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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545?mt=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Listen to this and more in-depth storytelling by subscribing to The California Report Magazine podcast.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a room with retro relics like a vintage video camera, a manual typewriter and an old bottle of Moonshine. Now imagine that the room—and everything in it—is entirely made of cardboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a Los Angeles-based installation called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.dosshaus.com/installation\">The Artist’s Room\u003c/a>,” where sound is layered over a cartoonish fantasy world created from old cardboard boxes. It includes the plinking of an upright piano and the strumming of an acoustic guitar. There’s even an old-fashioned pay phone in a cardboard phone booth and an antique radio that gets tuned to different languages using cardboard pliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://vimeo.com/202325636\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the work of an art collective called \u003ca href=\"http://www.dosshaus.com/\">Dosshaus\u003c/a>, founded by L.A.-based artist David Connelly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody knows what it’s like to be a kid and have that big cardboard box,\" says Connelly. \"Either a refrigerator box or a TV box, and it can become anything. It’s a castle. It’s a rocket ship. It’s a race car. It’s a fort.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his studio in Ventura, Connelly uses cardboard to create cartoon-like worlds, breathing new life into an object people typically throw away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People donate recycled cardboard boxes to the artists. Connelly then strips off the labels and tape, whips out his box cutter and hacksaw, and transforms the cardboard into everyday items, which he paints using shades of black and white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791003\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11791003 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Connelly creates everyday items out of recycled cardboard, like typewriters, grand pianos, matchsticks and decks of cards. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dosshaus)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I just like working with cardboard. I like the way it works. I like the way it fights you. It doesn’t necessarily want to be anything but a box,\" explains Connelly. \"But if you can work with it and you can work within its limitations, it will allow you to let it become something completely different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collaborating with artist Zoey Taylor, Connelly made lots of objects like this for a life-size installation called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.dosshaus.com/paper-thin-hotel\">The Paper Thin Hotel\u003c/a>\" in L.A. last year. Every detail was made using cardboard, paper, tape and glue—from ashtrays to light fixtures to the clothes the artists wore while moving around inside the installation. The end result feels like walking into a two-dimensional, black and white world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I like the idea of subverting people’s sense of reality,\" says Connelly. \"Every single piece I make is all about shifting your perspective, even if it’s just for a moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://vimeo.com/266785405\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conelley's latest work can be seen at a new show at L.A.'s \u003ca href=\"http://coreyhelfordgallery.com\">Corey Helford Gallery\u003c/a>. His pieces explores the theme of explosions, with creative explorations bursting out from the wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791113\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791113\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40454_Dosshaus_Pop-qut-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40454_Dosshaus_Pop-qut-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40454_Dosshaus_Pop-qut-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40454_Dosshaus_Pop-qut.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New work from Dosshaus explores the theme of explosions. \"People think of explosions are inherently destructive,\" says David Connelly. \"But they can also be a creative force.\" \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dosshaus)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dosshaus also has pieces in a show called \"Dress Rehearsal\" at the \u003ca href=\"https://oma-online.org/dress/\">Oceanside Museum of Art\u003c/a> through Jan. 19, 2020. It includes examples of wearable paper clothing, as well as sculptures arranged as an installation to create the feeling that the viewer is backstage at a theater performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791114\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut-800x1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut-800x1080.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut-160x216.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut-1020x1377.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut-889x1200.jpg 889w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut.jpg 1111w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A piece of wearable paper art from the \"Paper Thin Hotel\" series is an homage to David Bowie. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dosshaus)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody knows what it’s like to be a kid and have that big cardboard box,\" says Connelly. \"Either a refrigerator box or a TV box, and it can become anything. It’s a castle. It’s a rocket ship. It’s a race car. It’s a fort.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his studio in Ventura, Connelly uses cardboard to create cartoon-like worlds, breathing new life into an object people typically throw away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People donate recycled cardboard boxes to the artists. Connelly then strips off the labels and tape, whips out his box cutter and hacksaw, and transforms the cardboard into everyday items, which he paints using shades of black and white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791003\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11791003 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40436_odP65Gsg-qut.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Connelly creates everyday items out of recycled cardboard, like typewriters, grand pianos, matchsticks and decks of cards. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dosshaus)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I just like working with cardboard. I like the way it works. I like the way it fights you. It doesn’t necessarily want to be anything but a box,\" explains Connelly. \"But if you can work with it and you can work within its limitations, it will allow you to let it become something completely different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collaborating with artist Zoey Taylor, Connelly made lots of objects like this for a life-size installation called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.dosshaus.com/paper-thin-hotel\">The Paper Thin Hotel\u003c/a>\" in L.A. last year. Every detail was made using cardboard, paper, tape and glue—from ashtrays to light fixtures to the clothes the artists wore while moving around inside the installation. The end result feels like walking into a two-dimensional, black and white world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I like the idea of subverting people’s sense of reality,\" says Connelly. \"Every single piece I make is all about shifting your perspective, even if it’s just for a moment.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Conelley's latest work can be seen at a new show at L.A.'s \u003ca href=\"http://coreyhelfordgallery.com\">Corey Helford Gallery\u003c/a>. His pieces explores the theme of explosions, with creative explorations bursting out from the wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791113\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791113\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40454_Dosshaus_Pop-qut-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40454_Dosshaus_Pop-qut-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40454_Dosshaus_Pop-qut-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40454_Dosshaus_Pop-qut.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New work from Dosshaus explores the theme of explosions. \"People think of explosions are inherently destructive,\" says David Connelly. \"But they can also be a creative force.\" \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dosshaus)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dosshaus also has pieces in a show called \"Dress Rehearsal\" at the \u003ca href=\"https://oma-online.org/dress/\">Oceanside Museum of Art\u003c/a> through Jan. 19, 2020. It includes examples of wearable paper clothing, as well as sculptures arranged as an installation to create the feeling that the viewer is backstage at a theater performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791114\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut-800x1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut-800x1080.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut-160x216.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut-1020x1377.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut-889x1200.jpg 889w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40455_Dosshaus_Paper-Thin-Homage_Bowie-Yamamoto-qut.jpg 1111w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A piece of wearable paper art from the \"Paper Thin Hotel\" series is an homage to David Bowie. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dosshaus)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Los Angeles' 1850s Slave Market Is Now the Site of a Federal Courthouse",
"title": "Los Angeles' 1850s Slave Market Is Now the Site of a Federal Courthouse",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>The following article is republished with permission from \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lost LA\u003c/a>.\" This history documentary series explores our region’s hidden past through documents, photos and other rare artifacts from California libraries and archives. \"Lost LA\" is produced by the Public Media Group of Southern California and USC Libraries.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545?mt=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Listen to this and more in-depth storytelling by subscribing to The California Report Magazine podcast.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auctioning off human beings is a practice many would think was confined to the pre-Civil War American South. Here in California, slavery was purportedly banned during the 1849 Constitutional Convention. But even though it was situated in a supposedly “free” state, Los Angeles held its own human auctions during the mid-19th century. And the product for sale was Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Europeans arrived in 1769, more than 300,000 American Indians called California home. By 1860, that number dropped to about 30,000, meaning approximately nine out of every 10 Native Californians had been \u003ca href=\"https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/genocide-slavery-and-las-role-in-the-decimation-of-native-californians\">wiped out\u003c/a>. After the Gold Rush started and California became part of the United States in 1848, thousands of Americans began flooding the state. Consequently, Native Californians were facing the prospect of elimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]Even though it was situated in a supposedly 'free' state, Los Angeles held its own human auctions during the mid-19th century.[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Los Angeles became an American town, Native Americans in Spanish and Mexican Los Angeles were treated as a subclass of people, prevented from full participation in public life and left at risk of violence and subjugation. In fact, Mexican Angelenos, descendents themselves of American Indians and Africans as well as Spaniards, attempted to elevate their own social status, while obfuscating their own mixed ancestry, by distinguishing themselves from and marginalizing local Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1850s, Angelenos generally grouped Native Californians into one of two categories. You had what were referred to, in dehumanizing terms, as the “wild Indians” who lived outside town or in the mountains. The approach to dealing with this group can best be described by the old, and repugnant, saying: “There is no good Indian but a dead Indian.” If captured, death was a routine punishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11790008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853-800x529.