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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>here’s no point in sugarcoating this. The U.S. response to the COVID-19 pandemic is a raging dumpster fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where a number of countries in Asia and Europe have managed to dampen spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to the point where they can consider returning to a semblance of normalcy — friends from Paris just emailed me pictures from their Sicilian vacation — many international borders remain closed to Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, Florida reported more than 15,000 cases — \u003cem>in a single day.\u003c/em> South Korea hasn’t registered 15,000 cases in the entire pandemic to date. One day last week the U.S. recorded more than 68,000 cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The website \u003ca href=\"https://www.covidexitstrategy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covidexitstrategy.org\u003c/a> has updated its previously tri-colored U.S. map, which showed states as either green, signifying they are trending better; yellow, making progress; or red, trending poorly. A fourth designation, called “bruised red,” signals states with uncontrolled spread; criteria for this category includes hospitals nearing capacity both in terms of overall beds and ICU space. Already, 17 states are wearing bruised red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus suppression gains earned through the painful societal shutdowns of March, April and May — the flattened epidemiological curves — have been squandered in many parts of the country, dejected public health experts agree. A vaccine for the masses is still months away. What can be done?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear, according to public health experts: Widespread returns to lockdown must be a last resort — and may not be doable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be really a morale breaker,” Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told STAT. “The stress and strain that people were under during prolonged lockdown is the genesis of why, when they were given the opportunity to try and open up, they rebounded so abruptly. Because what I think happened is, they overshot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is not a binary choice between societal lockdowns and the “party like it’s 2019” approach that put the country in the bind it’s in now. With that in mind, STAT asked a number of public health experts for a single suggestion of how we get ourselves out of this mess. We got lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None is a magic bullet. This is going to be a painful and slow process. But there are things individuals, public health departments, state and local governments, and the Trump administration can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire brigade needs us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Turn the Clock Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pent-up people embraced newfound freedoms over-exuberantly, Fauci said. He suggests going back to Phase 1 of the reopening process and then working forward with more caution. “Do it the way they should have done it in the beginning,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do that, particularly closing the bars, avoiding anything that has a congregation of a large number of people, wearing masks outside essentially all the time, keep distancing … I would almost guarantee that we would see a turnaround of the resurgence that we’re seeing now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace Al Fresco Living …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashish Jha, director of Harvard’s Global Health Institute, favors banning all indoor public activities that bring together groups of people, for now — including church services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My best read of the data is that a large chunk of the transmission is happening when people gather indoors. So, cut out the indoors. No restaurants, no bars, no nightclubs, obviously no schools right now,” Jha said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d close stores, except pharmacies and grocery stores, and require those to limit the number of people they admit at any one time. Staff and customers would have to wear face coverings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>… But Tailor Tools to Local Settings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saskia Popescu, an infection prevention epidemiologist at the University of Arizona, thinks advice like this needs to be pragmatic and take into account that conditions vary across the country. Like where she lives, in sweltering Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone likes to say ‘eat outside!’ she notes. “You can’t do that in 115 F heat, so let’s give people the tools to apply infection prevention strategies for these environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Social responsibility is huge, but if we don’t do effective risk communication and education, you’re failing people,” Popescu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Creative with Risk Communications\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marm Kilpatrick listens to a lot of NPR. On NPR, he hears a lot of public service announcements from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention urging people to cover their coughs, wash their hands, practice social distancing. Kilpatrick, an infectious diseases dynamics researcher at UC Santa Cruz, thinks most of that advice is, by now, not useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People should be wearing masks, so by definition coughs are covered. (Plus, people who are coughing should be staying home.) Fomites — viruses coughed onto surfaces — are no longer thought to be a major mode of transmission. And people don’t really get how to social distance except “avoid strangers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They need better, more useful messages telling them how to do the things they want to do, but safely. Kilpatrick gives it a go: “Wear a mask. Meet outside. Give space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teach People to Think in Terms of Harm Reduction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing I notice is that when people ask me a question, they say ‘yet.’ ‘Can I do this yet?’’’ said Amesh Adalja, an expert on emerging infectious disease and pandemic preparedness at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. “And I say, ‘There is no ‘yet.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suggests borrowing a page from the harm reduction work that has been done to address sexually transmitted diseases and the opioid epidemic — helping people figure out the risks they face and how to navigate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to get better at individual risk calculus,” Adalja said. “It’s not something that people are very good at. And I think that’s why when bars opened in certain places it was like the whole town turned 21.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accept That for Now the Virus Has the Upper Hand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to learn to live with SARS-CoV-2, said Michael Osterholm, director of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretending the virus is not a threat or trying to will it away is a recipe for disaster. “You have less chance of winning a policy debate against this virus than you do of … winning a debate against 2,000 angry 2-year-olds,” Osterholm said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have to understand that. It’s like trying to defy gravity. Just because you want to doesn’t mean you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mine the Data More Efficiently\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health is amassing lots of information about who is getting sick and where they’re getting infected. That data should be put to better use, said Caitlin Rivers, an assistant professor of epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can use that information to better direct resources and interventions, for example by closing high-risk activities rather than broad shutdowns,” Rivers said. These kinds of analyses will need to be ongoing, because conditions will change, and should be made public to help people assess their personal risks and guide their decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloudy with a Chance of COVID\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data mining could be used to develop local forecasting services, said William Hanage, an epidemiologist at Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He envisages something like: “COVID activity in your area is currently low. While the risk is not zero, all you need to do is wear a mask while indoors in a public space,” or “COVID activity is expected to be very high and you are advised to shelter in place. Please avoid contact with at-risk persons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consistent Consistency\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enough with the “but the flu” and “it’s getting better” and “it’s going to go away on its own” talk. There needs to be consistent communications from all levels of government about the risk the virus poses, said Alessandro Vespignani, director of the Network Science Institute at Northeastern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know it sounds trivial,” Vespignani said, “but I have the feeling that is impossible to win the fight if a large fraction of the population is not believing there is something to fight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cut out the Politics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more than six months’ worth of experience with COVID-19, the world has good evidence about what works to suppress spread of the virus. All levels of government should be urging people to take those steps, said Tom Inglesby, director of the Center for Health Security at Johns Hopkins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If leaders from this point forward spoke with the same messages, consistently, clearly, without division, they likely have the power to change the views of many who have been less convinced of the right things to do because of conflicting, confusing messages they have been hearing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaders should also practice what they preach — masks in public, avoiding large gatherings — and be guided by science, Inglesby said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Provide More Help for the Hardest Hit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black, Latinx, and Native American communities have been disproportionately hard hit by this pandemic, said Richard Besser, president and CEO of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. And too little has been done to ensure that essential workers, many in low-paying jobs, have the tools to protect their health and the health of their families and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing this means providing income support so people who are sick or exposed can stay home, and ensuring they have sick leave and family medical leave. It also means funding unemployment insurance for the millions of people who have lost their jobs in the pandemic, and extending rent forgiveness and moratoriums on evictions and foreclosures, Besser said, as well as providing safe places for people who need to isolate or quarantine but don’t have the space to do it at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pop-up Testing Sites\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie Dean said more geographically focused testing would turn up cases that are being missed. And bringing the tests to where the people are would result in a lot more people being tested. Dean, an assistant professor of biostatistics at the University of Florida, said more mobile testing vans could help identify where transmission is happening. That’s a different approach than the efforts to find and quarantine people who have been contacts of confirmed cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, it is less about using tracing to reconstruct a chain, and more about identifying a hot spot and trying to flood the area with tests,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daily Home Testing, on Uncle Sam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-cost — $1 a day or less — home testing for COVID-19 is doable, said Michael Mina, a Harvard epidemiologist and associate medical director of clinical microbiology at Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tests exist. The technology exists. They could be manufactured tomorrow and they would detect people on the days that they are most likely to be transmitting,” Mina said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tests aren’t as sensitive as laboratory tests — they miss some cases — but they have the advantage of giving an instant answer. The turnaround for lab testing can be a week. If everyone in a high transmission zone could test themselves daily and stay home while they test positive, it would dramatically lower transmission, he said, arguing the government should pay for these tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Contact Tracing, With National Support\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Too few states have the capacity to do effective contact tracing, says Crystal Watson, an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need this capacity now and we will need it in the fall,” said Watson, alluding to the fact that COVID-19 and influenza will be co-circulating as we get into the autumn and winter. “The White House should embrace a national initiative for contact tracing, and Congress should provide additional funding for state and local public health authorities to expand contact tracing capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/14/fix-covid-19-dumpster-fire-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Let's face it: The U.S. response to the COVID-19 pandemic is a raging dumpster fire, as the coronavirus suppression gains earned through the painful shutdowns of spring have been squandered. So STAT asked public health experts for a single suggestion on how to tackle COVID-19.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>here’s no point in sugarcoating this. The U.S. response to the COVID-19 pandemic is a raging dumpster fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where a number of countries in Asia and Europe have managed to dampen spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to the point where they can consider returning to a semblance of normalcy — friends from Paris just emailed me pictures from their Sicilian vacation — many international borders remain closed to Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, Florida reported more than 15,000 cases — \u003cem>in a single day.\u003c/em> South Korea hasn’t registered 15,000 cases in the entire pandemic to date. One day last week the U.S. recorded more than 68,000 cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The website \u003ca href=\"https://www.covidexitstrategy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covidexitstrategy.org\u003c/a> has updated its previously tri-colored U.S. map, which showed states as either green, signifying they are trending better; yellow, making progress; or red, trending poorly. A fourth designation, called “bruised red,” signals states with uncontrolled spread; criteria for this category includes hospitals nearing capacity both in terms of overall beds and ICU space. Already, 17 states are wearing bruised red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus suppression gains earned through the painful societal shutdowns of March, April and May — the flattened epidemiological curves — have been squandered in many parts of the country, dejected public health experts agree. A vaccine for the masses is still months away. What can be done?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear, according to public health experts: Widespread returns to lockdown must be a last resort — and may not be doable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be really a morale breaker,” Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told STAT. “The stress and strain that people were under during prolonged lockdown is the genesis of why, when they were given the opportunity to try and open up, they rebounded so abruptly. Because what I think happened is, they overshot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is not a binary choice between societal lockdowns and the “party like it’s 2019” approach that put the country in the bind it’s in now. With that in mind, STAT asked a number of public health experts for a single suggestion of how we get ourselves out of this mess. We got lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None is a magic bullet. This is going to be a painful and slow process. But there are things individuals, public health departments, state and local governments, and the Trump administration can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire brigade needs us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Turn the Clock Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pent-up people embraced newfound freedoms over-exuberantly, Fauci said. He suggests going back to Phase 1 of the reopening process and then working forward with more caution. “Do it the way they should have done it in the beginning,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do that, particularly closing the bars, avoiding anything that has a congregation of a large number of people, wearing masks outside essentially all the time, keep distancing … I would almost guarantee that we would see a turnaround of the resurgence that we’re seeing now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace Al Fresco Living …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashish Jha, director of Harvard’s Global Health Institute, favors banning all indoor public activities that bring together groups of people, for now — including church services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My best read of the data is that a large chunk of the transmission is happening when people gather indoors. So, cut out the indoors. No restaurants, no bars, no nightclubs, obviously no schools right now,” Jha said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d close stores, except pharmacies and grocery stores, and require those to limit the number of people they admit at any one time. Staff and customers would have to wear face coverings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>… But Tailor Tools to Local Settings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saskia Popescu, an infection prevention epidemiologist at the University of Arizona, thinks advice like this needs to be pragmatic and take into account that conditions vary across the country. Like where she lives, in sweltering Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone likes to say ‘eat outside!’ she notes. “You can’t do that in 115 F heat, so let’s give people the tools to apply infection prevention strategies for these environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Social responsibility is huge, but if we don’t do effective risk communication and education, you’re failing people,” Popescu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Creative with Risk Communications\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marm Kilpatrick listens to a lot of NPR. On NPR, he hears a lot of public service announcements from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention urging people to cover their coughs, wash their hands, practice social distancing. Kilpatrick, an infectious diseases dynamics researcher at UC Santa Cruz, thinks most of that advice is, by now, not useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People should be wearing masks, so by definition coughs are covered. (Plus, people who are coughing should be staying home.) Fomites — viruses coughed onto surfaces — are no longer thought to be a major mode of transmission. And people don’t really get how to social distance except “avoid strangers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They need better, more useful messages telling them how to do the things they want to do, but safely. Kilpatrick gives it a go: “Wear a mask. Meet outside. Give space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teach People to Think in Terms of Harm Reduction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing I notice is that when people ask me a question, they say ‘yet.’ ‘Can I do this yet?’’’ said Amesh Adalja, an expert on emerging infectious disease and pandemic preparedness at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. “And I say, ‘There is no ‘yet.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suggests borrowing a page from the harm reduction work that has been done to address sexually transmitted diseases and the opioid epidemic — helping people figure out the risks they face and how to navigate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to get better at individual risk calculus,” Adalja said. “It’s not something that people are very good at. And I think that’s why when bars opened in certain places it was like the whole town turned 21.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accept That for Now the Virus Has the Upper Hand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to learn to live with SARS-CoV-2, said Michael Osterholm, director of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretending the virus is not a threat or trying to will it away is a recipe for disaster. “You have less chance of winning a policy debate against this virus than you do of … winning a debate against 2,000 angry 2-year-olds,” Osterholm said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have to understand that. It’s like trying to defy gravity. Just because you want to doesn’t mean you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mine the Data More Efficiently\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health is amassing lots of information about who is getting sick and where they’re getting infected. That data should be put to better use, said Caitlin Rivers, an assistant professor of epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can use that information to better direct resources and interventions, for example by closing high-risk activities rather than broad shutdowns,” Rivers said. These kinds of analyses will need to be ongoing, because conditions will change, and should be made public to help people assess their personal risks and guide their decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloudy with a Chance of COVID\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data mining could be used to develop local forecasting services, said William Hanage, an epidemiologist at Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He envisages something like: “COVID activity in your area is currently low. While the risk is not zero, all you need to do is wear a mask while indoors in a public space,” or “COVID activity is expected to be very high and you are advised to shelter in place. Please avoid contact with at-risk persons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consistent Consistency\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enough with the “but the flu” and “it’s getting better” and “it’s going to go away on its own” talk. There needs to be consistent communications from all levels of government about the risk the virus poses, said Alessandro Vespignani, director of the Network Science Institute at Northeastern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know it sounds trivial,” Vespignani said, “but I have the feeling that is impossible to win the fight if a large fraction of the population is not believing there is something to fight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cut out the Politics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more than six months’ worth of experience with COVID-19, the world has good evidence about what works to suppress spread of the virus. All levels of government should be urging people to take those steps, said Tom Inglesby, director of the Center for Health Security at Johns Hopkins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If leaders from this point forward spoke with the same messages, consistently, clearly, without division, they likely have the power to change the views of many who have been less convinced of the right things to do because of conflicting, confusing messages they have been hearing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaders should also practice what they preach — masks in public, avoiding large gatherings — and be guided by science, Inglesby said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Provide More Help for the Hardest Hit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black, Latinx, and Native American communities have been disproportionately hard hit by this pandemic, said Richard Besser, president and CEO of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. And too little has been done to ensure that essential workers, many in low-paying jobs, have the tools to protect their health and the health of their families and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing this means providing income support so people who are sick or exposed can stay home, and ensuring they have sick leave and family medical leave. It also means funding unemployment insurance for the millions of people who have lost their jobs in the pandemic, and extending rent forgiveness and moratoriums on evictions and foreclosures, Besser said, as well as providing safe places for people who need to isolate or quarantine but don’t have the space to do it at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pop-up Testing Sites\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie Dean said more geographically focused testing would turn up cases that are being missed. And bringing the tests to where the people are would result in a lot more people being tested. Dean, an assistant professor of biostatistics at the University of Florida, said more mobile testing vans could help identify where transmission is happening. That’s a different approach than the efforts to find and quarantine people who have been contacts of confirmed cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, it is less about using tracing to reconstruct a chain, and more about identifying a hot spot and trying to flood the area with tests,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daily Home Testing, on Uncle Sam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-cost — $1 a day or less — home testing for COVID-19 is doable, said Michael Mina, a Harvard epidemiologist and associate medical director of clinical microbiology at Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tests exist. The technology exists. They could be manufactured tomorrow and they would detect people on the days that they are most likely to be transmitting,” Mina said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tests aren’t as sensitive as laboratory tests — they miss some cases — but they have the advantage of giving an instant answer. The turnaround for lab testing can be a week. If everyone in a high transmission zone could test themselves daily and stay home while they test positive, it would dramatically lower transmission, he said, arguing the government should pay for these tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Contact Tracing, With National Support\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Too few states have the capacity to do effective contact tracing, says Crystal Watson, an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need this capacity now and we will need it in the fall,” said Watson, alluding to the fact that COVID-19 and influenza will be co-circulating as we get into the autumn and winter. “The White House should embrace a national initiative for contact tracing, and Congress should provide additional funding for state and local public health authorities to expand contact tracing capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/14/fix-covid-19-dumpster-fire-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Biden Climate Change Plan Calls for Carbon-Free Energy by 2035",
