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"content": "\u003cp>So you want to wear a face mask? Good call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/21/880832213/yes-wearing-masks-helps-heres-why\"> body of evidence \u003c/a>supports the idea that wearing face masks in public, even when you feel well, can help curb the spread of the coronavirus — since people can spread the virus even without showing symptoms. That’s the main reason to wear a mask: to protect other people from you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Face masks can also offer the wearer some protection — though how much varies greatly, depending on the type of mask. No mask will offer full protection, and they should not be viewed as a replacement for physical distancing of at least 6 feet from others, frequent hand-washing and avoiding crowds. When you combine masks with those measures, they can make a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what kind of mask is best?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When choosing a mask, experts say focus on the fabric, fit and breathability. How well a mask protects is a function of both what it’s made of and how well it seals to your face. But if you can’t breathe well through it, then you’re less likely to keep it on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at different kinds of masks you might consider and how effective they are at protecting the people around you — and you as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says people should wear cloth face coverings in public, we’ll talk about fabric masks first. But if you’ve purchased a medical mask or respirator, scroll down for some important notes — like how to spot if you’ve got a fake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966779\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 749px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966779\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png\" alt=\"A gray neck gaiter with small yellow, red and blue bands of color, and a turquoise cloth mask. with fabric ear handles.\" width=\"749\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png 749w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668-160x82.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A neck gaiter and cloth mask. (Photo illustration by Max Posner/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Fabric Masks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First, consider the fabric itself. \u003c/strong>“The tightness of the weave is really important. That’s the first thing I would ask people to look into,” says\u003ca href=\"https://pme.uchicago.edu/faculty/supratik-guha\"> Supratik Guha\u003c/a>, a professor of molecular engineering at the University of Chicago. To check your fabric, hold it up to a light: If you can easily see the outline of the individual fibers, it’s not going to make a great filter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say a thick 100% cotton weave is a good bet. That’s because at the microscopic level, the natural fibers in cotton tend to have more three-dimensional structure than synthetic fibers, which are smoother, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/christopher-d-zangmeister\">Christopher Zangmeister\u003c/a>, a researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. That 3D structure can create more roadblocks that can stop an incoming particle, he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zangmeister co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.0c05025\">new study in ACS Nano\u003c/a> that tested how well dozens of different materials filtered. While two synthetics, including one that’s 100% polyester, did well, most synthetics ranked near the bottom, he says. But even a mask made out of synthetic fibers is better than no mask at all, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Think multiple layers.\u003c/strong> Several studies have found that masks made of multiple layers are more effective at blocking small particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good option: a mask made of two layers of a thick-weave fabric with a built-in pocket where you can place a filter, says May Chu, an epidemiologist at the Colorado School of Public Health who co-authored\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02211?ref=pdf\"> a paper\u003c/a> published on June 2 in Nano Letters on the filtration efficiency of household mask materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best bet for the material to slip in as a filter is polypropylene, which is derived from plastic, says Chu. “If you go to Walmart, you look for Oly-fun, which is the brand name of that fabric. It’s also called spunbond,” says Chu, who’s a scientific adviser to the World Health Organization and helped craft its recent\u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak\"> detailed guidance\u003c/a> on cloth masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chu says polypropylene is great as a physical filter, but has another benefit: It holds an electrostatic charge. In other words, it uses the power of static electricity. Think of the static cling that can happen when you rub two pieces of fabric together, says Chu. That’s basically what’s happening with this fabric: That “cling” effect traps incoming — and outgoing — droplets. “That’s what you want — the cling is what’s important,” Chu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike other materials, polypropylene keeps its electrostatic charge in the humidity created when you breathe out, says\u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/\"> Yi Cui\u003c/a>, a professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford who co-authored the Nano Letters study with Chu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cui and Chu note that polypropylene will lose its electrostatic charge when you wash it, but you can recharge it by ironing it or by rubbing it with a plastic glove for around 20 seconds. Once you’ve got static cling, ka-ching — you’re back in business. Cui says a two-layer thick-weave cotton mask alone can filter out about 35% of small particles. But adding a filter made out of two layers of charged polypropylene could boost that filtration efficiency by as much as another 35%, Cui says. You still want a cotton layer closest to your face, he says, because it’s a more comfortable material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can’t get your hands on polypropylene fabric, reach for tissues: Take two sheets of facial tissue, fold them over and put them inside your mask’s pocket so that you end up with a four-layer filter that you can change out daily. “Surprisingly, the four layers of paper gives you adequate protection,” says Chu — though tissues don’t have the added power of electrostatic charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If neither of those are options, a mask made of three or more layers of tightly woven cotton will also do a decent job, Chu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though some sites online have suggested that coffee filters might make good mask filters, Chu and Zangmeister both advise against this. Zangmeister notes that coffee filters are hard to breathe through, so you end up breathing around the filter rather than through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if you have a hose. You put your thumb over part of it, and the water just goes around it. In this case, the [air] flow will go around that filter,” which defeats the purpose of using a filter, he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shape also matters: \u003c/strong>A mask’s ability to filter out particles depends on not just what it’s made out of, but how well it seals to your face. When it comes to cloth masks, those that cup tightly to your face are best, Cui says. Masks with pleats or folds are also a good choice: The folds expand so that you have more air flowing through the fabric itself instead of leaking out through gaps at the sides of the mask. Masks with a flat front design are less effective, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another trick to improve the seal of your mask:\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/22/840146830/adding-a-nylon-stocking-layer-could-boost-protection-from-cloth-masks-study-find\"> Add a layer of pantyhose\u003c/a>. Cut a length of hose about 8 to 10 inches long, from top to bottom, from one leg on a pair of hose, and pull it on top of your mask. This forces particles that might have otherwise gone around the loose edges of the mask and been inhaled to instead go through the mask, which can filter them out, says \u003ca href=\"https://coe.northeastern.edu/people/fernandez-loretta/\">Loretta Fernandez\u003c/a>, a researcher at Northeastern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about neck-gaiter masks (also known as buffs)? Often made of synthetic fabric, they are designed to cover your face, nose and mouth and wrap around you. “There would theoretically be less chance for the air to escape laterally out of the sides like it would from a mask that’s open on the side,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/abraarkaran/bio\">Abraar Karan\u003c/a>, a physician at Harvard Medical School who’s working on Massachusetts’ COVID-19 response team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid masks with exhalation valves. \u003c/strong>Some cloth and disposable masks come with an exhalation valve at the front. The valve makes it easier to breathe out, but it also releases unfiltered air, so it doesn’t protect others if you’re contagious. And protecting others is the primary reason to wear a mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep it clean.\u003c/strong> Experts say cloth masks should be washed daily with soap or detergent and hot water. Make sure the mask is completely dry before you reuse it, as a wet mask can make it harder to breathe and can promote the growth of microorganisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966783\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 726px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"726\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png 726w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM-672x372.png 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 726px) 100vw, 726px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A version of the N95 respirator used in U.S. hospitals and a pleated surgical mask. (Photo illustration by Max Posner/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Medical Masks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>N95 respirators: \u003c/strong>N95 respirators are designed to create a tight seal around the nose and mouth. When worn correctly, they can block at least 95% of small airborne particles. These respirators are great at protecting both the wearer and the people around the wearer. One reason they’re so effective: N95s are made out of many layers of fine polypropylene fibers, which, as we’ve discussed, use the power of static electricity to trap incoming and outgoing particles and droplets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts say\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/faqs-shortages-surgical-masks-and-gowns-during-covid-19-pandemic\"> N95s remain in short supply\u003c/a> and should still be reserved for health care workers and first responders. If you do get your hands on an N95, you should know that some of these respirators out there are fakes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has some tips on\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/usernotices/counterfeitResp.html\"> how to spot a counterfeit respirator\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KN95 respirators:\u003c/strong> A KN95 respirator is regulated by the Chinese government; like an N95, it’s supposed to filter out at least 95% of small airborne particles. However,\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/respirators/testing/NonNIOSHresults.html\"> testing has revealed\u003c/a> that the actual performance of many of the KN95s for sale in the U.S. “is all over the place,” and many are counterfeit, says Avilash Cramer, a doctoral candidate at the Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology program and a volunteer with\u003ca href=\"https://www.panfab.org/\"> PanFab\u003c/a>, an effort to address shortages of medical devices and personal protective equipment amid the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some counterfeits may indeed filter out at least 95% of particles, “some are catastrophically bad. Some are falling apart in our hands,” says Cramer, whose recent work with PanFab has focused on spotting and testing fake respirators. Trying to determine if a KN95 is counterfeit can be hard, he says, but here’s one telltale sign: If the packaging says it’s NIOSH approved, don’t trust it — because a U.S. government agency like NIOSH (the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) would not approve a mask made to another country’s standard. If you’ve got a KN95, Cramer says to check \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-euas__;!!Iwwt!FbdR2-0R0pUxgAXGxEQ2iZvjVoQlO5AJxb49ylPaBSO02NFiYPXvNXrRHDBr%24\">Appendix A\u003c/a> of the Food and Drug Administration’s emergency use authorization to see if the model you have is authorized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: If you have a KN95, just know it’s possible you might not be getting nearly as much protection as you think. So be sure to keep up with those other habits to help keep you safe, including physical distancing. “Wearing even a genuine respirator doesn’t make you invincible, so those habits are good no matter what,” Cramer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surgical masks: \u003c/strong>Surgical masks are disposable coverings worn loosely around the face. In short supply at the start of the pandemic, they’re becoming more widely available. They’re primarily designed to protect other people from the wearer and to\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/n95-respirators-surgical-masks-and-face-masks\"> block large particle droplets or splashes\u003c/a> in the air, although not very small particles. Many surgical masks are made of paper, though some are made with polypropylene, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/about-us/staff/lisa-m-brosseau-scd-cih\">Lisa Brosseau\u003c/a>, a research consultant with the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Research has found that surgical masks can block the vast majority of respiratory droplets emitted by an infected person. But how well a surgical mask protects \u003cem>you\u003c/em>, the wearer, from smaller particles\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115281/\"> can vary widely\u003c/a> when tested with the same methods used to test N95 respirators. For example, one surgical mask that Cui tested blocked around 30% of small particles, while others filtered out up to 80%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brosseau says she’s seen some surgical masks that have been cleared for medical use by the FDA and have better filtration efficiencies, but most masks sold in the U.S. haven’t gone through the FDA approval process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of whether you choose a cloth or surgical mask, she says, be aware that this doesn’t mean you can suddenly be in prolonged close contact with others. These masks might buy you a few extra minutes of protection, she says, but “not hours. Not lengthy periods of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+User%27s+Guide+To+Masks%3A+What%27s+Best+At+Protecting+Others+%28And+Yourself%29&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>So you want to wear a face mask? Good call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/21/880832213/yes-wearing-masks-helps-heres-why\"> body of evidence \u003c/a>supports the idea that wearing face masks in public, even when you feel well, can help curb the spread of the coronavirus — since people can spread the virus even without showing symptoms. That’s the main reason to wear a mask: to protect other people from you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Face masks can also offer the wearer some protection — though how much varies greatly, depending on the type of mask. No mask will offer full protection, and they should not be viewed as a replacement for physical distancing of at least 6 feet from others, frequent hand-washing and avoiding crowds. When you combine masks with those measures, they can make a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what kind of mask is best?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When choosing a mask, experts say focus on the fabric, fit and breathability. How well a mask protects is a function of both what it’s made of and how well it seals to your face. But if you can’t breathe well through it, then you’re less likely to keep it on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at different kinds of masks you might consider and how effective they are at protecting the people around you — and you as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says people should wear cloth face coverings in public, we’ll talk about fabric masks first. But if you’ve purchased a medical mask or respirator, scroll down for some important notes — like how to spot if you’ve got a fake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966779\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 749px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966779\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png\" alt=\"A gray neck gaiter with small yellow, red and blue bands of color, and a turquoise cloth mask. with fabric ear handles.\" width=\"749\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png 749w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668-160x82.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A neck gaiter and cloth mask. (Photo illustration by Max Posner/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Fabric Masks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First, consider the fabric itself. \u003c/strong>“The tightness of the weave is really important. That’s the first thing I would ask people to look into,” says\u003ca href=\"https://pme.uchicago.edu/faculty/supratik-guha\"> Supratik Guha\u003c/a>, a professor of molecular engineering at the University of Chicago. To check your fabric, hold it up to a light: If you can easily see the outline of the individual fibers, it’s not going to make a great filter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say a thick 100% cotton weave is a good bet. That’s because at the microscopic level, the natural fibers in cotton tend to have more three-dimensional structure than synthetic fibers, which are smoother, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/christopher-d-zangmeister\">Christopher Zangmeister\u003c/a>, a researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. That 3D structure can create more roadblocks that can stop an incoming particle, he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zangmeister co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.0c05025\">new study in ACS Nano\u003c/a> that tested how well dozens of different materials filtered. While two synthetics, including one that’s 100% polyester, did well, most synthetics ranked near the bottom, he says. But even a mask made out of synthetic fibers is better than no mask at all, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Think multiple layers.