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"caption": "Much of the Marina District is built on artificial fill and suffered widespread damage, including liquefaction, during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.",
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"title": "Large Parts of the Bay Area Are Built on Fill. Why and Where?",
"headTitle": "Large Parts of the Bay Area Are Built on Fill. Why and Where? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When Nicole was growing up, her grandmother always told her: Don’t live anywhere built on artificial fill. Her uncle also had strong memories of watching the Marina District burn after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, when parts of the ground liquefied, causing buildings to collapse and gas lines to break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole wants to follow her grandmother’s advice, but she needs to know a few things: \u003cstrong>“What neighborhoods and cities in the Bay Area are built on filled land? And what are those cities and neighborhoods doing to mitigate the risk of liquefaction?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 980px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-11-31-01-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799336\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799336\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"980\" height=\"1228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg 980w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-800x1002.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisco shoreline from 1895. Pink shows areas of artificial fill; blue shows historical marshlands and creeks. \u003ccite>(Oakland Museum of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What is fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Often, when we colloquially refer to fill around the Bay Area, we’re actually referring to two different things:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Artificial fill \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Former or “reclaimed” marshlands and wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Artificial fill\u003c/em> is land that was created by piling up soil, mud, rocks, rubble and dirt. In many cases, mud was pumped up from the bottom of the San Francisco Bay to fill in piles of rocks, then allowed to dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most cases, this fill was put on top of low-lying areas or shallow wetlands and marshlands. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island was made\u003c/a> by piling rocks and mud on the shoals north of Yerba Buena Island. The land that is now the Marina neighborhood in San Francisco was originally filled in for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition — in some cases using debris and rubble from the 1906 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/rs40412_sfpl-ti-construction-dredging-aad-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799305\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-1020x752.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Army Corps of Engineers dredged up the equivalent of 2½ million dump trucks of bay mud and sand to construct Treasure Island. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reclaimed marshlands and wetlands\u003c/em> are not technically fill. However, building levees and draining marshes did change the coastline of the bay, allowing for more development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of years ago, the coastline of the Bay Area looked very different. In many places, the edges of the bay were marshland or wetlands. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, lots of that got drained. People built levees and “reclaimed” the land for what they considered useful purposes, like agriculture. These days, some of those levees have been torn down and land is being returned to tidal marshes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1434px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-10-08-04-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799307\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1434\" height=\"978\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png 1434w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-160x109.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-800x546.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-1020x696.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1434px) 100vw, 1434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These maps from the San Francisco Estuary Institute show what was tidal marshland back around 1800 (left) and what today is still marsh, what’s been restored to tidal bay lands and what is in the works (right). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbayjv.org/project-maps.php\">San Francisco Bay Joint Venture\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Why did we use fill in the Bay Area?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Because fill in the bay let us build, live and farm on land that was previously uninhabitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1800s, \u003ca href=\"https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/09/27/californias-legacy-of-swamplands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the U.S. Congress passed the U.S. Swamp Land Acts\u003c/a>. These were originally designed to help Louisiana drain its swamp lands and build levees — but were quickly put to use in other states. The laws allowed people to claim wetlands or marshlands as their own property if they drained it and used it for an agricultural purpose. This led to a spree of building levees and draining wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1950s, the Army Corps of Engineers did a study on the development of the Bay Area. They found 243 square miles of land “available for reclamation” \u003cem>had been\u003c/em> reclaimed. That’s a lot of former marshlands, wetlands and tidal lands to have drained or filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4030153&view=1up&seq=112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">You can read the full study here. It’s wild.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are the problems with artificial fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>By the 1960s, we mostly stopped filling in the Bay because of growing environmental concerns. After the Army Corps of Engineers did its study of the Bay Area, they published a map projecting what the bay would look like if we continued to fill it in. The picture so alarmed people that eventually the state Legislature put an end to bay fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2430px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/attachment/9494033/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799315\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799315\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2430\" height=\"2735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg 2430w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-160x180.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-800x900.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1020x1148.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1920x2161.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2430px) 100vw, 2430px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The map showing projected plans to fill in more portions of the bay by 2020. \u003ccite>(U.S. Army Corp of Engineers)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other major problem with artificial fill, which wasn’t well known 100 years ago, is the earthquake danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Keith Knudsen of the U.S. Geological Survey, the fill built on top of bay mud or soft ground is at risk for ground failure or liquefaction during an earthquake. A lot of that old fill was not built with the best engineering practices. It was also frequently placed on top of mud or soft deposits, which amplify shaking. When you have high ground water, loose materials and heavy shaking, those deposits can stop behaving like a solid, and start behaving like a liquid, said Knudsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ground turns into \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=57&v=Rd6W2aP2dkA&feature=emb_logo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a sort of quicksand\u003c/a>. Buildings on top can sink and crack. Also things that are in the ground and filled with air, like sewage pipes, can float to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lots of bad things can happen if the ground liquefies,” Knudsen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmVYbjiNWds\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What’s being done to mitigate those issues?