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"content": "\u003cp>Joe Biden released a plan Tuesday aimed at combating climate change and spurring economic growth in part by overhauling America’s energy industry, with a proposal to achieve entirely carbon pollution-free power by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presumptive Democratic presidential nominee will discuss the proposal later Tuesday near his home in Wilmington, Delaware. It marks his latest effort to build out a legislative agenda with measures that could animate progressives who may be skeptical of Biden, who waged a more centrist campaign during the Democratic primary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan reflects ideas embraced by some of Biden’s more progressive allies during the primary, like Jay Inslee, whose campaign centered on the issue of climate change. The Washington governor first proposed achieving entirely carbon-free electricity by 2035. But it doesn’t go as far as the Green New Deal, the sweeping proposal from progressives in Congress that calls for achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions across the economy by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s plan does align with a climate bill spearheaded by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi in reducing emissions to zero by 2050, however. And it goes farther than that bill on achieving a carbon-neutral power sector. House Democrats’ proposal sets a 2040 deadline for that goal, while Biden’s aims to achieve it five years faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the plan, Biden pledges to spend $2 trillion over four years to promote his energy proposals, a significant acceleration of the $1.7 trillion over 10 years he proposed spending in his climate plan during the primary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal doesn’t include specifics on how it would be paid for. Senior campaign officials who requested anonymity to discuss strategy said it would require a mix of tax increases on corporations and the wealthy and deficit spending aimed at stimulating the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike several of his Democratic rivals in the primary, Biden makes no mention of banning dirtier-burning coal or prohibiting fracking, a method of extracting oil and gas that triggered a natural gas boom in the United States over the last decade. The issue is politically sensitive in some key battleground states such as Pennsylvania, and during the primary Biden limited his opposition to new fracking permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s new plan instead describes an easing out of burning of oil and gas and coal, through more efficient vehicles and public transport and buildings and power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of an all-out ban on climate-damaging fossil fuels, he talks about carbon capture technologies to catch coal and petroleum pollution from power plant smokestacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden also embraces nuclear power, unlike some other Democratic opponents earlier. He calls for pumping up research on still-developing power technologies like hydrogen power and grid-size storage to stash power from solar and wind, overcoming a key drawback of those carbon-free energy sources now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Democratic rivals found themselves targeted by ad campaigns from the petroleum industry after calling for aggressive ramp downs of fossil fuel use. Biden avoids even mentioning fossil fuels in his plan, referring simply to “clean energy” from alternate or cleaned-up sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan places a heavy emphasis on updating America’s infrastructure, and includes investments in improving energy efficiency in buildings and housing as well as promoting production of electric vehicles and conservation efforts in the agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also includes a portion focused on environmental justice, including a requirement that 40% of the money he wants to spend on clean energy deployment, reduction of legacy pollution and other investments, will go to historically disadvantaged communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Donald Trump campaign surrogates on Tuesday described Biden’s energy plan as a waste of taxpayer money and sought to compare it to the Obama administration’s clean energy loan guarantee program created as part of the 2009 stimulus effort to bolster an economy reeling from the Great Recession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies that benefited from that program, including solar panel manufacturer Solyndra, which won a $528 million taxpayer-backed loan guarantee, collapsed after receiving federal subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is Solyndra on steroids,” said Republican House Minority Whip Steve Scalise, in a call with reporters organized by the Trump campaign about the Biden energy plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Joe Biden has been here before, you can see his track record.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Monday evening fundraising call with renewable energy executives, Biden pledged to make an irreversible impact on the nation’s efforts to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“God willing I win and even if I serve eight years, I want to make sure we put down such a marker that it’s impossible for the next president to turn it around,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior campaign officials said Tuesday morning that the plan includes planks that could be achieved by executive action, and others that would require legislation. The officials, who requested anonymity to discuss the campaign’s thinking, said many of the energy measures would be included in the first stimulus package Biden plans to bring to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would likely face steep opposition from elected Republicans. Democrats need to pick up at least three seats to take back the Senate, and Biden has pledged to campaign hard to help Democrats win back control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he argued during his Monday evening fundraiser that the current “historic set of crises — a pandemic, an economic crisis and systemic racism” would make it “easier” to pass major reforms like his climate plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, Biden said, “is the existential threat to humanity, and it is real. It is real. And it is urgent, and the public is becoming aware of it. And it may be the very answer to get us out of this economic situation we’re in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Aamer Madhani contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Joe Biden released a plan Tuesday aimed at combating climate change and spurring economic growth in part by overhauling America’s energy industry, with a proposal to achieve entirely carbon pollution-free power by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presumptive Democratic presidential nominee will discuss the proposal later Tuesday near his home in Wilmington, Delaware. It marks his latest effort to build out a legislative agenda with measures that could animate progressives who may be skeptical of Biden, who waged a more centrist campaign during the Democratic primary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan reflects ideas embraced by some of Biden’s more progressive allies during the primary, like Jay Inslee, whose campaign centered on the issue of climate change. The Washington governor first proposed achieving entirely carbon-free electricity by 2035. But it doesn’t go as far as the Green New Deal, the sweeping proposal from progressives in Congress that calls for achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions across the economy by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s plan does align with a climate bill spearheaded by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi in reducing emissions to zero by 2050, however. And it goes farther than that bill on achieving a carbon-neutral power sector. House Democrats’ proposal sets a 2040 deadline for that goal, while Biden’s aims to achieve it five years faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the plan, Biden pledges to spend $2 trillion over four years to promote his energy proposals, a significant acceleration of the $1.7 trillion over 10 years he proposed spending in his climate plan during the primary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal doesn’t include specifics on how it would be paid for. Senior campaign officials who requested anonymity to discuss strategy said it would require a mix of tax increases on corporations and the wealthy and deficit spending aimed at stimulating the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike several of his Democratic rivals in the primary, Biden makes no mention of banning dirtier-burning coal or prohibiting fracking, a method of extracting oil and gas that triggered a natural gas boom in the United States over the last decade. The issue is politically sensitive in some key battleground states such as Pennsylvania, and during the primary Biden limited his opposition to new fracking permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s new plan instead describes an easing out of burning of oil and gas and coal, through more efficient vehicles and public transport and buildings and power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of an all-out ban on climate-damaging fossil fuels, he talks about carbon capture technologies to catch coal and petroleum pollution from power plant smokestacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden also embraces nuclear power, unlike some other Democratic opponents earlier. He calls for pumping up research on still-developing power technologies like hydrogen power and grid-size storage to stash power from solar and wind, overcoming a key drawback of those carbon-free energy sources now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Democratic rivals found themselves targeted by ad campaigns from the petroleum industry after calling for aggressive ramp downs of fossil fuel use. Biden avoids even mentioning fossil fuels in his plan, referring simply to “clean energy” from alternate or cleaned-up sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan places a heavy emphasis on updating America’s infrastructure, and includes investments in improving energy efficiency in buildings and housing as well as promoting production of electric vehicles and conservation efforts in the agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also includes a portion focused on environmental justice, including a requirement that 40% of the money he wants to spend on clean energy deployment, reduction of legacy pollution and other investments, will go to historically disadvantaged communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Donald Trump campaign surrogates on Tuesday described Biden’s energy plan as a waste of taxpayer money and sought to compare it to the Obama administration’s clean energy loan guarantee program created as part of the 2009 stimulus effort to bolster an economy reeling from the Great Recession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies that benefited from that program, including solar panel manufacturer Solyndra, which won a $528 million taxpayer-backed loan guarantee, collapsed after receiving federal subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is Solyndra on steroids,” said Republican House Minority Whip Steve Scalise, in a call with reporters organized by the Trump campaign about the Biden energy plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Joe Biden has been here before, you can see his track record.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Monday evening fundraising call with renewable energy executives, Biden pledged to make an irreversible impact on the nation’s efforts to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“God willing I win and even if I serve eight years, I want to make sure we put down such a marker that it’s impossible for the next president to turn it around,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior campaign officials said Tuesday morning that the plan includes planks that could be achieved by executive action, and others that would require legislation. The officials, who requested anonymity to discuss the campaign’s thinking, said many of the energy measures would be included in the first stimulus package Biden plans to bring to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would likely face steep opposition from elected Republicans. Democrats need to pick up at least three seats to take back the Senate, and Biden has pledged to campaign hard to help Democrats win back control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he argued during his Monday evening fundraiser that the current “historic set of crises — a pandemic, an economic crisis and systemic racism” would make it “easier” to pass major reforms like his climate plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, Biden said, “is the existential threat to humanity, and it is real. It is real. And it is urgent, and the public is becoming aware of it. And it may be the very answer to get us out of this economic situation we’re in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Aamer Madhani contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Ten Simple Rules for Building an Anti-Racist Research Lab",
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"content": "\u003cp>Black, Latino and indigenous people are severely under-represented as learners and teachers of science, technology, engineering and math in academia. The lack of diversity has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-018-0116-6\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">documented\u003c/a> for decades with little or no improvement. Minority youths experience bias, discrimination and harassment, contributing to persistent power imbalances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the societal reckoning over systemic racism reaches into the halls of universities, two researchers, who are heads of ecology and Earth science labs, wrote a paper with recommendations for how professors can take steps to protect their students and create a more welcoming environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, “\u003ca href=\"https://ecoevorxiv.org/4a9p8/?fbclid=IwAR1aVIM3I3Ieyyb4VYSVXyCdjAcFNP0iy8dxu1HjAU9s66yrt8VAJCQH_PQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ten simple rules for building an anti-racist lab,\u003c/a>” is currently in review with PLOS Computational Biology. The authors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.balachaudhary.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">V. Bala Chaudhary\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucmerced.edu/news/2020/professor-and-falasco-chair-berhe-recognized-carnegie-corporation-distinguished-immigrant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Asmeret Asefaw Berhe\u003c/a>, emphasise that the list is a simple starting point and not meant to be comprehensive. KQED spoke with Berhe, who heads a \u003ca href=\"https://aaberhe.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research group\u003c/a> studying soils and climate at UC Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What motivated you to write this paper?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bala Chaudhary, the co-author, and I, have both been very active on Twitter around these issues for a long time. In the last few weeks, what happened with George Floyd and with Amy Cooper in New York started a lot of discussion within the academic community on Twitter and in general about what we do — how do we move forward? Society as a whole is having a reckoning with these issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ecoevorxiv.org/4a9p8/?fbclid=IwAR2WibqI1krTmuF_dtRUhMsV_CoSQe5kJuzlCpiACe06_ZDfu0D2F0dWiFQ\">\u003cb>Ten Simple Rules for Building an Anti-Racist Lab\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rule 1: Lead informed discussions about anti-racism in your lab regularly\u003cbr>\nRule 2: Address racism in your lab and field safety guidelines\u003cbr>\nRule 3: Publish papers and write grants with BIPOC colleagues\u003cbr>\nRule 4: Evaluate your lab’s mentoring practices\u003cbr>\nRule 5: Amplify voices of BIPOC scientists in your field\u003cbr>\nRule 6: Support POC in their efforts to organize\u003cbr>\nRule 7: Intentionally recruit BIPOC students and staff\u003cbr>\nRule 8: Adopt a dynamic research agenda\u003cbr>\nRule 9: Advocate for racially diverse leadership in science\u003cbr>\nRule 10: Hold the powerful accountable and don’t expect gratitude\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But let’s be real, our academic institutions also face very, very similar concerns. I think the issue in New York hit a chord with Earth and environmental scientists because working outside is what we do. It’s what we’re supposed to be doing. But it’s a concern that a lot of Black, indigenous, and people of color have pointed out — how dangerous it can be for us to be out doing fieldwork. By design, the areas that we spend a lot of time in doing fieldwork don’t really have a high population. And we encounter all sorts of people that don’t have, let’s just say, the best intentions, especially when they see somebody that looks like me. They don’t even take me seriously as a scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people that I know have come very close to danger in these kinds of encounters. This issue didn’t get the kind of attention it should until there was something so egregious it was undeniable. I think Amy Cooper pointing out the fact that he’s African American multiple times as a threat hit a chord with a lot of people. I think the message finally got across that this is real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bala had worked on a similar [10 simple rules] article with a group in Germany about \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340151721_Ten_Simple_Rules_for_Increased_Lab_Resilience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lab management\u003c/a> and she had this great idea. A whole lot of people seem to be willing to listen right now, but they don’t know where to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So — ‘10 Simple Rules’?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the complete acknowledgement that nothing having to do with addressing racism is really simple, right? These are hard questions, hard conversations. But this 10 simple rules format is a \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/search?q=Ten+Simple+Rules&filterJournals=PLoSCompBiol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pretty popular format\u003c/a> for PLOS Computational Biology. And it’s also a way to get a message across for beginners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I should say here that in academic institutions we’ve done a better job in addressing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925592/sexual-harassment-is-rampant-in-science-landmark-report-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sexism\u003c/a> and issues of women. But we have been very, very hesitant to address issues around race. There’s a lot of reluctance in acknowledging that racism even happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re geoscientists and ecologists \u003cstrong>—\u003c/strong> this is not even our expertise \u003cstrong>—\u003c/strong> but we’ve been forced to study this literature because it’s something we deal with all the time, to try and understand what’s happening to us, what’s happening to other people who look like us. We wanted to make sure we didn’t come across, as it were, saying we’re experts in this, but rather point people to the well-established scholarship in these areas and ideas that we all can embrace in making the situation better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the reception been? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been getting a lot of attention. As you know, there’s a lot of talk in academic institutions right now about how to address issues of racism, and Blackness, in the academy. I mean, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Academies\u003c/a> have come up with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/collection/97/diversity-equity-and-inclusion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tons of reports\u003c/a> on these topics over the years. Right? So we wanted to cut across all of that. Right now, with the people that you’re mentoring, in labs that you’re managing, you can do some things differently and improve the working conditions for people you have influence over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I’m pleasantly surprised with the kind of attention that it’s been getting and the number of people who’ve reached out to say this was in our lab group discussion, first thing. We moved everything away to go over this together with our groups and make sure that our mentees know we have their back. And yeah, that’s kind of what was the whole point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If you had a magic wand and could choose just three rules that all labs would implement, which would they be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first one I’d point out was recently brought to light on Twitter by a geophysicist who was doing fieldwork and came into contact with neo-Nazis and was terrified for his life. It’s our Rule 2 — ‘Address racism in your lab and field safety guidelines.’ I’ve been a long proponent of people saying if you’re going to send people of color out into nature, into uninhabited areas, you need to figure out a way to at least make sure they have a partner. And that they have communications, a way to reach help with radio, phone or satellite phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/blckthghtz/status/1274882680233103360\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d also select Rule 3 \u003cstrong>—\u003c/strong> ‘Publish papers and write grants with BIPOC colleagues.’ A lot of scientists would tell you that they are adopting great broader impact statements. They are mentoring and recruiting people to work in their labs to expose them to science. But in reality, they are doing little tasks, never really becoming part of the big intellectual endeavors, never given an opportunity to basically make intellectual contributions, which are the things that matter. It’s the only currency we respect in the academy. So when you bring in an underrepresented scholar student to work in your lab, make sure that they actually get a chance to be part of the big papers and grants that you write, not just a paper published in the student journal somewhere in the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the third one, now that I have tenured job security, I will say, is Rule No. 10 \u003cstrong>—\u003c/strong> ‘Hold the powerful accountable.’ Many, many academic institutions talk a big game about diversity and equity and inclusion. And they have a chief diversity officer or the vice chancellor for diversity and inclusion in this and that. And they have many, many, many initiatives that are great and work well if they are adopted by departments and faculty. But they are goodwill efforts. There’s no enforcement mechanism. The only people who actually carry out the recommendations are the already converted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966976\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966976 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/field_work.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/field_work.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/field_work-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/field_work-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, second from left, and students doing fieldwork. Having a safety plan when working in remote regions is one of the “10 simple rules” for building an anti-racist lab. \u003ccite>(Berhe lab, used with permission.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This means we’re left with pockets of resistance in academic institutions that for too long don’t do anything. In fact, they end up becoming pretty toxic places, a terrible workplace climate for a very, very long time. We need to push our institutions to do better, not just with coming up with great ideas, but actually enforcing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So academics are pretty notorious for how we judge people who mishandle data or engage in plagiarism. We are very, very quick to kick people out of this exclusive club if they try anything like that. But think about how hesitant we are to take to task people who mistreat individuals who actually produce that data and text. One of the arguments we’ve been pushing is, if data fabrication and plagiarism constitute scientific misconduct or scholarly misconduct, there is no reason why harassment and discrimination should not rise to that level. The people who produced this data and knowledge in the text should be as valuable as the data and text. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05076-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mistreating people\u003c/a> is also scholarly misconduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you see a willingness to change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel like this veil has finally been lifted and it’s kind of hard to put it back. There are still plenty of pockets of resistance, but I think overall there is a broader desire for change. I do feel like things are changing for the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you expect the peer review process to be like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little hard to judge because, you know, an anti-racist agenda is not necessarily something that PLOS Computational Biology deals with. So I’m expecting that it would be either really smooth because most people don’t really see anything negative with what we’re up to here. Or this could turn into a discussion about what this whole field of race theory is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I thought it was interesting to read about how more diverse research groups lead to better science. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/117/17/9284\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">documented\u003c/a> for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It makes sense. Newsrooms are better when they are more diverse. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s exactly the same idea. You come up with more novel ideas, more novel ways of presenting the work. And it tends to lead more citations and more influential work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And it’s also just the right thing to do, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right. Any of us who work in public institutions of higher learning, we’re not doing anybody any favors when we actually make sure that we represent the population of the state or the country with equitable workplaces and inclusive practices. The public taxpayers that are made up of a diverse population are paying to let us do this job that we like. So I don’t want anybody to see this as a favor they’re doing to the brown and Black people or something like that. Those people pay you to be here. It’s literally your job [as a public institution] to represent the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Ten Simple Rules for Building an Anti-Racist Research Lab | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Black, Latino and indigenous people are severely under-represented as learners and teachers of science, technology, engineering and math in academia. The lack of diversity has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-018-0116-6\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">documented\u003c/a> for decades with little or no improvement. Minority youths experience bias, discrimination and harassment, contributing to persistent power imbalances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the societal reckoning over systemic racism reaches into the halls of universities, two researchers, who are heads of ecology and Earth science labs, wrote a paper with recommendations for how professors can take steps to protect their students and create a more welcoming environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, “\u003ca href=\"https://ecoevorxiv.org/4a9p8/?fbclid=IwAR1aVIM3I3Ieyyb4VYSVXyCdjAcFNP0iy8dxu1HjAU9s66yrt8VAJCQH_PQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ten simple rules for building an anti-racist lab,\u003c/a>” is currently in review with PLOS Computational Biology. The authors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.balachaudhary.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">V. Bala Chaudhary\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucmerced.edu/news/2020/professor-and-falasco-chair-berhe-recognized-carnegie-corporation-distinguished-immigrant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Asmeret Asefaw Berhe\u003c/a>, emphasise that the list is a simple starting point and not meant to be comprehensive. KQED spoke with Berhe, who heads a \u003ca href=\"https://aaberhe.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research group\u003c/a> studying soils and climate at UC Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What motivated you to write this paper?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bala Chaudhary, the co-author, and I, have both been very active on Twitter around these issues for a long time. In the last few weeks, what happened with George Floyd and with Amy Cooper in New York started a lot of discussion within the academic community on Twitter and in general about what we do — how do we move forward? Society as a whole is having a reckoning with these issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ecoevorxiv.org/4a9p8/?fbclid=IwAR2WibqI1krTmuF_dtRUhMsV_CoSQe5kJuzlCpiACe06_ZDfu0D2F0dWiFQ\">\u003cb>Ten Simple Rules for Building an Anti-Racist Lab\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rule 1: Lead informed discussions about anti-racism in your lab regularly\u003cbr>\nRule 2: Address racism in your lab and field safety guidelines\u003cbr>\nRule 3: Publish papers and write grants with BIPOC colleagues\u003cbr>\nRule 4: Evaluate your lab’s mentoring practices\u003cbr>\nRule 5: Amplify voices of BIPOC scientists in your field\u003cbr>\nRule 6: Support POC in their efforts to organize\u003cbr>\nRule 7: Intentionally recruit BIPOC students and staff\u003cbr>\nRule 8: Adopt a dynamic research agenda\u003cbr>\nRule 9: Advocate for racially diverse leadership in science\u003cbr>\nRule 10: Hold the powerful accountable and don’t expect gratitude\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But let’s be real, our academic institutions also face very, very similar concerns. I think the issue in New York hit a chord with Earth and environmental scientists because working outside is what we do. It’s what we’re supposed to be doing. But it’s a concern that a lot of Black, indigenous, and people of color have pointed out — how dangerous it can be for us to be out doing fieldwork. By design, the areas that we spend a lot of time in doing fieldwork don’t really have a high population. And we encounter all sorts of people that don’t have, let’s just say, the best intentions, especially when they see somebody that looks like me. They don’t even take me seriously as a scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people that I know have come very close to danger in these kinds of encounters. This issue didn’t get the kind of attention it should until there was something so egregious it was undeniable. I think Amy Cooper pointing out the fact that he’s African American multiple times as a threat hit a chord with a lot of people. I think the message finally got across that this is real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bala had worked on a similar [10 simple rules] article with a group in Germany about \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340151721_Ten_Simple_Rules_for_Increased_Lab_Resilience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lab management\u003c/a> and she had this great idea. A whole lot of people seem to be willing to listen right now, but they don’t know where to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So — ‘10 Simple Rules’?