\u003c/strong> Several studies have found that masks made of multiple layers are more effective at blocking small particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good option: a mask made of two layers of a thick-weave fabric with a built-in pocket where you can place a filter, says May Chu, an epidemiologist at the Colorado School of Public Health who co-authored\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02211?ref=pdf\"> a paper\u003c/a> published on June 2 in Nano Letters on the filtration efficiency of household mask materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best bet for the material to slip in as a filter is polypropylene, which is derived from plastic, says Chu. “If you go to Walmart, you look for Oly-fun, which is the brand name of that fabric. It’s also called spunbond,” says Chu, who’s a scientific adviser to the World Health Organization and helped craft its recent\u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak\"> detailed guidance\u003c/a> on cloth masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chu says polypropylene is great as a physical filter, but has another benefit: It holds an electrostatic charge. In other words, it uses the power of static electricity. Think of the static cling that can happen when you rub two pieces of fabric together, says Chu. That’s basically what’s happening with this fabric: That “cling” effect traps incoming — and outgoing — droplets. “That’s what you want — the cling is what’s important,” Chu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike other materials, polypropylene keeps its electrostatic charge in the humidity created when you breathe out, says\u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/\"> Yi Cui\u003c/a>, a professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford who co-authored the Nano Letters study with Chu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cui and Chu note that polypropylene will lose its electrostatic charge when you wash it, but you can recharge it by ironing it or by rubbing it with a plastic glove for around 20 seconds. Once you’ve got static cling, ka-ching — you’re back in business. Cui says a two-layer thick-weave cotton mask alone can filter out about 35% of small particles. But adding a filter made out of two layers of charged polypropylene could boost that filtration efficiency by as much as another 35%, Cui says. You still want a cotton layer closest to your face, he says, because it’s a more comfortable material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can’t get your hands on polypropylene fabric, reach for tissues: Take two sheets of facial tissue, fold them over and put them inside your mask’s pocket so that you end up with a four-layer filter that you can change out daily. “Surprisingly, the four layers of paper gives you adequate protection,” says Chu — though tissues don’t have the added power of electrostatic charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If neither of those are options, a mask made of three or more layers of tightly woven cotton will also do a decent job, Chu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though some sites online have suggested that coffee filters might make good mask filters, Chu and Zangmeister both advise against this. Zangmeister notes that coffee filters are hard to breathe through, so you end up breathing around the filter rather than through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if you have a hose. You put your thumb over part of it, and the water just goes around it. In this case, the [air] flow will go around that filter,” which defeats the purpose of using a filter, he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shape also matters: \u003c/strong>A mask’s ability to filter out particles depends on not just what it’s made out of, but how well it seals to your face. When it comes to cloth masks, those that cup tightly to your face are best, Cui says. Masks with pleats or folds are also a good choice: The folds expand so that you have more air flowing through the fabric itself instead of leaking out through gaps at the sides of the mask. Masks with a flat front design are less effective, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another trick to improve the seal of your mask:\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/22/840146830/adding-a-nylon-stocking-layer-could-boost-protection-from-cloth-masks-study-find\"> Add a layer of pantyhose\u003c/a>. Cut a length of hose about 8 to 10 inches long, from top to bottom, from one leg on a pair of hose, and pull it on top of your mask. This forces particles that might have otherwise gone around the loose edges of the mask and been inhaled to instead go through the mask, which can filter them out, says \u003ca href=\"https://coe.northeastern.edu/people/fernandez-loretta/\">Loretta Fernandez\u003c/a>, a researcher at Northeastern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about neck-gaiter masks (also known as buffs)? Often made of synthetic fabric, they are designed to cover your face, nose and mouth and wrap around you. “There would theoretically be less chance for the air to escape laterally out of the sides like it would from a mask that’s open on the side,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/abraarkaran/bio\">Abraar Karan\u003c/a>, a physician at Harvard Medical School who’s working on Massachusetts’ COVID-19 response team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid masks with exhalation valves. \u003c/strong>Some cloth and disposable masks come with an exhalation valve at the front. The valve makes it easier to breathe out, but it also releases unfiltered air, so it doesn’t protect others if you’re contagious. And protecting others is the primary reason to wear a mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep it clean.\u003c/strong> Experts say cloth masks should be washed daily with soap or detergent and hot water. Make sure the mask is completely dry before you reuse it, as a wet mask can make it harder to breathe and can promote the growth of microorganisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966783\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 726px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"726\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png 726w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM-672x372.png 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 726px) 100vw, 726px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A version of the N95 respirator used in U.S. hospitals and a pleated surgical mask. (Photo illustration by Max Posner/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Medical Masks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>N95 respirators: \u003c/strong>N95 respirators are designed to create a tight seal around the nose and mouth. When worn correctly, they can block at least 95% of small airborne particles. These respirators are great at protecting both the wearer and the people around the wearer. One reason they’re so effective: N95s are made out of many layers of fine polypropylene fibers, which, as we’ve discussed, use the power of static electricity to trap incoming and outgoing particles and droplets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts say\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/faqs-shortages-surgical-masks-and-gowns-during-covid-19-pandemic\"> N95s remain in short supply\u003c/a> and should still be reserved for health care workers and first responders. If you do get your hands on an N95, you should know that some of these respirators out there are fakes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has some tips on\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/usernotices/counterfeitResp.html\"> how to spot a counterfeit respirator\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KN95 respirators:\u003c/strong> A KN95 respirator is regulated by the Chinese government; like an N95, it’s supposed to filter out at least 95% of small airborne particles. However,\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/respirators/testing/NonNIOSHresults.html\"> testing has revealed\u003c/a> that the actual performance of many of the KN95s for sale in the U.S. “is all over the place,” and many are counterfeit, says Avilash Cramer, a doctoral candidate at the Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology program and a volunteer with\u003ca href=\"https://www.panfab.org/\"> PanFab\u003c/a>, an effort to address shortages of medical devices and personal protective equipment amid the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some counterfeits may indeed filter out at least 95% of particles, “some are catastrophically bad. Some are falling apart in our hands,” says Cramer, whose recent work with PanFab has focused on spotting and testing fake respirators. Trying to determine if a KN95 is counterfeit can be hard, he says, but here’s one telltale sign: If the packaging says it’s NIOSH approved, don’t trust it — because a U.S. government agency like NIOSH (the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) would not approve a mask made to another country’s standard. If you’ve got a KN95, Cramer says to check \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-euas__;!!Iwwt!FbdR2-0R0pUxgAXGxEQ2iZvjVoQlO5AJxb49ylPaBSO02NFiYPXvNXrRHDBr%24\">Appendix A\u003c/a> of the Food and Drug Administration’s emergency use authorization to see if the model you have is authorized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: If you have a KN95, just know it’s possible you might not be getting nearly as much protection as you think. So be sure to keep up with those other habits to help keep you safe, including physical distancing. “Wearing even a genuine respirator doesn’t make you invincible, so those habits are good no matter what,” Cramer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surgical masks: \u003c/strong>Surgical masks are disposable coverings worn loosely around the face. In short supply at the start of the pandemic, they’re becoming more widely available. They’re primarily designed to protect other people from the wearer and to\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/n95-respirators-surgical-masks-and-face-masks\"> block large particle droplets or splashes\u003c/a> in the air, although not very small particles. Many surgical masks are made of paper, though some are made with polypropylene, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/about-us/staff/lisa-m-brosseau-scd-cih\">Lisa Brosseau\u003c/a>, a research consultant with the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Research has found that surgical masks can block the vast majority of respiratory droplets emitted by an infected person. But how well a surgical mask protects \u003cem>you\u003c/em>, the wearer, from smaller particles\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115281/\"> can vary widely\u003c/a> when tested with the same methods used to test N95 respirators. For example, one surgical mask that Cui tested blocked around 30% of small particles, while others filtered out up to 80%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brosseau says she’s seen some surgical masks that have been cleared for medical use by the FDA and have better filtration efficiencies, but most masks sold in the U.S. haven’t gone through the FDA approval process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of whether you choose a cloth or surgical mask, she says, be aware that this doesn’t mean you can suddenly be in prolonged close contact with others. These masks might buy you a few extra minutes of protection, she says, but “not hours. Not lengthy periods of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+User%27s+Guide+To+Masks%3A+What%27s+Best+At+Protecting+Others+%28And+Yourself%29&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hospital in San Mateo County Treating COVID-19 Patients From San Quentin’s Outbreak",
"headTitle": "Hospital in San Mateo County Treating COVID-19 Patients From San Quentin’s Outbreak | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>At least 1,135 people incarcerated at San Quentin have active cases of COVID-19, according to state correctional \u003ca href=\"/www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/population-status-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statistics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dozen of those individuals have been transferred from the prison to Seton Medical Center in Daly City to receive care. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Corrections officials told San Mateo County to expect up to 50 patients ill from the prison outbreak.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But San Mateo County’s coronavirus \u003ca href=\"https://www.smchealth.org/san-mateo-county-covid-19-and-other-health-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dashboard\u003c/a> does not discern between patients transferred from San Quentin and people who were infected within the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County Supervisor David Canepa said he’s worried the numbers on the dashboard issue could lead the public to assume the virus is spreading more rapidly in San Mateo County than is the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to alleviate that right away,” Canepa said during a supervisors’ meeting on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County Health Officer Louise Rogers told the supervisors that the county is meeting state hospitalization benchmarks related to reopening the economy “but with the numbers of transfers from the prison system that may be thrown off; we’ll be trying to account for that in our reporting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of my questions is how to do that,” she said. “It isn’t called out in the data and it can’t really be because they are all patients. We may need to do some separate accounting, but I’m not sure exactly how. But I understand the need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalists, epidemiologists and the public all follow the data dashboard closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County’s dashboard mirrors reporting software used by most Bay Area counties and the state, the same data problem could appear in other places where hospitals are taking in patients from prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco \u003ca href=\"https://data.sfgov.org/stories/s/wmxr-upyn\">reports\u003c/a> the number of currently hospitalized patients who have been transferred from another location on its dashboard, a practice that dates back to when the city provided care to people who fell ill with the virus on a cruise ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday, corrections officials have transferred 71 patients with COVID-19 from state prisons to hospitals for treatment, including 43 people from San Quentin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corrections officers monitor the incarcerated individuals who receive care at hospitals outside of the prison system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canepa said the county can play an important role in treating sick people from San Quentin’s outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone deserves care and everyone deserves to get better and get well,” he said. “It’s about compassion. It’s about care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At least 1,135 people incarcerated at San Quentin have active cases of COVID-19, according to state correctional \u003ca href=\"/www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/population-status-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statistics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dozen of those individuals have been transferred from the prison to Seton Medical Center in Daly City to receive care. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Corrections officials told San Mateo County to expect up to 50 patients ill from the prison outbreak.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But San Mateo County’s coronavirus \u003ca href=\"https://www.smchealth.org/san-mateo-county-covid-19-and-other-health-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dashboard\u003c/a> does not discern between patients transferred from San Quentin and people who were infected within the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County Supervisor David Canepa said he’s worried the numbers on the dashboard issue could lead the public to assume the virus is spreading more rapidly in San Mateo County than is the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to alleviate that right away,” Canepa said during a supervisors’ meeting on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County Health Officer Louise Rogers told the supervisors that the county is meeting state hospitalization benchmarks related to reopening the economy “but with the numbers of transfers from the prison system that may be thrown off; we’ll be trying to account for that in our reporting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of my questions is how to do that,” she said. “It isn’t called out in the data and it can’t really be because they are all patients. We may need to do some separate accounting, but I’m not sure exactly how. But I understand the need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalists, epidemiologists and the public all follow the data dashboard closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County’s dashboard mirrors reporting software used by most Bay Area counties and the state, the same data problem could appear in other places where hospitals are taking in patients from prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco \u003ca href=\"https://data.sfgov.org/stories/s/wmxr-upyn\">reports\u003c/a> the number of currently hospitalized patients who have been transferred from another location on its dashboard, a practice that dates back to when the city provided care to people who fell ill with the virus on a cruise ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday, corrections officials have transferred 71 patients with COVID-19 from state prisons to hospitals for treatment, including 43 people from San Quentin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corrections officers monitor the incarcerated individuals who receive care at hospitals outside of the prison system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canepa said the county can play an important role in treating sick people from San Quentin’s outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone deserves care and everyone deserves to get better and get well,” he said. “It’s about compassion. It’s about care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Virus-Driven Drop in Emissions Could Hamper Farmers' Climate Efforts",
"headTitle": "Virus-Driven Drop in Emissions Could Hamper Farmers’ Climate Efforts | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The drop in greenhouse gas emissions that accompanied the coronavirus stay-at-home orders might seem like the lone silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic. But in California, the reduced demand for petroleum-based fuel has had one paradoxical consequence: Revenue from the state’s system for limiting carbon emissions plummeted last month, putting many of the “climate smart” agricultural programs it funds in jeopardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote citation='Javier Zamora, JSM Organic Farms']‘Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil.’[/pullquote]California’s cap-and-trade system is designed to reduce climate-harming greenhouse gas pollution. Major emitters like power plants receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">emissions allowances\u003c/a> from the state government, but if companies’ emissions surpass what the allowances cover, they must reduce their greenhouse gas output accordingly, or buy additional allowances at auctions held four times each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The state’s sale of the emissions allowances funds \u003ca href=\"http://www.caclimateinvestments.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dozens of programs\u003c/a> that support California’s climate goals, including a number of agriculture initiatives like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Healthy Soils\u003c/a>, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1940561/california-has-farmers-growing-weeds-why-to-capture-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">helps farmers\u003c/a> restore microbes to damaged farmland and trap carbon underground. Healthy Soils recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/egov/Press_Releases/Press_Release.asp?PRnum=20-065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">awarded grants\u003c/a> worth about $22 million to 316 projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil,” said Javier Zamora, owner of JSM Organic Farms. Zamora received a $42,000 Healthy Soils grant last year that funded the construction of a hedge row along one of his fields. The hedge prevents wind from eroding the topsoil, retains water and keeps pests at bay. He would have built it anyway, but with the Healthy Soils funding, he expects to have it done in a fraction of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But such funding is now endangered by the decrease in revenue from cap-and-trade allowance auctions. The auctions normally generate between $600 million and $800 million in revenue. But proceeds from the most recent auction, in May, totaled just $25 million, making the auction the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965124/californias-cap-and-trade-program-generates-severely-reduced-revenue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">worst-performing since 2017\u003c/a>, with \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/results_summary.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">37% \u003c/a> of the offered allowances sold, compared to 100% in each of the last three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Power plants and other emitters can “bank” their unused allowances, effectively saving them to put toward future emissions. The recent decline in emissions, along with the banked allowances, meant that many businesses’ recent carbon output was covered by the allowances they already owned and they did not have to buy more, decreasing auction revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg\" alt=\"Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \" width=\"800\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1020x694.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1200x816.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">May’s auction result will only have an impact on this fiscal year’s programs, but the low revenue could signal trouble for the next auction in August and the allocation of funding in the upcoming budget, said Jeanne Merrill, the policy director of the California Climate and Agriculture Network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lack of funds may become a longer-term challenge for California’s climate smart agriculture programs if the August auction goes poorly. Some programs probably would not receive funding in the upcoming budget. And starting in January 2021, lawmakers will \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2020/06/02/california-climate-programs-see-bottom-fall-out-of-main-funding-source-1289867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer be required\u003c/a> to allocate money raised in the cap-and-trade auctions to climate-specific programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the state is in recession, you might imagine, next year, it will be quite tempting to use [those] funds for non-climate investments or programs,” Merrill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Essential Agriculture\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Katie Patterson, the California policy manager for the \u003ca href=\"https://farmland.