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"bio": "Molly Samuel joined KQED as an intern in 2007, and since then has worked here as a reporter, producer, director and blogger. Before becoming KQED Science’s Multimedia Producer, she was a producer for Climate Watch. Molly has also reported for NPR, KALW and High Country News, and has produced audio stories for The Encyclopedia of Life and the Oakland Museum of California. She was a fellow with the Middlebury Fellowships in Environmental Journalism and a journalist-in-residence at the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center. Molly has a degree in Ancient Greek from Oberlin College and is a co-founder of the record label True Panther Sounds.",
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"disqusTitle": "Cap-and-Trade: The Glossary",
"title": "Cap-and-Trade: The Glossary",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>You can’t navigate the new world of carbon trading unless you know the lingo. Here are some key terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AB 32\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\">Global Warming Solutions Act\u003c/a>, passed by the California legislature and signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2006, is the authorizing legislation for cap and trade. It seeks to reduce total carbon emissions in the state to 1990 levels, by 2020. That's about 30% below where emissions would likely be absent substantial reduction efforts. The law requires a further 80% reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additionality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe principle, often applied to carbon offsets, that a project should only be able to earn credits if the greenhouse gas emission reductions produced by the project exceed what would have happened in the absence of the carbon credit component. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allocation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUnder an emissions trading scheme, permits to emit can initially either be purchased by emitters or given to them for free. In California's program, 90% will be given away initially. The rest will be sold at auction in an initial market offering. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate Energy and Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allowance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegally defined unit that entitles the holder to emit one metric ton of CO2-equivalent or another quantity of greenhouses gases. Also known as emission allowance or emission permit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atmosphere\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium, radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio) and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains water vapor, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols (particles). \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Auction\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCommon term used for the sale of allowances, as opposed to allocating them for free. California officials scheduled their first official auction for November 14, 2012. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Base Year\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTargets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are often defined in relation to a base year. 1990 is the base year in California's program, as well as for most nations in the Kyoto Protocol. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions) \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Air Resources Board (ARB or CARB)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">regulatory agency\u003c/a> charged with implementation of AB 32 and managing California’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Parent agency\u003c/a> of the Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cap-and-Trade\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA flexible environmental regulation mechanism that sets an overall limit on the emission of a certain pollutant, but allows companies that can easily reduce emissions to sell credits to other companies for which such reduction would be difficult. The cap ensures that emissions will not exceed a desired amount. California’s program rolls out in two phases: power plants and large industrial facilities in 2013, expanding to distributors of oil, natural gas and transportation fuels in 2015. \u003ca href=\"http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/gloss.php\">(Source: CSA)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide (CO2)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human-caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance, and the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurement unit used to indicate the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Footprint\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization or company. A person's carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that an individual burns directly, such as by heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the individual uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products and landfills where trash gets sent. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Action Reserve (CAR)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFormerly the California Climate Action Registry, a non-profit voluntary and compliance registry for offsets. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateactionreserve.org/\">The Reserve\u003c/a> is focused on developing standardized greenhouse gas reduction protocols, tracking offsets through a public database and serving as a project registry for voluntary as well as offsets eligible for compliance under AB 32. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compliance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1) The act, specific to cap-and-trade schemes, of surrendering the required amount of allowances, or some combination of allowances and offsets, to cover an entity’s emissions. 2) Achievement by an entity in meeting its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under the applicable law or treaty. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Covered Entity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAny organization subject to the cap & trade regulation. California’s program covers 360 businesses. The \u003ca href=\"www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/covered_entities_list.pdf\">complete list\u003c/a> is available as a PDF download from the CARB website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deforestation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThose practices or processes that result in the conversion of forested lands for non-forest uses. Deforestation contributes to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations for two reasons: 1) the burning or decomposition of the wood releases carbon dioxide; and 2) trees that once removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis are no longer present. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emissions Cap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA mandated restraint in a scheduled timeframe that puts a “ceiling” on the total amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that can be released into the atmosphere. This can be measured as gross emissions or as net emissions (emissions minus gases that are sequestered). California's cap will increase in 2015, when its cap-and-trade program expands to include more sources, then will decline about 3% each year until 2020, when the cap is expected to be 15% below the 2012 level.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fluorinated Gases\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA group of greenhouse gases regulated under California’s cap-and-trade program. Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (\"High-GWP gases\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fossil Fuel\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA general term for organic materials formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Effect\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about 60“F warmer than it would be otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreenhouse gases (GHGs) are trace gases that control energy flows in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation. Some GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Those \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases.html\">recognized by the U.S. EPA \u003c/a>include: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and \"fluorinated gases.