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the complete acknowledgement that nothing having to do with addressing racism is really simple, right? These are hard questions, hard conversations. But this 10 simple rules format is a \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/search?q=Ten+Simple+Rules&filterJournals=PLoSCompBiol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pretty popular format\u003c/a> for PLOS Computational Biology. And it’s also a way to get a message across for beginners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I should say here that in academic institutions we’ve done a better job in addressing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925592/sexual-harassment-is-rampant-in-science-landmark-report-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sexism\u003c/a> and issues of women. But we have been very, very hesitant to address issues around race. There’s a lot of reluctance in acknowledging that racism even happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re geoscientists and ecologists \u003cstrong>—\u003c/strong> this is not even our expertise \u003cstrong>—\u003c/strong> but we’ve been forced to study this literature because it’s something we deal with all the time, to try and understand what’s happening to us, what’s happening to other people who look like us. We wanted to make sure we didn’t come across, as it were, saying we’re experts in this, but rather point people to the well-established scholarship in these areas and ideas that we all can embrace in making the situation better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the reception been? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been getting a lot of attention. As you know, there’s a lot of talk in academic institutions right now about how to address issues of racism, and Blackness, in the academy. I mean, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Academies\u003c/a> have come up with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/collection/97/diversity-equity-and-inclusion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tons of reports\u003c/a> on these topics over the years. Right? So we wanted to cut across all of that. Right now, with the people that you’re mentoring, in labs that you’re managing, you can do some things differently and improve the working conditions for people you have influence over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I’m pleasantly surprised with the kind of attention that it’s been getting and the number of people who’ve reached out to say this was in our lab group discussion, first thing. We moved everything away to go over this together with our groups and make sure that our mentees know we have their back. And yeah, that’s kind of what was the whole point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If you had a magic wand and could choose just three rules that all labs would implement, which would they be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first one I’d point out was recently brought to light on Twitter by a geophysicist who was doing fieldwork and came into contact with neo-Nazis and was terrified for his life. It’s our Rule 2 — ‘Address racism in your lab and field safety guidelines.’ I’ve been a long proponent of people saying if you’re going to send people of color out into nature, into uninhabited areas, you need to figure out a way to at least make sure they have a partner. And that they have communications, a way to reach help with radio, phone or satellite phone.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>I’d also select Rule 3 \u003cstrong>—\u003c/strong> ‘Publish papers and write grants with BIPOC colleagues.’ A lot of scientists would tell you that they are adopting great broader impact statements. They are mentoring and recruiting people to work in their labs to expose them to science. But in reality, they are doing little tasks, never really becoming part of the big intellectual endeavors, never given an opportunity to basically make intellectual contributions, which are the things that matter. It’s the only currency we respect in the academy. So when you bring in an underrepresented scholar student to work in your lab, make sure that they actually get a chance to be part of the big papers and grants that you write, not just a paper published in the student journal somewhere in the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the third one, now that I have tenured job security, I will say, is Rule No. 10 \u003cstrong>—\u003c/strong> ‘Hold the powerful accountable.’ Many, many academic institutions talk a big game about diversity and equity and inclusion. And they have a chief diversity officer or the vice chancellor for diversity and inclusion in this and that. And they have many, many, many initiatives that are great and work well if they are adopted by departments and faculty. But they are goodwill efforts. There’s no enforcement mechanism. The only people who actually carry out the recommendations are the already converted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966976\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966976 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/field_work.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/field_work.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/field_work-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/field_work-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, second from left, and students doing fieldwork. Having a safety plan when working in remote regions is one of the “10 simple rules” for building an anti-racist lab. \u003ccite>(Berhe lab, used with permission.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This means we’re left with pockets of resistance in academic institutions that for too long don’t do anything. In fact, they end up becoming pretty toxic places, a terrible workplace climate for a very, very long time. We need to push our institutions to do better, not just with coming up with great ideas, but actually enforcing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So academics are pretty notorious for how we judge people who mishandle data or engage in plagiarism. We are very, very quick to kick people out of this exclusive club if they try anything like that. But think about how hesitant we are to take to task people who mistreat individuals who actually produce that data and text. One of the arguments we’ve been pushing is, if data fabrication and plagiarism constitute scientific misconduct or scholarly misconduct, there is no reason why harassment and discrimination should not rise to that level. The people who produced this data and knowledge in the text should be as valuable as the data and text. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05076-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mistreating people\u003c/a> is also scholarly misconduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you see a willingness to change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel like this veil has finally been lifted and it’s kind of hard to put it back. There are still plenty of pockets of resistance, but I think overall there is a broader desire for change. I do feel like things are changing for the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you expect the peer review process to be like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little hard to judge because, you know, an anti-racist agenda is not necessarily something that PLOS Computational Biology deals with. So I’m expecting that it would be either really smooth because most people don’t really see anything negative with what we’re up to here. Or this could turn into a discussion about what this whole field of race theory is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I thought it was interesting to read about how more diverse research groups lead to better science. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/117/17/9284\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">documented\u003c/a> for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It makes sense. Newsrooms are better when they are more diverse. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s exactly the same idea. You come up with more novel ideas, more novel ways of presenting the work. And it tends to lead more citations and more influential work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And it’s also just the right thing to do, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right. Any of us who work in public institutions of higher learning, we’re not doing anybody any favors when we actually make sure that we represent the population of the state or the country with equitable workplaces and inclusive practices. The public taxpayers that are made up of a diverse population are paying to let us do this job that we like. So I don’t want anybody to see this as a favor they’re doing to the brown and Black people or something like that. Those people pay you to be here. It’s literally your job [as a public institution] to represent the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Modest Fish at the Center of the Mighty Colorado River Water Rights Battle",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Charismatic is hardly the best word to describe the humpback chub, a fish with a frowny eel face jammed onto a sportfish body in a way that suggests evolution has a sense of humor. Nor did tastiness build a fan base for this “trash fish” across its natural habitat throughout the Colorado River Basin. But, in 1973, the humpback chub became famous by winning federal protection under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.coloradoriverrecovery.org/general-information/the-fish/humpback-chub.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Researchers in the Grand Canyon now spend weeks at a time, several times a year, monitoring humpback chub, which has become central to an ecosystem science program with implications for millions of Westerners who rely on Colorado River water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dennis Harris, who guides an electrofishing boat for a research contractor, is part of the science crew that briefed me last year at the world’s largest known humpback chub hangout, just below the confluence of the Little Colorado River with the Colorado in Arizona. He spun a yarn about what fish say upon their return to home waters — how they survived an alien abduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They scooped me up in a net and took me to the Mother Ship and stuck me with a piece of glass and brought me back here,'” Harris said, throwing his head back and splaying his arms to imitate fish stunned by the electric current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967000 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChubColoradoRiver.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"712\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChubColoradoRiver.png 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChubColoradoRiver-160x163.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And all their friends go, ‘Yeah, right.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Funny as that sounds, the humpback chub’s experience is surprisingly meaningful now, as its river habitat deep in the iconic, redrock canyon becomes the subject of new scrutiny. New negotiations about the Colorado’s future begin later this year in a world that has fundamentally changed since foundational water agreements were drawn up, back when the river was flush and the entire basin was treated like a giant network of irrigation ditches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now, nearly a century after the original Colorado River Compact was forged, river stakeholders also find themselves in alien terrain as they try to reconcile an old management scheme with new realities, such as tribal rights, environmental protection and, especially, climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Pie is Getting Smaller’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">About 40 million people in seven states and Mexico rely on the Colorado River for irrigation, drinking and even hydropower. Most of the water is used in agriculture to irrigate more than 5.5 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meanwhile, the Colorado is shrinking. Average river flows have dropped \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016WR019638\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">19% \u003c/a>over the last century. About half of the decline is blamed on global warming, and scientists project that unchecked climate change could nearly triple flow reductions by the century’s end. Meanwhile, basin tribes want to tap into allocations they haven’t been able to use because they lack means to store and pipe the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">And thanks to research mandated by the 1992 Grand Canyon Protection Act, the fate of the chub and the canyon ecology are factors that will also need to be considered in the yet-to-be-scheduled negotiations. Ultimately, everyone’s worried about losing their share of the Colorado River, of going home with partly empty buckets because there’s just not enough water to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The pie is getting smaller,” said Jack Schmidt, director of Utah State University’s \u003ca href=\"https://qcnr.usu.edu/coloradoriver/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Center for Colorado River Studies\u003c/a>, noting that more users sharing less water increases pressure to revamp water agreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">To understand what he means, here’s a quick primer on Colorado River allocations beginning with the term “acre feet.” It’s roughly the water needed to fill a football field a foot deep or about 326,000 gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under original agreements, including the Colorado River Compact, Schmidt’s “pie” amounted to 17.5 million acre feet of water, which has proven to be an overestimation of “average” flows because the calculation was made when the river was unusually full. So over the last two decades, thanks in part to climate change and drought, the size of that pie has shrunk to an average annual flow of about 12.5 million acre feet. In short, the pie is about one-third smaller on average than when water users divvied up the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“People have to come to terms with the fact that they can’t keep the size of that [accustomed] slice when the whole pie is getting smaller,” said Schmidt.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967001 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinDrought.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"821\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinDrought.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinDrought-160x248.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having once led the humpback chub “alien abductions” and the rest of the scientific program at the U.S. Geological Survey’s Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, Schmidt is now studying how climate change might affect not just the endangered fish species and the basin environment overall, but also traditional river flows and hydropower output. And, although he says environmental concerns in the canyon typically have been “an afterthought” in how the river is managed, he hopes the research becomes central during upcoming negotiations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Opportunities to tinker with river management plans are coming up fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Rights: A Dramatic Struggle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The U.S. Interior Department must begin updating plans for managing the river, and convene all the states that rely on it, by the end of the year under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colorado River Interim Guidelines\u003c/a>, one of the agreements that determine how much water is allocated for each stakeholder to use or develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like everything about Colorado River management, it’s legally complex and controlled by a deeply entrenched power structure involving the seven basin states, the federal Bureau of Reclamation, and established users in agriculture and municipalities that have assigned positions in the line to the spigot — spots known as “water rights.” Dry as it might sound, it’s dramatic stuff, grist for a neo-noir thriller like the 1974 film, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chinatown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinatown\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But even the guidelines, which were implemented in 2007, have fallen short in the new, drier West. Last year, Congress approved a pair of \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/dcp/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Drought Contingency Plans\u003c/a>, requiring varying levels of conservation to be implemented, state-by-state, whenever water levels sank too low at Lake Powell or Lake Mead, the ginormous storage reservoirs for Colorado River water. Both lakes dropped to emergency levels within months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The original compact guarantees certain water volumes to the lower basin states — Arizona, Nevada and California. The upper basin states — Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico — historically haven’t used all of their allocations, but plan to develop theirs, too. For example, Utah is pressing forward with a \u003ca href=\"https://lpputah.org/?utm_source=Online&utm_medium=Google%20AdWords&utm_campaign=LPP2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">multibillion-dollar project\u003c/a> to pipe 86,000 acre feet halfway across the state to the fast-growing southwestern part of the state. A diversion of water from the Utah-Wyoming border to Colorado’s populous Front Range — killed and resurrected so many times it’s called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.greeleytribune.com/2019/01/06/a-zombie-pipeline-rises-from-the-dead-in-effort-to-bring-more-water-to-front-range/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“zombie pipeline” \u003c/a>— would use 55,000 acre feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Schmidt said: “I am actually very hopeful. I believe that climate change and the real need to renegotiate agreements have brought us together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The role of global warming as a motivator for revisiting the water allocations probably can’t be overstated. The average temperature in the Southwest has already risen twice as fast as the global average and future temperatures are projected to increase as much as \u003ca href=\"https://source.colostate.edu/climate-change-shrinking-colorado-river/\">9.5 degrees\u003c/a> Fahrenheit by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate change is just one reason Daryl Vigil, water director for the Jicarilla Apache Nation and interim director of the Ten Tribes Partnership, is determined to see tribes \u003ca href=\"https://indiancountrytoday.com/opinion/water-is-life-it-s-time-5Qzqa2pSRku-hfrYiYjEDg\">at the table\u003c/a> in the next round of negotiations. He says the 29 basin tribes have priority rights to about 20 percent of the Colorado River’s water, but were snubbed by current users from past Colorado River talks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966999 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinTribes.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"723\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinTribes.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinTribes-160x219.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">“The system is going to protect itself, to perpetuate what it already does because it benefits those who already are doing OK” he said. “Familiar story, right?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The exclusion, which amounts to environmental racism, means tens of thousands of indigenous people have not been able to access their water and tap into the associated economic opportunities, such as selling their water rights and using the water for energy projects, he said. Instead, other stakeholders are using tribal water without paying for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another reason the tribes should be part of the decision making, he said, is because of their experience — thousands of years of dealing with water scarcity in the region — and their cultural views about the environment belong in any critical conversations about the Colorado. Otherwise the future looks “pretty catastrophic to us,” Vigil told High Country News this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“When we start talking about climate change,” he said, “absolutely pushing to make sure that we’re thinking about a mindset of how we fit into nature, rather than nature fitting into us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Humpback Chub Science Informs Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The humpback chub helps illustrate Vigil’s point that water is living, that the river basin is more than a plumbing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Preserving the chub’s DNA — and data about what’s enabled the fish to survive 3 million to 5 million years of life in the basin — did not become a priority until the 1992 Grand Canyon Protection Act. Experimental releases at Glen Canyon Dam, studies about predation, water chemistry, temperature changes and insects have helped revive populations, and now the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is proposing to \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/01/22/2020-00512/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-reclassification-of-the-humpback-chub-from-endangered\">downlist\u003c/a> the humpback chub from endangered to threatened status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The U.S. Geological Survey’s Grand Canyon Research and Monitoring Center, directed by Scott VanderKooi, has led efforts to monitor environmental balance while dam operations continue to generate energy and regulate reservoir levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the pandemic prompted the closure of the river to boating this spring, several scientific trips had to be scrapped or postponed, he explained. They included cultural resource monitoring, the juvenile humpback chub “abductions” and an important three-year test of ways to boost insect life along the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“For short-term changes, we’re missing some data,” VanderKooi said. “But for looking at these longer-term trends, we’re confident that we’ll have enough information to determine whether or not the experiment was successful and whether we were able to instigate those changes in the aquatic ecosystem that we believe will occur by altering these flows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">John Fleck described a long history of ignoring science in managing basin water in the recent book, “Science Be Dammed: How Ignoring Inconvenient Science Drained the Colorado River,” co-authored with Eric Kuhn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967002\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 924px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967002\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChub.USFWS__0.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"924\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChub.USFWS__0.png 924w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChub.USFWS__0-800x307.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChub.USFWS__0-160x61.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChub.USFWS__0-768x295.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 924px) 100vw, 924px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Populations of humpback chub have stabilized in the Colorado River Basin, and earlier this year the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed changing the legal status from “endangered” to “threatened.” The fate of this species is tied to operations of the Glen Canyon Dam which irrigates 5.5 million acres of farmland and provides water to around 40 million people. \u003ccite>(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We’re in the midst of this huge experiment that’s really open-ended in terms of how we manage this river going forward, and we need all of this science to inform it,” he said. “You can’t just … say, ‘Well, we’re going to ignore that piece,’ because you’re going to have these unintended consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fleck said the people deciding the basin’s fate need information about the trade-offs. And data from Grand Canyon research will help them understand not only how to preserve a “sacred space” in American culture but also how to continue relying on a resource essential to the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s hard to imagine that those funny-faced fish have much to teach us. But, in a sense, they already have. Those “alien abductions” of humpback chub deep in the redrock canyon have generated scientific understanding that we’ve used to slow the species’ slide toward extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The chub’s story shows how probing natural systems on a small scale can lead to workable solutions. Now the question is whether that lesson will be scaled up and how well the next Colorado River management plan takes climate into account. In the end, research can only bring focus to the Colorado’s real-world questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Data alone won’t decide the river’s future. Only people can do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/icn-weekly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>This story is part of a project covering the Colorado River basin and water in the West, and was produced by InsideClimate News in collaboration with public radio station KUNC.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Charismatic is hardly the best word to describe the humpback chub, a fish with a frowny eel face jammed onto a sportfish body in a way that suggests evolution has a sense of humor. Nor did tastiness build a fan base for this “trash fish” across its natural habitat throughout the Colorado River Basin. But, in 1973, the humpback chub became famous by winning federal protection under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.coloradoriverrecovery.org/general-information/the-fish/humpback-chub.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Researchers in the Grand Canyon now spend weeks at a time, several times a year, monitoring humpback chub, which has become central to an ecosystem science program with implications for millions of Westerners who rely on Colorado River water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dennis Harris, who guides an electrofishing boat for a research contractor, is part of the science crew that briefed me last year at the world’s largest known humpback chub hangout, just below the confluence of the Little Colorado River with the Colorado in Arizona. He spun a yarn about what fish say upon their return to home waters — how they survived an alien abduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They scooped me up in a net and took me to the Mother Ship and stuck me with a piece of glass and brought me back here,'” Harris said, throwing his head back and splaying his arms to imitate fish stunned by the electric current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967000 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChubColoradoRiver.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"712\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChubColoradoRiver.png 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChubColoradoRiver-160x163.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And all their friends go, ‘Yeah, right.