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Farmland Trust\u003c/a>, said she has seen agriculture take on a new level of visibility since the start of the pandemic. She hopes its heightened presence will sustain public interest and help prioritize future funding for agriculture-related climate programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Folks are talking about the essentialism of agriculture, the essentialism of small- and medium-sized farms and also the food structure, too: farm to food bank, farm to school,” she said. “So a lot of our food system’s work is being looked at in a much more thoughtful way, not by just policymakers, not by advocates, but by communities, people who walked into their stores and saw their food wasn’t there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">PT Ranch saw their pasteurized meat sales double in recent months, said ranch manager Molly Taylor. Though she attributes the initial spike in business to the panic that arose when meat disappeared from supermarket shelves, sales have remained higher than before the pandemic. Taylor thinks it could be connected to the spread of COVID-19 in meatpacking plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Even though the panic has subsided, I think people either have the time to consider their purchases more carefully now, or are genuinely concerned about losing localized and regional meat production in light of all of the issues with the more concentrated and consolidated packing plants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor plans to use the Healthy Soils grant she was awarded in May to better facilitate carbon capture on the ranch, through regenerative soil management practices like no-till farming and the use of cover crops. With a growing number of people interested in where their food comes from and becoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943671/centers-of-insurrection-central-valley-farmers-reckon-with-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">conscious of its carbon footprint\u003c/a>, “one of the strongest stories we can tell about the production of food is through this lens of climate change mitigation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yet, in spite of the new conversations happening around the food system, some cap-and-trade-funded climate smart agriculture programs, including Healthy Soils, face an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">About 65% of cap-and-trade revenue is already earmarked for specific programs, including the \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/solutions/farmlandconservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Agricultural Lands Conservation\u003c/a> or SALC Program, which the American Farmland Trust helped launch in 2015. The project has since enabled the permanent conservation of more than 112,000 acres of at-risk farmland in California, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was the first program in the country to draw the nexus between climate change and farmland protection, she said. More programs targeting agricultural emissions in California — including Healthy Soils — soon followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approximately 2% of the total cap-and-trade revenue is allocated to the SALC program, in a continuous appropriation every year. While the program itself is not in jeopardy, low revenue could reduce its funding by \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/faulty-cap-and-trade-auctions-healthy-soils-climate-smart-agriculture-funding-in-jeopardy/?utm_source=California+Climate+%26+Agriculture+Network&utm_campaign=0b0c4fb708-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_06_21_05_09_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6ba73b276e-0b0c4fb708-215643177&mc_cid=0b0c4fb708&mc_eid=7b5bb267b8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a quarter\u003c/a>. Land protection groups like the American Farmland Trust may have to seek out alternative sources of funding to sustain SALC projects if cap-and-trade does not rebound quickly enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 35% of auction revenue not designated for a specific program ends up in a “discretionary pot,” to be appropriated by the state Legislature, Patterson said. If the proceeds remain lower than anticipated, some programs supported from that pool of money will not receive funding during the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of the programs that are not automatically funded, the governor has designated the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/node/1666/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Funding Agriculture Replacement Measures for Emission Reductions\u003c/a> or FARMER Program, aimed at lowering diesel emissions from agricultural equipment, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00031/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among the highest priority\u003c/a>, making it most likely to receive funding from the discretionary pot, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For programs given lower priority, such as Healthy Soils, the climate-friendly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/AMMP/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alternative Manure Management Program\u003c/a> (AMMP) and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/ddrdp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dairy Digester Research & Development Program\u003c/a>, which helps farmers install onsite technology that captures usable methane from livestock manure, funding from cap-and-trade is far less secure. The American Farmland Trust is pushing for Healthy Soils to be prioritized as highly as FARMER and hopes to see AMMP, Dairy Digesters and other lower-priority programs receive funding as well, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/sweep/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Efficiency & Enhancement Program\u003c/a>, an especially \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/california-falls-short-on-climate-smart-farming-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">popular\u003c/a> initiative intended to reduce farms’ water and energy use by upgrading their irrigation systems, was one of the programs given the lowest priority. The state has already announced that it will not be funded for the second year in a row, though the program’s 182 already-approved projects that are still being implemented will be seen through completion, according to Steve Lyle, director of public affairs at the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor, from PT Ranch, worked with the state to provide technical assistance to other farmers during last year’s Healthy Soils grant application period, long before the May cap-and-trade auction raised concerns about future funding for that program. She told growers that they could expect Healthy Soils to be in place every year, and that if they did not receive a grant this year, they could, and should, apply next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t know if we’re going to be able to hold their attention if it becomes a variable source of funding year to year, unpredictable and unreliable,” Taylor said. “It takes a whole year, sometimes, to plan for something like this. And for that planning to go totally out the window and then expect someone in two years to remember it’s there, or to trust that it’s going to come through—it takes a long time to establish this type of trust with growers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state’s cap-and-trade program funds ‘climate smart’ agriculture programs. But with emissions down, funding for those programs is also expected to drop.",
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"description": "The state’s cap-and-trade program funds ‘climate smart’ agriculture programs. But with emissions down, funding for those programs is also expected to drop.",
"title": "Virus-Driven Drop in Emissions Could Hamper Farmers' Climate Efforts | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The drop in greenhouse gas emissions that accompanied the coronavirus stay-at-home orders might seem like the lone silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic. But in California, the reduced demand for petroleum-based fuel has had one paradoxical consequence: Revenue from the state’s system for limiting carbon emissions plummeted last month, putting many of the “climate smart” agricultural programs it funds in jeopardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade system is designed to reduce climate-harming greenhouse gas pollution. Major emitters like power plants receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">emissions allowances\u003c/a> from the state government, but if companies’ emissions surpass what the allowances cover, they must reduce their greenhouse gas output accordingly, or buy additional allowances at auctions held four times each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The state’s sale of the emissions allowances funds \u003ca href=\"http://www.caclimateinvestments.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dozens of programs\u003c/a> that support California’s climate goals, including a number of agriculture initiatives like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Healthy Soils\u003c/a>, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1940561/california-has-farmers-growing-weeds-why-to-capture-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">helps farmers\u003c/a> restore microbes to damaged farmland and trap carbon underground. Healthy Soils recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/egov/Press_Releases/Press_Release.asp?PRnum=20-065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">awarded grants\u003c/a> worth about $22 million to 316 projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil,” said Javier Zamora, owner of JSM Organic Farms. Zamora received a $42,000 Healthy Soils grant last year that funded the construction of a hedge row along one of his fields. The hedge prevents wind from eroding the topsoil, retains water and keeps pests at bay. He would have built it anyway, but with the Healthy Soils funding, he expects to have it done in a fraction of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But such funding is now endangered by the decrease in revenue from cap-and-trade allowance auctions. The auctions normally generate between $600 million and $800 million in revenue. But proceeds from the most recent auction, in May, totaled just $25 million, making the auction the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965124/californias-cap-and-trade-program-generates-severely-reduced-revenue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">worst-performing since 2017\u003c/a>, with \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/results_summary.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">37% \u003c/a> of the offered allowances sold, compared to 100% in each of the last three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Power plants and other emitters can “bank” their unused allowances, effectively saving them to put toward future emissions. The recent decline in emissions, along with the banked allowances, meant that many businesses’ recent carbon output was covered by the allowances they already owned and they did not have to buy more, decreasing auction revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg\" alt=\"Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \" width=\"800\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1020x694.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1200x816.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">May’s auction result will only have an impact on this fiscal year’s programs, but the low revenue could signal trouble for the next auction in August and the allocation of funding in the upcoming budget, said Jeanne Merrill, the policy director of the California Climate and Agriculture Network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lack of funds may become a longer-term challenge for California’s climate smart agriculture programs if the August auction goes poorly. Some programs probably would not receive funding in the upcoming budget. And starting in January 2021, lawmakers will \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2020/06/02/california-climate-programs-see-bottom-fall-out-of-main-funding-source-1289867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer be required\u003c/a> to allocate money raised in the cap-and-trade auctions to climate-specific programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the state is in recession, you might imagine, next year, it will be quite tempting to use [those] funds for non-climate investments or programs,” Merrill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Essential Agriculture\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Katie Patterson, the California policy manager for the \u003ca href=\"https://farmland.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Farmland Trust\u003c/a>, said she has seen agriculture take on a new level of visibility since the start of the pandemic. She hopes its heightened presence will sustain public interest and help prioritize future funding for agriculture-related climate programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Folks are talking about the essentialism of agriculture, the essentialism of small- and medium-sized farms and also the food structure, too: farm to food bank, farm to school,” she said. “So a lot of our food system’s work is being looked at in a much more thoughtful way, not by just policymakers, not by advocates, but by communities, people who walked into their stores and saw their food wasn’t there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">PT Ranch saw their pasteurized meat sales double in recent months, said ranch manager Molly Taylor. Though she attributes the initial spike in business to the panic that arose when meat disappeared from supermarket shelves, sales have remained higher than before the pandemic. Taylor thinks it could be connected to the spread of COVID-19 in meatpacking plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Even though the panic has subsided, I think people either have the time to consider their purchases more carefully now, or are genuinely concerned about losing localized and regional meat production in light of all of the issues with the more concentrated and consolidated packing plants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor plans to use the Healthy Soils grant she was awarded in May to better facilitate carbon capture on the ranch, through regenerative soil management practices like no-till farming and the use of cover crops. With a growing number of people interested in where their food comes from and becoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943671/centers-of-insurrection-central-valley-farmers-reckon-with-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">conscious of its carbon footprint\u003c/a>, “one of the strongest stories we can tell about the production of food is through this lens of climate change mitigation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yet, in spite of the new conversations happening around the food system, some cap-and-trade-funded climate smart agriculture programs, including Healthy Soils, face an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">About 65% of cap-and-trade revenue is already earmarked for specific programs, including the \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/solutions/farmlandconservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Agricultural Lands Conservation\u003c/a> or SALC Program, which the American Farmland Trust helped launch in 2015. The project has since enabled the permanent conservation of more than 112,000 acres of at-risk farmland in California, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was the first program in the country to draw the nexus between climate change and farmland protection, she said. More programs targeting agricultural emissions in California — including Healthy Soils — soon followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approximately 2% of the total cap-and-trade revenue is allocated to the SALC program, in a continuous appropriation every year. While the program itself is not in jeopardy, low revenue could reduce its funding by \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/faulty-cap-and-trade-auctions-healthy-soils-climate-smart-agriculture-funding-in-jeopardy/?utm_source=California+Climate+%26+Agriculture+Network&utm_campaign=0b0c4fb708-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_06_21_05_09_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6ba73b276e-0b0c4fb708-215643177&mc_cid=0b0c4fb708&mc_eid=7b5bb267b8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a quarter\u003c/a>. Land protection groups like the American Farmland Trust may have to seek out alternative sources of funding to sustain SALC projects if cap-and-trade does not rebound quickly enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 35% of auction revenue not designated for a specific program ends up in a “discretionary pot,” to be appropriated by the state Legislature, Patterson said. If the proceeds remain lower than anticipated, some programs supported from that pool of money will not receive funding during the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of the programs that are not automatically funded, the governor has designated the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/node/1666/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Funding Agriculture Replacement Measures for Emission Reductions\u003c/a> or FARMER Program, aimed at lowering diesel emissions from agricultural equipment, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00031/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among the highest priority\u003c/a>, making it most likely to receive funding from the discretionary pot, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For programs given lower priority, such as Healthy Soils, the climate-friendly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/AMMP/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alternative Manure Management Program\u003c/a> (AMMP) and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/ddrdp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dairy Digester Research & Development Program\u003c/a>, which helps farmers install onsite technology that captures usable methane from livestock manure, funding from cap-and-trade is far less secure. The American Farmland Trust is pushing for Healthy Soils to be prioritized as highly as FARMER and hopes to see AMMP, Dairy Digesters and other lower-priority programs receive funding as well, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/sweep/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Efficiency & Enhancement Program\u003c/a>, an especially \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/california-falls-short-on-climate-smart-farming-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">popular\u003c/a> initiative intended to reduce farms’ water and energy use by upgrading their irrigation systems, was one of the programs given the lowest priority. The state has already announced that it will not be funded for the second year in a row, though the program’s 182 already-approved projects that are still being implemented will be seen through completion, according to Steve Lyle, director of public affairs at the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor, from PT Ranch, worked with the state to provide technical assistance to other farmers during last year’s Healthy Soils grant application period, long before the May cap-and-trade auction raised concerns about future funding for that program. She told growers that they could expect Healthy Soils to be in place every year, and that if they did not receive a grant this year, they could, and should, apply next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t know if we’re going to be able to hold their attention if it becomes a variable source of funding year to year, unpredictable and unreliable,” Taylor said. “It takes a whole year, sometimes, to plan for something like this. And for that planning to go totally out the window and then expect someone in two years to remember it’s there, or to trust that it’s going to come through—it takes a long time to establish this type of trust with growers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On Tuesday, a San Francisco district supervisor unveiled a proposal to ban the use of natural gas in new construction and for major building renovations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The measure, if approved, would eliminate natural gas in nearly all new buildings — from homes to towering commercial buildings —that apply for a permit for construction after Jan. 1, 2021.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">San Francisco already\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/SF-bans-natural-gas-in-new-city-buildings-may-14984899.php\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> banned\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> natural gas for any new city building.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote citation='Rafael Mandelman, San Francisco supervisor']‘Critically, an all electric future also means a safer and healthier environment for today’s San Franciscans and for future generations. Many of us will remember the tragic natural gas explosion in San Bruno in 2010 that leveled an entire neighborhood.’