some of the criticisms of the dysfunctional first generation program created under the United Nations climate trading regime and is different in a few key ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kyoto’s initiative was voluntary and underfunded. But California’s program allows companies to offset a small percentage of their carbon output and only recognizes forests in the U.S., where the state can presumably have more oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The offset program is one of the most transparent parts of the cap-and-trade program,” Sahota said. “We were sensitive to the concerns about distrust of offsets when we were designing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from the get-go, environmental justice groups like the Asian Pacific Environmental Network and Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability debated whether California’s cap-and-trade offsets would improve on the old model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They argue it allows industry to pay to pollute in areas already suffering from toxic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, they’ve recently eased back on their protests as long as the revenue from the market be used to meet the needs of neighborhoods most prone to dirty air; as, they hope, will be the case with California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943578/climate-funds-for-clean-water-democrats-enviro-groups-are-split\">plan\u003c/a> to use cap-and-trade money to clean dirty drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "UCSF Gets New Money to Study the 'Galaxies' Within You (Your Microbes)",
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"content": "\u003cp>Trillions of tiny organisms live in and on the human body. In our guts, on our skin, and in our noses. Scientists are finding that bacteria and other microbes that colonize us don’t just make us sick, they might make us well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month two Bay Area universities received a huge financial boost to study them. Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff and his wife have given \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2019/08/13/stanford-launches-major-effort-harness-microbiome-treat-disease/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$10 million\u003c/a> to Stanford University, and another \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414781/gift-launches-new-ucsf-benioff-center-microbiome-medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$25 million\u003c/a> to the University of California at San Francisco for research about the human microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]Different microbial galaxies exist in your mouth, lower gastrointestinal tract, and on your skin.[/pullquote]Susan Lynch will direct the \u003ca href=\"https://microbiome.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine\u003c/a> at UCSF. She spoke with KQED’s Michelle Wiley about advancements in the field and what the new funding will mean for her work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microbes — what are they, and why are they important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are among the oldest living life forms on the planet, and they’re incredibly successful. They populate every niche you can imagine across this planet, including humans. And we are, essentially, a super organism. We house a whole range and diversity of microbes within the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could think of us like a microbial universe. There’s different microbial galaxies that exist in the mouth, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, and on the skin. And these microbes are not quiescent. They interact with each other, and they interact with the host. And they produce a range of bio-active molecules that shape how our cells actually function. 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It’s really with the advent of sequencing technologies in the field over the last 10 years that we now have the capacity to examine them, using DNA and genes, and with other platforms like mass spectrometry, to understand the types and diversity of microbes that exist in the human host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kinds of illnesses could be helped by understanding microbes better?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list keeps expanding. But diseases that we can definitively link to perturbations and molecular productivity of microbes, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31404299\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">autism\u003c/a> spectrum disorder, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31332384\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allergies and asthma\u003c/a> for example, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314516/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inflammatory\u003c/a> bowel disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speaking of asthma and allergies, some \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0498-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent work\u003c/a> you did looked at gut bacteria and babies a month old. You found that what’s in a baby’s gut can predict whether they are vulnerable to asthma and allergies as they grow up.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/352304/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We examined a very large cohort of one-month-old babies, and we set out with the idea that they’re not all the same, microbiologically. And different gut microbiomes in distinct subsets of babies may give rise to different types of immune development. And that’s exactly what we found. 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So translating findings may take a little time, but I agree that there’s incredible promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most important work that a gift of this size lets you do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microbiome field specifically requires that you collaborate. We cannot examine microbes by themselves, we need to understand how they interact with the immune system, how they act across large human populations, so it simply requires integration of a number of different disciplines. This allows us to bring together the incredible community of microbiome researchers across the UCSF campus to accelerate discovery and translation of our findings into real world solutions for the diseases that our patients suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Susan Lynch will direct the \u003ca href=\"https://microbiome.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine\u003c/a> at UCSF. She spoke with KQED’s Michelle Wiley about advancements in the field and what the new funding will mean for her work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microbes — what are they, and why are they important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are among the oldest living life forms on the planet, and they’re incredibly successful. They populate every niche you can imagine across this planet, including humans. And we are, essentially, a super organism. We house a whole range and diversity of microbes within the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could think of us like a microbial universe. There’s different microbial galaxies that exist in the mouth, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, and on the skin. And these microbes are not quiescent. They interact with each other, and they interact with the host. And they produce a range of bio-active molecules that shape how our cells actually function. And this is why, we’re now beginning to understand, they influence human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This field didn’t really exist a couple of decades ago. How has research about the microbiome evolved since you joined the field?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally we plucked individual microbes out of a sample, and studied them under feast conditions in media — where they could eat as much as they liked — in the lab. And that is not necessarily how these microbes exist in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are highly social, they interact with each other, they compete with each other, they collaborate with each other. It’s really with the advent of sequencing technologies in the field over the last 10 years that we now have the capacity to examine them, using DNA and genes, and with other platforms like mass spectrometry, to understand the types and diversity of microbes that exist in the human host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kinds of illnesses could be helped by understanding microbes better?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list keeps expanding. But diseases that we can definitively link to perturbations and molecular productivity of microbes, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31404299\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">autism\u003c/a> spectrum disorder, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31332384\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allergies and asthma\u003c/a> for example, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314516/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inflammatory\u003c/a> bowel disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speaking of asthma and allergies, some \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0498-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent work\u003c/a> you did looked at gut bacteria and babies a month old. You found that what’s in a baby’s gut can predict whether they are vulnerable to asthma and allergies as they grow up.