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The best way to prevent liquefaction and ground failure is to take steps when you’re first creating the artificial fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11790693,science_1952317' label='The Building of Treasure Island']Treasure Island is one of few places in the Bay Area where a large new development is planned to go in on top of artificial fill. Developers there are able to test more intense mitigation techniques. Using things like wick drains and vibratory compaction, they’re draining the water out of the ground, shaking it to settle the loose materials and then pushing down on the fill with heavy dirt loads to compact it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">read more\u003c/a> about what’s happening there in our two-part series about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the artificial island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news, though, for most of the Bay Area is that it’s hard to go back and re-engineer buildings that are already built. Once an entire neighborhood is constructed, options are even more limited. Anything done to mitigate the risk for one building could affect the others. For example, the San Francisco Transbay Terminal developers used “dewatering” techniques to suck the water out of the ground before they built the terminal. Now \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Sinking-Millennium-Tower-s-developer-built-9278364.php#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">developers of the sinking Millennium Tower say\u003c/a> that affected their building. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do have some standard practices for new buildings built on top of fill:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Slab or mat foundations — if part of the ground liquefies, then the whole building will sink or tilt in one piece instead of cracking\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Friction piles — it’s a kind of pile foundation that goes deep down, through the fill, into the mud. Some buildings have piles that go all the way to the bedrock\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest things that changed after the 1989 earthquake were new requirements to notify people who live in hazard zones. You can use \u003ca href=\"https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geohazards/eq-zapp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">the California Earthquake Hazard Zones App\u003c/a> to plug in your address and see if you live in an area at high risk for liquefaction or landslides in the event of an earthquake. The \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/urban/sfbay/liquefaction/sfbay/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">USGS also puts out updated hazard zone maps\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, just because you’re in a liquefaction hazard zone doesn’t necessarily mean you live on fill — or vice versa. And those former marshlands and tidal wetlands are not at high risk for liquefaction if the bay mud didn’t have artificial fill put on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>OK, so which parts of the Bay Area are fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We have maps to show you!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know \u003cem>for sure\u003c/em> if you live on fill is to hire a geologist and do a boring into the ground. Short of that, the other way is to map the geological deposits the way the USGS does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We overlay them on current maps and then the boundary between what used to be the coastline and what is currently the coastline … that’s been filled,” Knudsen said. USGS also does additional topography work to put together \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/of00-444_7b.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">detailed maps of geological deposits\u003c/a>. While this can miss individual buildings or neighborhoods, it’s the most accurate record of the whole Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using that USGS data, we created this map showing artificial fill areas and former tidal marshlands or wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/b488870b-a8c4-43f4-803a-04691206c9e3/embed\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;\">Data from the US Geological Survey from \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/\">2000\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1037/\">2006\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;align:right\">Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Pickoff-White contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Nicole was growing up, her grandmother always told her: Don’t live anywhere built on artificial fill. Her uncle also had strong memories of watching the Marina District burn after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, when parts of the ground liquefied, causing buildings to collapse and gas lines to break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole wants to follow her grandmother’s advice, but she needs to know a few things: \u003cstrong>“What neighborhoods and cities in the Bay Area are built on filled land? And what are those cities and neighborhoods doing to mitigate the risk of liquefaction?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 980px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-11-31-01-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799336\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799336\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"980\" height=\"1228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg 980w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-800x1002.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisco shoreline from 1895. Pink shows areas of artificial fill; blue shows historical marshlands and creeks. \u003ccite>(Oakland Museum of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What is fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Often, when we colloquially refer to fill around the Bay Area, we’re actually referring to two different things:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Artificial fill \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Former or “reclaimed” marshlands and wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Artificial fill\u003c/em> is land that was created by piling up soil, mud, rocks, rubble and dirt. In many cases, mud was pumped up from the bottom of the San Francisco Bay to fill in piles of rocks, then allowed to dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most cases, this fill was put on top of low-lying areas or shallow wetlands and marshlands. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island was made\u003c/a> by piling rocks and mud on the shoals north of Yerba Buena Island. The land that is now the Marina neighborhood in San Francisco was originally filled in for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition — in some cases using debris and rubble from the 1906 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/rs40412_sfpl-ti-construction-dredging-aad-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799305\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-1020x752.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Army Corps of Engineers dredged up the equivalent of 2½ million dump trucks of bay mud and sand to construct Treasure Island. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reclaimed marshlands and wetlands\u003c/em> are not technically fill. However, building levees and draining marshes did change the coastline of the bay, allowing for more development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of years ago, the coastline of the Bay Area looked very different. In many places, the edges of the bay were marshland or wetlands. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, lots of that got drained. People built levees and “reclaimed” the land for what they considered useful purposes, like agriculture. These days, some of those levees have been torn down and land is being returned to tidal marshes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1434px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-10-08-04-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799307\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1434\" height=\"978\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png 1434w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-160x109.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-800x546.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-1020x696.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1434px) 100vw, 1434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These maps from the San Francisco Estuary Institute show what was tidal marshland back around 1800 (left) and what today is still marsh, what’s been restored to tidal bay lands and what is in the works (right). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbayjv.org/project-maps.php\">San Francisco Bay Joint Venture\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Why did we use fill in the Bay Area?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Because fill in the bay let us build, live and farm on land that was previously uninhabitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1800s, \u003ca href=\"https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/09/27/californias-legacy-of-swamplands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the U.S. Congress passed the U.S. Swamp Land Acts\u003c/a>. These were originally designed to help Louisiana drain its swamp lands and build levees — but were quickly put to use in other states. The laws allowed people to claim wetlands or marshlands as their own property if they drained it and used it for an agricultural purpose. This led to a spree of building levees and draining wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1950s, the Army Corps of Engineers did a study on the development of the Bay Area. They found 243 square miles of land “available for reclamation” \u003cem>had been\u003c/em> reclaimed. That’s a lot of former marshlands, wetlands and tidal lands to have drained or filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4030153&view=1up&seq=112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">You can read the full study here. It’s wild.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are the problems with artificial fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>By the 1960s, we mostly stopped filling in the Bay because of growing environmental concerns. After the Army Corps of Engineers did its study of the Bay Area, they published a map projecting what the bay would look like if we continued to fill it in. The picture so alarmed people that eventually the state Legislature put an end to bay fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2430px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/attachment/9494033/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799315\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799315\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2430\" height=\"2735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg 2430w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-160x180.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-800x900.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1020x1148.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1920x2161.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2430px) 100vw, 2430px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The map showing projected plans to fill in more portions of the bay by 2020. \u003ccite>(U.S. Army Corp of Engineers)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other major problem with artificial fill, which wasn’t well known 100 years ago, is the earthquake danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Keith Knudsen of the U.S. Geological Survey, the fill built on top of bay mud or soft ground is at risk for ground failure or liquefaction during an earthquake. A lot of that old fill was not built with the best engineering practices. It was also frequently placed on top of mud or soft deposits, which amplify shaking. When you have high ground water, loose materials and heavy shaking, those deposits can stop behaving like a solid, and start behaving like a liquid, said Knudsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ground turns into \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=57&v=Rd6W2aP2dkA&feature=emb_logo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a sort of quicksand\u003c/a>. Buildings on top can sink and crack. Also things that are in the ground and filled with air, like sewage pipes, can float to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lots of bad things can happen if the ground liquefies,” Knudsen said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/qmVYbjiNWds'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/qmVYbjiNWds'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>What’s being done to mitigate those issues?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The best way to prevent liquefaction and ground failure is to take steps when you’re first creating the artificial fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Treasure Island is one of few places in the Bay Area where a large new development is planned to go in on top of artificial fill. Developers there are able to test more intense mitigation techniques. Using things like wick drains and vibratory compaction, they’re draining the water out of the ground, shaking it to settle the loose materials and then pushing down on the fill with heavy dirt loads to compact it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">read more\u003c/a> about what’s happening there in our two-part series about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the artificial island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news, though, for most of the Bay Area is that it’s hard to go back and re-engineer buildings that are already built. Once an entire neighborhood is constructed, options are even more limited. Anything done to mitigate the risk for one building could affect the others. For example, the San Francisco Transbay Terminal developers used “dewatering” techniques to suck the water out of the ground before they built the terminal. Now \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Sinking-Millennium-Tower-s-developer-built-9278364.php#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">developers of the sinking Millennium Tower say\u003c/a> that affected their building. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do have some standard practices for new buildings built on top of fill:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Slab or mat foundations — if part of the ground liquefies, then the whole building will sink or tilt in one piece instead of cracking\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Friction piles — it’s a kind of pile foundation that goes deep down, through the fill, into the mud. Some buildings have piles that go all the way to the bedrock\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest things that changed after the 1989 earthquake were new requirements to notify people who live in hazard zones. You can use \u003ca href=\"https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geohazards/eq-zapp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">the California Earthquake Hazard Zones App\u003c/a> to plug in your address and see if you live in an area at high risk for liquefaction or landslides in the event of an earthquake. The \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/urban/sfbay/liquefaction/sfbay/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">USGS also puts out updated hazard zone maps\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, just because you’re in a liquefaction hazard zone doesn’t necessarily mean you live on fill — or vice versa. And those former marshlands and tidal wetlands are not at high risk for liquefaction if the bay mud didn’t have artificial fill put on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>OK, so which parts of the Bay Area are fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We have maps to show you!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know \u003cem>for sure\u003c/em> if you live on fill is to hire a geologist and do a boring into the ground. Short of that, the other way is to map the geological deposits the way the USGS does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We overlay them on current maps and then the boundary between what used to be the coastline and what is currently the coastline … that’s been filled,” Knudsen said. USGS also does additional topography work to put together \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/of00-444_7b.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">detailed maps of geological deposits\u003c/a>. While this can miss individual buildings or neighborhoods, it’s the most accurate record of the whole Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using that USGS data, we created this map showing artificial fill areas and former tidal marshlands or wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/b488870b-a8c4-43f4-803a-04691206c9e3/embed\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;\">Data from the US Geological Survey from \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/\">2000\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1037/\">2006\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;align:right\">Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Pickoff-White contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5Nzk2MzI2MTEx",
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