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"bio": "Gabriela Quirós is the \u003cstrong>supervising producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won six regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared eight more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.",
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"slug": "how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood",
"title": "How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]As summer approaches, we can look forward to picnics, hiking, camping and the mosquito bites that come with spending time outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a good thing you can’t really see what that mosquito is doing when it bites — you probably wouldn’t want to watch as it buries six needles into you. But scientists have been figuring out all the bloody details. And it’s not just for idle curiosity: mosquito bites are more dangerous to humans than any other animal bite. While female mosquitoes — only females bite us — are drinking our blood to grow their eggs, they can leave behind viruses and parasites that cause diseases like West Nile, Zika, malaria and dengue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ANOPHELESSAWS_500.gif\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-728196\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ANOPHELESSAWS_500.gif\" alt=\"An Anopheles mosquito bites into a human arm.\" width=\"100%\">\u003c/a> An \u003cem>Anopheles\u003c/em> mosquito bites into a human arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what makes mosquitoes so good at getting humans sick, researchers say, is the effectiveness of their bite. Scientists have discovered that the mosquito’s mouth, called a proboscis (pronounced pro-BOSS-iss), isn’t just one tiny spear. It’s a sophisticated system of thin needles, each of which pierces the skin, finds blood vessels and makes it easy for mosquitoes to suck blood out of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes also have more than 150 receptors — proteins on their antennae and proboscis that help them find victims or figure out if the water is nutritious enough to lay eggs in. When malaria-causing \u003cem>Anopheles \u003c/em>mosquitoes come out at night to look for blood, they track the carbon dioxide we exhale as we sleep. As they get closer to us, they detect body heat and substances called volatile fatty acids that waft up from our skin, said University of California, Davis, parasitologist and entomologist Shirley Luckhart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why are some people more likely to get bitten than others?” asked Luckhart. “The volatile fatty acids given off by our skin are quite different. They reflect differences between men and women, even what we’ve eaten. Those cues are different from person to person. There’s probably not one or two. It’s the blend that’s more or less attractive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers still haven’t figured out what about their volatile fatty acids makes some people more attractive to mosquitoes than others. What scientists have recently discovered is that once a mosquito’s proboscis pierces the skin, one of its six needles, called the labrum, uses receptors on its tip to find a blood vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those receptors responded to the chemicals in the blood,” said UC Davis biochemist Walter Leal, whose lab made the finding. “Mosquitoes don’t find the blood vessel randomly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, chemicals in our blood waft up like a “bouquet of smells” that guides the way — unwittingly, but surely — to our blood vessel. The labrum then pierces the vessel and serves as a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis post-doctoral researcher Young-Moo Choo, in Leal’s lab, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4625056/\">discovered a receptor\u003c/a> by dissecting mosquitoes’ mouthparts and genetically testing them. Choo hopes his finding of this receptor, called 4EP, and the discovery of other receptors on the labrum, will help drug companies develop new mosquito repellents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First they’d need to find a repellent against the receptors,” said Choo. “Then they’d treat people’s skin with it. When the mosquito tried to penetrate the skin, it would taste or smell something repulsive and fly away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been trying to figure out the anatomy of the mosquito bite for decades. It’s a job made difficult by the challenge of dissecting mosquitoes’ delicate mouthparts, which tend to fall apart in the hands of beginners. Choo attributed his dissecting abilities to his experience using chopsticks in his native South Korea. Video, powerful microscopes and genetic analyses have helped researchers figure out how the feeding system works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-742332\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A protective sheath called the labium bends back as a mosquito pushes needle-like mouthparts into human skin.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A protective sheath called the labium bends back as a mosquito pushes needle-like mouthparts into human skin. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a mosquito pierces the skin, a flexible lip-like sheath called the labium scrolls up and stays outside as she pushes in six needle-like parts that scientists refer to as stylets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of these needles, called maxillae, have tiny teeth. The mosquito uses them to saw through the skin. They’re so sharp you can barely feel the mosquito biting you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re like drill bits,” said Leal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of needles, the mandibles, hold tissues apart while the mosquito works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-745410\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"This illustration shows the six needle-like mouthparts that female mosquitoes use to bite us. They use two maxillae (blue) to saw into the skin and two mandibles (yellow) to hold the tissues apart as they saw. They drool saliva into us with the hypopharynx (green) and suck up blood with the labrum (red). \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This illustration shows the six needle-like mouthparts that female mosquitoes use to bite us. They use two maxillae (blue) to saw into the skin and two mandibles (yellow) to hold the tissues apart as they saw. They drool saliva into us with the hypopharynx (green) and suck up blood with the labrum (red). \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED, based on research by Young-Moo Choo and colleagues)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2012, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in France filmed what happened once a mosquito proboscis had penetrated through mouse skin. The \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050464\">video \u003c/a>shows the sharp-tipped labrum needle probing under the mouse’s skin, then piercing a vessel and sucking blood from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The labrum is shaped like a gutter. In order to become a straw it actually needs another mouthpart to lay over it. That mouthpart, called the hypopharynx, serves a dual purpose, as it also allows the mosquito to drool saliva into us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_DROPOFWATER_500.gif\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_DROPOFWATER_500.gif\" alt=\"When a female mosquito feeds, she separates the water from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end to make room for more blood.\" width=\"100%\">\u003c/a> When a female mosquito feeds, she separates the water from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end to make room for more blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a mosquito’s gut fills up with blood, she separates the water in the blood from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She does that to concentrate the red blood cells,” said Luckhart. “The red blood cells provide a large protein component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By squeezing water out, she can fit five to ten times more blood inside her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sixth needle — called the hypopharynx — drips saliva into us which contains chemicals that keep our blood flowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your blood tends to coagulate immediately upon contact with the air,” said Leal. “They spit some chemicals so the blood doesn’t coagulate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728197\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728197\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"The common house mosquito in California (Culex pipiens) can transmit West Nile virus by biting infected birds, then biting humans. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common house mosquito in California (Culex pipiens) can transmit West Nile virus by biting infected birds, then biting humans. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mosquito saliva also makes our blood vessels dilate, blocks our immune response and lubricates the proboscis. And it causes us to develop itchy welts, and serves as a conduit for dangerous viruses and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Infected mosquitoes spit highly variable doses, anywhere from one infectious virion to 10,000,” said UC Davis virologist Lark Coffey, referring to virus particles. “The number of virions needed to productively infect mice can be as low as one. In theory, \u003cem>one \u003c/em>might be enough to cause diseases like dengue or West Nile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It only takes eight to 20 early-stage malaria organisms to cause the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within 20 minutes they make it to the human liver,” said Luckhart. “It’s a very fast process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of that speedy delivery are deadly. Malaria sickened more than 300 million people in 2015, and killed roughly 635,000, mostly children under the age of five and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably an underestimate,” said UC Davis medical entomologist Gregory Lanzaro, “because reporting is terrible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dengue fever, a disease transmitted by striped black and white mosquitoes called \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em>, is estimated to make almost 400 million people sick with jabbing joint pain each year, including a recent outbreak in Hawaii that sickened 260.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742335\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-742335\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transmit the viruses that cause Zika and dengue. They bite during the day and can lay their eggs in as little as a bottle-cap-full of water.