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/352304/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We examined a very large cohort of one-month-old babies, and we set out with the idea that they’re not all the same, microbiologically. And different gut microbiomes in distinct subsets of babies may give rise to different types of immune development. And that’s exactly what we found. We found one small group of babies that had a very distinct gut microbiome that were at significantly higher risk of developing allergies and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We dug down a little deeper, and we now understand some of the microbial products and mechanisms by which these children are at higher risk of developing disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you need to do to make this promising early research even more useful to the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/Murray%20Energy%20v.%20EPA.pdf\">upheld\u003c/a> Obama-era smog and air quality standards. Conservative states and industry leaders had tried to scrap them, saying that the rules were too burdensome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California joined states like New York and public health organizations including the American Lung Association in defending the standards that regulate ground-level ozone, an irritating gas that smells like chlorine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Billings, senior vice president of advocacy with the American Lung Association, called the court decision a win for public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The court upheld the health-based standards,” he said. “It firmly rejected the challenges by industry and some states that attempted to bring in external considerations like economics and background ozone levels. The court shot those claims down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said the court’s ruling prevented an attempt by corporate interests to put profits over air quality. He said the standards save upwards of 100 lives and prevent 380 asthma-related emergency room visits each year in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many, poor air quality is not just upsetting, but debilitating,” Becerra said. “It means missed days of school, work, and countless other opportunities. It’s a matter of life and death. Our children should never be left gasping for air because of government inaction or corporate greed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone standards — a cap at 70 parts per billion — were first set by the Obama administration in 2015, after it determined the previous rules weren’t strong enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Pruitt was one of the first attorneys to challenge Obama’s smog rule, back when he was Oklahoma’s attorney general and before the Trump administration named him to lead the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kamala Harris, then California’s attorney general, initially joined public health groups in defending the rules in court. Becerra replaced her when she became a U.S. senator from California. Harris is running to be the Democratic nominee for president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone, sometimes called trioxygen because it’s made up of three oxygen atoms, is a toxic air pollutant and the central ingredient of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s derived from industrial emissions, car exhaust, and other chemicals reacting to each other in the atmosphere (not to be confused with stratospheric ozone, which occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere and protects humans from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smog can cause chest pain, coughing, inflammation, and reduce lung function in people who breathe it, the EPA reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Becerra and Billings claimed a win with the court’s ruling. The Trump administration considered throwing out Obama’s smog rule, but ultimately decided to defend it in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Trump’s EPA is updating the smog standards and could issue its own rules as part of a five-year review.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many, poor air quality is not just upsetting, but debilitating,” Becerra said. “It means missed days of school, work, and countless other opportunities. It’s a matter of life and death. Our children should never be left gasping for air because of government inaction or corporate greed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone standards — a cap at 70 parts per billion — were first set by the Obama administration in 2015, after it determined the previous rules weren’t strong enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Pruitt was one of the first attorneys to challenge Obama’s smog rule, back when he was Oklahoma’s attorney general and before the Trump administration named him to lead the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kamala Harris, then California’s attorney general, initially joined public health groups in defending the rules in court. Becerra replaced her when she became a U.S. senator from California. Harris is running to be the Democratic nominee for president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone, sometimes called trioxygen because it’s made up of three oxygen atoms, is a toxic air pollutant and the central ingredient of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s derived from industrial emissions, car exhaust, and other chemicals reacting to each other in the atmosphere (not to be confused with stratospheric ozone, which occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere and protects humans from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smog can cause chest pain, coughing, inflammation, and reduce lung function in people who breathe it, the EPA reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Becerra and Billings claimed a win with the court’s ruling. The Trump administration considered throwing out Obama’s smog rule, but ultimately decided to defend it in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Trump’s EPA is updating the smog standards and could issue its own rules as part of a five-year review.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Harrowing Photos From the Amazon Rainforest Wildfires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Fires in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest are proliferating at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our house is burning. Literally. The Amazon rain forest – the lungs which produces 20% of our planet’s oxygen – is on fire,” French President Emmanuel Macron \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/EmmanuelMacron/status/1164617008962527232\">wrote in a tweet Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called it an “international crisis” and urged members of the G7 to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753639869/macron-urges-g7-members-to-put-amazon-fires-at-top-of-agenda\">prioritize the issue at its summit this weekend\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946739\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946739\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946741\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-800x560.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-768x538.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image shows smoke rising from Amazon rainforest fires in Rondonia State, just southwest of Porto Velho, Brazil, in the upper Amazon River basin on Aug. 15. \u003ccite>(Maxar Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the fires are believed to have been set by farmers clearing land. Environmentalists say the attitude of Brazil’s right-wing president, Jair Bolsonaro, has encouraged the farmers, as well as cattle ranchers, loggers and miners, NPR’s Scott Neumann reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946742\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946742\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the devastation caused by a fire during the dry season in Brasilia, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Adriano Machado/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bolsonaro has described measures to protect the rainforest as “obstacles” to economic growth. Bolsonaro, who took office in January, has said repeatedly that he wants to open the Amazon to development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-800x528.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-768x507.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Humaita, Brazil, on Aug. 14. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946744\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946744\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-800x540.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-768x518.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tract of Amazon jungle being cleared by loggers and farmers burns in Novo Airao, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Bruno Kelly/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research, there have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year — \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/21/753140642/tens-of-thousands-of-fires-ravage-brazilian-amazon-where-deforestation-has-spike\">most of which erupted in the Amazon\u003c/a>, reports NPR’s Colin Dwyer. That represents an astonishing leap of more than 80% over last year and by far the most that the agency has recorded since it began compiling this data in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946745\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946745\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About half those fires, or nearly 36,000 of them, have ignited in just the past month. That’s nearly as many as in all of 2018. Smoke from the fires has darkened the skies over major Brazilian cities such as São Paulo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Amazon+Rainforest%2C+Ablaze+In+Brazil&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "There have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year, mostly in the Amazon, and about half of which have ignited in just the past month. Some international leaders are raising the alarm.",