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Funny as that sounds, the humpback chub’s experience is surprisingly meaningful now, as its river habitat deep in the iconic, redrock canyon becomes the subject of new scrutiny. New negotiations about the Colorado’s future begin later this year in a world that has fundamentally changed since foundational water agreements were drawn up, back when the river was flush and the entire basin was treated like a giant network of irrigation ditches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now, nearly a century after the original Colorado River Compact was forged, river stakeholders also find themselves in alien terrain as they try to reconcile an old management scheme with new realities, such as tribal rights, environmental protection and, especially, climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Pie is Getting Smaller’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">About 40 million people in seven states and Mexico rely on the Colorado River for irrigation, drinking and even hydropower. Most of the water is used in agriculture to irrigate more than 5.5 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meanwhile, the Colorado is shrinking. Average river flows have dropped \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016WR019638\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">19% \u003c/a>over the last century. About half of the decline is blamed on global warming, and scientists project that unchecked climate change could nearly triple flow reductions by the century’s end. Meanwhile, basin tribes want to tap into allocations they haven’t been able to use because they lack means to store and pipe the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">And thanks to research mandated by the 1992 Grand Canyon Protection Act, the fate of the chub and the canyon ecology are factors that will also need to be considered in the yet-to-be-scheduled negotiations. Ultimately, everyone’s worried about losing their share of the Colorado River, of going home with partly empty buckets because there’s just not enough water to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The pie is getting smaller,” said Jack Schmidt, director of Utah State University’s \u003ca href=\"https://qcnr.usu.edu/coloradoriver/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Center for Colorado River Studies\u003c/a>, noting that more users sharing less water increases pressure to revamp water agreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">To understand what he means, here’s a quick primer on Colorado River allocations beginning with the term “acre feet.” It’s roughly the water needed to fill a football field a foot deep or about 326,000 gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under original agreements, including the Colorado River Compact, Schmidt’s “pie” amounted to 17.5 million acre feet of water, which has proven to be an overestimation of “average” flows because the calculation was made when the river was unusually full. So over the last two decades, thanks in part to climate change and drought, the size of that pie has shrunk to an average annual flow of about 12.5 million acre feet. In short, the pie is about one-third smaller on average than when water users divvied up the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“People have to come to terms with the fact that they can’t keep the size of that [accustomed] slice when the whole pie is getting smaller,” said Schmidt.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967001 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinDrought.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"821\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinDrought.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinDrought-160x248.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having once led the humpback chub “alien abductions” and the rest of the scientific program at the U.S. Geological Survey’s Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, Schmidt is now studying how climate change might affect not just the endangered fish species and the basin environment overall, but also traditional river flows and hydropower output. And, although he says environmental concerns in the canyon typically have been “an afterthought” in how the river is managed, he hopes the research becomes central during upcoming negotiations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Opportunities to tinker with river management plans are coming up fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Rights: A Dramatic Struggle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The U.S. Interior Department must begin updating plans for managing the river, and convene all the states that rely on it, by the end of the year under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colorado River Interim Guidelines\u003c/a>, one of the agreements that determine how much water is allocated for each stakeholder to use or develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like everything about Colorado River management, it’s legally complex and controlled by a deeply entrenched power structure involving the seven basin states, the federal Bureau of Reclamation, and established users in agriculture and municipalities that have assigned positions in the line to the spigot — spots known as “water rights.” Dry as it might sound, it’s dramatic stuff, grist for a neo-noir thriller like the 1974 film, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chinatown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinatown\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But even the guidelines, which were implemented in 2007, have fallen short in the new, drier West. Last year, Congress approved a pair of \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/dcp/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Drought Contingency Plans\u003c/a>, requiring varying levels of conservation to be implemented, state-by-state, whenever water levels sank too low at Lake Powell or Lake Mead, the ginormous storage reservoirs for Colorado River water. Both lakes dropped to emergency levels within months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The original compact guarantees certain water volumes to the lower basin states — Arizona, Nevada and California. The upper basin states — Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico — historically haven’t used all of their allocations, but plan to develop theirs, too. For example, Utah is pressing forward with a \u003ca href=\"https://lpputah.org/?utm_source=Online&utm_medium=Google%20AdWords&utm_campaign=LPP2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">multibillion-dollar project\u003c/a> to pipe 86,000 acre feet halfway across the state to the fast-growing southwestern part of the state. A diversion of water from the Utah-Wyoming border to Colorado’s populous Front Range — killed and resurrected so many times it’s called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.greeleytribune.com/2019/01/06/a-zombie-pipeline-rises-from-the-dead-in-effort-to-bring-more-water-to-front-range/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“zombie pipeline” \u003c/a>— would use 55,000 acre feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Schmidt said: “I am actually very hopeful. I believe that climate change and the real need to renegotiate agreements have brought us together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The role of global warming as a motivator for revisiting the water allocations probably can’t be overstated. The average temperature in the Southwest has already risen twice as fast as the global average and future temperatures are projected to increase as much as \u003ca href=\"https://source.colostate.edu/climate-change-shrinking-colorado-river/\">9.5 degrees\u003c/a> Fahrenheit by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate change is just one reason Daryl Vigil, water director for the Jicarilla Apache Nation and interim director of the Ten Tribes Partnership, is determined to see tribes \u003ca href=\"https://indiancountrytoday.com/opinion/water-is-life-it-s-time-5Qzqa2pSRku-hfrYiYjEDg\">at the table\u003c/a> in the next round of negotiations. He says the 29 basin tribes have priority rights to about 20 percent of the Colorado River’s water, but were snubbed by current users from past Colorado River talks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966999 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinTribes.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"723\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinTribes.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/ColoradoRiverBasinTribes-160x219.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">“The system is going to protect itself, to perpetuate what it already does because it benefits those who already are doing OK” he said. “Familiar story, right?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The exclusion, which amounts to environmental racism, means tens of thousands of indigenous people have not been able to access their water and tap into the associated economic opportunities, such as selling their water rights and using the water for energy projects, he said. Instead, other stakeholders are using tribal water without paying for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another reason the tribes should be part of the decision making, he said, is because of their experience — thousands of years of dealing with water scarcity in the region — and their cultural views about the environment belong in any critical conversations about the Colorado. Otherwise the future looks “pretty catastrophic to us,” Vigil told High Country News this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“When we start talking about climate change,” he said, “absolutely pushing to make sure that we’re thinking about a mindset of how we fit into nature, rather than nature fitting into us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Humpback Chub Science Informs Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The humpback chub helps illustrate Vigil’s point that water is living, that the river basin is more than a plumbing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Preserving the chub’s DNA — and data about what’s enabled the fish to survive 3 million to 5 million years of life in the basin — did not become a priority until the 1992 Grand Canyon Protection Act. Experimental releases at Glen Canyon Dam, studies about predation, water chemistry, temperature changes and insects have helped revive populations, and now the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is proposing to \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/01/22/2020-00512/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-reclassification-of-the-humpback-chub-from-endangered\">downlist\u003c/a> the humpback chub from endangered to threatened status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The U.S. Geological Survey’s Grand Canyon Research and Monitoring Center, directed by Scott VanderKooi, has led efforts to monitor environmental balance while dam operations continue to generate energy and regulate reservoir levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the pandemic prompted the closure of the river to boating this spring, several scientific trips had to be scrapped or postponed, he explained. They included cultural resource monitoring, the juvenile humpback chub “abductions” and an important three-year test of ways to boost insect life along the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“For short-term changes, we’re missing some data,” VanderKooi said. “But for looking at these longer-term trends, we’re confident that we’ll have enough information to determine whether or not the experiment was successful and whether we were able to instigate those changes in the aquatic ecosystem that we believe will occur by altering these flows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">John Fleck described a long history of ignoring science in managing basin water in the recent book, “Science Be Dammed: How Ignoring Inconvenient Science Drained the Colorado River,” co-authored with Eric Kuhn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967002\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 924px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967002\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChub.USFWS__0.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"924\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChub.USFWS__0.png 924w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChub.USFWS__0-800x307.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChub.USFWS__0-160x61.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/HumpbackChub.USFWS__0-768x295.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 924px) 100vw, 924px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Populations of humpback chub have stabilized in the Colorado River Basin, and earlier this year the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed changing the legal status from “endangered” to “threatened.” The fate of this species is tied to operations of the Glen Canyon Dam which irrigates 5.5 million acres of farmland and provides water to around 40 million people. \u003ccite>(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We’re in the midst of this huge experiment that’s really open-ended in terms of how we manage this river going forward, and we need all of this science to inform it,” he said. “You can’t just … say, ‘Well, we’re going to ignore that piece,’ because you’re going to have these unintended consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fleck said the people deciding the basin’s fate need information about the trade-offs. And data from Grand Canyon research will help them understand not only how to preserve a “sacred space” in American culture but also how to continue relying on a resource essential to the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s hard to imagine that those funny-faced fish have much to teach us. But, in a sense, they already have. Those “alien abductions” of humpback chub deep in the redrock canyon have generated scientific understanding that we’ve used to slow the species’ slide toward extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The chub’s story shows how probing natural systems on a small scale can lead to workable solutions. Now the question is whether that lesson will be scaled up and how well the next Colorado River management plan takes climate into account. In the end, research can only bring focus to the Colorado’s real-world questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Data alone won’t decide the river’s future. Only people can do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/icn-weekly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>This story is part of a project covering the Colorado River basin and water in the West, and was produced by InsideClimate News in collaboration with public radio station KUNC.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aGz6mRqN2I&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Anthony Fauci, a leading infectious disease expert, will join Dr. Lloyd Minor, dean of Stanford Medical School, for what the university is billing as a “virtual fireside chat” about California’s battle with the surging coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci has directed the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for more than 30 years. He’s advised six presidents on a range of viral epidemics — HIV, Ebola and avian influenza, among others — and is a leading voice arguing for measures meant to slow the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent days, Fauci has offered an increasingly grim assessment of the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S., saying that the number of new cases identified could soon surpass 100,000 a day. Meanwhile, Trump administration officials tried to undercut Fauci by anonymously circulating a memo to various news outlets detailing statements he made early in the pandemic that they described as inaccurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memo was first\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/11/fauci-trump-coronavirus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> reported\u003c/a> on by The Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Fauci has so frequently advocated mask-wearing and social distancing on television, online and in newspapers that The New Yorker \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/20/how-anthony-fauci-became-americas-doctor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dubbed\u003c/a> him “America’s doctor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford will stream the conversation on Monday, July 13, beginning at 10:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci and Minor will address pre-submitted questions. You can submit yours to Stanford’s site \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeYFOJvthaVpuiDRphUZ6cR5h7sz5L3Z5TNn74X2GflvQ5K1Q/viewform\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/-aGz6mRqN2I'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/-aGz6mRqN2I'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Anthony Fauci, a leading infectious disease expert, will join Dr. Lloyd Minor, dean of Stanford Medical School, for what the university is billing as a “virtual fireside chat” about California’s battle with the surging coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci has directed the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for more than 30 years. He’s advised six presidents on a range of viral epidemics — HIV, Ebola and avian influenza, among others — and is a leading voice arguing for measures meant to slow the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent days, Fauci has offered an increasingly grim assessment of the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S., saying that the number of new cases identified could soon surpass 100,000 a day. Meanwhile, Trump administration officials tried to undercut Fauci by anonymously circulating a memo to various news outlets detailing statements he made early in the pandemic that they described as inaccurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memo was first\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/11/fauci-trump-coronavirus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> reported\u003c/a> on by The Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Fauci has so frequently advocated mask-wearing and social distancing on television, online and in newspapers that The New Yorker \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/20/how-anthony-fauci-became-americas-doctor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dubbed\u003c/a> him “America’s doctor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford will stream the conversation on Monday, July 13, beginning at 10:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci and Minor will address pre-submitted questions. You can submit yours to Stanford’s site \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeYFOJvthaVpuiDRphUZ6cR5h7sz5L3Z5TNn74X2GflvQ5K1Q/viewform\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Fever Checks Are a Flawed Way To Flag COVID-19 Cases. Enter Smell Tests",
"headTitle": "Fever Checks Are a Flawed Way To Flag COVID-19 Cases. Enter Smell Tests | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>\u003c/span>orkplaces do it. Newly reopened public libraries do it. LAX does it. Some restaurants, bars, and retail stores started doing it when governors let them serve customers again: Use temperature checks — almost always with “non-contact infrared thermometers” — to identify people who might have, and therefore spread, the infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, temperature checks could well join the long list of fumbled responses to the pandemic, from the testing debacle to federal officials’ about-face on masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Carol Yan, UC San Diego Health']‘I hope it will be used as a screening measure for the virus across the world.’[/pullquote]Because many contagious people have no symptoms, using temperature checks to catch them is like trying to catch tennis balls in a soccer net: way too many can get through. On Tuesday, the head of the Transportation Security Administration told reporters, “I know in talking to our medical professionals and talking to the Centers for Disease Control … that temperature checks are not a guarantee that passengers who don’t have an elevated temperature also don’t have COVID-19.” The reverse is also true: Feverish travelers might not have COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, however, a growing body of science suggests a simple fix: make smell tests another part of routine screenings.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Loss of Smell Is One of the Earliest Signs\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/26/from-nose-to-toe-covid19-virus-attacks-like-no-other-respiratory-infection/\">nose-to-toes symptoms\u003c/a> of COVID-19, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/23/coronavirus-sense-of-smell-anosmia/\">loss of the sense of smell\u003c/a> — also known as anosmia — could work particularly well as an add-on to temperature checks, significantly increasing the proportion of infected people identified by screening in airports, workplaces, and other public places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My impression is that anosmia is an earlier symptom of COVID-19 relative to fever, and some infected people can have anosmia and nothing else,” said physician Andrew Badley, who heads a virus lab at the Mayo Clinic. “So it’s potentially a more sensitive screen for asymptomatic patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.20067660v4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a>, Badley and colleagues found that COVID-19 patients were 27 times more likely than others to have lost their sense of smell. But they were only 2.6 times more likely to have fever or chills, suggesting that anosmia produces a clearer signal and may therefore be a better COVID-catching net than fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no definitive study on the predictive value of temperature checks for COVID-19. But there are clues from when that strategy was used during the SARS epidemic of 2003. Deployed at airports, especially in Asia, the devices fell far short of the ideal, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.14.06.19115-en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> found. Although contactless thermometers are quite \u003ca href=\"https://www.community.healthcare.mic.nihr.ac.uk/reports-and-resources/horizon-scanning-reports/hs-report-0025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">accurate\u003c/a> if used correctly, many \u003ca href=\"http://www.emdocs.net/nuances-to-the-management-of-febrile-patients-non-infectious-causes-of-fever/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other conditions\u003c/a> (including medications and inflammatory disease) can cause fever. As a result, the likelihood that someone with a fever had SARS ranged from 4% to 65%, depending on the underlying prevalence of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likelihood that someone with a normal temperature reading was SARS-free was at least 86%. That suggests SARS fever checks didn’t miss many infected people. Unlike SARS, unfortunately, COVID-19 can be contagious even before an infected person runs a fever, which makes missed cases more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As experts have cast around for other screening tools, some have zeroed in on smell tests, which could be as simple as asking people to identify a particular scent from a scratch-and-sniff card. Though not a universal symptom, loss of smell is one of the earliest signs of COVID-19 because of how the virus acts. Support cells in the olfactory epithelium, the tissue that lines the nasal cavities, are covered with the receptors that SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter cells. They become infected very early in the disease process, often before the body has mounted the immune response that causes fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These support cells either secrete molecules that shut down the olfactory receptor neurons, or stop working and starve the neurons, or somehow fail to support the neurons,” said Danielle Reed, associate director of the Monell Chemical Senses Center, a world leader in the science of taste and smell. As a result, “the [olfactory neurons] either stop working or die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Can You Smell This Dill Pickle?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an analysis of 24 individual studies, with data from 8,438 test-confirmed COVID-19 patients from 13 countries, 41% reported that they had lost their sense of smell partly or completely, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30546-2/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. But in studies that used objective measurements of smell rather than simply asking patients, the incidence of anosmia was 2.3 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Monell analysis of 47 studies finds that nearly 80% of COVID-19 patients have lost their sense of smell as determined by scratch-and sniff tests, Reed said. But only about 50% include that in self-reported symptoms. In other words, people don’t realize they have partly or even completely lost their sense of smell. That may be because they’re suffering other, more serious symptoms and so don’t notice this one, or because smell isn’t something they focus on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/alr.22592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> of 1,480 patients led by otolaryngologist Carol Yan of UC San Diego Health, someone with anosmia was “more than 10 times more likely to have COVID-19 than other causes of infection,” she said. Nasal inflammation from some 200 cold, flu, and other viruses can cause it, she said, but especially during the summer, when those infections are pretty rare, the chance that anosmia is the result of COVID-19 rises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anosmia was quite specific to COVID-19,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fever, in contrast, has many possible causes. Temperature checks will therefore flag more people as potentially infected with COVID-19 than smell tests will. The likelihood that anosmia indicates COVID-19, called a test’s positive predictive value, increases as the prevalence of COVID-19 increases, as it is in many areas of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key unanswered question is a smell test’s “negative predictive value”: If someone has a normal sense of smell, the chance that he or she is nevertheless infected and likely contagious. Because at least some people infected with SARS-CoV-2 will have a normal sense of smell, especially early on, even experts who believe that anosmia screening can be widely beneficial — “I hope it will be used as a screening measure for the virus across the world,” Yan said — say it should be added to fever checks or other screening tools, but shouldn’t replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is value in evaluating anosmia screening as a way to identify asymptomatic spreaders,” said Badley, the Mayo Clinic researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego Health is doing that. It asks about loss of smell (and taste) when it screens visitors and staff before allowing them to enter its buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because many people are unaware of their anosmia, testing would be even better than asking, Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gold-standard test is the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, called UPSIT. It uses 40 microencapsulated scents — including dill pickle, turpentine, banana, soap, licorice, and cedar — released by scratching with a pencil. The test taker has a choice of four answers for each, and the whole thing takes 10 to 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A screening test for anosmia in the context of COVID-19 could be much simpler, experts say, especially since the idea is to identify whether individuals can smell or not, rather than whether they can discriminate different scents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can see several practical ways is to have people check their sense of smell as a routine matter when entering public areas,” Reed said. Medical offices could “ask people to smell a scratch-and-sniff card and pick the correct odor out of four choices. For workplaces and schools, one way is to ask people to ‘stop and smell the roses’ as they enter buildings and report abrupt reductions in their ratings of odor intensity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid cultural bias (not everyone knows what bubblegum or grass smells like), a test for anosmia in COVID-19 could have a standard amount of phenyl-ethyl alcohol (which smells like roses) on a swab or stick and have people sniff it, Reed said. A second stick could have less, testing for diminished sense of smell. A third stick could be a blank, to identify people who falsely claim they can smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/02/smell-tests-temperature-checks-covid19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>\u003c/span>orkplaces do it. Newly reopened public libraries do it. LAX does it. Some restaurants, bars, and retail stores started doing it when governors let them serve customers again: Use temperature checks — almost always with “non-contact infrared thermometers” — to identify people who might have, and therefore spread, the infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, temperature checks could well join the long list of fumbled responses to the pandemic, from the testing debacle to federal officials’ about-face on masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Because many contagious people have no symptoms, using temperature checks to catch them is like trying to catch tennis balls in a soccer net: way too many can get through. On Tuesday, the head of the Transportation Security Administration told reporters, “I know in talking to our medical professionals and talking to the Centers for Disease Control … that temperature checks are not a guarantee that passengers who don’t have an elevated temperature also don’t have COVID-19.” The reverse is also true: Feverish travelers might not have COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, however, a growing body of science suggests a simple fix: make smell tests another part of routine screenings.