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853-1200x793.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853.jpg 1777w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Angeles in 1853. \u003ccite>(Lithographic drawing by Charles Koppel for the Pacific Railroad Survey.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Angelenos had a different approach with respect to the other group of American Indians. These were the Christianized Native Americans who had been associated with the California Missions. They were sometimes referred to as the “tame Indians” or the “Mission Indians.” These “Mission Indians” were often utilized as a source of cheap labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1850s, Angelenos contrived an economic scheme that essentially subjected Native Americans to a type of indentured servitude. They used alcohol to incentivize the scheme to the Native Americans. This system supplied cheap labor and revenue for the town, and in the process decimated the native population of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system worked as follows: Local ranchers and vineyard owners started paying some or all of the wages owed to their American Indian laborers in alcohol. The Native Americans then got drunk off the alcohol and American lawmen arrested them for drunkenness. The next morning, after sobering up, the American Indians were auctioned off to local ranchers and vineyard owners who would post their bail in exchange for one week of forced servitude. At the end of the week, if they performed their work satisfactorily, one-third of the sale price was given to the laborer. Of course, this payment was usually in the form of more alcohol. So the vicious cycle of alcohol-induced arrest and resulting servitude often repeated itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horace Bell, a colorful but sometimes unreliable chronicler of the early days of Los Angeles, described it like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The cultivators of vineyards commenced paying their Indian peons with aguardiente, a veritable fire-water and no mistake. The consequence was that on being paid off on Saturday evening, they would meet in great gatherings called peons, and pass the night in gambling, drunkenness and debauchery. On Sunday the streets would be crowded from morn till night with Indians, males and females of all ages ... About sundown the pompous marshall ... would drive and drag the herd to a big corral in the rear of Downey Block, where they would sleep away their intoxication, and in the morning they would be exposed for sale, as slaves for the week. Los Angeles had its slave mart, as well as New Orleans and Constantinople – only the slave at Los Angeles was sold fifty-two times a year as long as he lived, which did not generally exceed one, two, or three years, under the new dispensation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And this process was not undertaken in the shadows – out of the reach of law enforcement – because auctioning off Native people was totally legal in 1850s California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ironically named California Act for the Government and Protection of Indians of 1850 allowed any white person to post bail for a convicted American Indian and then require the Native person to work for the white man until the fine was discharged. Historian Robert Heizer called this legislative act “a thinly disguised substitute for slavery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imitating the state Legislature, the Los Angeles City Council passed its own ordinance in 1850, which allowed prisoners to be “auctioned off to the highest bidder for private service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11790009\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00081890.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00081890.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00081890-160x200.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two American Indian women at San Fernando Rey de España Mission in 1890. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of the Photo Collection – Los Angeles Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The auction took place nearly every week for almost 20 years. That the practice became routine is demonstrated by an 1852 letter written by the administrator of Rancho Los Alamitos. He called upon his employer to “deputize someone to attend the auction that usually takes place at the prison on Mondays, and buy me five or six Indians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This routine practice continued until there was no one left to sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his book, \"The Herald’s History of Los Angeles City,\" Charles Willard described it as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>About two thousand natives who had either been brought up at the missions or had sometime been under their influence, so that they were not wholly wild, were living in and around Los Angeles. During the week they worked on the ranches and vineyards and on Saturday, having secured their pay, much of it in brandy, they repaired to the city to indulge in a frantic carouse ... When they were all drunk, which happened usually within twelve hours after their discharge from the ranches, they were gathered into a corral back of the present location of the Downey block. On Monday morning they were sold off, like so many slaves, the employer agreeing to pay the fine in return for the next period of service. The Indian received only a dollar or two for his week's work, part of that in brandy. This condition of affairs lasted until the Indians were all dead, and they went out rapidly under such a hideous system.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The present-day location of the human auction is Main Street between Temple and Aliso streets in downtown, where the United States Courthouse now stands. It is ironic that such a great injustice occurred at a place where Angelenos now go to seek justice. In fact, over the past few decades, Native American groups have staged several different protests at the federal courthouse in an effort to seek justice, on the very site where, a century earlier, their forefathers were auctioned off like cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This auction offers insight into the Native American experience in the newly American town of Los Angeles. Native Californians during the 1850s had very few rights. They could not gain citizenship or vote. They could not testify against a white person in court or own a gun to protect themselves. If they were accused of a crime, the case would be heard in front of an all-white jury, if a mob or vigilance committee did not take justice into its own hands first. Already weakened by years of Spanish and Mexican rule, American Indian life in Los Angeles disintegrated even further under American rule. And this alcohol-induced system of forced labor was one of the final straws that pushed Los Angeles’ Native people to the brink of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11790010\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00092484-800x552.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00092484.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00092484-160x110.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of Native Americans protesters, who said they were conducting a religious ceremony, being physically removed from the grass lawn in front of the Federal Courthouse in 1979. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of the Herald-Examiner Collection – Los Angels Public Library.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSources:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Horace Bell. Reminiscences of a Ranger (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 34-36.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nJ.M. Guinn. The Passing of the Old Pueblo, Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1901).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Robert Heizer. The Destruction of the California Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Carey McWilliams. Southern California: An Island on the Land (Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1946).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>George Harwood Phillips, Indians in Los Angeles, 1781-1875: Economic Integration, Social Disintegration , Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1980).\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nDavid Samuel Torres-Rouff, Before L.A.: Race, Space, and Municipal Power in Los Angeles, 1781-1894 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), 23-54.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCharles Dwight Willard. The Herald’s History of Los Angeles City (Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner Co., 1901), 282-283.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>The following article is republished with permission from \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lost LA\u003c/a>.\" This history documentary series explores our region’s hidden past through documents, photos and other rare artifacts from California libraries and archives. \"Lost LA\" is produced by the Public Media Group of Southern California and USC Libraries.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545?mt=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Listen to this and more in-depth storytelling by subscribing to The California Report Magazine podcast.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auctioning off human beings is a practice many would think was confined to the pre-Civil War American South. Here in California, slavery was purportedly banned during the 1849 Constitutional Convention. But even though it was situated in a supposedly “free” state, Los Angeles held its own human auctions during the mid-19th century. And the product for sale was Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Europeans arrived in 1769, more than 300,000 American Indians called California home. By 1860, that number dropped to about 30,000, meaning approximately nine out of every 10 Native Californians had been \u003ca href=\"https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/genocide-slavery-and-las-role-in-the-decimation-of-native-californians\">wiped out\u003c/a>. After the Gold Rush started and California became part of the United States in 1848, thousands of Americans began flooding the state. Consequently, Native Californians were facing the prospect of elimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Los Angeles became an American town, Native Americans in Spanish and Mexican Los Angeles were treated as a subclass of people, prevented from full participation in public life and left at risk of violence and subjugation. In fact, Mexican Angelenos, descendents themselves of American Indians and Africans as well as Spaniards, attempted to elevate their own social status, while obfuscating their own mixed ancestry, by distinguishing themselves from and marginalizing local Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1850s, Angelenos generally grouped Native Californians into one of two categories. You had what were referred to, in dehumanizing terms, as the “wild Indians” who lived outside town or in the mountains. The approach to dealing with this group can best be described by the old, and repugnant, saying: “There is no good Indian but a dead Indian.” If captured, death was a routine punishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11790008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853-800x529.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853-1200x793.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/los_angeles_1853.jpg 1777w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Angeles in 1853. \u003ccite>(Lithographic drawing by Charles Koppel for the Pacific Railroad Survey.