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"description": "There have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year, mostly in the Amazon, and about half of which have ignited in just the past month. Some international leaders are raising the alarm.",
"title": "Harrowing Photos From the Amazon Rainforest Wildfires | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fires in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest are proliferating at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our house is burning. Literally. The Amazon rain forest – the lungs which produces 20% of our planet’s oxygen – is on fire,” French President Emmanuel Macron \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/EmmanuelMacron/status/1164617008962527232\">wrote in a tweet Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called it an “international crisis” and urged members of the G7 to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753639869/macron-urges-g7-members-to-put-amazon-fires-at-top-of-agenda\">prioritize the issue at its summit this weekend\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946739\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946739\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946741\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-800x560.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-768x538.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image shows smoke rising from Amazon rainforest fires in Rondonia State, just southwest of Porto Velho, Brazil, in the upper Amazon River basin on Aug. 15. \u003ccite>(Maxar Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the fires are believed to have been set by farmers clearing land. Environmentalists say the attitude of Brazil’s right-wing president, Jair Bolsonaro, has encouraged the farmers, as well as cattle ranchers, loggers and miners, NPR’s Scott Neumann reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946742\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946742\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the devastation caused by a fire during the dry season in Brasilia, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Adriano Machado/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bolsonaro has described measures to protect the rainforest as “obstacles” to economic growth. Bolsonaro, who took office in January, has said repeatedly that he wants to open the Amazon to development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-800x528.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-768x507.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Humaita, Brazil, on Aug. 14. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946744\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946744\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-800x540.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-768x518.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tract of Amazon jungle being cleared by loggers and farmers burns in Novo Airao, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Bruno Kelly/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research, there have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year — \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/21/753140642/tens-of-thousands-of-fires-ravage-brazilian-amazon-where-deforestation-has-spike\">most of which erupted in the Amazon\u003c/a>, reports NPR’s Colin Dwyer. That represents an astonishing leap of more than 80% over last year and by far the most that the agency has recorded since it began compiling this data in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946745\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946745\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About half those fires, or nearly 36,000 of them, have ignited in just the past month. That’s nearly as many as in all of 2018. Smoke from the fires has darkened the skies over major Brazilian cities such as São Paulo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Amazon+Rainforest%2C+Ablaze+In+Brazil&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fires in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest are proliferating at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the gist of an \u003ca href=\"http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal/situacao-atual\">announcement this week\u003c/a> by the country’s National Institute for Space Research, or INPE. According to the agency, there have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year — most of which erupted in the Amazon. That represents an astonishing leap of more than 80% over last year and by far the most that the agency has recorded since it began compiling this data in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half those fires, or nearly 36,000 of them, have ignited in just the past month. That’s nearly as many as in all of 2018. Smoke from the fires has darkened the skies over major Brazilian cities, such as São Paulo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/shannongsims/status/1163632818221719558?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has signaled unconcern about the situation. The far-right leader, who took office in January, has repeatedly lambasted Brazil’s environmental regulations as an impediment to economic development, and under his tenure environmental agencies have seen diminished staff and funding. That includes INPE itself, whose leader, Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão, was \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mctic/status/1157321742840467466?s=12\">canned this month\u003c/a> because — according to Galvão — he questioned how Bolsonaro was using his agency’s data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the fires \u003ca href=\"https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/politica/noticia/2019/08/21/bolsonaro-diz-que-ongs-podem-estar-por-tras-de-queimadas-na-amazonia-para-chamar-atencao-contra-o-governo.ghtml?__twitter_impression=true\">by local media\u003c/a>, Bolsonaro baselessly suggested that nongovernmental organizations have been setting the fires themselves as retaliation for the scaling back of Brazil’s usual funding support for them. He posited that these groups are trying to increase international pressure on his government — but when reporters pressed him on the point, he didn’t name any specific NGOs or offer any proof for his assertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, there could be … I’m not affirming it, criminal action by these ‘NGOers’ to call attention against my person, against the government of Brazil. This is the war that we are facing,” he said Wednesday in a Facebook Live video, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973\">translation by the BBC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/GlobalEcoGuy/status/1164226424405762048?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that his government is “not insensitive” to the fires and that his government may look into measures to combat them. In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rsallesmma/status/1163990341361553415\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>, Brazil’s environment minister, Ricardo Salles, attributed the fires to “dry weather, wind and heat” and said federal officials and equipment are available to help and “already in use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot of deforestation has less to do with natural factors and more to do with human activities. INPE says the amount of land that was deforested last month alone represented a nearly 300% surge over deforestation in June 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/lookatthis/posts/brazil/\">reported in 2015\u003c/a>, deforestation such as this is often tied to subsistence farming and ranching, which uses more than two-thirds of Brazil’s deforested land — and which has tripled the number of cattle in the country in the past three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We estimate that the forest areas in the Brazilian Amazon have decreased something between 20 and 30% compared to the last 12 months,” Carlos Nobre, a researcher at the University of São Paulo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-forest-fires-rage-as-farmers-push-into-the-amazon/a-50116455\">told German broadcaster Deutsche Welle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluvio Mascarenhas, who works at a government agency called the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/19/752529425/brazils-amazon-rainforest-is-disappearing-under-president-jair-bolsonaro\">told NPR’s Philip Reeves\u003c/a> that operations that the agency usually carries out against illegal loggers and ranchers have been drastically scaled back this year. And that, he says, together with Bolsonaro’s comments, only encourages further illegal activity in the rainforest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has him afraid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you look at a satellite image of the forest,” he tells Reeves, “you see another little piece missing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tens+Of+Thousands+Of+Fires+Ravage+Brazilian+Amazon%2C+Where+Deforestation+Has+Spiked&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fires in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest are proliferating at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the gist of an \u003ca href=\"http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal/situacao-atual\">announcement this week\u003c/a> by the country’s National Institute for Space Research, or INPE. According to the agency, there have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year — most of which erupted in the Amazon. That represents an astonishing leap of more than 80% over last year and by far the most that the agency has recorded since it began compiling this data in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half those fires, or nearly 36,000 of them, have ignited in just the past month. That’s nearly as many as in all of 2018. Smoke from the fires has darkened the skies over major Brazilian cities, such as São Paulo.