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Loss of Smell Is One of the Earliest Signs\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/26/from-nose-to-toe-covid19-virus-attacks-like-no-other-respiratory-infection/\">nose-to-toes symptoms\u003c/a> of COVID-19, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/23/coronavirus-sense-of-smell-anosmia/\">loss of the sense of smell\u003c/a> — also known as anosmia — could work particularly well as an add-on to temperature checks, significantly increasing the proportion of infected people identified by screening in airports, workplaces, and other public places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My impression is that anosmia is an earlier symptom of COVID-19 relative to fever, and some infected people can have anosmia and nothing else,” said physician Andrew Badley, who heads a virus lab at the Mayo Clinic. “So it’s potentially a more sensitive screen for asymptomatic patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.20067660v4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a>, Badley and colleagues found that COVID-19 patients were 27 times more likely than others to have lost their sense of smell. But they were only 2.6 times more likely to have fever or chills, suggesting that anosmia produces a clearer signal and may therefore be a better COVID-catching net than fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no definitive study on the predictive value of temperature checks for COVID-19. But there are clues from when that strategy was used during the SARS epidemic of 2003. Deployed at airports, especially in Asia, the devices fell far short of the ideal, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.14.06.19115-en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> found. Although contactless thermometers are quite \u003ca href=\"https://www.community.healthcare.mic.nihr.ac.uk/reports-and-resources/horizon-scanning-reports/hs-report-0025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">accurate\u003c/a> if used correctly, many \u003ca href=\"http://www.emdocs.net/nuances-to-the-management-of-febrile-patients-non-infectious-causes-of-fever/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other conditions\u003c/a> (including medications and inflammatory disease) can cause fever. As a result, the likelihood that someone with a fever had SARS ranged from 4% to 65%, depending on the underlying prevalence of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likelihood that someone with a normal temperature reading was SARS-free was at least 86%. That suggests SARS fever checks didn’t miss many infected people. Unlike SARS, unfortunately, COVID-19 can be contagious even before an infected person runs a fever, which makes missed cases more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As experts have cast around for other screening tools, some have zeroed in on smell tests, which could be as simple as asking people to identify a particular scent from a scratch-and-sniff card. Though not a universal symptom, loss of smell is one of the earliest signs of COVID-19 because of how the virus acts. Support cells in the olfactory epithelium, the tissue that lines the nasal cavities, are covered with the receptors that SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter cells. They become infected very early in the disease process, often before the body has mounted the immune response that causes fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These support cells either secrete molecules that shut down the olfactory receptor neurons, or stop working and starve the neurons, or somehow fail to support the neurons,” said Danielle Reed, associate director of the Monell Chemical Senses Center, a world leader in the science of taste and smell. As a result, “the [olfactory neurons] either stop working or die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Can You Smell This Dill Pickle?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an analysis of 24 individual studies, with data from 8,438 test-confirmed COVID-19 patients from 13 countries, 41% reported that they had lost their sense of smell partly or completely, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30546-2/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. But in studies that used objective measurements of smell rather than simply asking patients, the incidence of anosmia was 2.3 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Monell analysis of 47 studies finds that nearly 80% of COVID-19 patients have lost their sense of smell as determined by scratch-and sniff tests, Reed said. But only about 50% include that in self-reported symptoms. In other words, people don’t realize they have partly or even completely lost their sense of smell. That may be because they’re suffering other, more serious symptoms and so don’t notice this one, or because smell isn’t something they focus on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/alr.22592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> of 1,480 patients led by otolaryngologist Carol Yan of UC San Diego Health, someone with anosmia was “more than 10 times more likely to have COVID-19 than other causes of infection,” she said. Nasal inflammation from some 200 cold, flu, and other viruses can cause it, she said, but especially during the summer, when those infections are pretty rare, the chance that anosmia is the result of COVID-19 rises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anosmia was quite specific to COVID-19,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fever, in contrast, has many possible causes. Temperature checks will therefore flag more people as potentially infected with COVID-19 than smell tests will. The likelihood that anosmia indicates COVID-19, called a test’s positive predictive value, increases as the prevalence of COVID-19 increases, as it is in many areas of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key unanswered question is a smell test’s “negative predictive value”: If someone has a normal sense of smell, the chance that he or she is nevertheless infected and likely contagious. Because at least some people infected with SARS-CoV-2 will have a normal sense of smell, especially early on, even experts who believe that anosmia screening can be widely beneficial — “I hope it will be used as a screening measure for the virus across the world,” Yan said — say it should be added to fever checks or other screening tools, but shouldn’t replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is value in evaluating anosmia screening as a way to identify asymptomatic spreaders,” said Badley, the Mayo Clinic researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego Health is doing that. It asks about loss of smell (and taste) when it screens visitors and staff before allowing them to enter its buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because many people are unaware of their anosmia, testing would be even better than asking, Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gold-standard test is the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, called UPSIT. It uses 40 microencapsulated scents — including dill pickle, turpentine, banana, soap, licorice, and cedar — released by scratching with a pencil. The test taker has a choice of four answers for each, and the whole thing takes 10 to 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A screening test for anosmia in the context of COVID-19 could be much simpler, experts say, especially since the idea is to identify whether individuals can smell or not, rather than whether they can discriminate different scents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can see several practical ways is to have people check their sense of smell as a routine matter when entering public areas,” Reed said. Medical offices could “ask people to smell a scratch-and-sniff card and pick the correct odor out of four choices. For workplaces and schools, one way is to ask people to ‘stop and smell the roses’ as they enter buildings and report abrupt reductions in their ratings of odor intensity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid cultural bias (not everyone knows what bubblegum or grass smells like), a test for anosmia in COVID-19 could have a standard amount of phenyl-ethyl alcohol (which smells like roses) on a swab or stick and have people sniff it, Reed said. A second stick could have less, testing for diminished sense of smell. A third stick could be a blank, to identify people who falsely claim they can smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/02/smell-tests-temperature-checks-covid19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "VIDEO: Access to Nature Is About Environmental Justice",
"headTitle": "VIDEO: Access to Nature Is About Environmental Justice | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">When a viral video showed a white woman calling the police on Christian Cooper, a Black man, as he was birding in New York City’s Central Park this past Memorial Day, it highlighted yet another danger facing African Americans: the notion that people of color don’t belong in the great outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID='science_877072,news_10481490' label='National Parks Have Some Work To Do To Become Parks for All'\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s a perception that James Edward Mills has been fighting for years. Mills, a Black freelance journalist in Madison, Wisconsin, is the author of “The Adventure Gap: Changing The Face of the Outdoors.” The book is an account of the first-ever all African-American summit attempt on Denali in 2013, but also looks deep into the challenges Black people have faced in America’s wide-open spaces. Outdoor recreation, according to Mills “is one more of the many things that people of color in this country are underrepresented in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/jl0El0iruOY\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">That could trickle down into weaker protections for the nation’s climate and environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">People of color, in general, are more supportive of environmental protections than the U.S. population at large, and a higher percentage of them believe in human-driven climate change than the nation’s white population. According to a \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/race-and-climate-change/\">recent study\u003c/a>\u003c/b> put out by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication, people of color are more concerned about climate change than their white counterparts, with 57 percent of African Americans being “alarmed” or “concerned” about global warming compared to 49 percent of whites. And Black communities are \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/405753-young-voters-and-voters-of-color-are-key-to-halting-climate-change\">big voting blocs\u003c/a>\u003c/b> when it comes to environmental issues. With 2010 census data estimating that the U.S. will be a “majority minority” \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/03/14/the-us-will-become-minority-white-in-2045-census-projects/\">population by 2045\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, Mills argues the need to have people of color involved in the outdoors is not only a justice issue, but critical to the nation’s environmental protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What happens if a majority of our nation has no affinity for nature?” he asks. “How long will Yosemite last?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote citation='James Edward Mills, Black journalist and author']I think that in many ways, spending time in the outdoors — going camping, going climbing, going skiing — is a profound act of defiance.’[/pullquote]Misperceptions that Black people don’t appreciate the outdoors or care about environmental protections is a reflection of the nation’s racist past, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The conceit is that people of color don’t like spending time in nature,” Mills said, but that notion is “culturally designed.” For much of the 20th century, racist housing policies such as \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/\">redlining\u003c/a>\u003c/b> denied people of color mortgages and the opportunity to own their homes, and cut off African Americans from housing in desirable neighborhoods near open spaces. In fact, the deeds for many suburban homes across the U.S. specified that the residences couldn’t be sold to Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There were people … literally forced to live in cities because they couldn’t live anyplace else,” Mills said. Although outlawed 50 years ago, the policies’ ramifications persist today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You can’t create the intergenerational wealth that the baby boomers used to put their kids through college,” Mills said. “The notion of going outside, in its inception, is incredibly privileged. So much so that up until the ’50s, really only middle-class white people could go into the outdoors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditionally, the outdoor industry has long favored white people. Before Mills turned to journalism, he worked for outdoor brands like North Face and REI. “Through the course of my professional career,” he said, “there weren’t very many people who look like me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carolyn Finney, cultural geographer and author of “Black Faces, White Spaces,” \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://uncpress.org/book/9781469614489/black-faces-white-spaces/\">studied\u003c/a>\u003c/b> issues of Outside magazine over the 10 years from 1991 to 2001 and found that out of 4,600 faces, only 103 were non-white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Outdoor spaces, including national parks, were segregated up until the 1950s, alongside restaurants and public transportation. Half a century later, the legacy of such exclusion persists. A \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/495294\">2014 report\u003c/a>\u003c/b> released by the National Park Service estimated that white people accounted for an overwhelming 95 percent of its visitors. Mills notes that, to some degree, low visitation numbers to national parks reflect the fact that African Americans sometimes don’t feel safe in them. Another \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://mylearning.nps.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Racial-and-Ethnic-Diversity-of-National-Park-System-Visitors-and-Non-Visitors-2008-2009.pdf\">NPS report from 2011\u003c/a>\u003c/b> found that Black people were more than three times more likely to find parks unsafe than were white visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">While people of color have largely been excluded from the mainstream veneer of outdoor recreation, they have a long history in environmental protection, exploration and adventure sports. There are countless stories of Black people in the outdoors, and Mills maintains that it is these stories that can help change the narrative. The \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/buffalo-soldiers.htm\">Buffalo Soldiers\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, originally members of the 101st Cavalry Regiment of the U.S. Army after the Civil War, went on to become some of the nation’s first park rangers. \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://joytripproject.com/in-memory-of-charles-m-crenchaw/\">Charles Crenchaw\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, one of the original Tuskegee Airmen, became the first Black man to summit Denali (then Mount McKinley) in 1964. \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2014/02/28/the-legacy-of-arctic-explorer-matthew-henson/\">Matthew Henson\u003c/a>\u003c/b> is credited by many as the first person to reach the North Pole in 1909. \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://barbarahillary.com/\">Barbara Hillary\u003c/a>\u003c/b> became the first Black woman to reach the North Pole at age 75, and the South Pole at age 79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The stories of people doing these things are not in the magazines, they’re not on television, they’re not in the movies,” Mills said. “It’s really not until you deliberately dismantle the image by creating a new one, by creating a new set of role models, by creating a new narrative based on authentic, genuine characters having real experiences in real environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the wake of the Christian Cooper’s harassment in Central Park, new groups have formed to do just that, Black Birder Week and Black AF in STEM among them. They join an already active network of groups aimed at engaging people of color in the outdoors, including Oakland-based \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://outdoorafro.com/\">Outdoor Afro\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, the \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbs.org/\">National Brotherhood of Skiers\u003c/a>\u003c/b> and \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.melaninbasecamp.com/\">Melanin Base Camp, which \u003c/a>\u003c/b>have been reaching out and organizing outdoor adventures for people of color for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Mills, being a person of color in the outdoors can also be symbolic. “I think that in many ways, spending time in the outdoors — going camping, going climbing, going skiing — is a profound act of defiance,” he said. “You are basically telling them that ‘I know, you think that I don’t belong here, but I’m telling you that I do. And I’m going to be here anyway.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">When a viral video showed a white woman calling the police on Christian Cooper, a Black man, as he was birding in New York City’s Central Park this past Memorial Day, it highlighted yet another danger facing African Americans: the notion that people of color don’t belong in the great outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s a perception that James Edward Mills has been fighting for years. Mills, a Black freelance journalist in Madison, Wisconsin, is the author of “The Adventure Gap: Changing The Face of the Outdoors.” The book is an account of the first-ever all African-American summit attempt on Denali in 2013, but also looks deep into the challenges Black people have faced in America’s wide-open spaces. Outdoor recreation, according to Mills “is one more of the many things that people of color in this country are underrepresented in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/jl0El0iruOY\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">That could trickle down into weaker protections for the nation’s climate and environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">People of color, in general, are more supportive of environmental protections than the U.S. population at large, and a higher percentage of them believe in human-driven climate change than the nation’s white population. According to a \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/race-and-climate-change/\">recent study\u003c/a>\u003c/b> put out by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication, people of color are more concerned about climate change than their white counterparts, with 57 percent of African Americans being “alarmed” or “concerned” about global warming compared to 49 percent of whites. And Black communities are \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/405753-young-voters-and-voters-of-color-are-key-to-halting-climate-change\">big voting blocs\u003c/a>\u003c/b> when it comes to environmental issues. With 2010 census data estimating that the U.S. will be a “majority minority” \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/03/14/the-us-will-become-minority-white-in-2045-census-projects/\">population by 2045\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, Mills argues the need to have people of color involved in the outdoors is not only a justice issue, but critical to the nation’s environmental protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What happens if a majority of our nation has no affinity for nature?” he asks. “How long will Yosemite last?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Misperceptions that Black people don’t appreciate the outdoors or care about environmental protections is a reflection of the nation’s racist past, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The conceit is that people of color don’t like spending time in nature,” Mills said, but that notion is “culturally designed.” For much of the 20th century, racist housing policies such as \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/\">redlining\u003c/a>\u003c/b> denied people of color mortgages and the opportunity to own their homes, and cut off African Americans from housing in desirable neighborhoods near open spaces. In fact, the deeds for many suburban homes across the U.S. specified that the residences couldn’t be sold to Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There were people … literally forced to live in cities because they couldn’t live anyplace else,” Mills said. Although outlawed 50 years ago, the policies’ ramifications persist today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You can’t create the intergenerational wealth that the baby boomers used to put their kids through college,” Mills said. “The notion of going outside, in its inception, is incredibly privileged. So much so that up until the ’50s, really only middle-class white people could go into the outdoors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditionally, the outdoor industry has long favored white people. Before Mills turned to journalism, he worked for outdoor brands like North Face and REI. “Through the course of my professional career,” he said, “there weren’t very many people who look like me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carolyn Finney, cultural geographer and author of “Black Faces, White Spaces,” \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://uncpress.org/book/9781469614489/black-faces-white-spaces/\">studied\u003c/a>\u003c/b> issues of Outside magazine over the 10 years from 1991 to 2001 and found that out of 4,600 faces, only 103 were non-white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Outdoor spaces, including national parks, were segregated up until the 1950s, alongside restaurants and public transportation. Half a century later, the legacy of such exclusion persists. A \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/495294\">2014 report\u003c/a>\u003c/b> released by the National Park Service estimated that white people accounted for an overwhelming 95 percent of its visitors. Mills notes that, to some degree, low visitation numbers to national parks reflect the fact that African Americans sometimes don’t feel safe in them. Another \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://mylearning.nps.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Racial-and-Ethnic-Diversity-of-National-Park-System-Visitors-and-Non-Visitors-2008-2009.pdf\">NPS report from 2011\u003c/a>\u003c/b> found that Black people were more than three times more likely to find parks unsafe than were white visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">While people of color have largely been excluded from the mainstream veneer of outdoor recreation, they have a long history in environmental protection, exploration and adventure sports. There are countless stories of Black people in the outdoors, and Mills maintains that it is these stories that can help change the narrative. The \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/buffalo-soldiers.htm\">Buffalo Soldiers\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, originally members of the 101st Cavalry Regiment of the U.S. Army after the Civil War, went on to become some of the nation’s first park rangers. \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://joytripproject.com/in-memory-of-charles-m-crenchaw/\">Charles Crenchaw\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, one of the original Tuskegee Airmen, became the first Black man to summit Denali (then Mount McKinley) in 1964. \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2014/02/28/the-legacy-of-arctic-explorer-matthew-henson/\">Matthew Henson\u003c/a>\u003c/b> is credited by many as the first person to reach the North Pole in 1909. \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://barbarahillary.com/\">Barbara Hillary\u003c/a>\u003c/b> became the first Black woman to reach the North Pole at age 75, and the South Pole at age 79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The stories of people doing these things are not in the magazines, they’re not on television, they’re not in the movies,” Mills said. “It’s really not until you deliberately dismantle the image by creating a new one, by creating a new set of role models, by creating a new narrative based on authentic, genuine characters having real experiences in real environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the wake of the Christian Cooper’s harassment in Central Park, new groups have formed to do just that, Black Birder Week and Black AF in STEM among them. They join an already active network of groups aimed at engaging people of color in the outdoors, including Oakland-based \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://outdoorafro.com/\">Outdoor Afro\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, the \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbs.org/\">National Brotherhood of Skiers\u003c/a>\u003c/b> and \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.melaninbasecamp.com/\">Melanin Base Camp, which \u003c/a>\u003c/b>have been reaching out and organizing outdoor adventures for people of color for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Mills, being a person of color in the outdoors can also be symbolic. “I think that in many ways, spending time in the outdoors — going camping, going climbing, going skiing — is a profound act of defiance,” he said. “You are basically telling them that ‘I know, you think that I don’t belong here, but I’m telling you that I do. And I’m going to be here anyway.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "A Generation of Young Black Doctors Navigate Racial Barriers in Medicine",
"headTitle": "A Generation of Young Black Doctors Navigate Racial Barriers in Medicine | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Dr. Danielle Hairston grew up in a family that included many role models of what she refers to as Black excellence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had the example of a Black woman pediatrician, so it never occurred to me I couldn’t become a doctor,” said Hairston, who is now the psychiatry residency director at Howard University, where she herself now trains and mentors young Black doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, she says, she and her Black colleagues are routinely questioned in the hospitals and clinics where they work about their rightful place in the halls of medicine. They’re questioned entering the physicians’ lounge; in the elevator, one woman accosted Hairston: “Oh, my God, you’re a doctor? You? You?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of her white colleagues mistook her for a patient’s caregiver. “I don’t even necessarily think that he’s racist,” Hairston says. “It’s just that that’s the bias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black Americans make up\u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219\"> more than 13% of the U.S. population\u003c/a>, yet \u003ca href=\"https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/interactive-data/figure-18-percentage-all-active-physicians-race/ethnicity-2018\">only 5% of physicians are black\u003c/a>. That lack of representation isn’t just a problem within medicine, Hairston notes, but it perpetuates a sense that medical and mental health care is not of — or for — the Black community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As institutions everywhere confront the impacts of racism and inequity in their systems, medicine is not immune. Lack of access to health care isn’t just a problem for Black patients, who continue to face economic, social, and cultural barriers. The gaps are evident in the profession itself. Black physicians remain in a disproportionately small minority. And many African-American doctors say that’s because medical training itself alienates them, perpetuating those gaps which, in turn, affects the care patients receive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re ignoring this part of their experience, if you’re not understanding the impact of being Black on them in this country and on their mental health, you’re doing a disservice to them,” says Hairston. “And I don’t know how you can treat them effectively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the problem — and the potential solution — lies in the pipeline of young talent coming through the U.S. system of medical training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.psychiatry.org/about-apa/meet-our-organization/board-of-trustees/altha-stewart\">Altha Stewart\u003c/a>, who became the first Black president of the American Psychiatric Association, says she considered herself lucky to have Black mentors during her residency training in the late 1970s. They not only helped shepherd her, she says, they taught her about the needs of the African-American community, and how the stress of racism affects both physical and mental health. But such peer support remains rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know residents who don’t have that even today, in 2020,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical training felt profoundly lonely and isolating for \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/cq__md\">Dr. Anthony Chin-Quee\u003c/a>, a Black ear, nose and throat surgeon who finished his training in Detroit four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number of Black men in medicine is very, very small; the number of Black men in surgery is orders of magnitude smaller, and the number of Black men in specialized surgeries like ENT is tiny, tiny,” said Chin-Quee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chin-Quee says mistreatment came shrouded in subtlety; in fact, for years, he didn’t even suspect racism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They wouldn’t say that ‘Tony’s lazy’ to my face; they would say, ‘Tony’s not efficient,” he said, in spite of the fact Chin-Quee’s work and hours matched his white counterparts. He responded by working harder. Already stressed and sleep-deprived, he showed up to shifts earlier, or stayed later. When the criticisms persisted, making Chin-Quee question his sanity, he fell into a major depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the danger of this whole profession, and being Black in this profession,” he said. Racism is hard to identify. “Because it’s so silent and because it’s so invisible, you just think you’re going crazy for thinking it, because you can’t prove it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Chin-Quee’s struggles became an open secret. The only other Black physician turned a blind eye, Chin-Quee says, which made things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helped to bolster this idea that what was happening to me had nothing to do with race because I was thinking to myself, if it did, this Black doctor would reach out and let me know,” he says. “But he didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chin-Quee gritted out the training and his depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it was only last year, actually, that I sat down with my colleague — who went through residency alongside me and brought it up to me,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over that dinner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/bio/s/matthew-smith\">Dr. Matt Smith\u003c/a> told Chin-Quee some of their non-Black supervisors had made repeated comments during their residency that Smith took to be racist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While nothing was overtly said as an inflammatory comment, I would say that there are those kind of biting remarks that lead to microaggressions and build up over time,” said Smith, who is white and now a pediatric ear, nose and throat surgeon in Cincinnati. The comments were undeserved, Smith says. “He is one of the smartest people I’ve ever met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During their residency, Smith says, he objected to the comments directly to the supervisors — but said nothing about that to Chin-Quee. “I thought, if he didn’t know those things were being said, then it wouldn’t affect him necessarily directly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Smith is an outspoken advocate for social justice with the medical students he supervises, as an assistant professor in pediatric otolaryngology at the University of Cincinnati. He’s also starting a mentor program for minority schoolchildren, hoping to get them into medicine. “Until there are changes made in the pipeline, all you’re going to get is what you put into the system,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His friend Chin-Quee agrees, and notes that increasing the number of Black doctors in every medical specialty is important for Black patients, as well as for the doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having someone who cares for your health, who understands and has lived through the struggles personally and culturally that you’ve experienced is super, super super important,” Chin-Quee says. It’s part of the systemic change needed, he says, to bridge some of the long-standing racial gaps in medical care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Be+Young%2C+A+Doctor+And+Black%3A+Overcoming+Racial+Barriers+In+Medical+Training&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Young African American doctors say they hope to change the lack of access to medicine in underserved communities. But many say the system that trains them also alienates them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Danielle Hairston grew up in a family that included many role models of what she refers to as Black excellence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had the example of a Black woman pediatrician, so it never occurred to me I couldn’t become a doctor,” said Hairston, who is now the psychiatry residency director at Howard University, where she herself now trains and mentors young Black doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, she says, she and her Black colleagues are routinely questioned in the hospitals and clinics where they work about their rightful place in the halls of medicine. They’re questioned entering the physicians’ lounge; in the elevator, one woman accosted Hairston: “Oh, my God, you’re a doctor? You? You?