[/pullquote]The proposal follows Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1945656/trade-in-your-gas-stove-to-save-the-planet-berkeley-bans-natural-gas\">ban\u003c/a>, the first in the U.S., \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">but San Francisco’s plan will be a bigger lift as natural gas — through heating and cooking — is the \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.org/scorecards/environment/greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading source of carbon emissions\u003c/a> in the city with towering skyscrapers and more than 880,000 people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natural gas accounts for roughly 40% of San Francisco’s overall emissions of planet-warming gases and 80% of its buildings’ emissions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ordinance could apply to 54,303 homes, or about 65% of the units in San Francisco’s development pipeline, and 32 million square feet of commercial space, city officials said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">San Francisco District 8 Supervisor Rafael Mandelman outlined the gas ban in a virtual press conference with Debbie Raphael, director of the city’s Department of the Environment, and Patrick O’Riordan, interim director of the city’s Department of Building Inspection.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Building electrification is a critical component to achieving our city’s bold climate action goals, including our commitment to net zero emissions by 2050 or earlier,” Mandelman said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natural gas lines leak methane, one of the most potent climate pollutants, directly into the atmosphere.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gas lines that break during a major earthquake, construction accident or other moments, also pose a risk of explosion.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Critically, an all electric future also means a safer and healthier environment for today’s San Franciscans and for future generations,” he said. “Many of us will remember the tragic natural gas explosion in San Bruno in 2010 that leveled an entire neighborhood.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Restaurants will have a temporary exemption from the ban and can apply to hook up gas stoves and other cooking equipment through Jan. 1, 2022, according to Cyndy Comerford, climate program manager for the city’s Department of the Environment\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Restaurant Association \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11788199/environmentalists-say-natural-gas-industry-behind-restaurant-groups-challenge-to-berkeley-gas-ban\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">challenged\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Berkeley’s natural gas ban, but did not immediately respond to a request for comment on San Francisco’s proposal. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On Tuesday, a San Francisco district supervisor unveiled a proposal to ban the use of natural gas in new construction and for major building renovations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The measure, if approved, would eliminate natural gas in nearly all new buildings — from homes to towering commercial buildings —that apply for a permit for construction after Jan. 1, 2021.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">San Francisco already\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/SF-bans-natural-gas-in-new-city-buildings-may-14984899.php\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> banned\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> natural gas for any new city building.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The proposal follows Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1945656/trade-in-your-gas-stove-to-save-the-planet-berkeley-bans-natural-gas\">ban\u003c/a>, the first in the U.S., \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">but San Francisco’s plan will be a bigger lift as natural gas — through heating and cooking — is the \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.org/scorecards/environment/greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading source of carbon emissions\u003c/a> in the city with towering skyscrapers and more than 880,000 people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natural gas accounts for roughly 40% of San Francisco’s overall emissions of planet-warming gases and 80% of its buildings’ emissions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ordinance could apply to 54,303 homes, or about 65% of the units in San Francisco’s development pipeline, and 32 million square feet of commercial space, city officials said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">San Francisco District 8 Supervisor Rafael Mandelman outlined the gas ban in a virtual press conference with Debbie Raphael, director of the city’s Department of the Environment, and Patrick O’Riordan, interim director of the city’s Department of Building Inspection.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Building electrification is a critical component to achieving our city’s bold climate action goals, including our commitment to net zero emissions by 2050 or earlier,” Mandelman said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natural gas lines leak methane, one of the most potent climate pollutants, directly into the atmosphere.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gas lines that break during a major earthquake, construction accident or other moments, also pose a risk of explosion.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Critically, an all electric future also means a safer and healthier environment for today’s San Franciscans and for future generations,” he said. “Many of us will remember the tragic natural gas explosion in San Bruno in 2010 that leveled an entire neighborhood.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Restaurants will have a temporary exemption from the ban and can apply to hook up gas stoves and other cooking equipment through Jan. 1, 2022, according to Cyndy Comerford, climate program manager for the city’s Department of the Environment\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Restaurant Association \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11788199/environmentalists-say-natural-gas-industry-behind-restaurant-groups-challenge-to-berkeley-gas-ban\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">challenged\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Berkeley’s natural gas ban, but did not immediately respond to a request for comment on San Francisco’s proposal. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Graduate student Regina Spranger walked just off the path on the UC Santa Cruz campus and flipped a log over to reveal a reddish-brown salamander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She picked up the squirmy amphibian, about as long as her hand, and revealed a translucent orange underbelly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an egg right there, see it?” Spranger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The startled critter, a yellow-eyed ensatina, is more than a colorful campus local. It is also an example of what researchers say is “evolution in real time” — not something that happened millions of years ago and recorded in a dusty textbook, but instead a living, breathing demonstration of how species change to adapt and prosper in their surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little yellow-eyed salamander is one subspecies of a sprawling clan of highly variable ensatina salamanders that have evolved an extraordinary range of strategies for avoiding predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966475\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966475 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The markings of the harmless yellow-eyed ensatina salamander (bottom) mimic those of its Northern California neighbor – the extremely toxic California newt (top). Researchers think this disguise has helped this type of ensatinas avoid predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy, Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This type evolved its yellow eyes and brightly colored belly to look very much like the California newt — its extremely toxic neighbor in these Northern California forests. Amazingly, when threatened by a predator, the yellow-eyed subspecies even mimics the anti-predator behavior of the newts — arching its back, and walking slowly — as if to say “eat me at your own risk.” But if a scrub jay or a garter snake were to actually test their luck and swallow an ensatina, these phonies might be a sticky mouthful, but harmless to the predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the trick of mimicking its toxic neighbor is only one anti-predator strategy they have evolved over the millennia. Some varieties of ensatinas along the California coast developed convincing camouflage to seamlessly blend in with their surroundings, while others in the Sierra Nevada mountain range adopted disruptive patterning — displaying high-contrast splotches of color to break up the outlines of their bodies against the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spranger is collecting individuals like this one and housing them temporarily (before rereleasing them) at UC Santa Cruz’s Coastal Science Campus. During COVID-19 times, the “army of undergraduates” that usually help out are not on campus, so she has been the only one caring for the animals, heading to the lab daily, dutifully tracking their complicated feeding and watering charts pasted to the doors of the climate-controlled rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spranger, and her adviser, ecologist Barry Sinervo at UC Santa Cruz, are studying the effects of climate change on ensatina behavior. The species is a favorite for scientists studying how animals adapt and evolve for good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966477\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966477 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ensatina salamanders are considered a “ring species” – an animal that spreads and adapts around a geographic barrier – in this case the dry California Central Valley. \u003ccite>(Graphic by Kia Simon/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though they form a motley crew spread out across the Western coastal states and sporting different colors and behaviors, they are still considered one species. That is because all types of ensatinas are able to mate and have offspring with each of their neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when researchers look more closely, the two types of ensatinas at the southern tips of their range — the Monterey ensatina and the large-blotched ensatina — only rarely mate and have offspring where their populations overlap. Some combination of genetic differences, habitat preference and behavior are keeping the lineages separate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes ensatina salamanders a rare example of a “ring species” — an animal that spread and adapted around a geographic barrier — in this case, California’s dry Central Valley — only to come back together millions of years later as near strangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ring species like the ensatina is unique in that it neatly illustrates the rich story of evolution — an idea that English biologist Charles Darwin and others have supported with countless studies over the past 161 years, since Darwin published his landmark book “On the Origin of Species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the in-between versions of species die out long before we can observe them. Although most species only provide pieces of the story, a ring species reveals more of the steps it has taken along the evolutionary path. “Extinction has not done it’s dirty deed on the ensatina yet, so that we see a lineage in full bloom,” said biologist David Wake, of UC Berkeley, who has studied ensatinas for over 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If extinction had come along for them, we’d argue about who was the closest relative of whom and who has evolved from what. But here we see they’re all part of the same fabric — that’s what’s so unusual about a ring species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966522\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 589px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966522 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Sierra_Nevada_Ensatina_MS_walking.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"589\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sierra Nevada ensatina salamander (E. eschscholtzii platensis) is just one variety of ensatina, a sprawling group of colorful salamanders, each one with different strategies for avoiding predators. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It is rare to find a real-time glimpse of how one species becomes many, so evolutionary scientists like Wake and Sinervo are looking at ensatinas to build on Darwin’s original ideas about how species form; and as a way to help understand biodiversity all across the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wake encourages his students not to get stuck on the concept that species are fixed entities that suddenly spring into existence. “There’s almost an element of magic in the way some people think about species,” he said. When looking at a species, Wake sees “a continuum of change” — a kind of collage of ancestral lineages, flowing in a river of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eclectic family tree of the ensatina also provides an insight into our own recent evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think humans are really a wonderful example of long-term changes in species through time and across space,” Wake said. “As the lineage has evolved, we’ve picked up useful genes from Neanderthals, from Denisovans and probably from other groups we have yet to learn about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six million years ago, around the time the human lineage (Homo sapiens) split from chimpanzees, ensatinas had already been developing variations within their own species, adapting to their habitats and predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966528\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966528 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Sierra Nevada ensatina salamander and its offspring. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since 1859, when Darwin published “On the Origin of Species,” his ideas of natural selection and how species form have stood the test of time. Darwin had a broad understanding of species formation: that they form gradually over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that Darwin’s way of looking at things was really pretty much spot on,” Wake said, “and we don’t see any reason to question that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, because of generations of research into animal behavior, ecology and genetics, scientists have a much more complete picture of the complex forces at play in evolution, and how it relates to biodiversity — the incredible variability of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darwin introduced the idea that some species survive and some would go extinct through a process of competition among individuals in the environment, but he had not tackled the question of why our planet is home to such an astonishing array of life-forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He knew he had only a partial view,” Wake said. “You never get just two individuals sort of competing head-to-head with each other. You have to think about all of the other things they’re doing and all the other organisms they’re interacting with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sinervo, the story of the ensatina embodies the complex forces that give us biodiversity on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over millions of years, the yellow-eyed ensatinas interacted with California newts, which they mimic. At the same time, the newts were also co-evolving with garter snakes and birds, predators that learned newts are toxic, which in turn reinforces the success of the yellow-eyed ensatina’s disguise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other types of local ensatinas (like the more cryptic Monterey ensatina) co-evolved with birds and snakes as well, but using a different strategy — stealth. All of these forces are continuously at play, balancing against each other as the species’ branch and evolve over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966533 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The yellow-eyed ensatina salamander evolved mimicry as an anti-predator strategy. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We need historical perspective. You wouldn’t understand anything about ensatinas unless you understood the 15 million years of evolution and co-evolution with newts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s less a one-on-one competition, and more like the dynamic of the game “rock, paper, scissors” where more players have a chance to win, resulting in a more diverse system. “That game stabilizes the whole ecosystem,” Sinervo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big mystery of ensatinas, evolution and biodiversity is only partially solved. But one issue researchers tend to agree on is that change is inevitable. “Change itself is a constant,” Wake said. The big challenge for scientists, is that “when you look at a species, the minute you take your attention away from it, it’s changed a little bit.” Like the ensatina, you just can’t pin a species down. They are as squirmy with their identity as they are in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is still so much more to discover, he adds, even after devoting half a century of research to the ensatina. For example, there is a lot that scientists do not know about how and why the ensatina developed their varied mimicry system, and they only have a basic understanding of what is keeping the two southern-most ensatina types apart in the places they overlap. Also, a Mexican biologist recently found the salamanders in coastal lava tubes at the southern-most tip of the ensatina range in Baja California, despite them being mostly “a mountain animal that is supposed to be adaptively colored. What’s it doing at sea level where it gets maybe six, seven inches of rain a year? That’s absolutely crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of keeping him up at night, these unanswered questions are why he stays fascinated by his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I despise textbooks because instead of saying what’s not known, they always say, ‘This is it,’” Wake said. “I want to know the real stuff, I want surprises.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further viewing:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about Barry Sinervo’s work, check out Deep Look’s episode from a few years back: “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rafdHxBwIbQ\">These Lizards Have Been Playing Rock-Paper-Scissors for 15 Million Years\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966536\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966536 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sierra Nevada ensatina salamander (E. eschscholtzii platensis). \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"title": "Ensatina Salamanders Are Heading For a Family Split | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Graduate student Regina Spranger walked just off the path on the UC Santa Cruz campus and flipped a log over to reveal a reddish-brown salamander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She picked up the squirmy amphibian, about as long as her hand, and revealed a translucent orange underbelly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an egg right there, see it?” Spranger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The startled critter, a yellow-eyed ensatina, is more than a colorful campus local. It is also an example of what researchers say is “evolution in real time” — not something that happened millions of years ago and recorded in a dusty textbook, but instead a living, breathing demonstration of how species change to adapt and prosper in their surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little yellow-eyed salamander is one subspecies of a sprawling clan of highly variable ensatina salamanders that have evolved an extraordinary range of strategies for avoiding predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966475\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966475 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_newt_comparison.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The markings of the harmless yellow-eyed ensatina salamander (bottom) mimic those of its Northern California neighbor – the extremely toxic California newt (top). Researchers think this disguise has helped this type of ensatinas avoid predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy, Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This type evolved its yellow eyes and brightly colored belly to look very much like the California newt — its extremely toxic neighbor in these Northern California forests. Amazingly, when threatened by a predator, the yellow-eyed subspecies even mimics the anti-predator behavior of the newts — arching its back, and walking slowly — as if to say “eat me at your own risk.” But if a scrub jay or a garter snake were to actually test their luck and swallow an ensatina, these phonies might be a sticky mouthful, but harmless to the predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the trick of mimicking its toxic neighbor is only one anti-predator strategy they have evolved over the millennia. Some varieties of ensatinas along the California coast developed convincing camouflage to seamlessly blend in with their surroundings, while others in the Sierra Nevada mountain range adopted disruptive patterning — displaying high-contrast splotches of color to break up the outlines of their bodies against the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spranger is collecting individuals like this one and housing them temporarily (before rereleasing them) at UC Santa Cruz’s Coastal Science Campus. During COVID-19 times, the “army of undergraduates” that usually help out are not on campus, so she has been the only one caring for the animals, heading to the lab daily, dutifully tracking their complicated feeding and watering charts pasted to the doors of the climate-controlled rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spranger, and her adviser, ecologist Barry Sinervo at UC Santa Cruz, are studying the effects of climate change on ensatina behavior. The species is a favorite for scientists studying how animals adapt and evolve for good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966477\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966477 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_ring_species.