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has signaled unconcern about the situation. The far-right leader, who took office in January, has repeatedly lambasted Brazil’s environmental regulations as an impediment to economic development, and under his tenure environmental agencies have seen diminished staff and funding. That includes INPE itself, whose leader, Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão, was \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mctic/status/1157321742840467466?s=12\">canned this month\u003c/a> because — according to Galvão — he questioned how Bolsonaro was using his agency’s data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the fires \u003ca href=\"https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/politica/noticia/2019/08/21/bolsonaro-diz-que-ongs-podem-estar-por-tras-de-queimadas-na-amazonia-para-chamar-atencao-contra-o-governo.ghtml?__twitter_impression=true\">by local media\u003c/a>, Bolsonaro baselessly suggested that nongovernmental organizations have been setting the fires themselves as retaliation for the scaling back of Brazil’s usual funding support for them. He posited that these groups are trying to increase international pressure on his government — but when reporters pressed him on the point, he didn’t name any specific NGOs or offer any proof for his assertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, there could be … I’m not affirming it, criminal action by these ‘NGOers’ to call attention against my person, against the government of Brazil. This is the war that we are facing,” he said Wednesday in a Facebook Live video, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973\">translation by the BBC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>He added that his government is “not insensitive” to the fires and that his government may look into measures to combat them. In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rsallesmma/status/1163990341361553415\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>, Brazil’s environment minister, Ricardo Salles, attributed the fires to “dry weather, wind and heat” and said federal officials and equipment are available to help and “already in use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot of deforestation has less to do with natural factors and more to do with human activities. INPE says the amount of land that was deforested last month alone represented a nearly 300% surge over deforestation in June 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/lookatthis/posts/brazil/\">reported in 2015\u003c/a>, deforestation such as this is often tied to subsistence farming and ranching, which uses more than two-thirds of Brazil’s deforested land — and which has tripled the number of cattle in the country in the past three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We estimate that the forest areas in the Brazilian Amazon have decreased something between 20 and 30% compared to the last 12 months,” Carlos Nobre, a researcher at the University of São Paulo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-forest-fires-rage-as-farmers-push-into-the-amazon/a-50116455\">told German broadcaster Deutsche Welle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluvio Mascarenhas, who works at a government agency called the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/19/752529425/brazils-amazon-rainforest-is-disappearing-under-president-jair-bolsonaro\">told NPR’s Philip Reeves\u003c/a> that operations that the agency usually carries out against illegal loggers and ranchers have been drastically scaled back this year. And that, he says, together with Bolsonaro’s comments, only encourages further illegal activity in the rainforest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has him afraid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you look at a satellite image of the forest,” he tells Reeves, “you see another little piece missing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tens+Of+Thousands+Of+Fires+Ravage+Brazilian+Amazon%2C+Where+Deforestation+Has+Spiked&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Environmental Groups File First Suit Over Trump's Endangered Species Act Rollback",
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"content": "\u003cp>Seven environmental and animal protection groups teamed up to file the first lawsuit challenging the Trump administration’s rollback of the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental law nonprofit Earthjustice filed the lawsuit Wednesday on behalf of the Center for Biological Diversity, Defenders of Wildlife, Sierra Club, Natural Resources Defense Council, National Parks Conservation Association, WildEarth Guardians and the Humane Society of the United States. The lawsuit comes after the federal government earlier this month announced a series of \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/9bf4541d89e6444783814e53302ce479\">changes\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6310713-ESA-Complaint-FINAL.html\">filing\u003c/a> , the groups argue that the Trump administration violated the National Environmental Policy Act by failing to analyze the effects of the new rules. They also charge that the administration unreasonably changed requirements to comply with part of the Endangered Species Act that would have prevented any changes that could threaten the existence or habitat of any listed species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the midst of an unprecedented extinction crisis, the Trump administration is eviscerating our most effective wildlife protection law,” Rebecca Riley, legal director of the nature program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said in a statement. “These regulatory changes will place vulnerable species in immediate danger — all to line the pockets of industry. We are counting on the courts to step in before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholas Goodwin, a spokesman for the U.S. Department of the Interior, criticized the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is unsurprising that those who repeatedly seek to weaponize the Endangered Species Act — instead of use it as a means to recover imperiled species — would choose to sue,” Goodwin said. “We will see them in court, and we will be steadfast in our implementation of this important act with the unchanging goal of conserving and recovering species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Meister, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, declined to comment. Spokespeople for the National Marine Fisheries Service did not immediately respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the enforcement changes, officials for the first time will be able to publicly attach a cost to saving an animal or plant. Blanket protections for creatures newly listed as threatened will be removed. Among several other changes, the action could allow the government to disregard the possible impact of climate change, which conservation groups call a major and growing threat to wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A United Nations report released in May warned that more than 1 million plants and animals globally face extinction, some within decades, because of human influence, climate change and other threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endangered Species Act is credited with helping save the bald eagle, California condor and scores of other animals and plants from extinction since President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1973. The act currently protects more than 1,600 species in the United States and its territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the act has also led to legal and political fights between animal protectors and industries and opponents. Republicans have long pushed to change the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states of California and Massachusetts have also vowed to sue to block changes in the law.