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of her white colleagues mistook her for a patient’s caregiver. “I don’t even necessarily think that he’s racist,” Hairston says. “It’s just that that’s the bias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black Americans make up\u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219\"> more than 13% of the U.S. population\u003c/a>, yet \u003ca href=\"https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/interactive-data/figure-18-percentage-all-active-physicians-race/ethnicity-2018\">only 5% of physicians are black\u003c/a>. That lack of representation isn’t just a problem within medicine, Hairston notes, but it perpetuates a sense that medical and mental health care is not of — or for — the Black community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As institutions everywhere confront the impacts of racism and inequity in their systems, medicine is not immune. Lack of access to health care isn’t just a problem for Black patients, who continue to face economic, social, and cultural barriers. The gaps are evident in the profession itself. Black physicians remain in a disproportionately small minority. And many African-American doctors say that’s because medical training itself alienates them, perpetuating those gaps which, in turn, affects the care patients receive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re ignoring this part of their experience, if you’re not understanding the impact of being Black on them in this country and on their mental health, you’re doing a disservice to them,” says Hairston. “And I don’t know how you can treat them effectively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the problem — and the potential solution — lies in the pipeline of young talent coming through the U.S. system of medical training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.psychiatry.org/about-apa/meet-our-organization/board-of-trustees/altha-stewart\">Altha Stewart\u003c/a>, who became the first Black president of the American Psychiatric Association, says she considered herself lucky to have Black mentors during her residency training in the late 1970s. They not only helped shepherd her, she says, they taught her about the needs of the African-American community, and how the stress of racism affects both physical and mental health. But such peer support remains rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know residents who don’t have that even today, in 2020,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical training felt profoundly lonely and isolating for \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/cq__md\">Dr. Anthony Chin-Quee\u003c/a>, a Black ear, nose and throat surgeon who finished his training in Detroit four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number of Black men in medicine is very, very small; the number of Black men in surgery is orders of magnitude smaller, and the number of Black men in specialized surgeries like ENT is tiny, tiny,” said Chin-Quee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chin-Quee says mistreatment came shrouded in subtlety; in fact, for years, he didn’t even suspect racism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They wouldn’t say that ‘Tony’s lazy’ to my face; they would say, ‘Tony’s not efficient,” he said, in spite of the fact Chin-Quee’s work and hours matched his white counterparts. He responded by working harder. Already stressed and sleep-deprived, he showed up to shifts earlier, or stayed later. When the criticisms persisted, making Chin-Quee question his sanity, he fell into a major depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the danger of this whole profession, and being Black in this profession,” he said. Racism is hard to identify. “Because it’s so silent and because it’s so invisible, you just think you’re going crazy for thinking it, because you can’t prove it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Chin-Quee’s struggles became an open secret. The only other Black physician turned a blind eye, Chin-Quee says, which made things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helped to bolster this idea that what was happening to me had nothing to do with race because I was thinking to myself, if it did, this Black doctor would reach out and let me know,” he says. “But he didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chin-Quee gritted out the training and his depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it was only last year, actually, that I sat down with my colleague — who went through residency alongside me and brought it up to me,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over that dinner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/bio/s/matthew-smith\">Dr. Matt Smith\u003c/a> told Chin-Quee some of their non-Black supervisors had made repeated comments during their residency that Smith took to be racist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While nothing was overtly said as an inflammatory comment, I would say that there are those kind of biting remarks that lead to microaggressions and build up over time,” said Smith, who is white and now a pediatric ear, nose and throat surgeon in Cincinnati. The comments were undeserved, Smith says. “He is one of the smartest people I’ve ever met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During their residency, Smith says, he objected to the comments directly to the supervisors — but said nothing about that to Chin-Quee. “I thought, if he didn’t know those things were being said, then it wouldn’t affect him necessarily directly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Smith is an outspoken advocate for social justice with the medical students he supervises, as an assistant professor in pediatric otolaryngology at the University of Cincinnati. He’s also starting a mentor program for minority schoolchildren, hoping to get them into medicine. “Until there are changes made in the pipeline, all you’re going to get is what you put into the system,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His friend Chin-Quee agrees, and notes that increasing the number of Black doctors in every medical specialty is important for Black patients, as well as for the doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having someone who cares for your health, who understands and has lived through the struggles personally and culturally that you’ve experienced is super, super super important,” Chin-Quee says. It’s part of the systemic change needed, he says, to bridge some of the long-standing racial gaps in medical care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Be+Young%2C+A+Doctor+And+Black%3A+Overcoming+Racial+Barriers+In+Medical+Training&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "For HIV Survivors, Pandemic Is Sad Reminder of Early Days of AIDS",
"headTitle": "For HIV Survivors, Pandemic Is Sad Reminder of Early Days of AIDS | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">In January, two weeks after Rick Solomon joined the YMCA near his home, he fell ill. The 65-year-old Berkeley resident hoped to spend the month working out, instead he laid in bed wheezing, with crippling muscle aches. He missed several days of work at a small publishing house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">[pullquote size='medium' citation='Dr. Steven Deeks, UCSF']‘I am pretty sure that my patients, my older, primarily gay men who survived the ’80s and ’90s, were the first to effectively shelter in place because they know what a pandemic is.’[/pullquote]“I was sick for most of the month of February with a horrible cough like I’ve never had before,” said Solomon running his fingers through his thick salt and pepper hair. “It went into my chest. I used inhalers for the first time in my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He was never tested for COVID-19 because he hadn’t traveled overseas recently, which was one of the official requirements for testing at the time. And although he has since tested negative for the virus’ antibodies, Solomon still believes he may have caught the bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The test the lab used was not FDA approved,” he said. “So who knows? It was just a different kind of cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Solomon took the antibody test because he wanted to enroll in a study at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital looking at HIV-positive people infected with COVID-19. It’s a topic of special interest to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“COVID is going to have a major impact on the trajectory of the HIV epidemic,” said Dr. Steven Deeks, a UCSF professor of medicine and HIV researcher. “We just don’t know how.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 527px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966721\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Steven Deeks is a recognized expert on HIV-associated immune dysfunction and its impact on HIV persistence (the “reservoir”) and health during antiretroviral therapy. \" width=\"527\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Steven Deeks is a recognized expert on HIV-associated immune dysfunction and its impact on HIV persistence (the “reservoir”) and health during antiretroviral therapy. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Some answers may come to light this week at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aids2020.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">23rd International AIDS Conference.\u003c/span>\u003c/a> The event was scheduled to happen in San Francisco and Oakland until the coronavirus hit. Now scientists, policymakers, public health experts and patients from around the world will gather virtually. COVID-19 is a central topic on the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Surprising Positive Trend\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Infectious disease doctors assumed people with HIV would be at higher risk for complications from the novel coronavirus due to a weakened immune system. Plus, the majority of HIV-positive people in the U.S. are older, and many struggle with underlying conditions like heart disease and diabetes, which make illness from COVID-19 infection more severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Early in the outbreak, four of Dr. Edward “Lalo” Cachay’s patients were hospitalized for complications with COVID-19. Cachay, a professor of medicine at UC San Diego, feared the worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You could potentially have a very dangerous combination of both biological and social determinants of health,” said Cachay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">HIV patients are not only immunocompromised, many also face psycho-social barriers like poor health insurance and mental illness. But not only did Cachay’s four patients experience good outcomes, this positive trend is playing out across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966724\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 438px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-800x833.jpg\" alt=\"Edward “Lalo” Cachay, a professor of medicine at UCSD., smiles in a university portrait. He has warm brown eyes behind brown glasses and a closely trimmed, salt-and-pepper beard and mustache.\" width=\"438\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-800x833.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-1020x1062.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-160x167.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-768x800.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341.jpg 1281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edward “Lalo” Cachay, a professor of medicine at UCSD. \u003ccite>(UCSD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“People with HIV are radically underrepresented in the different cohorts coming from Europe and China with very advanced, severe forms of COVID-19,” Cachay said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Two small studies from \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(20)30164-8/fulltext\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Spain\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(20)30164-8/fulltext\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Italy\u003c/span>\u003c/a> show that HIV-positive people infected with COVID-19 did not fare worse than those without HIV. Scientists are not sure why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>More Questions Than Answers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The bottom line is we have no idea,” said Deeks. “We have lots of interesting questions, lots of important questions, and lots of anecdotes. But at the end of day, we don’t have much data at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Cachay hopes a study he is involved in will offer concrete answers. He’s partnering with scientists at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington to answer some key questions: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">What factors might predict which HIV patients are most at risk? Do HIV patients who contract COVID-19 suffer severe illness? And are mortality rates higher in HIV patients who contract the novel\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"s1\">coronavirus? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“I hope this study will help us disentangle the data more,” said Cachay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Some experts theorize daily HIV meds might offer some protection against the coronavirus. Others wonder if the immune system of people with HIV is altered in a way that offers some resilience. Or, perhaps, experience helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I am pretty sure that my patients, my older, primarily gay men who survived the ’80s and ’90s, were the first to effectively shelter in place because they know what a pandemic is,” said Deeks. “They know how a virus can ravage a community. They know how important social distancing is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dr. Michael Gottlieb, the UCLA HIV physician who identified the first cluster of HIV cases in 1981, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“They’ve survived one virus,” he said. “They don’t want to be nabbed by this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Lessons Learned From One Pandemic Help Save Lives in Another\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">John Schumacher, a 63-year-old soft spoken gay male, is a case in point. Over the years, the long-term HIV survivor and community volunteer has faced many perilous moments with his health.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I’ve learned to err on the side of caution,” Schumacher said. “You know, to wear a condom if someone else wants to, wear gloves, to do what is safer or what seems safe, even if I may not agree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">When the coronavirus started spreading, he started washing his hands diligently and wore a mask before it was widely recommended. He always carries hand sanitizer, and he says the same is true for his 31 housemates who are also HIV-positive. The group shares a community house in San Francisco. Fortunately no one has tested positive for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We think we had the training to do better in this pandemic,” said Jesus Guillen, of San Francisco. “We have experience at many of these things. We know how to push past barriers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For example, even though Guillen loves to socialize, he didn’t balk when officials announced the stay-at-home directive because he understands all too well what’s at stake. Over the years, the tall flamboyant Latino has lost many close friends, including his first American lover whom he met soon after crossing the Mexican border in 1984.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966713\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 546px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966713\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jesus Guillen snaps a selfie at Ocean Beach in San Francisco.\" width=\"546\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesus Guillen snaps a selfie at Ocean Beach in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Jesus Guillen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I was with just one person,” he sighs. “And sadly, he died one year later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>‘We Got The Real Social Distancing’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Today, the 60-year-old with spiky platinum hair and a turquoise earring is a proud activist in San Francisco. But when he first found out he was HIV-positive, he was a shy immigrant who didn’t tell anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“In those times, they were not allowing people who were HIV-positive to stay in this country,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But it was more than just fear of \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol31_2004/fall2004/irr_hr_fall04_persecution/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">deportation\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that silenced Guillen. In 1985, a Los Angeles Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-19-mn-30337-story.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">poll\u003c/span>\u003c/a> revealed a majority of Americans favored quarantining people with AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We got the social distancing through discrimination, through a stigma, through homophobia, through all those things, We got the real social distancing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak, memories from the ’80s flooded back. The Grand Princess cruise ship carrying passengers with COVID-19 was docking at the Port of Oakland, when Guillen overheard a conversation on a bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was a normal average person saying, ‘Why do they allow them to be right there in Oakland? They should be taking these people to an island.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That took me back so much to the early ’80s with HIV.” Guillen winced. “People wanted to put us in cages or places completely separate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Hauntingly Similar \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Four decades ago, no one could have imagined AIDS would kill more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/hivaids/fact-sheet/the-hivaids-epidemic-in-the-united-states-the-basics/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">700,000\u003c/span>\u003c/a> people in America, and more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">32 million\u003c/span>\u003c/a> worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966715\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 721px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966715 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Michael Gottlieb attends The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation World AIDS Day Event co-hosted by SAG-AFTRA at the at James Cagney Boardroom on November 30, 2016 in Los Angeles, California.\" width=\"721\" height=\"844\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168.jpg 721w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168-160x187.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Michael Gottlieb attends The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation World AIDS Day event co-hosted by SAG-AFTRA at the at James Cagney Boardroom on Nov. 30, 2016, in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Jesse Grant/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I thought that the very first case might just be a one-off phenomenon,” said Dr. Michael Gottlieb, of UCLA. “We didn’t even know that AIDS was caused by a virus. We didn’t know that for two full years after the description of the first patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Scientists like Gottlieb struggled to access funding to study HIV. It took a couple of years before researchers understood how AIDS was transmitted. Fear plagued gay neighborhoods like the Castro. People worried a cough or a toilet seat might be a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You’d go out in the street at night and no one would be there,” said Rick Solomon, a 65-year-old Berkeley resident who is enrolled in a COVID-19 study at San Francisco General. “And the bars were almost empty. People didn’t go out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Throughout the ’80s, Solomon kept a little notebook of names of people who died. The list grew to more than 200 people. He was not surprised when he tested positive in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Even though HIV and the new coronavirus are not similar in genome, transmission or mortality; the experience of living through two plagues is hauntingly comparable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The apocalyptic scenes of New York City ICUs overwhelmed with people with COVID-19 pneumonia remind me of our early days where patients with AIDS presented very late with pneumocystis pneumonia and required ventilators,” said Gottlieb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Other elements are also familiar. Results from small studies are overblown. Officials change course abruptly. Public health is politicized. Lives become statistics. Headlines tout new cures. Vaccines are promised. And at the end of the day, individual actions save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Back in the early ’80s, the answer was condoms and fewer sexual partners,” said Gottlieb. “Today, the answer is masks and social distancing. Behavior change is essential in preventing the spread of both of these viruses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966726 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-800x654.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"654\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-800x654.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1020x834.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-768x628.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1536x1256.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1920x1569.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ACT-UP protesters march through the streets surrounding the U.S. Capitol and shout “shame” outside the office of the Republican National Committee on May 20, 2004, in Washington, D.C. \u003ccite>(TIM SLOAN/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Piercing Differences\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But, for many long-term HIV survivors, the differences between the two pandemics shadow the similarities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For years, HIV advocates and patients protested to garner government attention and funding. “We were literally fighting for our lives,” said Solomon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Today, many medical researchers say it’s difficult to find funding for projects that \u003cem>aren’t\u003c/em> coronavirus. Scientists mapped the entire COVID-19 genome and understood transmission within months, not years, after initial infections broke out in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Now, a few months into the coronavirus outbreak, some people have hit the streets demanding officials do \u003ci>less\u003c/i> to protect society from the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“In many ways, there’s no comparison,” says Guillen, “because in those days the reality is society in general didn’t care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This week at the AIDS 2020 Conference, scientists may reveal a physiological reason HIV patients are weathering the coronavirus better than predicted. But, Guillen believes coping skills are playing a key role. Long-term survivors have pushed up against disinterest, oppression and even disgust for decades, and yet, “We found ways to keep going,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">In January, two weeks after Rick Solomon joined the YMCA near his home, he fell ill. The 65-year-old Berkeley resident hoped to spend the month working out, instead he laid in bed wheezing, with crippling muscle aches. He missed several days of work at a small publishing house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I was sick for most of the month of February with a horrible cough like I’ve never had before,” said Solomon running his fingers through his thick salt and pepper hair. “It went into my chest. I used inhalers for the first time in my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He was never tested for COVID-19 because he hadn’t traveled overseas recently, which was one of the official requirements for testing at the time. And although he has since tested negative for the virus’ antibodies, Solomon still believes he may have caught the bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The test the lab used was not FDA approved,” he said. “So who knows? It was just a different kind of cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Solomon took the antibody test because he wanted to enroll in a study at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital looking at HIV-positive people infected with COVID-19. It’s a topic of special interest to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“COVID is going to have a major impact on the trajectory of the HIV epidemic,” said Dr. Steven Deeks, a UCSF professor of medicine and HIV researcher. “We just don’t know how.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 527px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966721\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Steven Deeks is a recognized expert on HIV-associated immune dysfunction and its impact on HIV persistence (the “reservoir”) and health during antiretroviral therapy. \" width=\"527\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Steven Deeks is a recognized expert on HIV-associated immune dysfunction and its impact on HIV persistence (the “reservoir”) and health during antiretroviral therapy. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Some answers may come to light this week at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aids2020.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">23rd International AIDS Conference.