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ensatina salamanders are considered a “ring species” – an animal that spreads and adapts around a geographic barrier – in this case the dry California Central Valley. \u003ccite>(Graphic by Kia Simon/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though they form a motley crew spread out across the Western coastal states and sporting different colors and behaviors, they are still considered one species. That is because all types of ensatinas are able to mate and have offspring with each of their neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when researchers look more closely, the two types of ensatinas at the southern tips of their range — the Monterey ensatina and the large-blotched ensatina — only rarely mate and have offspring where their populations overlap. Some combination of genetic differences, habitat preference and behavior are keeping the lineages separate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes ensatina salamanders a rare example of a “ring species” — an animal that spread and adapted around a geographic barrier — in this case, California’s dry Central Valley — only to come back together millions of years later as near strangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ring species like the ensatina is unique in that it neatly illustrates the rich story of evolution — an idea that English biologist Charles Darwin and others have supported with countless studies over the past 161 years, since Darwin published his landmark book “On the Origin of Species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the in-between versions of species die out long before we can observe them. Although most species only provide pieces of the story, a ring species reveals more of the steps it has taken along the evolutionary path. “Extinction has not done it’s dirty deed on the ensatina yet, so that we see a lineage in full bloom,” said biologist David Wake, of UC Berkeley, who has studied ensatinas for over 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If extinction had come along for them, we’d argue about who was the closest relative of whom and who has evolved from what. But here we see they’re all part of the same fabric — that’s what’s so unusual about a ring species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966522\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 589px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966522 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Sierra_Nevada_Ensatina_MS_walking.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"589\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sierra Nevada ensatina salamander (E. eschscholtzii platensis) is just one variety of ensatina, a sprawling group of colorful salamanders, each one with different strategies for avoiding predators. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It is rare to find a real-time glimpse of how one species becomes many, so evolutionary scientists like Wake and Sinervo are looking at ensatinas to build on Darwin’s original ideas about how species form; and as a way to help understand biodiversity all across the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wake encourages his students not to get stuck on the concept that species are fixed entities that suddenly spring into existence. “There’s almost an element of magic in the way some people think about species,” he said. When looking at a species, Wake sees “a continuum of change” — a kind of collage of ancestral lineages, flowing in a river of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eclectic family tree of the ensatina also provides an insight into our own recent evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think humans are really a wonderful example of long-term changes in species through time and across space,” Wake said. “As the lineage has evolved, we’ve picked up useful genes from Neanderthals, from Denisovans and probably from other groups we have yet to learn about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six million years ago, around the time the human lineage (Homo sapiens) split from chimpanzees, ensatinas had already been developing variations within their own species, adapting to their habitats and predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966528\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966528 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_offspring1_crop.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Sierra Nevada ensatina salamander and its offspring. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since 1859, when Darwin published “On the Origin of Species,” his ideas of natural selection and how species form have stood the test of time. Darwin had a broad understanding of species formation: that they form gradually over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that Darwin’s way of looking at things was really pretty much spot on,” Wake said, “and we don’t see any reason to question that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, because of generations of research into animal behavior, ecology and genetics, scientists have a much more complete picture of the complex forces at play in evolution, and how it relates to biodiversity — the incredible variability of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darwin introduced the idea that some species survive and some would go extinct through a process of competition among individuals in the environment, but he had not tackled the question of why our planet is home to such an astonishing array of life-forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He knew he had only a partial view,” Wake said. “You never get just two individuals sort of competing head-to-head with each other. You have to think about all of the other things they’re doing and all the other organisms they’re interacting with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sinervo, the story of the ensatina embodies the complex forces that give us biodiversity on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over millions of years, the yellow-eyed ensatinas interacted with California newts, which they mimic. At the same time, the newts were also co-evolving with garter snakes and birds, predators that learned newts are toxic, which in turn reinforces the success of the yellow-eyed ensatina’s disguise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other types of local ensatinas (like the more cryptic Monterey ensatina) co-evolved with birds and snakes as well, but using a different strategy — stealth. All of these forces are continuously at play, balancing against each other as the species’ branch and evolve over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966533 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_yellow-eyed_MW1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The yellow-eyed ensatina salamander evolved mimicry as an anti-predator strategy. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We need historical perspective. You wouldn’t understand anything about ensatinas unless you understood the 15 million years of evolution and co-evolution with newts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s less a one-on-one competition, and more like the dynamic of the game “rock, paper, scissors” where more players have a chance to win, resulting in a more diverse system. “That game stabilizes the whole ecosystem,” Sinervo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big mystery of ensatinas, evolution and biodiversity is only partially solved. But one issue researchers tend to agree on is that change is inevitable. “Change itself is a constant,” Wake said. The big challenge for scientists, is that “when you look at a species, the minute you take your attention away from it, it’s changed a little bit.” Like the ensatina, you just can’t pin a species down. They are as squirmy with their identity as they are in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is still so much more to discover, he adds, even after devoting half a century of research to the ensatina. For example, there is a lot that scientists do not know about how and why the ensatina developed their varied mimicry system, and they only have a basic understanding of what is keeping the two southern-most ensatina types apart in the places they overlap. Also, a Mexican biologist recently found the salamanders in coastal lava tubes at the southern-most tip of the ensatina range in Baja California, despite them being mostly “a mountain animal that is supposed to be adaptively colored. What’s it doing at sea level where it gets maybe six, seven inches of rain a year? That’s absolutely crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of keeping him up at night, these unanswered questions are why he stays fascinated by his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I despise textbooks because instead of saying what’s not known, they always say, ‘This is it,’” Wake said. “I want to know the real stuff, I want surprises.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further viewing:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about Barry Sinervo’s work, check out Deep Look’s episode from a few years back: “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rafdHxBwIbQ\">These Lizards Have Been Playing Rock-Paper-Scissors for 15 Million Years\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966536\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966536 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/06/DL712_Ensatina_Salamanders_SierraNevada_MW1-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sierra Nevada ensatina salamander (E. eschscholtzii platensis). \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Everything Was Preventable.' Prisons' Failure to Contain COVID-19 Is Bad for Public Health",
"headTitle": "‘Everything Was Preventable.’ Prisons’ Failure to Contain COVID-19 Is Bad for Public Health | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story has been updated with comments from Gov. Gavin Newsom’s June 29 press conference.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Corcoran and Avenal state prisons in the arid Central Valley to historical San Quentin on the San Francisco Bay, California prisons have emerged as raging COVID-19 hot spots, even as the state annually spends more on inmate health care than other big states spend on their entire prison systems.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Marc Levine, Assembly member, Marin County']‘Everything was preventable. Everything.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new state budget taking effect July 1 authorizes $13.1 billion for California’s 34 prisons, housing 114,000 inmates, more than three times what any other state spends. That sum includes $3.6 billion for medical and dental services and mental health care — roughly \u003ca href=\"https://nicic.gov/state-statistics/2017/texas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">what Texas spends\u003c/a> to run its entire 140,000-inmate prison system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yet, despite the extraordinary dedication of resources, California prison officials are struggling to contain the COVID-19 outbreaks, let alone prevent them. On March 25, there was just one confirmed COVID-19 case among California’s inmates. Three months later, more than 4,600 inmates have contracted the disease, an infection rate of about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/population-status-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">40 per 1,000 inmates and rising\u003c/a> — more than seven times higher than the infection rate for the state’s population as a whole. Twenty-one inmates have died. More than 730 staffers have tested positive, and two have died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prison systems in several other states \u003ca href=\"https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/05/01/a-state-by-state-look-at-coronavirus-in-prisons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are seeing worse outbreaks\u003c/a>. In Ohio, at least 84 inmates have died. In Michigan prisons, 68 inmates have died. In Texas, at least 79. But given what it spends on prison health care, and its history, California might have seen the scourge coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prisoner rights attorneys in California for years have waged high-profile court challenges alleging inadequate health care delivery behind bars. As a result of their efforts, federal judges in San Francisco and Sacramento oversee the state’s prison health care system. A special office, known as the California Correctional Health Care Services, has a staff of 57 to monitor the delivery of care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year, there is a major outbreak,” said San Francisco attorney Michael Bien, who for 30 years has wrangled with the state over conditions for inmates diagnosed with varying levels of mental illness. Hepatitis, HIV and \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/45/8/1047/344842\">other communicable diseases\u003c/a> are common in prisons. “Prisons are like nursing homes,” Bien said. “They’re very dangerous for infectious diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that California’s prisons were so crowded and the physical and mental health care so deficient that conditions amounted to cruel and unusual punishment. In response, California cut its prison population and now houses 114,000 inmates, down from a peak of 173,000 in 2006. Many health experts believe the prison system is still too crowded to keep the novel coronavirus from spreading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Institution for Men in Chino, in the suburbs east of Los Angeles, was the first California lockup struck. It reports more than 890 cases involving inmates and 16 deaths. In an effort to contain the virus at the Chino prison, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) on May 30 transferred 121 inmates considered especially vulnerable to infection 444 miles north to California’s oldest prison, San Quentin, just north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Marc Levine, a Democrat whose Marin County district includes San Quentin, said some Chino prisoners initially were housed on the upper tier of a San Quentin cellblock, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Coronavirus-outbreak-at-San-Quentin-State-Prison-15353583.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called the Badger Unit\u003c/a>. That allowed their droplets to descend on inmates below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything was preventable. Everything,” Levine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, CDCR spokesperson Dana Simas said inmates from Chino who had tested positive upon arrival at San Quentin “were not exposed to the general population” of the prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the virus arrived, and more than 1,011 San Quentin inmates since have tested positive, said Gov. Gavin Newsom in a June 29 press conference. And, he added, 42% of the San Quentin inmate population is considered to be medically vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chino inmates also were transferred to Corcoran State Prison, south of Fresno. Now, 155 Corcoran prisoners have the virus. In Lassen County, officials are blaming the transfer of prisoners from San Quentin to the California Correctional Center in Susanville for an outbreak that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/coronavirus/article243822702.html?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">infected 211 inmates in the past two weeks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corrections officials say they now routinely distribute cloth masks to inmates and workers throughout the prison system, providing hand sanitizer in common areas, and have increased attention to disinfecting surfaces. Prisons are screening and taking the temperatures of staffers who enter the prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have taken unprecedented steps to address the COVID-19 pandemic in all state prisons, including the cessation of visiting, volunteers, and group programs; developing comprehensive prevention and treatment protocols,” Simas \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/covid-19-response-efforts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said in a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s prisons were built to contain felons, not the coronavirus. Each of the state’s 34 prisons house 2,000 to 5,000 inmates. Many live in dorms, sleeping in double bunks and sharing showers and dining halls. Others live two to a 60- to 80-square-foot cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, to create more space, the state sped the release of 3,500 inmates who had less than six months to serve on their sentences. Newsom says the state has identified an additional cohort of more than 3,500 people being evaluated for early release, including assessing how medically vulnerable they are. Starting July 1, the state once more will start speeding the release of prisoners who have six months or less left on their sentences, with caveats: They cannot have been convicted of violent or serious felonies, domestic violence or sex crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also must have plans for housing. That’s important for officials grappling with California’s other epidemic: homelessness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are actualizing plans to move people and we are doing it as responsibly as we humanly, possibly, can,” Newsom said. “I just want folks to know — advocates for urgency to know — your voices are being heard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear whether COVID-related releases from state prisons have amplified the state’s homeless crisis. But El Dorado County District Attorney Vern Pierson, vice president of the California District Attorneys Association’s board of directors, predicts it’s a matter of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to exacerbate an already bad situation,” Pierson said. “The numbers that will become homeless will be high. The supervision will be less and less. The likelihood of reoffending will likely go up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sacramento, Mayor Darrell Steinberg, co-chair of Newsom’s homelessness task force, said that since the start of the pandemic the capital city has moved 800 people from the streets into hotels, a hopeful sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that gain has been more than offset because fewer people are in county jails. To limit the spread of the coronavirus in county lockups, jailers statewide have reduced the number of total inmates from 72,000 to 51,000, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bscc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/JPS-ADP-Data-Snapshot-Draft-6.12.2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the California Board of State and Community Corrections reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part because of those releases, homeless encampments along the Sacramento River have “grown and grown in a very significant way,” Steinberg said. Similar spikes in homelessness are occurring across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing people, “if they do not present a real risk,” is not the problem, Steinberg said. “The problem is releasing them without any connection with housing and the support necessary for them to be successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDCR’s response to the pandemic will come under scrutiny in a July 1 oversight hearing to be convened by state Sen. Nancy Skinner, a Berkeley Democrat who chairs the Senate Committee on Public Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What are the biggest congregate facilities in the state? Prisons,” Skinner said. “They are exactly the type of facility no one wants to be in a pandemic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s efforts to stem the outbreaks matter beyond the prison gates, several experts noted. Prison workers go home at the end of their shifts. Inmates too sick to be cared for in prison infirmaries are sent to community hospitals. Ultimately, prison health and public health are inextricably intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story has been updated with comments from Gov. Gavin Newsom’s June 29 press conference.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Corcoran and Avenal state prisons in the arid Central Valley to historical San Quentin on the San Francisco Bay, California prisons have emerged as raging COVID-19 hot spots, even as the state annually spends more on inmate health care than other big states spend on their entire prison systems.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Everything was preventable. Everything.