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Angelenos had a different approach with respect to the other group of American Indians. These were the Christianized Native Americans who had been associated with the California Missions. They were sometimes referred to as the “tame Indians” or the “Mission Indians.” These “Mission Indians” were often utilized as a source of cheap labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1850s, Angelenos contrived an economic scheme that essentially subjected Native Americans to a type of indentured servitude. They used alcohol to incentivize the scheme to the Native Americans. This system supplied cheap labor and revenue for the town, and in the process decimated the native population of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system worked as follows: Local ranchers and vineyard owners started paying some or all of the wages owed to their American Indian laborers in alcohol. The Native Americans then got drunk off the alcohol and American lawmen arrested them for drunkenness. The next morning, after sobering up, the American Indians were auctioned off to local ranchers and vineyard owners who would post their bail in exchange for one week of forced servitude. At the end of the week, if they performed their work satisfactorily, one-third of the sale price was given to the laborer. Of course, this payment was usually in the form of more alcohol. So the vicious cycle of alcohol-induced arrest and resulting servitude often repeated itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horace Bell, a colorful but sometimes unreliable chronicler of the early days of Los Angeles, described it like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The cultivators of vineyards commenced paying their Indian peons with aguardiente, a veritable fire-water and no mistake. The consequence was that on being paid off on Saturday evening, they would meet in great gatherings called peons, and pass the night in gambling, drunkenness and debauchery. On Sunday the streets would be crowded from morn till night with Indians, males and females of all ages ... About sundown the pompous marshall ... would drive and drag the herd to a big corral in the rear of Downey Block, where they would sleep away their intoxication, and in the morning they would be exposed for sale, as slaves for the week. Los Angeles had its slave mart, as well as New Orleans and Constantinople – only the slave at Los Angeles was sold fifty-two times a year as long as he lived, which did not generally exceed one, two, or three years, under the new dispensation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And this process was not undertaken in the shadows – out of the reach of law enforcement – because auctioning off Native people was totally legal in 1850s California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ironically named California Act for the Government and Protection of Indians of 1850 allowed any white person to post bail for a convicted American Indian and then require the Native person to work for the white man until the fine was discharged. Historian Robert Heizer called this legislative act “a thinly disguised substitute for slavery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imitating the state Legislature, the Los Angeles City Council passed its own ordinance in 1850, which allowed prisoners to be “auctioned off to the highest bidder for private service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11790009\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00081890.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00081890.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00081890-160x200.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two American Indian women at San Fernando Rey de España Mission in 1890. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of the Photo Collection – Los Angeles Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The auction took place nearly every week for almost 20 years. That the practice became routine is demonstrated by an 1852 letter written by the administrator of Rancho Los Alamitos. He called upon his employer to “deputize someone to attend the auction that usually takes place at the prison on Mondays, and buy me five or six Indians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This routine practice continued until there was no one left to sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his book, \"The Herald’s History of Los Angeles City,\" Charles Willard described it as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>About two thousand natives who had either been brought up at the missions or had sometime been under their influence, so that they were not wholly wild, were living in and around Los Angeles. During the week they worked on the ranches and vineyards and on Saturday, having secured their pay, much of it in brandy, they repaired to the city to indulge in a frantic carouse ... When they were all drunk, which happened usually within twelve hours after their discharge from the ranches, they were gathered into a corral back of the present location of the Downey block. On Monday morning they were sold off, like so many slaves, the employer agreeing to pay the fine in return for the next period of service. The Indian received only a dollar or two for his week's work, part of that in brandy. This condition of affairs lasted until the Indians were all dead, and they went out rapidly under such a hideous system.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The present-day location of the human auction is Main Street between Temple and Aliso streets in downtown, where the United States Courthouse now stands. It is ironic that such a great injustice occurred at a place where Angelenos now go to seek justice. In fact, over the past few decades, Native American groups have staged several different protests at the federal courthouse in an effort to seek justice, on the very site where, a century earlier, their forefathers were auctioned off like cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This auction offers insight into the Native American experience in the newly American town of Los Angeles. Native Californians during the 1850s had very few rights. They could not gain citizenship or vote. They could not testify against a white person in court or own a gun to protect themselves. If they were accused of a crime, the case would be heard in front of an all-white jury, if a mob or vigilance committee did not take justice into its own hands first. Already weakened by years of Spanish and Mexican rule, American Indian life in Los Angeles disintegrated even further under American rule. And this alcohol-induced system of forced labor was one of the final straws that pushed Los Angeles’ Native people to the brink of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11790010\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00092484-800x552.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00092484.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/00092484-160x110.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of Native Americans protesters, who said they were conducting a religious ceremony, being physically removed from the grass lawn in front of the Federal Courthouse in 1979. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of the Herald-Examiner Collection – Los Angels Public Library.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSources:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Horace Bell. Reminiscences of a Ranger (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 34-36.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nJ.M. Guinn. The Passing of the Old Pueblo, Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1901).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Robert Heizer. The Destruction of the California Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Carey McWilliams. Southern California: An Island on the Land (Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1946).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>George Harwood Phillips, Indians in Los Angeles, 1781-1875: Economic Integration, Social Disintegration , Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1980).\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nDavid Samuel Torres-Rouff, Before L.A.: Race, Space, and Municipal Power in Los Angeles, 1781-1894 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), 23-54.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCharles Dwight Willard. The Herald’s History of Los Angeles City (Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner Co., 1901), 282-283.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "how-one-womans-search-for-her-homeless-mother-became-a-mission-to-help-others",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on July 31, 2019.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]G[/dropcap]rowing up, Robin Burton didn’t really know much about her mother, Cloudia Leslie Wells. “I was never told that my mom was mentally ill. My grandparents raised me, her mom and dad, and my mom would come home for a couple months and she’d be gone for a couple of years, and this was normal to me growing up,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Robin Burton, founder of the Facebook group Missing & Homeless']‘The only thing that I want to say to my mom whenever I find her is, “I love you.” That means more to me than anything else in the world, is just for her to hear those three words: “I love you.”‘[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton was an adult by the time she learned her mom had been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. That finally answered questions unanswered when her mom was breezing in and out of her life. Like many kids who don’t understand what they’re looking at when they’re looking at severe mental illness, little Robin came up with a story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought that she was living the life of the rich and famous, and didn’t have time for me. That was so far from the truth,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a sadness she learned to live with early in life. But when Burton was in her 20s, she lost her mom in a new and different way. First, her grandparents died. Then, when her mom swung through town, sometime around Christmas in 1994, and learned about their deaths, she left and didn’t come back. Ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was 23 whenever she went missing, and I’m 48 years old now,” Burton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schizophrenia can be a debilitating disease. There’s no known cure, though medications can help. “We don’t know what it is. We don’t know what causes it. I don’t even know what the meaning of a cure would be,” said \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/psychiatry/people/robert_rosenheck.profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Rosenheck\u003c/a>, professor of psychiatry and of health policy at the Yale School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11764368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11764368\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/FB_IMG_1558461841538.jpg\" alt=\"A rare family photo of young Robin Burton with her mother, Cloudia Leslie Wells.\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/FB_IMG_1558461841538.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/FB_IMG_1558461841538-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/FB_IMG_1558461841538-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/FB_IMG_1558461841538-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare family photo of young Robin Burton with her mother, Cloudia Leslie Wells. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Robin Burton)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists do know schizophrenia affects people of every race, culture and economic class. Common symptoms include delusions, social withdrawal and an inability to cope with strong emotions. “Schizophrenia interferes with all areas of mental life. It makes it hard to think clearly. It makes people fearful, angry sometimes, and sometimes numb,” Rosenheck added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why you see so many homeless people with schizophrenia. It’s hard for other people to connect with them and stay connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the years wore on, Burton hired a private investigator to find Cloudia, though a lot of people told her to let it go. A lot of people tell her that now. But Burton won’t give up on the hope that Cloudia is still alive, and that there might be some benefit to seeing her again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not here to judge my mom, and I’m not here to ask her any questions on why she didn’t come home, or where she’s been, because she has her own reasons. The only thing that I want to say to my mom whenever I find her is, ‘I love you.’ That means more to me than anything else in the world, is just for her to hear those three words: ‘I love you.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is, how to find her?