\u003c/span>\u003c/a> The event was scheduled to happen in San Francisco and Oakland until the coronavirus hit. Now scientists, policymakers, public health experts and patients from around the world will gather virtually. COVID-19 is a central topic on the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Surprising Positive Trend\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Infectious disease doctors assumed people with HIV would be at higher risk for complications from the novel coronavirus due to a weakened immune system. Plus, the majority of HIV-positive people in the U.S. are older, and many struggle with underlying conditions like heart disease and diabetes, which make illness from COVID-19 infection more severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Early in the outbreak, four of Dr. Edward “Lalo” Cachay’s patients were hospitalized for complications with COVID-19. Cachay, a professor of medicine at UC San Diego, feared the worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You could potentially have a very dangerous combination of both biological and social determinants of health,” said Cachay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">HIV patients are not only immunocompromised, many also face psycho-social barriers like poor health insurance and mental illness. But not only did Cachay’s four patients experience good outcomes, this positive trend is playing out across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966724\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 438px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-800x833.jpg\" alt=\"Edward “Lalo” Cachay, a professor of medicine at UCSD., smiles in a university portrait. He has warm brown eyes behind brown glasses and a closely trimmed, salt-and-pepper beard and mustache.\" width=\"438\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-800x833.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-1020x1062.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-160x167.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-768x800.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341.jpg 1281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edward “Lalo” Cachay, a professor of medicine at UCSD. \u003ccite>(UCSD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“People with HIV are radically underrepresented in the different cohorts coming from Europe and China with very advanced, severe forms of COVID-19,” Cachay said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Two small studies from \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(20)30164-8/fulltext\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Spain\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(20)30164-8/fulltext\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Italy\u003c/span>\u003c/a> show that HIV-positive people infected with COVID-19 did not fare worse than those without HIV. Scientists are not sure why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>More Questions Than Answers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The bottom line is we have no idea,” said Deeks. “We have lots of interesting questions, lots of important questions, and lots of anecdotes. But at the end of day, we don’t have much data at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Cachay hopes a study he is involved in will offer concrete answers. He’s partnering with scientists at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington to answer some key questions: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">What factors might predict which HIV patients are most at risk? Do HIV patients who contract COVID-19 suffer severe illness? And are mortality rates higher in HIV patients who contract the novel\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"s1\">coronavirus? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“I hope this study will help us disentangle the data more,” said Cachay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Some experts theorize daily HIV meds might offer some protection against the coronavirus. Others wonder if the immune system of people with HIV is altered in a way that offers some resilience. Or, perhaps, experience helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I am pretty sure that my patients, my older, primarily gay men who survived the ’80s and ’90s, were the first to effectively shelter in place because they know what a pandemic is,” said Deeks. “They know how a virus can ravage a community. They know how important social distancing is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dr. Michael Gottlieb, the UCLA HIV physician who identified the first cluster of HIV cases in 1981, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“They’ve survived one virus,” he said. “They don’t want to be nabbed by this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Lessons Learned From One Pandemic Help Save Lives in Another\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">John Schumacher, a 63-year-old soft spoken gay male, is a case in point. Over the years, the long-term HIV survivor and community volunteer has faced many perilous moments with his health.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I’ve learned to err on the side of caution,” Schumacher said. “You know, to wear a condom if someone else wants to, wear gloves, to do what is safer or what seems safe, even if I may not agree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">When the coronavirus started spreading, he started washing his hands diligently and wore a mask before it was widely recommended. He always carries hand sanitizer, and he says the same is true for his 31 housemates who are also HIV-positive. The group shares a community house in San Francisco. Fortunately no one has tested positive for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We think we had the training to do better in this pandemic,” said Jesus Guillen, of San Francisco. “We have experience at many of these things. We know how to push past barriers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For example, even though Guillen loves to socialize, he didn’t balk when officials announced the stay-at-home directive because he understands all too well what’s at stake. Over the years, the tall flamboyant Latino has lost many close friends, including his first American lover whom he met soon after crossing the Mexican border in 1984.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966713\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 546px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966713\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jesus Guillen snaps a selfie at Ocean Beach in San Francisco.\" width=\"546\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesus Guillen snaps a selfie at Ocean Beach in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Jesus Guillen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I was with just one person,” he sighs. “And sadly, he died one year later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>‘We Got The Real Social Distancing’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Today, the 60-year-old with spiky platinum hair and a turquoise earring is a proud activist in San Francisco. But when he first found out he was HIV-positive, he was a shy immigrant who didn’t tell anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“In those times, they were not allowing people who were HIV-positive to stay in this country,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But it was more than just fear of \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol31_2004/fall2004/irr_hr_fall04_persecution/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">deportation\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that silenced Guillen. In 1985, a Los Angeles Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-19-mn-30337-story.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">poll\u003c/span>\u003c/a> revealed a majority of Americans favored quarantining people with AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We got the social distancing through discrimination, through a stigma, through homophobia, through all those things, We got the real social distancing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak, memories from the ’80s flooded back. The Grand Princess cruise ship carrying passengers with COVID-19 was docking at the Port of Oakland, when Guillen overheard a conversation on a bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was a normal average person saying, ‘Why do they allow them to be right there in Oakland? They should be taking these people to an island.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That took me back so much to the early ’80s with HIV.” Guillen winced. “People wanted to put us in cages or places completely separate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Hauntingly Similar \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Four decades ago, no one could have imagined AIDS would kill more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/hivaids/fact-sheet/the-hivaids-epidemic-in-the-united-states-the-basics/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">700,000\u003c/span>\u003c/a> people in America, and more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">32 million\u003c/span>\u003c/a> worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966715\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 721px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966715 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Michael Gottlieb attends The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation World AIDS Day Event co-hosted by SAG-AFTRA at the at James Cagney Boardroom on November 30, 2016 in Los Angeles, California.\" width=\"721\" height=\"844\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168.jpg 721w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168-160x187.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Michael Gottlieb attends The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation World AIDS Day event co-hosted by SAG-AFTRA at the at James Cagney Boardroom on Nov. 30, 2016, in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Jesse Grant/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I thought that the very first case might just be a one-off phenomenon,” said Dr. Michael Gottlieb, of UCLA. “We didn’t even know that AIDS was caused by a virus. We didn’t know that for two full years after the description of the first patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Scientists like Gottlieb struggled to access funding to study HIV. It took a couple of years before researchers understood how AIDS was transmitted. Fear plagued gay neighborhoods like the Castro. People worried a cough or a toilet seat might be a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You’d go out in the street at night and no one would be there,” said Rick Solomon, a 65-year-old Berkeley resident who is enrolled in a COVID-19 study at San Francisco General. “And the bars were almost empty. People didn’t go out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Throughout the ’80s, Solomon kept a little notebook of names of people who died. The list grew to more than 200 people. He was not surprised when he tested positive in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Even though HIV and the new coronavirus are not similar in genome, transmission or mortality; the experience of living through two plagues is hauntingly comparable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The apocalyptic scenes of New York City ICUs overwhelmed with people with COVID-19 pneumonia remind me of our early days where patients with AIDS presented very late with pneumocystis pneumonia and required ventilators,” said Gottlieb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Other elements are also familiar. Results from small studies are overblown. Officials change course abruptly. Public health is politicized. Lives become statistics. Headlines tout new cures. Vaccines are promised. And at the end of the day, individual actions save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Back in the early ’80s, the answer was condoms and fewer sexual partners,” said Gottlieb. “Today, the answer is masks and social distancing. Behavior change is essential in preventing the spread of both of these viruses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966726 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-800x654.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"654\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-800x654.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1020x834.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-768x628.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1536x1256.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1920x1569.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ACT-UP protesters march through the streets surrounding the U.S. Capitol and shout “shame” outside the office of the Republican National Committee on May 20, 2004, in Washington, D.C. \u003ccite>(TIM SLOAN/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Piercing Differences\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But, for many long-term HIV survivors, the differences between the two pandemics shadow the similarities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For years, HIV advocates and patients protested to garner government attention and funding. “We were literally fighting for our lives,” said Solomon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Today, many medical researchers say it’s difficult to find funding for projects that \u003cem>aren’t\u003c/em> coronavirus. Scientists mapped the entire COVID-19 genome and understood transmission within months, not years, after initial infections broke out in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Now, a few months into the coronavirus outbreak, some people have hit the streets demanding officials do \u003ci>less\u003c/i> to protect society from the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“In many ways, there’s no comparison,” says Guillen, “because in those days the reality is society in general didn’t care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This week at the AIDS 2020 Conference, scientists may reveal a physiological reason HIV patients are weathering the coronavirus better than predicted. But, Guillen believes coping skills are playing a key role. Long-term survivors have pushed up against disinterest, oppression and even disgust for decades, and yet, “We found ways to keep going,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Here’s What’s Inside House Democrats’ New Climate Plan",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">House Democrats unveiled a sweeping plan for climate action last week that embraces much of the ambition of the Green New Deal, while avoiding the use of the name and steering clear of calls for abrupt bans on fossil fuel development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote size='medium' citation='U.S. Rep. Kathy Castor, D-Fla.']‘To the young people who have urged us to act fearlessly, we have heard you.’[/pullquote]Instead, the package of more than 120 pieces of legislation seeks to drive a transition to net zero carbon emissions by 2050, achieved by reaching into every corner of the U.S. economy with new investments, standards and incentives favoring clean energy, jobs creation, lands protection and environmental justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The report drew criticism both from those who want to see a more rapid retreat from fossil fuels, and those who think the Democrats should have sought more common ground with the GOP. While the plan has no chance of coming to fruition in the current Congress, its endorsement by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and moderate Democrats sets a marker for what is possible if the Democrats gain control of the government next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“To the young people who have urged us to act fearlessly, we have heard you,” said U.S. Rep. Kathy Castor, D-Fla., chair of the House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis, who led development of the 500-page report by the panel’s Democrats. Castor and panel member Rep. A. Donald McEachin, D-Va., are both members of a task force appointed by former Vice President Joe Biden, the Democrats’ presumed presidential nominee, to advise him and party platform writers on climate policy this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an indication of how far the Democratic Party’s center of gravity on climate has moved in two years, the report won some praise from the youth-led Sunrise Movement, which had been critical of Pelosi and skeptical that Castor’s committee would have sufficient power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The plan is “a real sign that young people are changing politics in this country and the establishment is scrambling to catch up,” said Lauren Maunus, Sunrise’s legislative manager, in a prepared statement. “This plan is more ambitious than anything we have seen from Democratic leadership so far, but it still needs to go further to match the full scale of the crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although Sunrise didn’t get into specifics, other groups on the left said they would have liked to see a ban on fracking, a ban on exports and imports of fossil fuels, and an immediate halt to new fossil fuel infrastructure such as pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This climate proposal inexplicably and inexcusably fails to call for a halt to the extraction of fossil fuels,” said Mitch Jones, policy director of Food & Water Action. “It is simply not an adequate attempt to deal with the crisis we actually face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The road map, which draws on information gathered in more than 100 hearings by Castor’s panel and other House committees, calls for all cars sold in the U.S. to be electric by 2035 and electricity to be net-zero emissions by 2040. The plan calls for massive jobs programs, including a Civilian Conservation Corps, investments in infrastructure and the cleanup of abandoned mines, as well as tax credits to spur more manufacturing of clean energy components domestically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Attention to the disproportionate effects of climate change and environmental hazards on minority communities is an underlying theme of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The plan would aim a surge of environmental enforcement actions at overburdened communities of color. It would also include enactment of a clean and efficient energy overhaul of the nation’s public housing, a $180 billion, 10-year program introduced in Congress late last year by Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y., the avatar of the Green New Deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The report calls for a price on carbon, but asserts that carbon pricings would be insufficient on its own. “Carbon pricing is not a silver bullet,” the report said. The report said that low- and moderate-income communities would need to benefit from any carbon pricing policy, and that a carbon market should be paired with policy to “achieve measurable air pollution reductions from facilities located in environmental justice (EJ) communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">House Democrats also made clear their opposition to political trade-offs that would weaken the hand of those coping with the fallout of global warming damages. For example, the report said Congress should not give liability protection to fossil fuel companies in return for their support of a climate bill. That issue is especially salient nationally, with more than 20 lawsuits underway by state and local governments and others over climate damages, including \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24062020/minnesota-climate-change-lawsuit-exxon-mobil-api-koch-industries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">actions filed in the past week\u003c/a> by Minnesota and the District of Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some critics took aim at the Democrats for putting out a report that no Republican members of the committee had signed onto. Rich Powell, executive director of ClearPath Action, a group that is supportive of nuclear energy, carbon capture investments, and other climate action ideas that could win Republican support, said the House majority missed an opportunity for bipartisanship. Powell said the report was “effectively a rewrite of the Green New Deal, leading us further away from real, practical solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Castor said that she believed that many of the ideas in the report — including investments in next-generation nuclear technology and carbon removal technology — would have GOP support. But, she said she expected that the Republican members of the climate committee would be producing their own report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It would make it a lot easier to make bipartisan progress if our Republican colleagues would accept the imperative of breaking from fossil fuels,” added Rep. Jared Huffman, D-Calif., another committee member. “There continues to be a bit of a disconnect here, where they say that they are ready to talk about climate, but the ideas they put on the table revolve around fossil fuel, and the science is quite clear, we’ve got to make a dramatic break from fossil fuel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another committee member, Rep. Sean Casten, D-Ill., a former energy efficiency entrepreneur and \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12112018/election-congress-climate-change-environment-activists-osasio-cortez-casten-tlaib-escobar-levin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one of several scientists who won office in 2018\u003c/a>, said he believes that bipartisanship should not be the goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What we set out to do was to solve the problem as is scientifically necessary,” he said. “It is tragic that the answer to that question is not synonymous with what can be done on a bipartisan basis. But our kids, our grandkids do not give a damn about whether it was bipartisan. They care about whether we gave them a planet that is habitable.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">House Democrats unveiled a sweeping plan for climate action last week that embraces much of the ambition of the Green New Deal, while avoiding the use of the name and steering clear of calls for abrupt bans on fossil fuel development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Instead, the package of more than 120 pieces of legislation seeks to drive a transition to net zero carbon emissions by 2050, achieved by reaching into every corner of the U.S. economy with new investments, standards and incentives favoring clean energy, jobs creation, lands protection and environmental justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The report drew criticism both from those who want to see a more rapid retreat from fossil fuels, and those who think the Democrats should have sought more common ground with the GOP. While the plan has no chance of coming to fruition in the current Congress, its endorsement by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and moderate Democrats sets a marker for what is possible if the Democrats gain control of the government next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“To the young people who have urged us to act fearlessly, we have heard you,” said U.S. Rep. Kathy Castor, D-Fla., chair of the House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis, who led development of the 500-page report by the panel’s Democrats. Castor and panel member Rep. A. Donald McEachin, D-Va., are both members of a task force appointed by former Vice President Joe Biden, the Democrats’ presumed presidential nominee, to advise him and party platform writers on climate policy this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an indication of how far the Democratic Party’s center of gravity on climate has moved in two years, the report won some praise from the youth-led Sunrise Movement, which had been critical of Pelosi and skeptical that Castor’s committee would have sufficient power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The plan is “a real sign that young people are changing politics in this country and the establishment is scrambling to catch up,” said Lauren Maunus, Sunrise’s legislative manager, in a prepared statement. “This plan is more ambitious than anything we have seen from Democratic leadership so far, but it still needs to go further to match the full scale of the crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although Sunrise didn’t get into specifics, other groups on the left said they would have liked to see a ban on fracking, a ban on exports and imports of fossil fuels, and an immediate halt to new fossil fuel infrastructure such as pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This climate proposal inexplicably and inexcusably fails to call for a halt to the extraction of fossil fuels,” said Mitch Jones, policy director of Food & Water Action. “It is simply not an adequate attempt to deal with the crisis we actually face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The road map, which draws on information gathered in more than 100 hearings by Castor’s panel and other House committees, calls for all cars sold in the U.S. to be electric by 2035 and electricity to be net-zero emissions by 2040. The plan calls for massive jobs programs, including a Civilian Conservation Corps, investments in infrastructure and the cleanup of abandoned mines, as well as tax credits to spur more manufacturing of clean energy components domestically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Attention to the disproportionate effects of climate change and environmental hazards on minority communities is an underlying theme of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The plan would aim a surge of environmental enforcement actions at overburdened communities of color. It would also include enactment of a clean and efficient energy overhaul of the nation’s public housing, a $180 billion, 10-year program introduced in Congress late last year by Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y., the avatar of the Green New Deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The report calls for a price on carbon, but asserts that carbon pricings would be insufficient on its own. “Carbon pricing is not a silver bullet,” the report said. The report said that low- and moderate-income communities would need to benefit from any carbon pricing policy, and that a carbon market should be paired with policy to “achieve measurable air pollution reductions from facilities located in environmental justice (EJ) communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">House Democrats also made clear their opposition to political trade-offs that would weaken the hand of those coping with the fallout of global warming damages. For example, the report said Congress should not give liability protection to fossil fuel companies in return for their support of a climate bill. That issue is especially salient nationally, with more than 20 lawsuits underway by state and local governments and others over climate damages, including \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24062020/minnesota-climate-change-lawsuit-exxon-mobil-api-koch-industries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">actions filed in the past week\u003c/a> by Minnesota and the District of Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some critics took aim at the Democrats for putting out a report that no Republican members of the committee had signed onto. Rich Powell, executive director of ClearPath Action, a group that is supportive of nuclear energy, carbon capture investments, and other climate action ideas that could win Republican support, said the House majority missed an opportunity for bipartisanship. Powell said the report was “effectively a rewrite of the Green New Deal, leading us further away from real, practical solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Castor said that she believed that many of the ideas in the report — including investments in next-generation nuclear technology and carbon removal technology — would have GOP support. But, she said she expected that the Republican members of the climate committee would be producing their own report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It would make it a lot easier to make bipartisan progress if our Republican colleagues would accept the imperative of breaking from fossil fuels,” added Rep. Jared Huffman, D-Calif., another committee member. “There continues to be a bit of a disconnect here, where they say that they are ready to talk about climate, but the ideas they put on the table revolve around fossil fuel, and the science is quite clear, we’ve got to make a dramatic break from fossil fuel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another committee member, Rep. Sean Casten, D-Ill., a former energy efficiency entrepreneur and \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12112018/election-congress-climate-change-environment-activists-osasio-cortez-casten-tlaib-escobar-levin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one of several scientists who won office in 2018\u003c/a>, said he believes that bipartisanship should not be the goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What we set out to do was to solve the problem as is scientifically necessary,” he said. “It is tragic that the answer to that question is not synonymous with what can be done on a bipartisan basis. But our kids, our grandkids do not give a damn about whether it was bipartisan. They care about whether we gave them a planet that is habitable.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Lyft Has Lofty Climate Goals; Experts Want Concrete Actions",