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seven environmental and animal protection groups teamed up to file the first lawsuit challenging the Trump administration’s rollback of the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental law nonprofit Earthjustice filed the lawsuit Wednesday on behalf of the Center for Biological Diversity, Defenders of Wildlife, Sierra Club, Natural Resources Defense Council, National Parks Conservation Association, WildEarth Guardians and the Humane Society of the United States. The lawsuit comes after the federal government earlier this month announced a series of \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/9bf4541d89e6444783814e53302ce479\">changes\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6310713-ESA-Complaint-FINAL.html\">filing\u003c/a> , the groups argue that the Trump administration violated the National Environmental Policy Act by failing to analyze the effects of the new rules. They also charge that the administration unreasonably changed requirements to comply with part of the Endangered Species Act that would have prevented any changes that could threaten the existence or habitat of any listed species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the midst of an unprecedented extinction crisis, the Trump administration is eviscerating our most effective wildlife protection law,” Rebecca Riley, legal director of the nature program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said in a statement. “These regulatory changes will place vulnerable species in immediate danger — all to line the pockets of industry. We are counting on the courts to step in before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholas Goodwin, a spokesman for the U.S. Department of the Interior, criticized the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is unsurprising that those who repeatedly seek to weaponize the Endangered Species Act — instead of use it as a means to recover imperiled species — would choose to sue,” Goodwin said. “We will see them in court, and we will be steadfast in our implementation of this important act with the unchanging goal of conserving and recovering species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Meister, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, declined to comment. Spokespeople for the National Marine Fisheries Service did not immediately respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the enforcement changes, officials for the first time will be able to publicly attach a cost to saving an animal or plant. Blanket protections for creatures newly listed as threatened will be removed. Among several other changes, the action could allow the government to disregard the possible impact of climate change, which conservation groups call a major and growing threat to wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A United Nations report released in May warned that more than 1 million plants and animals globally face extinction, some within decades, because of human influence, climate change and other threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endangered Species Act is credited with helping save the bald eagle, California condor and scores of other animals and plants from extinction since President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1973. The act currently protects more than 1,600 species in the United States and its territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the act has also led to legal and political fights between animal protectors and industries and opponents. Republicans have long pushed to change the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states of California and Massachusetts have also vowed to sue to block changes in the law.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Data Pinpoints 14 California Towns Where an Emergency Escape Could Be a Problem",
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"content": "\u003cp>California has the second-largest number of small communities with limited evacuation routes when compared to other states, according to a new nationwide analysis of towns with populations under 40,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.streetlightdata.com/limited-evacuation-routes-map/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, conducted by San Francisco-based traffic analytics company \u003ca href=\"https://www.streetlightdata.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">StreetLight Data\u003c/a>, identified 100 communities across the country with the most limited means of escaping disasters like wildfires and hurricanes. It found that 14 of those communities are in California, second only to Florida’s 20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes on the heels of the deadliest and most destructive blaze in California history, last November’s Camp Fire, which killed 86 people and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1942547/in-the-age-of-the-crazy-fast-fire-a-good-evacuation-plan-may-not-be-enough\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">put into perspective\u003c/a> some of the challenges facing rural communities with limited escape routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fast-moving blaze swept through Paradise — a Butte County town of roughly 27,000 — on an early Thursday morning, fleeing residents ended up caught in gridlocked traffic along Skyway, the main route out of town. Many people abandoned their vehicles and fled on foot. Some were found dead in their cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new analysis marks an attempt to highlight the potential for similar situations in other small towns, according to StreetLight’s Chief Technical Officer Paul Friedman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Transportation infrastructure, and sharing information about transportation options, is one part of the complex requirements of disaster and evacuation preparation,” Friedman said. “We hope this data can be a useful support to those working in this challenging field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to identify evacuation-challenged communities, StreetLight analyzed location data points from smartphones and GPS navigation devices in cars and trucks to identify trends in what routes people tend to use to exit their communities. They calculated which communities face the greatest challenges by determining what percentage of a population’s daily trips take only one main exit, while also taking into account the number of alternative exits and the total population of an area, according to U.S. Census data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s not included in the analysis is the potential for natural disasters in a given area, according to StreetLight CEO Laura Schewel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is purely the transportation data, because that’s where we’re really the experts, and we want to stay in our lane,” she said. “What we hope is that this data can be mixed with people who have expertise about other risk factors … and be part of the full picture of data-driven evacuation preparedness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In essence, Schewel said, an emergency manager in a small town that’s on the list could use the data from the analysis as a launching point for drawing up wildfire evacuation routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following is a list of the California communities among the 100 most evacuation-limited in the country, according to StreetLight, in order:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Limited Evacuation Routes\" aria-label=\"Long Table\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/Ykzc7/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"600\" height=\"671\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s two most evacuation-constrained communities — Coto de Caza in Orange County and Bell Canyon in Ventura County — are both in the southern portion of the state and are both at-risk for wildfire: Coto de Caza is surrounded by burnable open space; Bell Canyon was \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2018/11/13/bell-canyon-residents-hit-hard-by-woolsey-fire-return-to-find-dozens-of-homes-destroyed-many-others-spared/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hit hard\u003c/a> by the Woolsey Fire in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is, for the most part, absent from the list, though that’s likely due in part to the study’s methodology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>StreetLight identified some small communities in the region with limited evacuation routes, including Ladera, a development adjacent to Portola Valley, near the Alpine Road exit off Interstate 280 on the edge of Silicon Valley, and Fetters Hot Springs, on Highway 12 just north of the town of Sonoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because the analysis was limited to communities with populations under 40,000, larger towns and cities that may have areas with limited escape routes are missing from the list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, for example, has some areas with the potential for both limited exit routes and high risk for fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Hills fire\u003c/a> in October 1991, which killed 25 people, congestion was a major problem. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-060.