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The First Trip to California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Burton lives in Collinsville, Illinois. “I work at Geico. I’m an insurance agent. I also bartend on the weekends,” at a popular local watering hole called Ardie and Tiny’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Robin Burton, founder of the Facebook group Missing & Homeless']‘You know, the question that I get asked a lot, and most families do that are looking for their missing loved ones that are living homeless, is maybe they don’t want to be found.’[/pullquote]One evening, almost five years ago, Burton was working at that bar, “and it was a slow night, and I had a phone call from my private investigator, and he had told me that he doesn’t know how he missed it. But my mom’s Social Security number was used at a homeless shelter in 2013.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a homeless shelter in Santa Monica, California, roughly 2,000 miles from Collinsville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton explained, “I didn’t think a whole lot of it because I’ve been on wild goose chases before. I told a customer, just for small talk, about the phone call conversation. Unbeknownst to me, that customer went home and started Googling the Web. Two days later, he called me on the phone and he said, ‘Robin, I need your email address. There’s something I want you to look at.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a 2014 article from the Los Angeles Times, talking about the annual point-in-time count of the local homeless population. There was one photograph up top, of a homeless woman on the street. “I knew immediately that it was her. Because your eyes don’t change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton called up the L.A. Times, and the reporter put Burton in touch with the photographer, who said the photo was taken one year before the article was written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“January 2013 in Santa Monica, California, the exact same place and area my mom’s Social Security number was used. In the same year. And that was all the confirmation I needed, ’cause I already knew it was her,” Burton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That tip was 2 years old, but she decided to chase it down anyway. She set up a Go Fund Me page to get help paying for a rental car to get to California, and for a motel room to stay in when she got there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A local \u003ca href=\"https://fox2now.com/2015/02/17/collinsville-woman-heads-to-la-to-find-her-mother-after-spotting-her-in-la-times-picture/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fox News\u003c/a> outlet broadcast a set-up story the night before Burton left for L.A. By then, Burton had talked with a police officer at the LAPD, who told her Cloudia had been sighted on L.A.’s skid row. Burton told Fox, “I’m not scared of skid row. That’s not my biggest fear. My biggest fear is my mom not wanting to come back with me. Alls I know is I have to find her. I gotta let her know I love her.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lessons Learned on Skid Row\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11764385\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11764385 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman passes a wheelchair-bound homeless man on Spring Street on May 1, 2017, in Los Angeles. The 2017 Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count indicated a dramatic jump of 20 percent in the city of Los Angeles, while Los Angeles County has spiked 23 percent. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There has been a skid row in Los Angeles since the late 19th century. There have been attempts to clear out the poverty and crime from this square mile in the heart of downtown since the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s never looked as bad as it does in modern times: a tent city of roughly 4,000 people has sprung up on these sun-baked concrete sidewalks, crawling with rats and bedbugs, reeking with the smell of human urine and feces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin arrived in 2015 carrying a box of candy bars wrapped with her mom’s picture, but she made a critical mistake. She brought along another TV camera crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People on the streets were not happy to see that, or her. “The very first day out there was very scary and emotional for me. I broke down crying. I had to leave. I had to leave and I had to go back to my motel and take a deep breath and re-evaluate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the motel room, Burton decided she needed to try again, in a different way. “Without the cameras, everything was so different. and it was actually the homeless that was helping me look for my mom. It was them that was telling me, ‘You know I wish I had somebody looking for me.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could imagine Cloudia visiting a place like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.downtownwomenscenter.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Downtown Women’s Center\u003c/a>. Homeless and near-homeless women from all over Southern California come here looking for help for a range of problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We serve about 4,000 women a year and it’s very fairly infrequent that we see them reunify. It’s really probably only about five a year,” said chief program officer Erika Hartman, who betrays in her voice a certain exhaustion at the very idea of what sounds like a much desired fairy-tale ending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Robin Burton, founder of the Facebook group Missing & Homeless']‘I was very, very angry at God. How could you send me a picture after 20 years? How could I go out there and not find her? And it wasn’t until I came home and I realized I’m not alone. There are other families just like me.’[/pullquote]“Usually, at the point that they have come to skid row, they have really run out of other connections that they can turn to. Sometimes, it’s because they’ve really exhausted their relationships with people who are trying support them. Or who have set boundaries due to substance use. Lots of women report experiencing shame about homelessness,” Hartman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with help, three weeks passed with no sign of Cloudia. Some people told Burton they believed Cloudia must be dead. Whatever the case, Burton needed to go back home and get back to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That spring, Burton started a Facebook group called \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/MissingHomelessOrg/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Missing & Homeless\u003c/a>. The concept is simple: post a person’s story, with enough details and photos, in the hopes somebody in the group will recognize that missing person and help put them in touch with the family looking for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re not a piece of garbage, you know. They’re somebody’s mother. They’re somebody son. They’re somebody’s sister.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11764316\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 742px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11764316\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/1485734303999.jpeg\" alt=\"One of numerous posters Robin Burton has drawn up over the years in the search for her mother, believed to be homeless somewhere in California.\" width=\"742\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/1485734303999.jpeg 742w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/1485734303999-160x207.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of numerous posters Robin Burton has drawn up over the years in the search for her mother, believed to be homeless somewhere in California. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Robin Burton)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>An Education in Finding People\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Robin said she functions like a reporter when a family contacts her for help. She presses them for more information. Where, exactly, did the person go missing? Are there any distinguishing characteristics, like eye color or tattoos? Do they suffer from mental illness or addiction?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The details make it easier to find somebody, but they also emotionally engage the Facebook group members. As opposed to say, some generic post about a Jane Doe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had no idea when I started ‘Missing & Homeless’ what it was going to become, and how many followers and supporters that we were gonna have. Then we started finding people. Four years later, we have probably found 70 or 80 people,” Burton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out a lot of the group’s 63,000 members are homeless themselves, typically logging into Facebook at public libraries — in part because they don’t have any barriers precluding them from getting involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='homelessness' label='More on Homelessness']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton has had a number of frustrating conversations with health care providers and social service workers who won’t say boo about someone who friends and family are searching for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can walk into a homeless shelter or a soup kitchen and they will not tell you if they’re there. My mom could be in the same building as me and I would never even know it. It’s heartbreaking, whenever you have a family member that is missing and living homeless, the lack of help that you get because of it,” Burton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a very big reason why most social workers and health care providers would not tell Robin if her mom was in a particular building. It’s against federal law, specifically, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/laws-regulations/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996\u003c/a>. HIPAA, as most people call it, has a provision that protects the privacy of individuals’ medical records, including the fact of a person’s presence in a facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartman of the Downtown Women’s Center explained staff are happy to take a message and pass it on. But it’s the homeless person’s choice whether to connect. Always. In part, because they can’t presume the best about people who say they’re searching for a loved one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have women who have been trafficked or abused or exploited by family members,” Hartman said. “Many of them don’t list an emergency contact. We have women who pass and we don’t know how to find a next of kin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, many of these women have good reasons they don’t want to be found. Burton gets that. She’s also seen enough to know some people are just too far gone into the abyss of mental illness, or addiction, or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had a lady that was looking for her son that was schizophrenic, and he was found after, after five or six years, and she didn’t recognize him at first. You know, because the streets weather you. You change drastically. He didn’t recognize her either, and he said, ‘You’re not my mom.’ He’s missing again,” Burton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, we’ve been presuming that the right homeless person has been correctly identified. Sometimes, people eager to help say they’ve seen someone they actually haven’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened to Burton, just weeks after she returned home from skid row that first time. A volunteer from the Downtown Women’s Center called Burton to say Cloudia was there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton bought a plane ticket. She was sitting on that plane ahead of takeoff, when she got another call saying the volunteer was mistaken. The timing was such that Burton flew to L.A. and back: an expensive, useless and emotionally painful trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, that wouldn’t stop Burton from recommending families make every effort to file missing person reports, and take all the other recommended steps. Because the wins, when they happen, are so satisfying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11764346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11764346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A former workmate of Corey Abernathy's asked his parents for permission to post this on the Facebook group "Missing & Homeless." That's how a housemate of Abernathy's in San Francisco spotted it, and told him, and he called his parents after a radio silence of two years.