"headTitle": "Lyft Has Lofty Climate Goals; Experts Want Concrete Actions | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco-based ride-hailing company Lyft has \u003ca href=\"https://www.lyft.com/blog/posts/leading-the-transition-to-zero-emissions\">announced\u003c/a> a goal of transitioning to zero-emission vehicles on its platform by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan includes its entire fleet of vehicles, which consists mostly of personal cars used by people who drive fewer than 10 hours per week in their spare time, the company says. Lyft also rents vehicles to drivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyft said it was setting the goal to reduce the planet warming-gases produced by the transportation sector; these make up almost a third of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#transportation\">Environmental\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#transportation\">Protection\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#transportation\">Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes while California is in the early stages of considering whether to impose climate regulations on ride-hailing companies like Lyft and its larger rival, Uber. And as electric vehicles are growing in popularity in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board recently \u003ca href=\"https://gcc01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fww2.arb.ca.gov%2Four-work%2Fprograms%2Fclean-miles-standard%2Fclean-miles-standard-meetings-workshops&data=02%7C01%7Cdave.clegern%40arb.ca.gov%7C3e12746d13e44b2d544008d812fc4bf0%7C9de5aaee778840b1a438c0ccc98c87cc%7C0%7C0%7C637280222106910376&sdata=XCrUGFMDYgaVtWYKJVht92RoRhdDGn2KXUJxydPoqyk%3D&reserved=0\">shared\u003c/a> early versions of a potential regulation to require ride-hailing companies to ensure 70%-80% of miles be driven in electric or other zero-emission vehicles by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CARB is pleased to see this commitment from Lyft and we applaud their leadership in moving in this direction,” said Dave Clegern, a spokeperson for the agency, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EVs could represent a “large share of the market” in 2030, according to Severin Borenstein, professor of energy economics at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electric vehicles could be so dominant that market pressure might compel a transition from gas-powered vehicles no matter what the environmental aims of a company are, he said, adding, “it’s possible that they would have done this anyway absent some sort of policy commitment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Transportation Network Company vehicles, as they are called by California, are typically newer and more efficient than the average private vehicle, one \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Ride-Hailing%27s-Climate-Risks.pdf\">study\u003c/a> from the Union of Concerned Scientists found that the trips emit 69% \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957560/add-a-worsening-climate-to-cost-of-uber-and-lyft-says-report\">more\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957560/add-a-worsening-climate-to-cost-of-uber-and-lyft-says-report\">carbon\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957560/add-a-worsening-climate-to-cost-of-uber-and-lyft-says-report\">dioxide\u003c/a> on average than those taken in the types of transportation they displace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s researchers analyzed previously released data and prior academic studies from the companies. The study found about 42% of the miles driven by ride-hailing vehicles occurred between pickups, with only the driver in the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CARB staff came to a similar \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/SB%201014%20-%20Base%20year%20Emissions%20Inventory_December_2019.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery\">conclusion\u003c/a>. They examined emissions from Uber and Lyft rides for 2018 and found them to be “approximately 50 percent higher than the statewide passenger vehicle fleet average.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyft acknowledged this in a white paper outlining the company’s plan to reach the zero-emission vehicle target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don Anair, research director of the Union of Concerned Scientists’ Clean Transportation Program and an author of the group’s ride-hailing report, said Lyft’s announcement is a “step in the right direction if they implement and achieve their commitments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With any corporate announcement, it’s where the rubber meets the road in terms of living up to that commitment,” he said. “We would be looking towards concrete actions in the near term by Lyft to begin implementing this. The big announcement — a hundred percent by 2030 — it’s a good, clear, long-term target, but it’s not something that in 2029, you can all of a sudden begin to make steps to achieve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyft co-founder and president, John Zimmer, said in a conference call with reporters that the company \u003cem>“\u003c/em>could either be part of the problem with the type of scale that we have, or we could be part of the solution. And we 100 percent intend to be part of the solution.\u003cem>”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To implement the policy, the company is partnering with the Environmental Defense Fund. Elizabeth Sturcken, managing director of the environmental group’s business partnership program, said that Lyft’s “investors, employees, customers and the rising youth movement” all wanted immediate action on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially as this current administration continues to denigrate and divide,” she said. “That means there’s a tremendous opportunity for the private sector to fill the void of leadership on climate, and Lyft’s announcement of 100 percent EVs by 2030 is a key step to filling that void.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A transition to electric vehicles on the Lyft platform would cut 16 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions, according to the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Encouraging millions of individuals to switch their personal vehicles from gas to electric in the next ten years will require unprecedented leadership from policymakers and regulators to align market rules and incentives for businesses and consumers alike,” said the company white paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The business climate in California for Lyft and Uber has gotten tougher over the past nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s Borenstein says the passage last September of AB 5, a law that categorizes drivers as employees rather than independent contractors, has injected uncertainty into the ride-hailing business model and makes it harder for companies to maintain a grip on how people move around. The coronavirus pandemic has also cratered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/07/technology/the-results-are-in-for-the-sharing-economy-they-are-ugly.html\">demand\u003c/a> for rides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a question of how big a role ride-hailing services will be playing by 2030,” he said. “Lyft is making a commitment for a long time in the future. It is not binding; lots of things can change by then.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco-based ride-hailing company Lyft has \u003ca href=\"https://www.lyft.com/blog/posts/leading-the-transition-to-zero-emissions\">announced\u003c/a> a goal of transitioning to zero-emission vehicles on its platform by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan includes its entire fleet of vehicles, which consists mostly of personal cars used by people who drive fewer than 10 hours per week in their spare time, the company says. Lyft also rents vehicles to drivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyft said it was setting the goal to reduce the planet warming-gases produced by the transportation sector; these make up almost a third of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#transportation\">Environmental\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#transportation\">Protection\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#transportation\">Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes while California is in the early stages of considering whether to impose climate regulations on ride-hailing companies like Lyft and its larger rival, Uber. And as electric vehicles are growing in popularity in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board recently \u003ca href=\"https://gcc01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fww2.arb.ca.gov%2Four-work%2Fprograms%2Fclean-miles-standard%2Fclean-miles-standard-meetings-workshops&data=02%7C01%7Cdave.clegern%40arb.ca.gov%7C3e12746d13e44b2d544008d812fc4bf0%7C9de5aaee778840b1a438c0ccc98c87cc%7C0%7C0%7C637280222106910376&sdata=XCrUGFMDYgaVtWYKJVht92RoRhdDGn2KXUJxydPoqyk%3D&reserved=0\">shared\u003c/a> early versions of a potential regulation to require ride-hailing companies to ensure 70%-80% of miles be driven in electric or other zero-emission vehicles by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CARB is pleased to see this commitment from Lyft and we applaud their leadership in moving in this direction,” said Dave Clegern, a spokeperson for the agency, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EVs could represent a “large share of the market” in 2030, according to Severin Borenstein, professor of energy economics at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electric vehicles could be so dominant that market pressure might compel a transition from gas-powered vehicles no matter what the environmental aims of a company are, he said, adding, “it’s possible that they would have done this anyway absent some sort of policy commitment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Transportation Network Company vehicles, as they are called by California, are typically newer and more efficient than the average private vehicle, one \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Ride-Hailing%27s-Climate-Risks.pdf\">study\u003c/a> from the Union of Concerned Scientists found that the trips emit 69% \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957560/add-a-worsening-climate-to-cost-of-uber-and-lyft-says-report\">more\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957560/add-a-worsening-climate-to-cost-of-uber-and-lyft-says-report\">carbon\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957560/add-a-worsening-climate-to-cost-of-uber-and-lyft-says-report\">dioxide\u003c/a> on average than those taken in the types of transportation they displace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s researchers analyzed previously released data and prior academic studies from the companies. The study found about 42% of the miles driven by ride-hailing vehicles occurred between pickups, with only the driver in the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CARB staff came to a similar \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/SB%201014%20-%20Base%20year%20Emissions%20Inventory_December_2019.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery\">conclusion\u003c/a>. They examined emissions from Uber and Lyft rides for 2018 and found them to be “approximately 50 percent higher than the statewide passenger vehicle fleet average.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyft acknowledged this in a white paper outlining the company’s plan to reach the zero-emission vehicle target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don Anair, research director of the Union of Concerned Scientists’ Clean Transportation Program and an author of the group’s ride-hailing report, said Lyft’s announcement is a “step in the right direction if they implement and achieve their commitments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With any corporate announcement, it’s where the rubber meets the road in terms of living up to that commitment,” he said. “We would be looking towards concrete actions in the near term by Lyft to begin implementing this. The big announcement — a hundred percent by 2030 — it’s a good, clear, long-term target, but it’s not something that in 2029, you can all of a sudden begin to make steps to achieve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyft co-founder and president, John Zimmer, said in a conference call with reporters that the company \u003cem>“\u003c/em>could either be part of the problem with the type of scale that we have, or we could be part of the solution. And we 100 percent intend to be part of the solution.\u003cem>”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To implement the policy, the company is partnering with the Environmental Defense Fund. Elizabeth Sturcken, managing director of the environmental group’s business partnership program, said that Lyft’s “investors, employees, customers and the rising youth movement” all wanted immediate action on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially as this current administration continues to denigrate and divide,” she said. “That means there’s a tremendous opportunity for the private sector to fill the void of leadership on climate, and Lyft’s announcement of 100 percent EVs by 2030 is a key step to filling that void.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A transition to electric vehicles on the Lyft platform would cut 16 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions, according to the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Encouraging millions of individuals to switch their personal vehicles from gas to electric in the next ten years will require unprecedented leadership from policymakers and regulators to align market rules and incentives for businesses and consumers alike,” said the company white paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The business climate in California for Lyft and Uber has gotten tougher over the past nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s Borenstein says the passage last September of AB 5, a law that categorizes drivers as employees rather than independent contractors, has injected uncertainty into the ride-hailing business model and makes it harder for companies to maintain a grip on how people move around. The coronavirus pandemic has also cratered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/07/technology/the-results-are-in-for-the-sharing-economy-they-are-ugly.html\">demand\u003c/a> for rides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a question of how big a role ride-hailing services will be playing by 2030,” he said. “Lyft is making a commitment for a long time in the future. It is not binding; lots of things can change by then.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Use This New Tool to See the COVID-19 Risk In Your County",
"headTitle": "Use This New Tool to See the COVID-19 Risk In Your County | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOWVhYWIyNDgtZDJlMy00NWE1LWJjN2EtYWM2MDhlNTNmNGJiIiwidCI6ImMxMzZlZWMwLWZlOTItNDVlMC1iZWFlLTQ2OTg0OTczZTIzMiIsImMiOjF9\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How severe is the spread of COVID-19 in your community? If you’re confused, you’re not alone. Though state and local dashboards provide lots of numbers, from case counts to deaths, it’s often unclear how to interpret them — and hard to compare them to other places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There hasn’t been a unified, national approach to communicating risk, says \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/danielleallen/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Allen\u003c/a>, a professor and director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University. “That’s made it harder for people,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, along with researchers at the Harvard Global Health Institute, is leading a collaboration of top scientists at institutions around the country who have joined forces to create a unified set of metrics, including a shared definition of risk levels — and tools for communities to fight the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration launched these tools this week, including a \u003ca href=\"https://globalepidemics.org/key-metrics-for-covid-suppression/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new, online risk-assessment map\u003c/a> (above) that allows people to check the state or the county where they live and see a COVID-19 risk rating of green, yellow, orange or red. The risk levels are based upon the number of new daily cases per 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A community that has fewer than one daily new case per 100,000 is green. One to 9 is yellow; between 10 and 24 is orange; and 25 and above puts you in the red. “When you get into that orange and red zone it means, in all likelihood, you’re seeing a lot of velocity, a kind of fast upward trend,” Allen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is by no means the only attempt to categorize risk levels across the United States. There are a number of frameworks out there using different measures. And that can lead to confusion, says Allen. “What we really need is a shared vocabulary and shared way of presenting data across jurisdictions,” she says. This effort represents the consensus of eight institutions and more than a dozen individual experts who have agreed on these metrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other important metrics when it comes to tracking the spread and severity of COVID-19. Local public health leaders need to know how many people are dying and how many people are hospitalized. They need to know how many tests are coming back positive in an area. (The lower the positivity rate, the more likely a community is testing enough to accurately detect the spread of the virus.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the group settled on tying the alert level to numbers of new cases per 100,000, because that’s a good indicator to show the current picture of outbreaks and compare them in a consistent way. It’s a standard way to measure the risk against the total population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows you to compare a rural area in upstate New York compared to New York City and have an apples-to-apples comparison for relative impact and relative caseload,” says \u003ca href=\"http://talusanalytics.com/team/#:~:text=Ellie%20Graeden%20PhD,and%20response%2C%20and%20risk%20assessment.\">Ellie Graeden\u003c/a> of Talus Analytics and the Center for Global Health, Science and Security at Georgetown University, which is part of the convergence group that developed the metrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, by sticking with a standard, core metric you can compare trends over time. “You want to know whether things are going up or down,” Allen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the public, this means you can now compare the case incidence where you live to that of, say, a nearby county where you’re considering going on an errand. Or the county where your parents live if you’re considering a visit. It gives you a way to assess your community’s risk level compared to others, at a glance, and modify your behavior accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For policymakers, the risk levels are meant to signal the intensity of the effort needed to control COVID-19 and to trigger specific interventions. The collaborative released guidance for how state and local leaders should manage their response, depending on their risk level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As this [pandemic] unfolded, a lot of us were waiting for the federal government to stand up and really produce … some practical guidance on how those at the state and local level should be responding,” said Graeden. But in the absence of that clear guidance, this collaboration aims to fill the void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a jurisdiction is at the green level, it’s on track for containing the virus. At yellow, a community should implement measures such as mask-wearing and social distancing and have an active program of testing, contact tracing and isolation — including targeted testing of those in high-risk environments. Orange is considered “dangerous” and requires surging testing and contact tracing efforts — or if that’s not possible, it may call for stay-home orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the red level, “jurisdictions have reached a tipping point for uncontrolled spread,” according to the collaborative’s guidance. At this level, “you really need to be back at a stay-at-home [advisory]” Graeden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, two states — Arizona and Florida — are at the red level and 14 are orange. Only Hawaii is green. But there’s a great deal of variation county by county. In orange Texas, for instance, more than 20 counties are red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to take some of the guesswork out of the policy response at a local level, says Graeden, and offer a more standardized way to communicate the risk and the response options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all modified our metrics to align more accurately across the different platforms,” she said. “We’re now communicating and all agreeing on the same basic thresholds for the types of actions that need to be taken. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shared metrics and guidance will be incorporated into a number of initiatives and sites focused on COVID-19 response, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.covidlocal.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covidlocal.org\u003c/a>, led by a group of disease outbreak experts and former public health officials, and \u003ca href=\"https://covidactnow.org/?s=58173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CovidActNow,\u003c/a> led by former technology executives and a group of academics. The convergence group hopes to see it adopted more widely and used by local and state governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Green%2C+Yellow%2C+Orange+Or+Red%3F+This+New+Tool+Shows+COVID-19+Risk+In+Your+County&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As coronavirus cases surge in many states, a new color-coding tool backed by a coalition of top scientists provides an apples-to-apples way of comparing outbreak severity, down to the county level.",
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"description": "As coronavirus cases surge in many states, a new color-coding tool backed by a coalition of top scientists provides an apples-to-apples way of comparing outbreak severity, down to the county level.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOWVhYWIyNDgtZDJlMy00NWE1LWJjN2EtYWM2MDhlNTNmNGJiIiwidCI6ImMxMzZlZWMwLWZlOTItNDVlMC1iZWFlLTQ2OTg0OTczZTIzMiIsImMiOjF9\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How severe is the spread of COVID-19 in your community? If you’re confused, you’re not alone. Though state and local dashboards provide lots of numbers, from case counts to deaths, it’s often unclear how to interpret them — and hard to compare them to other places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There hasn’t been a unified, national approach to communicating risk, says \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/danielleallen/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Allen\u003c/a>, a professor and director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University. “That’s made it harder for people,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, along with researchers at the Harvard Global Health Institute, is leading a collaboration of top scientists at institutions around the country who have joined forces to create a unified set of metrics, including a shared definition of risk levels — and tools for communities to fight the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration launched these tools this week, including a \u003ca href=\"https://globalepidemics.org/key-metrics-for-covid-suppression/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new, online risk-assessment map\u003c/a> (above) that allows people to check the state or the county where they live and see a COVID-19 risk rating of green, yellow, orange or red. The risk levels are based upon the number of new daily cases per 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A community that has fewer than one daily new case per 100,000 is green. One to 9 is yellow; between 10 and 24 is orange; and 25 and above puts you in the red. “When you get into that orange and red zone it means, in all likelihood, you’re seeing a lot of velocity, a kind of fast upward trend,” Allen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is by no means the only attempt to categorize risk levels across the United States. There are a number of frameworks out there using different measures. And that can lead to confusion, says Allen. “What we really need is a shared vocabulary and shared way of presenting data across jurisdictions,” she says. This effort represents the consensus of eight institutions and more than a dozen individual experts who have agreed on these metrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other important metrics when it comes to tracking the spread and severity of COVID-19. Local public health leaders need to know how many people are dying and how many people are hospitalized. They need to know how many tests are coming back positive in an area. (The lower the positivity rate, the more likely a community is testing enough to accurately detect the spread of the virus.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the group settled on tying the alert level to numbers of new cases per 100,000, because that’s a good indicator to show the current picture of outbreaks and compare them in a consistent way. It’s a standard way to measure the risk against the total population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows you to compare a rural area in upstate New York compared to New York City and have an apples-to-apples comparison for relative impact and relative caseload,” says \u003ca href=\"http://talusanalytics.com/team/#:~:text=Ellie%20Graeden%20PhD,and%20response%2C%20and%20risk%20assessment.\">Ellie Graeden\u003c/a> of Talus Analytics and the Center for Global Health, Science and Security at Georgetown University, which is part of the convergence group that developed the metrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, by sticking with a standard, core metric you can compare trends over time. “You want to know whether things are going up or down,” Allen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the public, this means you can now compare the case incidence where you live to that of, say, a nearby county where you’re considering going on an errand. Or the county where your parents live if you’re considering a visit. It gives you a way to assess your community’s risk level compared to others, at a glance, and modify your behavior accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For policymakers, the risk levels are meant to signal the intensity of the effort needed to control COVID-19 and to trigger specific interventions. The collaborative released guidance for how state and local leaders should manage their response, depending on their risk level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As this [pandemic] unfolded, a lot of us were waiting for the federal government to stand up and really produce … some practical guidance on how those at the state and local level should be responding,” said Graeden. But in the absence of that clear guidance, this collaboration aims to fill the void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a jurisdiction is at the green level, it’s on track for containing the virus. At yellow, a community should implement measures such as mask-wearing and social distancing and have an active program of testing, contact tracing and isolation — including targeted testing of those in high-risk environments. Orange is considered “dangerous” and requires surging testing and contact tracing efforts — or if that’s not possible, it may call for stay-home orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the red level, “jurisdictions have reached a tipping point for uncontrolled spread,” according to the collaborative’s guidance. At this level, “you really need to be back at a stay-at-home [advisory]” Graeden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, two states — Arizona and Florida — are at the red level and 14 are orange. Only Hawaii is green. But there’s a great deal of variation county by county. In orange Texas, for instance, more than 20 counties are red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to take some of the guesswork out of the policy response at a local level, says Graeden, and offer a more standardized way to communicate the risk and the response options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all modified our metrics to align more accurately across the different platforms,” she said. “We’re now communicating and all agreeing on the same basic thresholds for the types of actions that need to be taken. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shared metrics and guidance will be incorporated into a number of initiatives and sites focused on COVID-19 response, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.covidlocal.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covidlocal.org\u003c/a>, led by a group of disease outbreak experts and former public health officials, and \u003ca href=\"https://covidactnow.org/?s=58173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CovidActNow,\u003c/a> led by former technology executives and a group of academics. The convergence group hopes to see it adopted more widely and used by local and state governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Green%2C+Yellow%2C+Orange+Or+Red%3F+This+New+Tool+Shows+COVID-19+Risk+In+Your+County&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
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