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new state budget taking effect July 1 authorizes $13.1 billion for California’s 34 prisons, housing 114,000 inmates, more than three times what any other state spends. That sum includes $3.6 billion for medical and dental services and mental health care — roughly \u003ca href=\"https://nicic.gov/state-statistics/2017/texas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">what Texas spends\u003c/a> to run its entire 140,000-inmate prison system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yet, despite the extraordinary dedication of resources, California prison officials are struggling to contain the COVID-19 outbreaks, let alone prevent them. On March 25, there was just one confirmed COVID-19 case among California’s inmates. Three months later, more than 4,600 inmates have contracted the disease, an infection rate of about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/population-status-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">40 per 1,000 inmates and rising\u003c/a> — more than seven times higher than the infection rate for the state’s population as a whole. Twenty-one inmates have died. More than 730 staffers have tested positive, and two have died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prison systems in several other states \u003ca href=\"https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/05/01/a-state-by-state-look-at-coronavirus-in-prisons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are seeing worse outbreaks\u003c/a>. In Ohio, at least 84 inmates have died. In Michigan prisons, 68 inmates have died. In Texas, at least 79. But given what it spends on prison health care, and its history, California might have seen the scourge coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prisoner rights attorneys in California for years have waged high-profile court challenges alleging inadequate health care delivery behind bars. As a result of their efforts, federal judges in San Francisco and Sacramento oversee the state’s prison health care system. A special office, known as the California Correctional Health Care Services, has a staff of 57 to monitor the delivery of care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year, there is a major outbreak,” said San Francisco attorney Michael Bien, who for 30 years has wrangled with the state over conditions for inmates diagnosed with varying levels of mental illness. Hepatitis, HIV and \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/45/8/1047/344842\">other communicable diseases\u003c/a> are common in prisons. “Prisons are like nursing homes,” Bien said. “They’re very dangerous for infectious diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that California’s prisons were so crowded and the physical and mental health care so deficient that conditions amounted to cruel and unusual punishment. In response, California cut its prison population and now houses 114,000 inmates, down from a peak of 173,000 in 2006. Many health experts believe the prison system is still too crowded to keep the novel coronavirus from spreading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Institution for Men in Chino, in the suburbs east of Los Angeles, was the first California lockup struck. It reports more than 890 cases involving inmates and 16 deaths. In an effort to contain the virus at the Chino prison, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) on May 30 transferred 121 inmates considered especially vulnerable to infection 444 miles north to California’s oldest prison, San Quentin, just north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Marc Levine, a Democrat whose Marin County district includes San Quentin, said some Chino prisoners initially were housed on the upper tier of a San Quentin cellblock, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Coronavirus-outbreak-at-San-Quentin-State-Prison-15353583.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called the Badger Unit\u003c/a>. That allowed their droplets to descend on inmates below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything was preventable. Everything,” Levine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, CDCR spokesperson Dana Simas said inmates from Chino who had tested positive upon arrival at San Quentin “were not exposed to the general population” of the prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the virus arrived, and more than 1,011 San Quentin inmates since have tested positive, said Gov. Gavin Newsom in a June 29 press conference. And, he added, 42% of the San Quentin inmate population is considered to be medically vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chino inmates also were transferred to Corcoran State Prison, south of Fresno. Now, 155 Corcoran prisoners have the virus. In Lassen County, officials are blaming the transfer of prisoners from San Quentin to the California Correctional Center in Susanville for an outbreak that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/coronavirus/article243822702.html?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">infected 211 inmates in the past two weeks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corrections officials say they now routinely distribute cloth masks to inmates and workers throughout the prison system, providing hand sanitizer in common areas, and have increased attention to disinfecting surfaces. Prisons are screening and taking the temperatures of staffers who enter the prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have taken unprecedented steps to address the COVID-19 pandemic in all state prisons, including the cessation of visiting, volunteers, and group programs; developing comprehensive prevention and treatment protocols,” Simas \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/covid-19-response-efforts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said in a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s prisons were built to contain felons, not the coronavirus. Each of the state’s 34 prisons house 2,000 to 5,000 inmates. Many live in dorms, sleeping in double bunks and sharing showers and dining halls. Others live two to a 60- to 80-square-foot cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, to create more space, the state sped the release of 3,500 inmates who had less than six months to serve on their sentences. Newsom says the state has identified an additional cohort of more than 3,500 people being evaluated for early release, including assessing how medically vulnerable they are. Starting July 1, the state once more will start speeding the release of prisoners who have six months or less left on their sentences, with caveats: They cannot have been convicted of violent or serious felonies, domestic violence or sex crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also must have plans for housing. That’s important for officials grappling with California’s other epidemic: homelessness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are actualizing plans to move people and we are doing it as responsibly as we humanly, possibly, can,” Newsom said. “I just want folks to know — advocates for urgency to know — your voices are being heard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear whether COVID-related releases from state prisons have amplified the state’s homeless crisis. But El Dorado County District Attorney Vern Pierson, vice president of the California District Attorneys Association’s board of directors, predicts it’s a matter of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to exacerbate an already bad situation,” Pierson said. “The numbers that will become homeless will be high. The supervision will be less and less. The likelihood of reoffending will likely go up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sacramento, Mayor Darrell Steinberg, co-chair of Newsom’s homelessness task force, said that since the start of the pandemic the capital city has moved 800 people from the streets into hotels, a hopeful sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that gain has been more than offset because fewer people are in county jails. To limit the spread of the coronavirus in county lockups, jailers statewide have reduced the number of total inmates from 72,000 to 51,000, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bscc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/JPS-ADP-Data-Snapshot-Draft-6.12.2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the California Board of State and Community Corrections reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part because of those releases, homeless encampments along the Sacramento River have “grown and grown in a very significant way,” Steinberg said. Similar spikes in homelessness are occurring across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing people, “if they do not present a real risk,” is not the problem, Steinberg said. “The problem is releasing them without any connection with housing and the support necessary for them to be successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDCR’s response to the pandemic will come under scrutiny in a July 1 oversight hearing to be convened by state Sen. Nancy Skinner, a Berkeley Democrat who chairs the Senate Committee on Public Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What are the biggest congregate facilities in the state? Prisons,” Skinner said. “They are exactly the type of facility no one wants to be in a pandemic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s efforts to stem the outbreaks matter beyond the prison gates, several experts noted. Prison workers go home at the end of their shifts. Inmates too sick to be cared for in prison infirmaries are sent to community hospitals. Ultimately, prison health and public health are inextricably intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Confirmed U.S. Coronavirus Cases Jump to All-Time Daily High",
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"content": "\u003cp>Texas and Florida clamped down on bars again Friday in the biggest retreat yet amid a surge across the South and West that sent the number of confirmed new coronavirus infections per day in the U.S. to an all-time high of 40,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]U.S. health officials said the true number of Americans infected is about 20 million, or almost 10 times higher than the official count.[/pullquote]Texas Gov. Greg Abbott ordered all bars closed, while Florida banned alcohol consumption at all such establishments. Together the two states joined the small but growing list of those that are either backtracking or putting any further reopenings of their economies on hold because of comeback by the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbott had pursued up to now one of the most aggressive reopening schedules of any state and had not only resisted calls to order the wearing of masks, but had also refused until last week to let local governments take such measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is clear that the rise in cases is largely driven by certain types of activities, including Texans congregating in bars,” he said. “The actions in this executive order are essential to our mission to swiftly contain this virus and protect public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida agency that governs bars acted after the daily number of confirmed cases neared 9,000, a record that was almost double the previous mark set just two days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas, meanwhile, reported more than 17,000 confirmed new cases in the past three days, with a record high of nearly 6,000 on Thursday. The day’s tally of over 4,700 hospitalizations was also a record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of the hardest-hit states, including Texas, Florida, Arizona and Arkansas, have Republican governors who have resisted mask-wearing requirements and echoed President Donald Trump’s desire to quickly reopen the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the surge, the White House coronavirus task force, led by Vice President Mike Pence, was scheduled to hold its first briefing in nearly two months on Friday afternoon, signaling the administration’s recognition that it cannot ignore the alarming increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of confirmed new infections in the U.S. per day soared past the previous high of 36,400, set on April 24, during one of the deadliest stretches in the crisis so far, according to the count kept by Johns Hopkins University. The average number of new cases per day has risen about 60 percent over the past two weeks, according to an Associated Press analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the increase is believed to reflect, in part, greatly expanded testing, experts say there is ample evidence the virus is making a comeback, including rising deaths and hospitalizations in parts of the country, especially in the South and West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deaths from the coronavirus in the U.S. are down to around 600 per day, compared with about 2,200 in mid-April. Despite the rise in cases, some experts have expressed doubt that deaths will return to that level, because of advances in treatment and prevention and also because a large share of the new infections are in younger adults, who are more likely than older ones to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus is blamed for 124,000 deaths in the U.S. and 2.4 million confirmed infections nationwide, by Johns Hopkins’ count. But U.S. health officials said the true number of Americans infected is about 20 million, or almost 10 times higher. Worldwide, the virus has claimed close to a half-million lives, according to Johns Hopkins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to closing bars again, Abbott scaled back restaurant capacity and shut down rafting operations and said any outdoor gatherings of more than 100 people will need approval from the local government. The move came as the number of patients at Texas hospitals statewide more than doubled in two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Arizona put on hold any further efforts to reopen the economy, with Republican Gov. Doug Ducey saying the numbers “continue to go in the wrong direction.” Arizona reported over 3,000 additional infections Thursday, the fourth day in a week with an increase over that mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevada’s governor ordered the wearing of face masks in public, Las Vegas casinos included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere around the world, China moved closer to containing a fresh outbreak in Beijing. Another record daily increase in India pushed the caseload in the world’s second most populous nation toward half a million. And other countries with big populations like Indonesia, Pakistan and Mexico grappled with large numbers of infections and strained health care systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South Africa, which accounts for about half of the infections on the African continent with over 118,000, reported a record of nearly 6,600 new cases after loosening what had been one of the world’s strictest lockdowns earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Italy, one of the hardest-hit European nations, battled to control an outbreak among Bulgarian seasonal crop pickers near Naples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor of the southern Campania region insisted that the workers who live in an apartment complex with dozens of COVID-19 cases stay inside for just over two weeks, not even emerging for food — authorities will deliver groceries to them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Texas Gov. Greg Abbott ordered all bars closed, while Florida banned alcohol consumption at all such establishments. Together the two states joined the small but growing list of those that are either backtracking or putting any further reopenings of their economies on hold because of comeback by the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbott had pursued up to now one of the most aggressive reopening schedules of any state and had not only resisted calls to order the wearing of masks, but had also refused until last week to let local governments take such measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is clear that the rise in cases is largely driven by certain types of activities, including Texans congregating in bars,” he said. “The actions in this executive order are essential to our mission to swiftly contain this virus and protect public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida agency that governs bars acted after the daily number of confirmed cases neared 9,000, a record that was almost double the previous mark set just two days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas, meanwhile, reported more than 17,000 confirmed new cases in the past three days, with a record high of nearly 6,000 on Thursday. The day’s tally of over 4,700 hospitalizations was also a record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of the hardest-hit states, including Texas, Florida, Arizona and Arkansas, have Republican governors who have resisted mask-wearing requirements and echoed President Donald Trump’s desire to quickly reopen the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the surge, the White House coronavirus task force, led by Vice President Mike Pence, was scheduled to hold its first briefing in nearly two months on Friday afternoon, signaling the administration’s recognition that it cannot ignore the alarming increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of confirmed new infections in the U.S. per day soared past the previous high of 36,400, set on April 24, during one of the deadliest stretches in the crisis so far, according to the count kept by Johns Hopkins University. The average number of new cases per day has risen about 60 percent over the past two weeks, according to an Associated Press analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the increase is believed to reflect, in part, greatly expanded testing, experts say there is ample evidence the virus is making a comeback, including rising deaths and hospitalizations in parts of the country, especially in the South and West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deaths from the coronavirus in the U.S. are down to around 600 per day, compared with about 2,200 in mid-April. Despite the rise in cases, some experts have expressed doubt that deaths will return to that level, because of advances in treatment and prevention and also because a large share of the new infections are in younger adults, who are more likely than older ones to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus is blamed for 124,000 deaths in the U.S. and 2.4 million confirmed infections nationwide, by Johns Hopkins’ count. But U.S. health officials said the true number of Americans infected is about 20 million, or almost 10 times higher. Worldwide, the virus has claimed close to a half-million lives, according to Johns Hopkins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to closing bars again, Abbott scaled back restaurant capacity and shut down rafting operations and said any outdoor gatherings of more than 100 people will need approval from the local government. The move came as the number of patients at Texas hospitals statewide more than doubled in two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Arizona put on hold any further efforts to reopen the economy, with Republican Gov. Doug Ducey saying the numbers “continue to go in the wrong direction.” Arizona reported over 3,000 additional infections Thursday, the fourth day in a week with an increase over that mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevada’s governor ordered the wearing of face masks in public, Las Vegas casinos included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere around the world, China moved closer to containing a fresh outbreak in Beijing. Another record daily increase in India pushed the caseload in the world’s second most populous nation toward half a million. And other countries with big populations like Indonesia, Pakistan and Mexico grappled with large numbers of infections and strained health care systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South Africa, which accounts for about half of the infections on the African continent with over 118,000, reported a record of nearly 6,600 new cases after loosening what had been one of the world’s strictest lockdowns earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Italy, one of the hardest-hit European nations, battled to control an outbreak among Bulgarian seasonal crop pickers near Naples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor of the southern Campania region insisted that the workers who live in an apartment complex with dozens of COVID-19 cases stay inside for just over two weeks, not even emerging for food — authorities will deliver groceries to them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "california-requires-electric-truck-sales-in-first-of-its-kind-in-the-world-regulations",
"title": "California Requires Electric Truck Sales in 'First in the World' Regulations",