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1246\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut-800x519.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut-1020x662.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut-1200x779.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A former workmate of Corey Abernathy asked his parents for permission to post this on the Facebook group “Missing & Homeless.” That’s how a housemate of Abernathy’s in San Francisco spotted it, and told him, and he called his parents after a radio silence of two years. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Corey Abernathy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Win in San Francisco\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Corey Abernathy, and his parents, Cathy and Robert Abernathy, agreed to meet me on a bright, breezy day at one of his favorite haunts in San Francisco: Crissy Field. When he was homeless, Corey used to camp in the Presidio, not far from where tourists whiz by on their rented bicycles and children eat ice cream while wearing fleece jackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just thought too much about life. I felt a lot of pressure,” Corey said. He’s 5-foot-9. About 160 pounds. Hair and beard close-cropped. His blue eyes twinkle in the sun. He looks like he’s gotten a lot of sun in recent years, but nothing that seems out of the ordinary for an athletic white man in his early 30s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corey was 28 when he decided to throw on a backpack one day and leave his parents’ home in Willits in Mendocino County. With no warning, or explanation — though there were signs when the family looks back on it — that he wasn’t happy. That he was drifting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just remember that there was like a weird amount of anxiety on me,” Abernathy said. “I always tried to make sense of everything. I put too much pressure on myself that wasn’t really there. Yeah, the way I dealt with it was just drinking a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d struggled with anxiety since childhood. He didn’t seem to have a strong idea for a career the way his older brother had. He dropped out of Sacramento State almost as soon as he got there. He lost a job in retail, then switched to a local casino. But there, he was surrounded by alcohol, and the consequences were predictable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corey started reading about people who dropped out of society for a different kind of life. “So it wasn’t like one single moment. It was something I was thinking about for probably like a year,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Corey got a DUI, something he was really ashamed about. He thought to himself, if he had no money, he wouldn’t be able to buy alcohol. And if he had nothing to worry about, he wouldn’t want to buy alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He explained, “My car got towed and I just said, ‘I’m done.’ At the time, it was a good feeling. I don’t have to deal with problems I can’t figure out anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But remember, he was living with his parents at the time. And when he walked out that front door, he left no note. No explanation. His mom, Cathy, is a registered nurse. His dad, Robert, is a retired custom cabinetmaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father recalled the day, “Got home and the house was empty. To me, it looked like he’d just walked out the door to go out for a walk. Everything was still in his room. Nothing disturbed. He just disappeared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They called the police and filed a missing person’s report. Only to discover the police in Mendocino County have a loose attitude about adults who disappear, given the local marijuana growing industry’s reliance on seasonal workers. In this business, pruning is called “trimming,” and many of the trimmers come and go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Mendocino County, Sonoma County if a adult is missing, they’re out trimming,” Cathy said. “It was October and it was trimming season. They took the report, but they weren’t doing anything with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Robert and Cathy had to start looking on their own. Corey’s friends helped. A former workmate tacking up a poster in Ukiah met a homeless person who directed them to Fort Bragg, where Robert and Cathy found Corey in a park, about six weeks after he disappeared. But Corey wouldn’t come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t ready to see them,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Corey Abernathy, building a new life for himself in San Francisco after more than three years homeless']‘I gave everything up, you know. It was like, I don’t know if I’m ever going to have a room again. I don’t know if I’m ever going to have a relationship again. I distinctively classified myself aside from society.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert described his thinking in that moment, “As much as I wanted to grab him and throw him in the car, I knew he’d be gone again. So that was the hardest decision I’ve ever had to make was to let him go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they did, and Corey kept hitchhiking, to Point Arena, Gualala and finally San Francisco — where he proceeded to bounce from sleeping rough in the Presidio to side streets and shelters, sporadically sending his parents Facebook messages from public libraries. Until he stopped doing that. The last one was in February 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt regret and guilt. I knew I was going to have to figure out a way to speak to them, and yeah, apologize,” Corey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every now and then, his parents would get a lead and take off to follow it, only to find it mistaken. Often, from somebody overcome with wishful thinking. A lot of guys on the street look like Corey. “OK, he’s here. He’s in Yuba City. He’s in Sacramento. Manteca. Denver. I mean, you name it, he was there,” Robert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks turned into months, and then years. Corey’s last messages came from San Francisco. So Robert and Cathy drove south repeatedly to scour the city’s Tenderloin on foot. “He could be on the next block over headed in the opposite direction, and we’d never know it. You know, there were days when we walked 25 miles,” Robert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The night before Corey left his parents’ home in Willits, Cathy started having this recurring dream — nightmare, really.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In it, she keeps getting woken up by her nephew, Bobby, who committed suicide in 2010. It’s like he was a contact from the underworld, trying to tell her something about her son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’d wake me up that, ‘We gotta get going.’ I was on the hard ground. I was cold. I wasn’t safe. I had to get moving. You know, we had to get moving,” she recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, at some point, the nightmares abruptly stopped. Cathy had two theories about what happened to Corey. “Maybe, you know, he’s getting his life together. Or he wasn’t on this earth anymore. You know, it was one of the two.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it happened, this was right around the time Corey was ready for rehab. He got involved with \u003ca href=\"https://www.aa.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alcoholics Anonymous\u003c/a>. He got into a sober living facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he didn’t reconnect with his parents. And two years passed. That’s when, early this year, one of Corey’s old workmates posted on “Missing & Homeless.” And someone Corey lives with recognized him. And told Corey. And Corey called home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Robert Abernathy, whose son went missing for more than three years']‘You see the homeless. You hear about people missing family. And that’s supposed to happen to other people. It’s not supposed to happen to you. With Corey missing, I am much, much, much more aware of how it’s happening everywhere. Man, this is an epidemic.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t even remember the drive down here. You know, we sat down, and he talked about why — some of the things that made him leave. And him realizing that the DUI, everybody gets one and it’s nothing to run from, but this is something he’s been thinking about, and it’s something he needed to finish. And it’s like, he’s part of our family, and as I told him, he’s going to be my son forever, no matter what. I still love him,” Robert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, Robert and Cathy come down from Willits periodically to visit Corey in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corey doesn’t have a strong answer as to why he didn’t call his parents before a prompt from the acquaintance who spotted him on “Missing & Homeless.” What Corey can say is that he was ready when he got the nudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Kind of Story Robin Burton Lives For\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“A lot of homeless are afraid to contact their family because they don’t know if they’re going to be turned away,” Burton said. “Some, you know, it’s just they’ve been gone for so long they don’t even know what to say to families anymore. Those are our miracle stories. There was a reason he was supposed to be found, and there was closure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The search for Cloudia morphed into something else for Burton. She’s found a mission, a purpose in life, as a guide for others in need. The story about Burton’s search for her mom has become an invitation for people to trust her. “The same people have probably heard it a thousand times. Well, now they’re coming to me for help and we’re finding their families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not to say there haven’t been personal wins for Burton, too. She never knew who her father was. But this summer, she found him. She was told as a kid that her mom got pregnant at 17, and had her at 18. But her grandparents didn’t know who her father was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Burton took a DNA test and it led to Kansas and her 71- year-old dad. He doesn’t profess to remember Cloudia, but has met with Burton once already — and she’s going to Kansas soon to spend some vacation time with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton’s got a new lead for Cloudia, by the way, from someone in San Francisco who thought they saw her back in June. She would be 66 years old now. White woman, round face that’s probably slouched somewhat with age, presumed shoulder-length gray hair. Might still answer to the name of Cloudia. Or Leslie. Or Diane. Or some other name we don’t know about. Yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on July 31, 2019.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">G\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>rowing up, Robin Burton didn’t really know much about her mother, Cloudia Leslie Wells. “I was never told that my mom was mentally ill. My grandparents raised me, her mom and dad, and my mom would come home for a couple months and she’d be gone for a couple of years, and this was normal to me growing up,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘The only thing that I want to say to my mom whenever I find her is, “I love you.” That means more to me than anything else in the world, is just for her to hear those three words: “I love you.”‘",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton was an adult by the time she learned her mom had been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. That finally answered questions unanswered when her mom was breezing in and out of her life. Like many kids who don’t understand what they’re looking at when they’re looking at severe mental illness, little Robin came up with a story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought that she was living the life of the rich and famous, and didn’t have time for me. That was so far from the truth,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a sadness she learned to live with early in life. But when Burton was in her 20s, she lost her mom in a new and different way. First, her grandparents died. Then, when her mom swung through town, sometime around Christmas in 1994, and learned about their deaths, she left and didn’t come back. Ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was 23 whenever she went missing, and I’m 48 years old now,” Burton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schizophrenia can be a debilitating disease. There’s no known cure, though medications can help. “We don’t know what it is. We don’t know what causes it. I don’t even know what the meaning of a cure would be,” said \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/psychiatry/people/robert_rosenheck.profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Rosenheck\u003c/a>, professor of psychiatry and of health policy at the Yale School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11764368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11764368\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/FB_IMG_1558461841538.jpg\" alt=\"A rare family photo of young Robin Burton with her mother, Cloudia Leslie Wells.\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/FB_IMG_1558461841538.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/FB_IMG_1558461841538-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/FB_IMG_1558461841538-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/FB_IMG_1558461841538-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare family photo of young Robin Burton with her mother, Cloudia Leslie Wells. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Robin Burton)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists do know schizophrenia affects people of every race, culture and economic class. Common symptoms include delusions, social withdrawal and an inability to cope with strong emotions. “Schizophrenia interferes with all areas of mental life. It makes it hard to think clearly. It makes people fearful, angry sometimes, and sometimes numb,” Rosenheck added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why you see so many homeless people with schizophrenia. It’s hard for other people to connect with them and stay connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the years wore on, Burton hired a private investigator to find Cloudia, though a lot of people told her to let it go. A lot of people tell her that now. But Burton won’t give up on the hope that Cloudia is still alive, and that there might be some benefit to seeing her again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not here to judge my mom, and I’m not here to ask her any questions on why she didn’t come home, or where she’s been, because she has her own reasons. The only thing that I want to say to my mom whenever I find her is, ‘I love you.’ That means more to me than anything else in the world, is just for her to hear those three words: ‘I love you.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is, how to find her?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The First Trip to California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Burton lives in Collinsville, Illinois. “I work at Geico. I’m an insurance agent. I also bartend on the weekends,” at a popular local watering hole called Ardie and Tiny’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘You know, the question that I get asked a lot, and most families do that are looking for their missing loved ones that are living homeless, is maybe they don’t want to be found.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>One evening, almost five years ago, Burton was working at that bar, “and it was a slow night, and I had a phone call from my private investigator, and he had told me that he doesn’t know how he missed it. But my mom’s Social Security number was used at a homeless shelter in 2013.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a homeless shelter in Santa Monica, California, roughly 2,000 miles from Collinsville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton explained, “I didn’t think a whole lot of it because I’ve been on wild goose chases before. I told a customer, just for small talk, about the phone call conversation. Unbeknownst to me, that customer went home and started Googling the Web. Two days later, he called me on the phone and he said, ‘Robin, I need your email address. There’s something I want you to look at.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a 2014 article from the Los Angeles Times, talking about the annual point-in-time count of the local homeless population. There was one photograph up top, of a homeless woman on the street. “I knew immediately that it was her. Because your eyes don’t change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton called up the L.A. Times, and the reporter put Burton in touch with the photographer, who said the photo was taken one year before the article was written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“January 2013 in Santa Monica, California, the exact same place and area my mom’s Social Security number was used. In the same year. And that was all the confirmation I needed, ’cause I already knew it was her,” Burton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That tip was 2 years old, but she decided to chase it down anyway. She set up a Go Fund Me page to get help paying for a rental car to get to California, and for a motel room to stay in when she got there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A local \u003ca href=\"https://fox2now.com/2015/02/17/collinsville-woman-heads-to-la-to-find-her-mother-after-spotting-her-in-la-times-picture/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fox News\u003c/a> outlet broadcast a set-up story the night before Burton left for L.A. By then, Burton had talked with a police officer at the LAPD, who told her Cloudia had been sighted on L.A.’s skid row. Burton told Fox, “I’m not scared of skid row. That’s not my biggest fear. My biggest fear is my mom not wanting to come back with me. Alls I know is I have to find her. I gotta let her know I love her.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lessons Learned on Skid Row\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11764385\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11764385 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS27189_GettyImages-691243686-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman passes a wheelchair-bound homeless man on Spring Street on May 1, 2017, in Los Angeles. The 2017 Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count indicated a dramatic jump of 20 percent in the city of Los Angeles, while Los Angeles County has spiked 23 percent. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There has been a skid row in Los Angeles since the late 19th century. There have been attempts to clear out the poverty and crime from this square mile in the heart of downtown since the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s never looked as bad as it does in modern times: a tent city of roughly 4,000 people has sprung up on these sun-baked concrete sidewalks, crawling with rats and bedbugs, reeking with the smell of human urine and feces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin arrived in 2015 carrying a box of candy bars wrapped with her mom’s picture, but she made a critical mistake. She brought along another TV camera crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People on the streets were not happy to see that, or her. “The very first day out there was very scary and emotional for me. I broke down crying. I had to leave. I had to leave and I had to go back to my motel and take a deep breath and re-evaluate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the motel room, Burton decided she needed to try again, in a different way. “Without the cameras, everything was so different. and it was actually the homeless that was helping me look for my mom. It was them that was telling me, ‘You know I wish I had somebody looking for me.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could imagine Cloudia visiting a place like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.downtownwomenscenter.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Downtown Women’s Center\u003c/a>. Homeless and near-homeless women from all over Southern California come here looking for help for a range of problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We serve about 4,000 women a year and it’s very fairly infrequent that we see them reunify. It’s really probably only about five a year,” said chief program officer Erika Hartman, who betrays in her voice a certain exhaustion at the very idea of what sounds like a much desired fairy-tale ending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘I was very, very angry at God. How could you send me a picture after 20 years? How could I go out there and not find her? And it wasn’t until I came home and I realized I’m not alone. There are other families just like me.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Usually, at the point that they have come to skid row, they have really run out of other connections that they can turn to. Sometimes, it’s because they’ve really exhausted their relationships with people who are trying support them. Or who have set boundaries due to substance use. Lots of women report experiencing shame about homelessness,” Hartman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with help, three weeks passed with no sign of Cloudia. Some people told Burton they believed Cloudia must be dead. Whatever the case, Burton needed to go back home and get back to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That spring, Burton started a Facebook group called \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/MissingHomelessOrg/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Missing & Homeless\u003c/a>. The concept is simple: post a person’s story, with enough details and photos, in the hopes somebody in the group will recognize that missing person and help put them in touch with the family looking for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re not a piece of garbage, you know. They’re somebody’s mother. They’re somebody son. They’re somebody’s sister.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11764316\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 742px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11764316\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/1485734303999.jpeg\" alt=\"One of numerous posters Robin Burton has drawn up over the years in the search for her mother, believed to be homeless somewhere in California.\" width=\"742\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/1485734303999.jpeg 742w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/1485734303999-160x207.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of numerous posters Robin Burton has drawn up over the years in the search for her mother, believed to be homeless somewhere in California. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Robin Burton)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>An Education in Finding People\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Robin said she functions like a reporter when a family contacts her for help. She presses them for more information. Where, exactly, did the person go missing? Are there any distinguishing characteristics, like eye color or tattoos? Do they suffer from mental illness or addiction?