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transmit the viruses that cause Zika and dengue. They bite during the day and can lay their eggs in as little as a bottle cap full of water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists also believe that \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes are the main culprit for more than 350 confirmed cases of congenital malformations associated with the Zika virus in the northeastern Brazilian state of Pernambuco. Since last October, an unusually high number of babies have been born there with small heads and a host of health problems like convulsions and persistent crying suspected of being caused by a Zika virus infection early in their mother’s pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t yet know these babies’ life expectancy,” said Dr. Regina Ramos, who cares for these babies at the University of Pernambuco’s Oswaldo Cruz Hospital and participated via Skype in a symposium on Zika at UC Davis on May 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes arrived in California in 2013, to the town of Clovis, near Fresno, and they’ve since been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Pages/Zika.aspx\">found in pockets throughout California\u003c/a>, including Hayward and San Mateo. No locally transmitted cases of Zika have occurred in the continental U.S., though three babies with malformations associated to the virus have been born to mothers who contracted the disease elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes don’t get anything out of making us sick ― they just incidentally pass germs onto us. In fact, researchers have found that some viruses started out as mosquito-only viruses. This isn’t hard to believe, as mosquitoes developed 200 million years before humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As mosquitoes evolved the habit of drinking blood, some viruses have tracked that evolutionary path and become human-vectored viruses,” said microbiologist Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728202\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences, lets herself be bitten by an uninfected common house mosquito during the production of a KQED Deep Look video.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences, lets herself be bitten by an uninfected common house mosquito during the production of a KQED Deep Look video. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"In California, larvae of the common house mosquito grow in water that pools in discarded containers, pet dishes and rain gutters. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In California, larvae of the common house mosquito grow in water that pools in discarded containers, pet dishes and rain gutters. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To reduce the chances of contracting a mosquito-borne disease, public health experts recommend \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/the-pre-travel-consultation/protection-against-mosquitoes-ticks-other-arthropods\">wearing mosquito repellent\u003c/a>, checking the screens on doors and windows and \u003ca href=\"http://msmvcd.s3.amazonaws.com/brochures/AYRM-2011_0.pdf\">eliminating standing water inside and around our homes (.pdf)\u003c/a>. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in the water that pools in gutters and bits of trash, as well as in decorative ponds, potted plants, pet dishes and uncovered rain barrels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve created the ecological niche that they’re well-adapted to,” said Bennett.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"bio": "Gabriela Quirós is the \u003cstrong>supervising producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won six regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared eight more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As summer approaches, we can look forward to picnics, hiking, camping and the mosquito bites that come with spending time outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a good thing you can’t really see what that mosquito is doing when it bites — you probably wouldn’t want to watch as it buries six needles into you. But scientists have been figuring out all the bloody details. And it’s not just for idle curiosity: mosquito bites are more dangerous to humans than any other animal bite. While female mosquitoes — only females bite us — are drinking our blood to grow their eggs, they can leave behind viruses and parasites that cause diseases like West Nile, Zika, malaria and dengue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ANOPHELESSAWS_500.gif\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-728196\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ANOPHELESSAWS_500.gif\" alt=\"An Anopheles mosquito bites into a human arm.\" width=\"100%\">\u003c/a> An \u003cem>Anopheles\u003c/em> mosquito bites into a human arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what makes mosquitoes so good at getting humans sick, researchers say, is the effectiveness of their bite. Scientists have discovered that the mosquito’s mouth, called a proboscis (pronounced pro-BOSS-iss), isn’t just one tiny spear. It’s a sophisticated system of thin needles, each of which pierces the skin, finds blood vessels and makes it easy for mosquitoes to suck blood out of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes also have more than 150 receptors — proteins on their antennae and proboscis that help them find victims or figure out if the water is nutritious enough to lay eggs in. When malaria-causing \u003cem>Anopheles \u003c/em>mosquitoes come out at night to look for blood, they track the carbon dioxide we exhale as we sleep. As they get closer to us, they detect body heat and substances called volatile fatty acids that waft up from our skin, said University of California, Davis, parasitologist and entomologist Shirley Luckhart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why are some people more likely to get bitten than others?” asked Luckhart. “The volatile fatty acids given off by our skin are quite different. They reflect differences between men and women, even what we’ve eaten. Those cues are different from person to person. There’s probably not one or two. It’s the blend that’s more or less attractive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers still haven’t figured out what about their volatile fatty acids makes some people more attractive to mosquitoes than others. What scientists have recently discovered is that once a mosquito’s proboscis pierces the skin, one of its six needles, called the labrum, uses receptors on its tip to find a blood vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those receptors responded