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> on the blaze conducted by the U.S. Fire Administration found that as some roads were blocked down due to the spread of the fire, others “became clogged with cars and pedestrians.” As in Paradise, some victims died after being trapped on narrow, blocked roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>StreetLight’s Schewel said the company chose to analyze only small towns because it feels those communities will benefit most from the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figured if we’re going to put a bunch of information on the internet for free, the small towns who don’t have the resources to do their own studies might get the most benefit out of that type of exercise,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schewel said this type of analysis could be conducted for a larger population center like Oakland, but in that case, it might be more helpful to analyze the area in smaller sections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also important to note, Schewel said, that there’s no silver bullet for evacuation planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Data-driven planning is important, but we want to be very clear that this is not a magical robot that tells evacuation professionals what to do,” she said. “It’s — we hope — a helpful extra tool in the toolkit.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has the second-largest number of small communities with limited evacuation routes when compared to other states, according to a new nationwide analysis of towns with populations under 40,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.streetlightdata.com/limited-evacuation-routes-map/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, conducted by San Francisco-based traffic analytics company \u003ca href=\"https://www.streetlightdata.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">StreetLight Data\u003c/a>, identified 100 communities across the country with the most limited means of escaping disasters like wildfires and hurricanes. It found that 14 of those communities are in California, second only to Florida’s 20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes on the heels of the deadliest and most destructive blaze in California history, last November’s Camp Fire, which killed 86 people and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1942547/in-the-age-of-the-crazy-fast-fire-a-good-evacuation-plan-may-not-be-enough\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">put into perspective\u003c/a> some of the challenges facing rural communities with limited escape routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fast-moving blaze swept through Paradise — a Butte County town of roughly 27,000 — on an early Thursday morning, fleeing residents ended up caught in gridlocked traffic along Skyway, the main route out of town. Many people abandoned their vehicles and fled on foot. Some were found dead in their cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new analysis marks an attempt to highlight the potential for similar situations in other small towns, according to StreetLight’s Chief Technical Officer Paul Friedman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Transportation infrastructure, and sharing information about transportation options, is one part of the complex requirements of disaster and evacuation preparation,” Friedman said. “We hope this data can be a useful support to those working in this challenging field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to identify evacuation-challenged communities, StreetLight analyzed location data points from smartphones and GPS navigation devices in cars and trucks to identify trends in what routes people tend to use to exit their communities. They calculated which communities face the greatest challenges by determining what percentage of a population’s daily trips take only one main exit, while also taking into account the number of alternative exits and the total population of an area, according to U.S. Census data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s not included in the analysis is the potential for natural disasters in a given area, according to StreetLight CEO Laura Schewel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is purely the transportation data, because that’s where we’re really the experts, and we want to stay in our lane,” she said. “What we hope is that this data can be mixed with people who have expertise about other risk factors … and be part of the full picture of data-driven evacuation preparedness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In essence, Schewel said, an emergency manager in a small town that’s on the list could use the data from the analysis as a launching point for drawing up wildfire evacuation routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following is a list of the California communities among the 100 most evacuation-limited in the country, according to StreetLight, in order:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Limited Evacuation Routes\" aria-label=\"Long Table\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/Ykzc7/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"600\" height=\"671\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s two most evacuation-constrained communities — Coto de Caza in Orange County and Bell Canyon in Ventura County — are both in the southern portion of the state and are both at-risk for wildfire: Coto de Caza is surrounded by burnable open space; Bell Canyon was \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2018/11/13/bell-canyon-residents-hit-hard-by-woolsey-fire-return-to-find-dozens-of-homes-destroyed-many-others-spared/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hit hard\u003c/a> by the Woolsey Fire in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is, for the most part, absent from the list, though that’s likely due in part to the study’s methodology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>StreetLight identified some small communities in the region with limited evacuation routes, including Ladera, a development adjacent to Portola Valley, near the Alpine Road exit off Interstate 280 on the edge of Silicon Valley, and Fetters Hot Springs, on Highway 12 just north of the town of Sonoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because the analysis was limited to communities with populations under 40,000, larger towns and cities that may have areas with limited escape routes are missing from the list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, for example, has some areas with the potential for both limited exit routes and high risk for fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Hills fire\u003c/a> in October 1991, which killed 25 people, congestion was a major problem. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-060.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> on the blaze conducted by the U.S. Fire Administration found that as some roads were blocked down due to the spread of the fire, others “became clogged with cars and pedestrians.” As in Paradise, some victims died after being trapped on narrow, blocked roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>StreetLight’s Schewel said the company chose to analyze only small towns because it feels those communities will benefit most from the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figured if we’re going to put a bunch of information on the internet for free, the small towns who don’t have the resources to do their own studies might get the most benefit out of that type of exercise,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schewel said this type of analysis could be conducted for a larger population center like Oakland, but in that case, it might be more helpful to analyze the area in smaller sections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also important to note, Schewel said, that there’s no silver bullet for evacuation planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Data-driven planning is important, but we want to be very clear that this is not a magical robot that tells evacuation professionals what to do,” she said. “It’s — we hope — a helpful extra tool in the toolkit.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today rejected California’s legal challenge to the Trump administration’s plans to ease decades-old air quality regulations for power plants, oil refineries, steel mills, and other large industrial sources of toxic air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the court’s decision is not a total loss for the state, and California’s attorney general is vowing further challenges to the environmental deregulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal tussle began with a 2018 federal Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/reducing-regulatory-burdens-epa-withdraws-once-always-policy-major-sources-under-clean\">memo\u003c/a> detailing a new interpretation of the Clean Air Act and rolling back a policy that regulates the country’s largest polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The courts said Tuesday that the memo isn’t the EPA’s final rule, so California cannot challenge it in court. But that also means that the EPA cannot enforce it as a regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 25, EPA officials \u003ca href=\"https://media.squirepattonboggs.com/pdf/blog/frESH_Law/Proposed-reclassification-rule.pdf\">proposed\u003c/a> formally codifying the memo. The court’s decision to spike California’s lawsuit ensures that this fight between California and the Trump administration will continue around that proceeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra brought the lawsuit. He argued that the rule change runs counter to the intention of the Clean Air Act and would \u003ca href=\"https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/2018/02/once-in-always-in-guidance-for-major-sources-under-the-clean-air-act/\">risk\u003c/a> Californians’ health by adding hundreds of tons of toxic air pollution each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, a representative from Becerra’s office called the Trump administration’s plan “wrong and dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s top lawyers review the legal opinion, they will submit comments on the EPA’s proposed rule and “take any and all legal action as needed,” the statement read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our work is not over,” it concluded. “We will continue to advocate for strong regulatory programs that protect the public and the environment from harmful air toxics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA policy established in 1995 that any facility considered a major source of toxins in the air remains subject to strict regulations, even after its operators install pollution controls. For this reason, lawyers call it the “once in, always in” rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously under the Clean Air Act, federal regulators consider a power plant, for example, a “major” source of pollution if it has the capacity to spew 10 tons a year of any individual cancer causing or health threatening \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications\">pollutant\u003c/a>, or 25 tons each year of a combination of toxins, including lead and benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration proposed eliminating the rule, saying that by allowing more lenient regulations, it intended to reward companies for investing in technology that reduces air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased with the Court’s decision,” EPA spokeswoman Melissa Sullivan said in an email. “As a general matter, EPA will continue to provide regulatory relief and environmental protection while abiding by the rule of law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Wehrum, former assistant administrator of EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation, wrote the memo proposing the rule change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wehrum, a former fossil fuel industry attorney, has \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26062019/bill-wehrum-resigns-epa-fossil-fuel-industry-influence-climate-change-air-pollution-auto-standards-deregulation\">resigned\u003c/a> from the EPA. Congress was investigating his alleged contacts with former clients that could benefit from the EPA’s deregulation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today rejected California’s legal challenge to the Trump administration’s plans to ease decades-old air quality regulations for power plants, oil refineries, steel mills, and other large industrial sources of toxic air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the court’s decision is not a total loss for the state, and California’s attorney general is vowing further challenges to the environmental deregulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal tussle began with a 2018 federal Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/reducing-regulatory-burdens-epa-withdraws-once-always-policy-major-sources-under-clean\">memo\u003c/a> detailing a new interpretation of the Clean Air Act and rolling back a policy that regulates the country’s largest polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The courts said Tuesday that the memo isn’t the EPA’s final rule, so California cannot challenge it in court. But that also means that the EPA cannot enforce it as a regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 25, EPA officials \u003ca href=\"https://media.squirepattonboggs.com/pdf/blog/frESH_Law/Proposed-reclassification-rule.pdf\">proposed\u003c/a> formally codifying the memo. The court’s decision to spike California’s lawsuit ensures that this fight between California and the Trump administration will continue around that proceeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra brought the lawsuit. He argued that the rule change runs counter to the intention of the Clean Air Act and would \u003ca href=\"https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/2018/02/once-in-always-in-guidance-for-major-sources-under-the-clean-air-act/\">risk\u003c/a> Californians’ health by adding hundreds of tons of toxic air pollution each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, a representative from Becerra’s office called the Trump administration’s plan “wrong and dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s top lawyers review the legal opinion, they will submit comments on the EPA’s proposed rule and “take any and all legal action as needed,” the statement read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our work is not over,” it concluded. “We will continue to advocate for strong regulatory programs that protect the public and the environment from harmful air toxics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA policy established in 1995 that any facility considered a major source of toxins in the air remains subject to strict regulations, even after its operators install pollution controls. For this reason, lawyers call it the “once in, always in” rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously under the Clean Air Act, federal regulators consider a power plant, for example, a “major” source of pollution if it has the capacity to spew 10 tons a year of any individual cancer causing or health threatening \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications\">pollutant\u003c/a>, or 25 tons each year of a combination of toxins, including lead and benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration proposed eliminating the rule, saying that by allowing more lenient regulations, it intended to reward companies for investing in technology that reduces air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased with the Court’s decision,” EPA spokeswoman Melissa Sullivan said in an email. “As a general matter, EPA will continue to provide regulatory relief and environmental protection while abiding by the rule of law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Wehrum, former assistant administrator of EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation, wrote the memo proposing the rule change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wehrum, a former fossil fuel industry attorney, has \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26062019/bill-wehrum-resigns-epa-fossil-fuel-industry-influence-climate-change-air-pollution-auto-standards-deregulation\">resigned\u003c/a> from the EPA. Congress was investigating his alleged contacts with former clients that could benefit from the EPA’s deregulation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Atty. Gen. Becerra: It Does Seem Like You're Fighting Trump's Environmental Policy At Every Turn",
"headTitle": "Atty. Gen. Becerra: It Does Seem Like You’re Fighting Trump’s Environmental Policy At Every Turn | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Last week, the Trump Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872729/changes-to-endangered-species-act-weaken-wildlife-protections\">weakened\u003c/a> the Endangered Species Act with the broadest changes to the bedrock environmental law in decades.[aside postID=science_1946454,science_1946394]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Bans Chlorpyrifos, Widely Used Pesticide",
"headTitle": "California Bans Chlorpyrifos, Widely Used Pesticide | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Thursday, Aug. 15: \u003c/em>The nation’s most productive agricultural state has prohibited a widely used toxic pesticide blamed for harming brain development in babies, California officials said Wednesday. This is the first time the state has banned a pesticide outright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"California Secretary for Environmental Protection Jared Blumenfeld\"]‘We’ve had enough evidence … California is saying enough is enough. We need to take action to protect human health.’[/pullquote]The move will outlaw chlorpyrifos (klohr-PY’-rih-fohs) after scientists deemed it a toxic air contaminant and discovered it to be more dangerous than previously thought. California Secretary for Environmental Protection Jared Blumenfeld said in May that it’s the first time the state has sought to ban a pesticide and that the move was overdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This pesticide is a neurotoxin and it was first put on the market in 1965,” Blumenfeld said. “So it’s been on the shelf a long time and it’s past its sell-by date.