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"content": "\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board on Thursday adopted a suite of unprecedented manufacturing rules meant to create a parade of electric pickup trucks, delivery vans and big rigs riding California’s roads within the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new regulations require manufacturers to sell electric vehicles as a small part of their total sales beginning in 2024. The percentage will then increase annually until the year 2035, when 55% of all new sales of noncommercial vans and full-size pickup trucks must be electric, along with 75% of buses and commercial delivery vans. The mandate calls for 40% of big-rig tractor sales to be electric by 2035, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Diane Takvorian, CARB board member']‘We should make no mistake, this rule advances racial justice. We need to recognize that these types of heavy-duty vehicles disproportionately impact communities of color and communities around ports, and this rule is going to give some relief.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The air resources board \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/board/books/2020/062520/20-6-3-pres.pdf?_ga=2.150124982.167134424.1592239121-482190456.1584483701\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">estimates\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the rules will save 17.9 million metric tons of greenhouse gases from spewing into the atmosphere through the year 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Both CARB, in a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/california-takes-bold-step-reduce-truck-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">press release\u003c/a>, and agency chair Mary Nichols called the new rule the first of its kind in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Gov. Gavin Newsom said in a statement that “Even in the midst of a global pandemic, climate change is still an existential threat — both to our way of life and our children’s health . Communities and children of color are often forced to breathe our most polluted air, and today’s vote moves us closer toward a healthier future for all of our kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">CARB officials say the rules will curb pollution, especially in Richmond, West Oakland, the Inland Empire and other valley neighborhoods that surround California’s busiest ports and lie underneath its interstate freeways, where the most impacted people are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/ready-work?_ga=2.195482220.1352884747.1593111906-615557934.1587499328&_gac=1.27930574.1589928995.CjwKCAjwh472BRAGEiwAvHVfGtdO5xRYx0dIdwlCC0umFn1siHThWGPay6ooeH4URkwlDVmpYk5ErhoClHYQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">disproportionately\u003c/span>\u003c/a> immigrants, African Americans and other people of color.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The rules are also designed to help California meet its goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% from\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>1990 levels by 2030 and 80% by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">California met its 2020 climate goal early, but the state is behind in its efforts to reach the next targets, which will require steep cuts in emissions from the transportation sector — one of the most difficult areas to decarbonize, especially in California, the most populous state in the nation, marked by sprawling suburbs and grueling commutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third of U.S. vegetables and two-thirds of U.S. fruits and nuts are \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/#:~:text=California's%20agricultural%20abundance%20includes%20more,the%20nation's%20total%20agricultural%20value.\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">grown\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the state for distribution across the country, often on freight lines and with trucks powered by diesel fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“An electric truck charged on today’s grid in California has 80% lower greenhouse gas emissions when compared with a diesel truck,” said Jimmy O’Dea, an analyst with the Union of Concerned Scientists. “That’s a big impact. We know the grid is getting cleaner; we have policies in place for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CARB set a new goal of all new trucks sold in California be zero-emission by the year 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Toxic Smog\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The vast majority of California’s smog-forming pollutants —about 80% — come from cars, trucks and a range of off-road equipment, as do almost all of its toxic diesel emissions and half of the state’s greenhouse gas emissions, according to CARB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Sooty diesel emissions from trucks accumulate in the lungs, causing asthma, cancer and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karla Briceño, 30, lives in San Bernardino, a few blocks away from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/ab-617-ab-134/steering-committees/san-bernardino/cerp/ch-5e-railyards-discussion.pdf?sfvrsn=14\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">BNSF railyard\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and a 10-minute walk from Interstate 215. She says large trucks are the backdrop to her life, and she advocated for the board to pass the rules. She worries about the long-term health of her 1-year-old and 5-year-old boys, who have breathing troubles and use inhalers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966456\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966456\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karla Briceño \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Karla Briceño)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“How sad is it that my first born has to use an inhaler to go outside and play?” she said. “And we all have to act like this is something that’s normal. This should not be normal for any kid. They should be able to breathe on their own, and (they) should be able to enjoy the air outside and (they) should be able to play in their yards.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>‘This Rule Advances Racial Justice’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">CARB’s rulemaking, which has taken place over two years, has been closely followed by community advocates, environmentalists, industry groups and other states. There were five hours of public comments in advance of the much-anticipated vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“It’s not just about the technology change,” said Andrea Vidaurre, a policy analyst for the Center for Community Action and Environmental Justice. “It really is rooted in decades of community members saying that what was placed in their communities is endangering their health — the diesel pollution coming from these trucks, the supply chain, goods movement, freight, however you want to call it, whatever gets your package to your door, whatever gets the food to the shelf.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should make no mistake, this rule advances racial justice,” said board member Diane Takvorian. “We need to recognize that these types of heavy-duty vehicles disproportionately impact communities of color and communities around ports, and this rule is going to give some relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Industry Offers Mixed Support\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Volvo, GM and other industry manufacturers offered qualified \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/lists/com-attach/153-act2019-BW0FYlY7WGcAKFMj.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">support\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for the rules and said they embrace a vision of an all-electric future, while expressing concern that the agency is moving too fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are confident in our ability to manufacture sufficient numbers of ZEV trucks, but we doubt the market’s readiness to absorb the volumes proposed in this regulation,” said Dawn Fenton, vice president of government relations for Volvo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Other industry groups like the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association \u003ca href=\"https://www.ttnews.com/articles/carb-board-hears-public-comment-plan-electric-truck-future\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">say\u003c/span>\u003c/a> they support electric vehicles, but argue that the agency is overreaching. They recommended focussing on delivery trucks before making requirements of larger manufacturers, especially during an economic recession caused by the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter to CARB dated March 23, Jed Mandel, the group’s president, asked the agency to delay a decision on the truck rules, saying it’s “imperative that CARB take account of the incredible adverse impacts on manufacturers that have occurred, and that continue to evolve, as a direct result of the COVID-19 crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The new rules require manufacturers to sell electric vehicles as a small part of their total sales beginning in 2024, with the mandate ratcheting up to 55% in 2035.",
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"title": "California Requires Electric Truck Sales in 'First in the World' Regulations | KQED",
"description": "The new rules require manufacturers to sell electric vehicles as a small part of their total sales beginning in 2024, with the mandate ratcheting up to 55% in 2035.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board on Thursday adopted a suite of unprecedented manufacturing rules meant to create a parade of electric pickup trucks, delivery vans and big rigs riding California’s roads within the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new regulations require manufacturers to sell electric vehicles as a small part of their total sales beginning in 2024. The percentage will then increase annually until the year 2035, when 55% of all new sales of noncommercial vans and full-size pickup trucks must be electric, along with 75% of buses and commercial delivery vans. The mandate calls for 40% of big-rig tractor sales to be electric by 2035, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘We should make no mistake, this rule advances racial justice. We need to recognize that these types of heavy-duty vehicles disproportionately impact communities of color and communities around ports, and this rule is going to give some relief.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The air resources board \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/board/books/2020/062520/20-6-3-pres.pdf?_ga=2.150124982.167134424.1592239121-482190456.1584483701\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">estimates\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the rules will save 17.9 million metric tons of greenhouse gases from spewing into the atmosphere through the year 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Both CARB, in a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/california-takes-bold-step-reduce-truck-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">press release\u003c/a>, and agency chair Mary Nichols called the new rule the first of its kind in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Gov. Gavin Newsom said in a statement that “Even in the midst of a global pandemic, climate change is still an existential threat — both to our way of life and our children’s health . Communities and children of color are often forced to breathe our most polluted air, and today’s vote moves us closer toward a healthier future for all of our kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">CARB officials say the rules will curb pollution, especially in Richmond, West Oakland, the Inland Empire and other valley neighborhoods that surround California’s busiest ports and lie underneath its interstate freeways, where the most impacted people are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/ready-work?_ga=2.195482220.1352884747.1593111906-615557934.1587499328&_gac=1.27930574.1589928995.CjwKCAjwh472BRAGEiwAvHVfGtdO5xRYx0dIdwlCC0umFn1siHThWGPay6ooeH4URkwlDVmpYk5ErhoClHYQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">disproportionately\u003c/span>\u003c/a> immigrants, African Americans and other people of color.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The rules are also designed to help California meet its goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% from\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>1990 levels by 2030 and 80% by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">California met its 2020 climate goal early, but the state is behind in its efforts to reach the next targets, which will require steep cuts in emissions from the transportation sector — one of the most difficult areas to decarbonize, especially in California, the most populous state in the nation, marked by sprawling suburbs and grueling commutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third of U.S. vegetables and two-thirds of U.S. fruits and nuts are \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/#:~:text=California's%20agricultural%20abundance%20includes%20more,the%20nation's%20total%20agricultural%20value.\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">grown\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the state for distribution across the country, often on freight lines and with trucks powered by diesel fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“An electric truck charged on today’s grid in California has 80% lower greenhouse gas emissions when compared with a diesel truck,” said Jimmy O’Dea, an analyst with the Union of Concerned Scientists. “That’s a big impact. We know the grid is getting cleaner; we have policies in place for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CARB set a new goal of all new trucks sold in California be zero-emission by the year 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Toxic Smog\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The vast majority of California’s smog-forming pollutants —about 80% — come from cars, trucks and a range of off-road equipment, as do almost all of its toxic diesel emissions and half of the state’s greenhouse gas emissions, according to CARB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Sooty diesel emissions from trucks accumulate in the lungs, causing asthma, cancer and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karla Briceño, 30, lives in San Bernardino, a few blocks away from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/ab-617-ab-134/steering-committees/san-bernardino/cerp/ch-5e-railyards-discussion.pdf?sfvrsn=14\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">BNSF railyard\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and a 10-minute walk from Interstate 215. She says large trucks are the backdrop to her life, and she advocated for the board to pass the rules. She worries about the long-term health of her 1-year-old and 5-year-old boys, who have breathing troubles and use inhalers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966456\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966456\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/RS43816_Karla_1-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karla Briceño \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Karla Briceño)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“How sad is it that my first born has to use an inhaler to go outside and play?” she said. “And we all have to act like this is something that’s normal. This should not be normal for any kid. They should be able to breathe on their own, and (they) should be able to enjoy the air outside and (they) should be able to play in their yards.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>‘This Rule Advances Racial Justice’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">CARB’s rulemaking, which has taken place over two years, has been closely followed by community advocates, environmentalists, industry groups and other states. There were five hours of public comments in advance of the much-anticipated vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“It’s not just about the technology change,” said Andrea Vidaurre, a policy analyst for the Center for Community Action and Environmental Justice. “It really is rooted in decades of community members saying that what was placed in their communities is endangering their health — the diesel pollution coming from these trucks, the supply chain, goods movement, freight, however you want to call it, whatever gets your package to your door, whatever gets the food to the shelf.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should make no mistake, this rule advances racial justice,” said board member Diane Takvorian. “We need to recognize that these types of heavy-duty vehicles disproportionately impact communities of color and communities around ports, and this rule is going to give some relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Industry Offers Mixed Support\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Volvo, GM and other industry manufacturers offered qualified \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/lists/com-attach/153-act2019-BW0FYlY7WGcAKFMj.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">support\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for the rules and said they embrace a vision of an all-electric future, while expressing concern that the agency is moving too fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are confident in our ability to manufacture sufficient numbers of ZEV trucks, but we doubt the market’s readiness to absorb the volumes proposed in this regulation,” said Dawn Fenton, vice president of government relations for Volvo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Other industry groups like the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association \u003ca href=\"https://www.ttnews.com/articles/carb-board-hears-public-comment-plan-electric-truck-future\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">say\u003c/span>\u003c/a> they support electric vehicles, but argue that the agency is overreaching. They recommended focussing on delivery trucks before making requirements of larger manufacturers, especially during an economic recession caused by the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter to CARB dated March 23, Jed Mandel, the group’s president, asked the agency to delay a decision on the truck rules, saying it’s “imperative that CARB take account of the incredible adverse impacts on manufacturers that have occurred, and that continue to evolve, as a direct result of the COVID-19 crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "No Coronavirus Spike From Black Lives Matter Protests in Bay Area, Experts Say",
"headTitle": "No Coronavirus Spike From Black Lives Matter Protests in Bay Area, Experts Say | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Friday, June 26, 2020\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the Bay Area, as the region battles the coronavirus pandemic, tens of thousands have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">taken\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">to\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">the\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">streets\u003c/a> in cities like Oakland, San Francisco and San Rafael to protest the killing of George Floyd and to demand systemic changes in policing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"National Bureau of Economic Research working paper\"]‘We find no evidence that net COVID-19 case growth differentially rose following the onset of Black Lives Matter protests, and even modest evidence of a small longer-run case growth decline.’[/pullquote]Many Bay Area cities announced support for the right to protest injustice and encouraged people to stay safe by wearing masks and washing hands. But maintaining physical distance at some of the protests was virtually impossible, and health officials worried that marching crowds, protesters huddled together to listen to speeches, and throngs of demonstrators pressed up against police lines would lead to a surge in coronavirus transmissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bay Area health officials and experts say that while COVID-19 cases are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1964968/charts-the-bay-area-is-opening-up-again-heres-tracking-data-for-each-county-to-see-how-its-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rising —\u003c/a> some counties have seen troubling spikes recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1964968/charts-the-bay-area-is-opening-up-again-heres-tracking-data-for-each-county-to-see-how-its-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">—\u003c/a> they see little indication so far that the protests are the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Alameda County, evidence has yet to emerge weeks after the peak of the demonstrations that they have significantly contributed to a spike in case counts, says Dr. Nick Moss, acting director of the Division of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention at the county health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We investigate every reported COVID-19 case and try to elicit where they may have been exposed,” Moss said. “This includes a specific question related to mass gatherings, including protests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attending protests, Moss said, is “not emerging as a risk for the most recent cases that we’re seeing in the county.