to the chemicals in the blood,” said UC Davis biochemist Walter Leal, whose lab made the finding. “Mosquitoes don’t find the blood vessel randomly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, chemicals in our blood waft up like a “bouquet of smells” that guides the way — unwittingly, but surely — to our blood vessel. The labrum then pierces the vessel and serves as a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis post-doctoral researcher Young-Moo Choo, in Leal’s lab, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4625056/\">discovered a receptor\u003c/a> by dissecting mosquitoes’ mouthparts and genetically testing them. Choo hopes his finding of this receptor, called 4EP, and the discovery of other receptors on the labrum, will help drug companies develop new mosquito repellents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First they’d need to find a repellent against the receptors,” said Choo. “Then they’d treat people’s skin with it. When the mosquito tried to penetrate the skin, it would taste or smell something repulsive and fly away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been trying to figure out the anatomy of the mosquito bite for decades. It’s a job made difficult by the challenge of dissecting mosquitoes’ delicate mouthparts, which tend to fall apart in the hands of beginners. Choo attributed his dissecting abilities to his experience using chopsticks in his native South Korea. Video, powerful microscopes and genetic analyses have helped researchers figure out how the feeding system works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-742332\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A protective sheath called the labium bends back as a mosquito pushes needle-like mouthparts into human skin.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A protective sheath called the labium bends back as a mosquito pushes needle-like mouthparts into human skin. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a mosquito pierces the skin, a flexible lip-like sheath called the labium scrolls up and stays outside as she pushes in six needle-like parts that scientists refer to as stylets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of these needles, called maxillae, have tiny teeth. The mosquito uses them to saw through the skin. They’re so sharp you can barely feel the mosquito biting you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re like drill bits,” said Leal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of needles, the mandibles, hold tissues apart while the mosquito works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-745410\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"This illustration shows the six needle-like mouthparts that female mosquitoes use to bite us. They use two maxillae (blue) to saw into the skin and two mandibles (yellow) to hold the tissues apart as they saw. They drool saliva into us with the hypopharynx (green) and suck up blood with the labrum (red). \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This illustration shows the six needle-like mouthparts that female mosquitoes use to bite us. They use two maxillae (blue) to saw into the skin and two mandibles (yellow) to hold the tissues apart as they saw. They drool saliva into us with the hypopharynx (green) and suck up blood with the labrum (red). \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED, based on research by Young-Moo Choo and colleagues)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2012, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in France filmed what happened once a mosquito proboscis had penetrated through mouse skin. The \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050464\">video \u003c/a>shows the sharp-tipped labrum needle probing under the mouse’s skin, then piercing a vessel and sucking blood from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The labrum is shaped like a gutter. In order to become a straw it actually needs another mouthpart to lay over it. That mouthpart, called the hypopharynx, serves a dual purpose, as it also allows the mosquito to drool saliva into us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_DROPOFWATER_500.gif\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_DROPOFWATER_500.gif\" alt=\"When a female mosquito feeds, she separates the water from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end to make room for more blood.\" width=\"100%\">\u003c/a> When a female mosquito feeds, she separates the water from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end to make room for more blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a mosquito’s gut fills up with blood, she separates the water in the blood from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She does that to concentrate the red blood cells,” said Luckhart. “The red blood cells provide a large protein component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By squeezing water out, she can fit five to ten times more blood inside her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sixth needle — called the hypopharynx — drips saliva into us which contains chemicals that keep our blood flowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your blood tends to coagulate immediately upon contact with the air,” said Leal. “They spit some chemicals so the blood doesn’t coagulate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728197\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728197\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"The common house mosquito in California (Culex pipiens) can transmit West Nile virus by biting infected birds, then biting humans. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common house mosquito in California (Culex pipiens) can transmit West Nile virus by biting infected birds, then biting humans. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mosquito saliva also makes our blood vessels dilate, blocks our immune response and lubricates the proboscis. And it causes us to develop itchy welts, and serves as a conduit for dangerous viruses and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Infected mosquitoes spit highly variable doses, anywhere from one infectious virion to 10,000,” said UC Davis virologist Lark Coffey, referring to virus particles. “The number of virions needed to productively infect mice can be as low as one. In theory, \u003cem>one \u003c/em>might be enough to cause diseases like dengue or West Nile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It only takes eight to 20 early-stage malaria organisms to cause the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within 20 minutes they make it to the human liver,” said Luckhart. “It’s a very fast process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of that speedy delivery are deadly. Malaria sickened more than 300 million people in 2015, and killed roughly 635,000, mostly children under the age of five and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably an underestimate,” said UC Davis medical entomologist Gregory Lanzaro, “because reporting is terrible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dengue fever, a disease transmitted by striped black and white mosquitoes called \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em>, is estimated to make almost 400 million people sick with jabbing joint pain each year, including a recent outbreak in Hawaii that sickened 260.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742335\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-742335\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transmit the viruses that cause Zika and dengue. They bite during the day and can lay their eggs in as little as a bottle-cap-full of water.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transmit the viruses that cause Zika and dengue. They bite during the day and can lay their eggs in as little as a bottle cap full of water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists also believe that \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes are the main culprit for more than 350 confirmed cases of congenital malformations associated with the Zika virus in the northeastern Brazilian state of Pernambuco. Since last October, an unusually high number of babies have been born there with small heads and a host of health problems like convulsions and persistent crying suspected of being caused by a Zika virus infection early in their mother’s pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t yet know these babies’ life expectancy,” said Dr. Regina Ramos, who cares for these babies at the University of Pernambuco’s Oswaldo Cruz Hospital and participated via Skype in a symposium on Zika at UC Davis on May 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes arrived in California in 2013, to the town of Clovis, near Fresno, and they’ve since been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Pages/Zika.aspx\">found in pockets throughout California\u003c/a>, including Hayward and San Mateo. No locally transmitted cases of Zika have occurred in the continental U.S., though three babies with malformations associated to the virus have been born to mothers who contracted the disease elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes don’t get anything out of making us sick ― they just incidentally pass germs onto us. In fact, researchers have found that some viruses started out as mosquito-only viruses. This isn’t hard to believe, as mosquitoes developed 200 million years before humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As mosquitoes evolved the habit of drinking blood, some viruses have tracked that evolutionary path and become human-vectored viruses,” said microbiologist Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728202\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences, lets herself be bitten by an uninfected common house mosquito during the production of a KQED Deep Look video.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences, lets herself be bitten by an uninfected common house mosquito during the production of a KQED Deep Look video. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"In California, larvae of the common house mosquito grow in water that pools in discarded containers, pet dishes and rain gutters. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In California, larvae of the common house mosquito grow in water that pools in discarded containers, pet dishes and rain gutters. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To reduce the chances of contracting a mosquito-borne disease, public health experts recommend \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/the-pre-travel-consultation/protection-against-mosquitoes-ticks-other-arthropods\">wearing mosquito repellent\u003c/a>, checking the screens on doors and windows and \u003ca href=\"http://msmvcd.s3.amazonaws.com/brochures/AYRM-2011_0.pdf\">eliminating standing water inside and around our homes (.pdf)\u003c/a>. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in the water that pools in gutters and bits of trash, as well as in decorative ponds, potted plants, pet dishes and uncovered rain barrels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve created the ecological niche that they’re well-adapted to,” said Bennett.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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},
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1MDAyODE4NTgz",
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},
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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},
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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},
"freakonomics-radio": {
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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