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The details make it easier to find somebody, but they also emotionally engage the Facebook group members. As opposed to say, some generic post about a Jane Doe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had no idea when I started ‘Missing & Homeless’ what it was going to become, and how many followers and supporters that we were gonna have. Then we started finding people. Four years later, we have probably found 70 or 80 people,” Burton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out a lot of the group’s 63,000 members are homeless themselves, typically logging into Facebook at public libraries — in part because they don’t have any barriers precluding them from getting involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton has had a number of frustrating conversations with health care providers and social service workers who won’t say boo about someone who friends and family are searching for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can walk into a homeless shelter or a soup kitchen and they will not tell you if they’re there. My mom could be in the same building as me and I would never even know it. It’s heartbreaking, whenever you have a family member that is missing and living homeless, the lack of help that you get because of it,” Burton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a very big reason why most social workers and health care providers would not tell Robin if her mom was in a particular building. It’s against federal law, specifically, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/laws-regulations/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996\u003c/a>. HIPAA, as most people call it, has a provision that protects the privacy of individuals’ medical records, including the fact of a person’s presence in a facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartman of the Downtown Women’s Center explained staff are happy to take a message and pass it on. But it’s the homeless person’s choice whether to connect. Always. In part, because they can’t presume the best about people who say they’re searching for a loved one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have women who have been trafficked or abused or exploited by family members,” Hartman said. “Many of them don’t list an emergency contact. We have women who pass and we don’t know how to find a next of kin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, many of these women have good reasons they don’t want to be found. Burton gets that. She’s also seen enough to know some people are just too far gone into the abyss of mental illness, or addiction, or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had a lady that was looking for her son that was schizophrenic, and he was found after, after five or six years, and she didn’t recognize him at first. You know, because the streets weather you. You change drastically. He didn’t recognize her either, and he said, ‘You’re not my mom.’ He’s missing again,” Burton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, we’ve been presuming that the right homeless person has been correctly identified. Sometimes, people eager to help say they’ve seen someone they actually haven’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened to Burton, just weeks after she returned home from skid row that first time. A volunteer from the Downtown Women’s Center called Burton to say Cloudia was there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton bought a plane ticket. She was sitting on that plane ahead of takeoff, when she got another call saying the volunteer was mistaken. The timing was such that Burton flew to L.A. and back: an expensive, useless and emotionally painful trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, that wouldn’t stop Burton from recommending families make every effort to file missing person reports, and take all the other recommended steps. Because the wins, when they happen, are so satisfying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11764346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11764346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A former workmate of Corey Abernathy's asked his parents for permission to post this on the Facebook group "Missing & Homeless." That's how a housemate of Abernathy's in San Francisco spotted it, and told him, and he called his parents after a radio silence of two years.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1246\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut-800x519.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut-1020x662.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38248_Corey-qut-1200x779.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A former workmate of Corey Abernathy asked his parents for permission to post this on the Facebook group “Missing & Homeless.” That’s how a housemate of Abernathy’s in San Francisco spotted it, and told him, and he called his parents after a radio silence of two years. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Corey Abernathy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Win in San Francisco\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Corey Abernathy, and his parents, Cathy and Robert Abernathy, agreed to meet me on a bright, breezy day at one of his favorite haunts in San Francisco: Crissy Field. When he was homeless, Corey used to camp in the Presidio, not far from where tourists whiz by on their rented bicycles and children eat ice cream while wearing fleece jackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just thought too much about life. I felt a lot of pressure,” Corey said. He’s 5-foot-9. About 160 pounds. Hair and beard close-cropped. His blue eyes twinkle in the sun. He looks like he’s gotten a lot of sun in recent years, but nothing that seems out of the ordinary for an athletic white man in his early 30s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corey was 28 when he decided to throw on a backpack one day and leave his parents’ home in Willits in Mendocino County. With no warning, or explanation — though there were signs when the family looks back on it — that he wasn’t happy. That he was drifting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just remember that there was like a weird amount of anxiety on me,” Abernathy said. “I always tried to make sense of everything. I put too much pressure on myself that wasn’t really there. Yeah, the way I dealt with it was just drinking a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d struggled with anxiety since childhood. He didn’t seem to have a strong idea for a career the way his older brother had. He dropped out of Sacramento State almost as soon as he got there. He lost a job in retail, then switched to a local casino. But there, he was surrounded by alcohol, and the consequences were predictable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corey started reading about people who dropped out of society for a different kind of life. “So it wasn’t like one single moment. It was something I was thinking about for probably like a year,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Corey got a DUI, something he was really ashamed about. He thought to himself, if he had no money, he wouldn’t be able to buy alcohol. And if he had nothing to worry about, he wouldn’t want to buy alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He explained, “My car got towed and I just said, ‘I’m done.’ At the time, it was a good feeling. I don’t have to deal with problems I can’t figure out anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But remember, he was living with his parents at the time. And when he walked out that front door, he left no note. No explanation. His mom, Cathy, is a registered nurse. His dad, Robert, is a retired custom cabinetmaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father recalled the day, “Got home and the house was empty. To me, it looked like he’d just walked out the door to go out for a walk. Everything was still in his room. Nothing disturbed. He just disappeared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They called the police and filed a missing person’s report. Only to discover the police in Mendocino County have a loose attitude about adults who disappear, given the local marijuana growing industry’s reliance on seasonal workers. In this business, pruning is called “trimming,” and many of the trimmers come and go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Mendocino County, Sonoma County if a adult is missing, they’re out trimming,” Cathy said. “It was October and it was trimming season. They took the report, but they weren’t doing anything with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Robert and Cathy had to start looking on their own. Corey’s friends helped. A former workmate tacking up a poster in Ukiah met a homeless person who directed them to Fort Bragg, where Robert and Cathy found Corey in a park, about six weeks after he disappeared. But Corey wouldn’t come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t ready to see them,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘I gave everything up, you know. It was like, I don’t know if I’m ever going to have a room again. I don’t know if I’m ever going to have a relationship again. I distinctively classified myself aside from society.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert described his thinking in that moment, “As much as I wanted to grab him and throw him in the car, I knew he’d be gone again. So that was the hardest decision I’ve ever had to make was to let him go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they did, and Corey kept hitchhiking, to Point Arena, Gualala and finally San Francisco — where he proceeded to bounce from sleeping rough in the Presidio to side streets and shelters, sporadically sending his parents Facebook messages from public libraries. Until he stopped doing that. The last one was in February 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt regret and guilt. I knew I was going to have to figure out a way to speak to them, and yeah, apologize,” Corey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every now and then, his parents would get a lead and take off to follow it, only to find it mistaken. Often, from somebody overcome with wishful thinking. A lot of guys on the street look like Corey. “OK, he’s here. He’s in Yuba City. He’s in Sacramento. Manteca. Denver. I mean, you name it, he was there,” Robert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks turned into months, and then years. Corey’s last messages came from San Francisco. So Robert and Cathy drove south repeatedly to scour the city’s Tenderloin on foot. “He could be on the next block over headed in the opposite direction, and we’d never know it. You know, there were days when we walked 25 miles,” Robert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The night before Corey left his parents’ home in Willits, Cathy started having this recurring dream — nightmare, really.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In it, she keeps getting woken up by her nephew, Bobby, who committed suicide in 2010. It’s like he was a contact from the underworld, trying to tell her something about her son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’d wake me up that, ‘We gotta get going.’ I was on the hard ground. I was cold. I wasn’t safe. I had to get moving. You know, we had to get moving,” she recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, at some point, the nightmares abruptly stopped. Cathy had two theories about what happened to Corey. “Maybe, you know, he’s getting his life together. Or he wasn’t on this earth anymore. You know, it was one of the two.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it happened, this was right around the time Corey was ready for rehab. He got involved with \u003ca href=\"https://www.aa.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alcoholics Anonymous\u003c/a>. He got into a sober living facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he didn’t reconnect with his parents. And two years passed. That’s when, early this year, one of Corey’s old workmates posted on “Missing & Homeless.” And someone Corey lives with recognized him. And told Corey. And Corey called home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘You see the homeless. You hear about people missing family. And that’s supposed to happen to other people. It’s not supposed to happen to you. With Corey missing, I am much, much, much more aware of how it’s happening everywhere. Man, this is an epidemic.