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford epidemiologist Yvonne Maldonado has come to the same conclusion. “I was worried that the protests could be super-spreader events,” she said. “It turns out, the bottom line is it doesn’t look like that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten Bibbons-Domingo, chair of the Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department at UCSF, says the rise in coronavirus cases and hospitalizations in California “has as much to do with just reopening the economy as it does with any discrete events like the protests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upticks in cases do not coincide with the timing or locations where the protests took place, she said, though making a final determination on that is difficult without more testing and enough contact tracers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco does not have data related to protesters who have tested positive because the testing sites are not asking people if they have recently participated in demonstrations, city spokesperson Cristina Padilla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is still analyzing whether the protests contributed to the growing number of infections, Gov. Gavin Newsom said Wednesday, by reviewing COVID-19 case and hospitalization data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total number of cases and hospitalizations in the state has surged. Newsom on Monday said more than 35% of the state’s caseload emerged in the previous two weeks, spurring him to issue an order that residents throughout California wear face masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor discouraged people from assuming, based on early reports, that the virus doesn’t spread at protests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use common sense,” Newsom said. “Just because someone else did something that is not good for their public health doesn’t mean that you should do something that’s not good for your public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, Sonia Angell, director of the California Department of Public Health, said she thinks the protests could be “a contributor” to the state’s rising cases, but she said it “is difficult to tease out exactly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the same time the people were going out to protest, we also had increased movement for other reasons in our community because our economy is also opening up and people are going out,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angell encouraged Californians to practice physical distancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County officials are encouraging people who attended demonstrations to get tested at \u003ca href=\"http://www.acphd.org/2019-ncov/testing.aspx\">sites\u003c/a> in Oakland, Berkeley or other areas throughout the county. People do not need insurance, and they will not be asked about their immigration status, according to the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials say they are also offering \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">free\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">COVID\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">-19 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">testing\u003c/a> for people who have attended a recent protest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What Happened?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say the lack of a protest-related surge might be attributed to several factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outdoors settings, where the virus doesn’t spread as well, and the wearing of masks likely lowered the rates of transmission, says Bibbins-Domingo. “What I saw on television — many people, most people were wearing masks,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protesters may also be younger and therefore have mild symptoms or be asymptomatic, she added, and those infections would not have registered in case totals because there is less incentive for people to get tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She urged those who took part in the large gatherings to get a test, because they could still be spreading the virus unwittingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did the Protests Actually \u003cem>Lower\u003c/em> Transmission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One counterintuitive finding about the protests and the coronavirus comes in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w27408.pdf\">working\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w27408.pdf\">paper\u003c/a> released by the National Bureau of Economic Research. The researchers analyzed federal coronavirus data and matched it up with cellphone records to come to the conclusion that while many people took to the streets to protest, the images of unrest, police violence and vandalism may have spurred many more to stay home. Therefore, the protests could have had the net effect of limiting movement, which would have curtailed the spread of the virus in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We find no evidence that net COVID-19 case growth differentially rose following the onset of Black Lives Matter protests, and even modest evidence of a small longer-run case growth decline,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bibbins-Domingo says mass participation in protests shows that there are \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/internal-medicine/police-tactics-covid-public-health#.Xtgatp56q7E.twitter\">ways\u003c/a> to lower the risks posed by the coronavirus through precautions like face coverings, testing, and potentially post-event quarantines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she emphasizes proceeding cautiously. “I wouldn’t take as proof that you didn’t have a big uptick after one protest or a few protests … that the virus is no longer a threat,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Friday, June 26, 2020\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the Bay Area, as the region battles the coronavirus pandemic, tens of thousands have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">taken\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">to\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">the\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">streets\u003c/a> in cities like Oakland, San Francisco and San Rafael to protest the killing of George Floyd and to demand systemic changes in policing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Many Bay Area cities announced support for the right to protest injustice and encouraged people to stay safe by wearing masks and washing hands. But maintaining physical distance at some of the protests was virtually impossible, and health officials worried that marching crowds, protesters huddled together to listen to speeches, and throngs of demonstrators pressed up against police lines would lead to a surge in coronavirus transmissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bay Area health officials and experts say that while COVID-19 cases are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1964968/charts-the-bay-area-is-opening-up-again-heres-tracking-data-for-each-county-to-see-how-its-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rising —\u003c/a> some counties have seen troubling spikes recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1964968/charts-the-bay-area-is-opening-up-again-heres-tracking-data-for-each-county-to-see-how-its-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">—\u003c/a> they see little indication so far that the protests are the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Alameda County, evidence has yet to emerge weeks after the peak of the demonstrations that they have significantly contributed to a spike in case counts, says Dr. Nick Moss, acting director of the Division of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention at the county health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We investigate every reported COVID-19 case and try to elicit where they may have been exposed,” Moss said. “This includes a specific question related to mass gatherings, including protests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attending protests, Moss said, is “not emerging as a risk for the most recent cases that we’re seeing in the county.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford epidemiologist Yvonne Maldonado has come to the same conclusion. “I was worried that the protests could be super-spreader events,” she said. “It turns out, the bottom line is it doesn’t look like that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten Bibbons-Domingo, chair of the Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department at UCSF, says the rise in coronavirus cases and hospitalizations in California “has as much to do with just reopening the economy as it does with any discrete events like the protests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upticks in cases do not coincide with the timing or locations where the protests took place, she said, though making a final determination on that is difficult without more testing and enough contact tracers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco does not have data related to protesters who have tested positive because the testing sites are not asking people if they have recently participated in demonstrations, city spokesperson Cristina Padilla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is still analyzing whether the protests contributed to the growing number of infections, Gov. Gavin Newsom said Wednesday, by reviewing COVID-19 case and hospitalization data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total number of cases and hospitalizations in the state has surged. Newsom on Monday said more than 35% of the state’s caseload emerged in the previous two weeks, spurring him to issue an order that residents throughout California wear face masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor discouraged people from assuming, based on early reports, that the virus doesn’t spread at protests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use common sense,” Newsom said. “Just because someone else did something that is not good for their public health doesn’t mean that you should do something that’s not good for your public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, Sonia Angell, director of the California Department of Public Health, said she thinks the protests could be “a contributor” to the state’s rising cases, but she said it “is difficult to tease out exactly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the same time the people were going out to protest, we also had increased movement for other reasons in our community because our economy is also opening up and people are going out,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angell encouraged Californians to practice physical distancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County officials are encouraging people who attended demonstrations to get tested at \u003ca href=\"http://www.acphd.org/2019-ncov/testing.aspx\">sites\u003c/a> in Oakland, Berkeley or other areas throughout the county. People do not need insurance, and they will not be asked about their immigration status, according to the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials say they are also offering \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">free\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">COVID\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">-19 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">testing\u003c/a> for people who have attended a recent protest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What Happened?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say the lack of a protest-related surge might be attributed to several factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outdoors settings, where the virus doesn’t spread as well, and the wearing of masks likely lowered the rates of transmission, says Bibbins-Domingo. “What I saw on television — many people, most people were wearing masks,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protesters may also be younger and therefore have mild symptoms or be asymptomatic, she added, and those infections would not have registered in case totals because there is less incentive for people to get tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She urged those who took part in the large gatherings to get a test, because they could still be spreading the virus unwittingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did the Protests Actually \u003cem>Lower\u003c/em> Transmission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One counterintuitive finding about the protests and the coronavirus comes in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w27408.pdf\">working\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w27408.pdf\">paper\u003c/a> released by the National Bureau of Economic Research. The researchers analyzed federal coronavirus data and matched it up with cellphone records to come to the conclusion that while many people took to the streets to protest, the images of unrest, police violence and vandalism may have spurred many more to stay home. Therefore, the protests could have had the net effect of limiting movement, which would have curtailed the spread of the virus in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We find no evidence that net COVID-19 case growth differentially rose following the onset of Black Lives Matter protests, and even modest evidence of a small longer-run case growth decline,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bibbins-Domingo says mass participation in protests shows that there are \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/internal-medicine/police-tactics-covid-public-health#.Xtgatp56q7E.twitter\">ways\u003c/a> to lower the risks posed by the coronavirus through precautions like face coverings, testing, and potentially post-event quarantines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she emphasizes proceeding cautiously. “I wouldn’t take as proof that you didn’t have a big uptick after one protest or a few protests … that the virus is no longer a threat,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dr. Anthony Fauci, one of the health experts leading the federal government’s response to COVID-19, sat for an interview about California’s response to the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci directs the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and will be interviewed live by Capitol Public Radio health reporter Sammy Caiola.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sacramento Press Club streamed the conversation on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/SacPressClub/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Facebook page beginning at noon Wednesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afterward, Kaiser Health News’ Samantha Young led a panel discussion with California health and political leaders about the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Bayer Will Pay Up to $10.9 Billion to Settle Monsanto Roundup Claims, Company Says",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bayer will pay up to $10.9 billion to settle litigation over the subsidiary Monsanto’s weed killer Roundup, which has faced thousands of lawsuits over claims it causes cancer, the German-based company said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer said it was also paying up to $1.22 billion to settle two additional areas of intense litigation, one involving PCB in water, and one involving dicamba, another weed killer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said the Roundup settlement involves about 125,000 filed and unfiled claims. Under the agreement, Bayer will make a payment of $8.8 billion to $9.6 billion to resolve current litigation, and $1.25 billion to address potential future litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any future settlements are subject to approval by Judge Vince Chhabria of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First and foremost, the Roundup settlement is the right action at the right time for Bayer to bring a long period of uncertainty to an end,” Bayer CEO Werner Baumann said in a statement. “It resolves most current claims and puts in place a clear mechanism to manage risks of potential future litigation. It is financially reasonable when viewed against the significant financial risks of continued, multi-year litigation and the related impacts to our reputation and to our business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto developed glyphosate — a key ingredient in Roundup — in the 1970s. The weed killer has been sold in more than 160 countries and widely used in the U.S. The company has long maintained that it is safe. Bayer said last year that all government regulators that have looked at the issue have rejected a link between cancer and glyphosate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the France-based International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, classified it as a “probable human carcinogen” in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits against Monsanto followed. Monsanto has attacked the international research agency’s opinion as an outlier. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for people when used in accordance with label directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer purchased St. Louis-based Monsanto in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, a California jury ordered Monsanto to pay a combined $2.055 billion to a couple claiming that Roundup Ready caused their cancers. It was the third such courtroom loss for Monsanto in California since August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer said Wednesday that the appeals process will continue for those three cases, which are not covered by the settlement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer said it would also pay up to $400 million to settle cases claiming that the weed killer dicamba drifted onto plants that weren’t bred to resist it, killing them. Claimants will be required to provide proof of damage to crop yields and evidence that it was due to dicamba, Bayer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said it expects contributions from co-defendant BASF toward the dicamba settlement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A further payment of up to $820 million will be made to settle “most” claims for exposure to PCB, a highly carcinogenic chemical that Monsanto produced until 1977 and that has been found in U.S. waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer said it would start making payments this year and these would be financed from existing liquidity, future income, proceeds from the sale of its animal health business and the issuance of additional bonds.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bayer will pay up to $10.9 billion to settle litigation over the subsidiary Monsanto’s weed killer Roundup, which has faced thousands of lawsuits over claims it causes cancer, the German-based company said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer said it was also paying up to $1.22 billion to settle two additional areas of intense litigation, one involving PCB in water, and one involving dicamba, another weed killer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said the Roundup settlement involves about 125,000 filed and unfiled claims. Under the agreement, Bayer will make a payment of $8.8 billion to $9.6 billion to resolve current litigation, and $1.25 billion to address potential future litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any future settlements are subject to approval by Judge Vince Chhabria of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First and foremost, the Roundup settlement is the right action at the right time for Bayer to bring a long period of uncertainty to an end,” Bayer CEO Werner Baumann said in a statement. “It resolves most current claims and puts in place a clear mechanism to manage risks of potential future litigation. It is financially reasonable when viewed against the significant financial risks of continued, multi-year litigation and the related impacts to our reputation and to our business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto developed glyphosate — a key ingredient in Roundup — in the 1970s. The weed killer has been sold in more than 160 countries and widely used in the U.S. The company has long maintained that it is safe. Bayer said last year that all government regulators that have looked at the issue have rejected a link between cancer and glyphosate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the France-based International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, classified it as a “probable human carcinogen” in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits against Monsanto followed. Monsanto has attacked the international research agency’s opinion as an outlier. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for people when used in accordance with label directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer purchased St. Louis-based Monsanto in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, a California jury ordered Monsanto to pay a combined $2.055 billion to a couple claiming that Roundup Ready caused their cancers. It was the third such courtroom loss for Monsanto in California since August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer said Wednesday that the appeals process will continue for those three cases, which are not covered by the settlement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer said it would also pay up to $400 million to settle cases claiming that the weed killer dicamba drifted onto plants that weren’t bred to resist it, killing them. Claimants will be required to provide proof of damage to crop yields and evidence that it was due to dicamba, Bayer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said it expects contributions from co-defendant BASF toward the dicamba settlement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A further payment of up to $820 million will be made to settle “most” claims for exposure to PCB, a highly carcinogenic chemical that Monsanto produced until 1977 and that has been found in U.S. waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer said it would start making payments this year and these would be financed from existing liquidity, future income, proceeds from the sale of its animal health business and the issuance of additional bonds.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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