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision comes after regulators in several states have taken steps in recent years to restrict the pesticide that has been used on dozens of different crops in California, including grapes, almonds and oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii has already banned chlorpyrifos and New York lawmakers recently sent a bill to its governor outlawing its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DowDuPont, which produces the pesticide, has criticized efforts to curtail its use and said it will hurt farmers who rely on it to control insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blumenfeld said the state took action in part because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under President Donald Trump allowed chlorpyrifos to be used after the Obama administration tried to phase it out. The EPA reversed course on banning the pesticide in 2017, after re-evaluating the science. Blumenfeld criticized that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had enough evidence, the U.S. EPA and the Obama administration, to say it’s really time to take action,” Blumenfeld told KQED Science. “California is saying enough is enough. We need to take action to protect human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pesticide is also in jeopardy on the federal level. After environmental groups and farmworkers challenged the EPA’s reversal, a 9th Circuit judge ruled in their favor. The EPA appealed to the whole 9th Circuit, but again lost, and the court told the EPA to issue a new decision by July, based on the scientific record. California based its ban on that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chemically Similar to Nerve Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos is in a class of organophosphates chemically similar to a nerve gas developed by Nazi Germany before World War II. Its heavy use has often left traces in drinking water sources. A UC Berkeley study in 2012 found that 87% of umbilical-cord blood samples tested from newborn babies contained detectable levels of the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Gina Solomon, a medical professor at UCSF and a former deputy secretary of Cal-EPA, said chlorpyrifos is unusual in that it’s one of the best understood pesticides because it’s been so extensively studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know a lot about what it does to developing children and that science is the bedrock of the action that Cal-EPA is announcing,” she said. “Many pesticides have been studied well in lab rats but in this case we actually know what it does to people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies in cities where the pesticide was once used to kill cockroaches before it was banned for indoor use in 2000, as well as research done in rural farmworker communities, showed that chlorpyrifos harmed brain development in fetuses and affected reading ability and IQ, Solomon said. “It also led to hyperactivity in children. Even head sizes were smaller in children whose mothers were exposed to the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One area that’s less-well studied is the impact of the pesticide on people who consume produce that has a residue of the chemical on it. Solomon said with California growing the majority of fruits and vegetables in the country there could be a ripple benefit for consumers in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2018, a California-sponsored scientific review found that the pesticide poses serious health effects in children at levels lower than previously understood. In November, California regulators recommended new restrictions on the pesticide that included discontinuing its use on most crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the ban — technically known as a cancellation — could take up to two years to take effect, the state Department of Pesticide Regulation has recommended that county agriculture commissioners adopt stricter rules on where and how the chemical can be applied, including larger buffer zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help farmers make the transition away from chlorpyrifos, the state is adding a $5.7 million to fund safer alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s decision Wednesday follows years of lobbying by environmentalists and farmworkers, who pushed California regulators to ban the insecticide, one of the most commonly used in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blumenfeld, who was confirmed as Gov. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Thursday, Aug. 15: \u003c/em>The nation’s most productive agricultural state has prohibited a widely used toxic pesticide blamed for harming brain development in babies, California officials said Wednesday. This is the first time the state has banned a pesticide outright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘We’ve had enough evidence … California is saying enough is enough. We need to take action to protect human health.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The move will outlaw chlorpyrifos (klohr-PY’-rih-fohs) after scientists deemed it a toxic air contaminant and discovered it to be more dangerous than previously thought. California Secretary for Environmental Protection Jared Blumenfeld said in May that it’s the first time the state has sought to ban a pesticide and that the move was overdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This pesticide is a neurotoxin and it was first put on the market in 1965,” Blumenfeld said. “So it’s been on the shelf a long time and it’s past its sell-by date.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision comes after regulators in several states have taken steps in recent years to restrict the pesticide that has been used on dozens of different crops in California, including grapes, almonds and oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii has already banned chlorpyrifos and New York lawmakers recently sent a bill to its governor outlawing its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DowDuPont, which produces the pesticide, has criticized efforts to curtail its use and said it will hurt farmers who rely on it to control insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blumenfeld said the state took action in part because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under President Donald Trump allowed chlorpyrifos to be used after the Obama administration tried to phase it out. The EPA reversed course on banning the pesticide in 2017, after re-evaluating the science. Blumenfeld criticized that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had enough evidence, the U.S. EPA and the Obama administration, to say it’s really time to take action,” Blumenfeld told KQED Science. “California is saying enough is enough. We need to take action to protect human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pesticide is also in jeopardy on the federal level. After environmental groups and farmworkers challenged the EPA’s reversal, a 9th Circuit judge ruled in their favor. The EPA appealed to the whole 9th Circuit, but again lost, and the court told the EPA to issue a new decision by July, based on the scientific record. California based its ban on that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chemically Similar to Nerve Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos is in a class of organophosphates chemically similar to a nerve gas developed by Nazi Germany before World War II. Its heavy use has often left traces in drinking water sources. A UC Berkeley study in 2012 found that 87% of umbilical-cord blood samples tested from newborn babies contained detectable levels of the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Gina Solomon, a medical professor at UCSF and a former deputy secretary of Cal-EPA, said chlorpyrifos is unusual in that it’s one of the best understood pesticides because it’s been so extensively studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know a lot about what it does to developing children and that science is the bedrock of the action that Cal-EPA is announcing,” she said. “Many pesticides have been studied well in lab rats but in this case we actually know what it does to people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies in cities where the pesticide was once used to kill cockroaches before it was banned for indoor use in 2000, as well as research done in rural farmworker communities, showed that chlorpyrifos harmed brain development in fetuses and affected reading ability and IQ, Solomon said. “It also led to hyperactivity in children. Even head sizes were smaller in children whose mothers were exposed to the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One area that’s less-well studied is the impact of the pesticide on people who consume produce that has a residue of the chemical on it. Solomon said with California growing the majority of fruits and vegetables in the country there could be a ripple benefit for consumers in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2018, a California-sponsored scientific review found that the pesticide poses serious health effects in children at levels lower than previously understood. In November, California regulators recommended new restrictions on the pesticide that included discontinuing its use on most crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the ban — technically known as a cancellation — could take up to two years to take effect, the state Department of Pesticide Regulation has recommended that county agriculture commissioners adopt stricter rules on where and how the chemical can be applied, including larger buffer zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help farmers make the transition away from chlorpyrifos, the state is adding a $5.7 million to fund safer alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s decision Wednesday follows years of lobbying by environmentalists and farmworkers, who pushed California regulators to ban the insecticide, one of the most commonly used in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blumenfeld, who was confirmed as Gov. Gavin Newsom’s CalEPA head in March, said he’d like California to approach pesticides differently, by ending the practice of banning them only to replace them with something similarly toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to move to a place where we are using the innovative spirit that California has, to come up with alternatives that are safe and nontoxic,” he said. “Farmers are actually hurting out there. A great majority of fruits, nuts and vegetables grown in America are grown in California. With climate change, there are going to be more pests, different pests—pests aren’t going away, they will get worse. We need nontoxic alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kevin Stark and Molly Peterson of KQED contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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