\" CO2 is the most important GHG released by human activities. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leakage\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTerm applied to businesses that leave the state rather than submit to cap-and-trade regulation. Sometimes called \"carbon leakage\" because emissions of the relocated industry are no longer regulated by the home state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">LCFS\u003c/a> requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the market meets, on average, a declining target for greenhouse gas emissions measured in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per unit of fuel energy sold. California's LCFS mandates a 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of fuel production and use within California, by 2020. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane (CH4)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCH4 is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. Atmospheric CH4 is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as landfills, livestock and livestock wastes, natural gas and petroleum systems, coal mines, rice fields and wastewater treatment. CH4 has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years, but its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be approximately 23 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nitrous Oxide (N2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nN2O is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. N2O is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as agriculture and fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is approximately 100 years, and its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be 296 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Offsets\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEmission reduction credits from project-based activities that can be used to meet compliance or corporate objectives as a supplement or alternative to reducing one’s own emissions. In a cap-and-trade scheme, offsets may be used instead of allowances, sometimes up to a limit. California allows the use of offsets to satisfy up to 8% of a company's compliance requirement. Initially four types of offset programs were allowed: expansion of forests and urban forests, methane capture on farms and ranches and reduction of ozone-depleting substances. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prop 23\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn unsuccessful statewide ballot measure in 2011, largely financed by oil and gas interests, that sought to suspend California's regulations under AB 32.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA regional cap-and-trade system that currently includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. The District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, the Eastern Canadian Provinces and New Brunswick are observers in the process. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rggi.org/\">RGGI\u003c/a> covers CO2 emissions from electric power plants in the region, and requires a 10% reduction in these emissions by 2018. The first three-year compliance period started in January 2009. In 2011, the states commenced a review process in order to determine whether to tighten the emissions cap so that emitters would be incentivized to reduce internal emissions further. The review process should be completed in 2013. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Vapor (H2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater vapor is the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is believed that increases in temperature caused by anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions of greenhouse gases will increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, resulting in additional warming. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Western Climate Initiative (WCI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRegional initiative launched in February 2007 by states and provinces, mostly along the western rim of the United States, Canada and Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">WCI\u003c/a> is a collaboration of independent jurisdictions working together to identify, evaluate and implement emissions trading policies to tackle climate change at a regional level. Nominally, WCI partners are: California, Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia and Ontario, but only California and Quebec have passed regulations which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source info: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You can’t navigate the new world of carbon trading unless you know the lingo. Here are some key terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AB 32\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\">Global Warming Solutions Act\u003c/a>, passed by the California legislature and signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2006, is the authorizing legislation for cap and trade. It seeks to reduce total carbon emissions in the state to 1990 levels, by 2020. That's about 30% below where emissions would likely be absent substantial reduction efforts. The law requires a further 80% reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additionality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe principle, often applied to carbon offsets, that a project should only be able to earn credits if the greenhouse gas emission reductions produced by the project exceed what would have happened in the absence of the carbon credit component. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allocation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUnder an emissions trading scheme, permits to emit can initially either be purchased by emitters or given to them for free. In California's program, 90% will be given away initially. The rest will be sold at auction in an initial market offering. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate Energy and Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allowance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegally defined unit that entitles the holder to emit one metric ton of CO2-equivalent or another quantity of greenhouses gases. Also known as emission allowance or emission permit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atmosphere\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium, radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio) and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains water vapor, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols (particles). \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Auction\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCommon term used for the sale of allowances, as opposed to allocating them for free. California officials scheduled their first official auction for November 14, 2012. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Base Year\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTargets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are often defined in relation to a base year. 1990 is the base year in California's program, as well as for most nations in the Kyoto Protocol. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions) \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Air Resources Board (ARB or CARB)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">regulatory agency\u003c/a> charged with implementation of AB 32 and managing California’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Parent agency\u003c/a> of the Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cap-and-Trade\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA flexible environmental regulation mechanism that sets an overall limit on the emission of a certain pollutant, but allows companies that can easily reduce emissions to sell credits to other companies for which such reduction would be difficult. The cap ensures that emissions will not exceed a desired amount. California’s program rolls out in two phases: power plants and large industrial facilities in 2013, expanding to distributors of oil, natural gas and transportation fuels in 2015. \u003ca href=\"http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/gloss.php\">(Source: CSA)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide (CO2)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human-caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance, and the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurement unit used to indicate the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Footprint\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization or company. A person's carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that an individual burns directly, such as by heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the individual uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products and landfills where trash gets sent. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Action Reserve (CAR)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFormerly the California Climate Action Registry, a non-profit voluntary and compliance registry for offsets. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateactionreserve.org/\">The Reserve\u003c/a> is focused on developing standardized greenhouse gas reduction protocols, tracking offsets through a public database and serving as a project registry for voluntary as well as offsets eligible for compliance under AB 32. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compliance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1) The act, specific to cap-and-trade schemes, of surrendering the required amount of allowances, or some combination of allowances and offsets, to cover an entity’s emissions. 2) Achievement by an entity in meeting its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under the applicable law or treaty. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Covered Entity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAny organization subject to the cap & trade regulation. California’s program covers 360 businesses. The \u003ca href=\"www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/covered_entities_list.pdf\">complete list\u003c/a> is available as a PDF download from the CARB website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deforestation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThose practices or processes that result in the conversion of forested lands for non-forest uses. Deforestation contributes to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations for two reasons: 1) the burning or decomposition of the wood releases carbon dioxide; and 2) trees that once removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis are no longer present. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emissions Cap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA mandated restraint in a scheduled timeframe that puts a “ceiling” on the total amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that can be released into the atmosphere. This can be measured as gross emissions or as net emissions (emissions minus gases that are sequestered). California's cap will increase in 2015, when its cap-and-trade program expands to include more sources, then will decline about 3% each year until 2020, when the cap is expected to be 15% below the 2012 level.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fluorinated Gases\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA group of greenhouse gases regulated under California’s cap-and-trade program. Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (\"High-GWP gases\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fossil Fuel\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA general term for organic materials formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Effect\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about 60“F warmer than it would be otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreenhouse gases (GHGs) are trace gases that control energy flows in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation. Some GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Those \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases.html\">recognized by the U.S. EPA \u003c/a>include: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and \"fluorinated gases.\" CO2 is the most important GHG released by human activities. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leakage\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTerm applied to businesses that leave the state rather than submit to cap-and-trade regulation. Sometimes called \"carbon leakage\" because emissions of the relocated industry are no longer regulated by the home state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">LCFS\u003c/a> requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the market meets, on average, a declining target for greenhouse gas emissions measured in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per unit of fuel energy sold. California's LCFS mandates a 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of fuel production and use within California, by 2020. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane (CH4)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCH4 is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. Atmospheric CH4 is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as landfills, livestock and livestock wastes, natural gas and petroleum systems, coal mines, rice fields and wastewater treatment. CH4 has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years, but its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be approximately 23 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nitrous Oxide (N2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nN2O is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. N2O is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as agriculture and fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is approximately 100 years, and its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be 296 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Offsets\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEmission reduction credits from project-based activities that can be used to meet compliance or corporate objectives as a supplement or alternative to reducing one’s own emissions. In a cap-and-trade scheme, offsets may be used instead of allowances, sometimes up to a limit. California allows the use of offsets to satisfy up to 8% of a company's compliance requirement. Initially four types of offset programs were allowed: expansion of forests and urban forests, methane capture on farms and ranches and reduction of ozone-depleting substances. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prop 23\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn unsuccessful statewide ballot measure in 2011, largely financed by oil and gas interests, that sought to suspend California's regulations under AB 32.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA regional cap-and-trade system that currently includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. The District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, the Eastern Canadian Provinces and New Brunswick are observers in the process. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rggi.org/\">RGGI\u003c/a> covers CO2 emissions from electric power plants in the region, and requires a 10% reduction in these emissions by 2018. The first three-year compliance period started in January 2009. In 2011, the states commenced a review process in order to determine whether to tighten the emissions cap so that emitters would be incentivized to reduce internal emissions further. The review process should be completed in 2013. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Vapor (H2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater vapor is the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is believed that increases in temperature caused by anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions of greenhouse gases will increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, resulting in additional warming. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
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"id": "californiareport",
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1MDAyODE4NTgz",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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},
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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