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t even remember the drive down here. You know, we sat down, and he talked about why — some of the things that made him leave. And him realizing that the DUI, everybody gets one and it’s nothing to run from, but this is something he’s been thinking about, and it’s something he needed to finish. And it’s like, he’s part of our family, and as I told him, he’s going to be my son forever, no matter what. I still love him,” Robert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, Robert and Cathy come down from Willits periodically to visit Corey in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corey doesn’t have a strong answer as to why he didn’t call his parents before a prompt from the acquaintance who spotted him on “Missing & Homeless.” What Corey can say is that he was ready when he got the nudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Kind of Story Robin Burton Lives For\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“A lot of homeless are afraid to contact their family because they don’t know if they’re going to be turned away,” Burton said. “Some, you know, it’s just they’ve been gone for so long they don’t even know what to say to families anymore. Those are our miracle stories. There was a reason he was supposed to be found, and there was closure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The search for Cloudia morphed into something else for Burton. She’s found a mission, a purpose in life, as a guide for others in need. The story about Burton’s search for her mom has become an invitation for people to trust her. “The same people have probably heard it a thousand times. Well, now they’re coming to me for help and we’re finding their families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not to say there haven’t been personal wins for Burton, too. She never knew who her father was. But this summer, she found him. She was told as a kid that her mom got pregnant at 17, and had her at 18. But her grandparents didn’t know who her father was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Burton took a DNA test and it led to Kansas and her 71- year-old dad. He doesn’t profess to remember Cloudia, but has met with Burton once already — and she’s going to Kansas soon to spend some vacation time with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton’s got a new lead for Cloudia, by the way, from someone in San Francisco who thought they saw her back in June. She would be 66 years old now. White woman, round face that’s probably slouched somewhat with age, presumed shoulder-length gray hair. Might still answer to the name of Cloudia. Or Leslie. Or Diane. Or some other name we don’t know about. Yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Authorities: 3 Deaths Tied to Southern California Wildfires",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated: Saturday, Oct. 12, 2:15 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three people have died at the scene of Southern California wildfires this week, authorities said Saturday, as firefighters aided by diminishing winds beat back a blaze on the edge of Los Angeles that damaged or destroyed more than 30 structures and sent a blanket of smoke across a swath of neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles officials said the fire in the city’s San Fernando Valley area hadn’t grown significantly since Friday, and ground crews were tamping down lingering hotspots. Thousands of people remained under evacuation orders, though many were allowed to return home Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One man who tried to fight the blaze died of a heart attack, and one firefighter reported a minor eye injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire’s cause is under investigation, and authorities warned that the threat of flare-ups remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the site of another blaze east of Los Angeles, the Riverside County Sheriff’s Department said a second body was found at a mobile home park where 74 structures were destroyed Thursday in Calimesa. Officials previously reported one death at the community east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department said one of the Calimesa victims has been identified as 89-year-old Lois Arvikson. Her son Don Turner said she had called him to say she was evacuating, but he never heard from her again. Authorities are working to identify the other victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Fire Department spokesman Brian Humphrey said the bulk of the fire at the city’s edge had moved away from homes and into rugged hillsides and canyons where firefighters were making steady progress slowing its advance. Television footage showed plumes of smoke rising from the area but no walls of towering flame, as a water-dropping helicopter moved in to dump another cascade on the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside tag='wildfires' label='More Coverage.']\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bulk of the fire has moved toward wildland,” Humphrey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters worked under sunny skies, but air quality was poor as smoke dispersed over much of greater Los Angeles. Air quality officials urged people to limit outdoor activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forecast called for low humidity — in the 10% range — with light wind and an occasional gust up to 15 mph (24 kph).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East of Los Angeles, firefighters were also gaining ground on a blaze that ripped through a Riverside County mobile home park, destroying dozens of residences. In Northern California, the lights are back on for 98% of customers who lost power when Pacific Gas & Electric switched it off in an effort to prevent wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 100,000 residents were ordered out of their homes because of the wind-driven wildfire that broke out Thursday evening in the San Fernando Valley, though authorities began lifting evacuation orders in many areas Saturday. It spread westward through tinder-dry brush in hilly subdivisions on the outskirts of the nation’s second-largest city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interstate 5, the main north-to-south corridor in the state, was shut down for much of the day Friday, choking traffic until finally reopening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smoky scent spreading through much of Los Angeles was a reminder of the threat of a fire season just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region has been on high alert as notoriously powerful Santa Ana winds brought dry desert air to a desiccated landscape that only needed a spark to erupt. Fire officials have warned that they expect more intense and devastating California wildfires due, in part, to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire danger remained high for much of Southern California, with warnings in place for large swaths of Ventura and Santa Barbara counties west of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of the Los Angeles blaze wasn’t immediately known, though arson investigators said a witness reported seeing sparks or flames coming from a power line near where the fire is believed to have started, said Peter Sanders, a spokesman for the Los Angeles Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Stahl was driving home to Valencia when he saw the smoke and immediately diverted to a mobile home park in Sylmar where his grandmother and aunt live together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park had been nearly wiped out in 2008 when one of the city’s most destructive fires leveled 500 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stahl helped his grandmother, Beverly Stahl, 91, who was in her pajamas, and his aunt to pack clothing, medication and take their two dogs. They saw flames in the distance as they drove away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just packed up what we could as fast as we could,” Stahl said at an evacuation center at the Sylmar Recreation Center, massaging his grandmother’s shoulders as she sat in a wheelchair with a Red Cross blanket on her lap. “If we’d stuck around, we would have been in trouble. Real big trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The Saddleridge Fire burning near Los Angeles has scorched more than 7,500 acres, and is now moving away from homes and into woodlands.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated: Saturday, Oct. 12, 2:15 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three people have died at the scene of Southern California wildfires this week, authorities said Saturday, as firefighters aided by diminishing winds beat back a blaze on the edge of Los Angeles that damaged or destroyed more than 30 structures and sent a blanket of smoke across a swath of neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles officials said the fire in the city’s San Fernando Valley area hadn’t grown significantly since Friday, and ground crews were tamping down lingering hotspots. Thousands of people remained under evacuation orders, though many were allowed to return home Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One man who tried to fight the blaze died of a heart attack, and one firefighter reported a minor eye injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire’s cause is under investigation, and authorities warned that the threat of flare-ups remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the site of another blaze east of Los Angeles, the Riverside County Sheriff’s Department said a second body was found at a mobile home park where 74 structures were destroyed Thursday in Calimesa. Officials previously reported one death at the community east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department said one of the Calimesa victims has been identified as 89-year-old Lois Arvikson. Her son Don Turner said she had called him to say she was evacuating, but he never heard from her again. Authorities are working to identify the other victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Fire Department spokesman Brian Humphrey said the bulk of the fire at the city’s edge had moved away from homes and into rugged hillsides and canyons where firefighters were making steady progress slowing its advance. Television footage showed plumes of smoke rising from the area but no walls of towering flame, as a water-dropping helicopter moved in to dump another cascade on the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bulk of the fire has moved toward wildland,” Humphrey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters worked under sunny skies, but air quality was poor as smoke dispersed over much of greater Los Angeles. Air quality officials urged people to limit outdoor activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forecast called for low humidity — in the 10% range — with light wind and an occasional gust up to 15 mph (24 kph).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East of Los Angeles, firefighters were also gaining ground on a blaze that ripped through a Riverside County mobile home park, destroying dozens of residences. In Northern California, the lights are back on for 98% of customers who lost power when Pacific Gas & Electric switched it off in an effort to prevent wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 100,000 residents were ordered out of their homes because of the wind-driven wildfire that broke out Thursday evening in the San Fernando Valley, though authorities began lifting evacuation orders in many areas Saturday. It spread westward through tinder-dry brush in hilly subdivisions on the outskirts of the nation’s second-largest city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interstate 5, the main north-to-south corridor in the state, was shut down for much of the day Friday, choking traffic until finally reopening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smoky scent spreading through much of Los Angeles was a reminder of the threat of a fire season just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region has been on high alert as notoriously powerful Santa Ana winds brought dry desert air to a desiccated landscape that only needed a spark to erupt. Fire officials have warned that they expect more intense and devastating California wildfires due, in part, to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire danger remained high for much of Southern California, with warnings in place for large swaths of Ventura and Santa Barbara counties west of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of the Los Angeles blaze wasn’t immediately known, though arson investigators said a witness reported seeing sparks or flames coming from a power line near where the fire is believed to have started, said Peter Sanders, a spokesman for the Los Angeles Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Stahl was driving home to Valencia when he saw the smoke and immediately diverted to a mobile home park in Sylmar where his grandmother and aunt live together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park had been nearly wiped out in 2008 when one of the city’s most destructive fires leveled 500 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stahl helped his grandmother, Beverly Stahl, 91, who was in her pajamas, and his aunt to pack clothing, medication and take their two dogs. They saw flames in the distance as they drove away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just packed up what we could as fast as we could,” Stahl said at an evacuation center at the Sylmar Recreation Center, massaging his grandmother’s shoulders as she sat in a wheelchair with a Red Cross blanket on her lap. “If we’d stuck around, we would have been in trouble. Real big trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A wildfire raged out of control along the northern edge of Los Angeles early Friday, forcing tens of thousands of people from their homes as firefighters battled flames from the air and on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Police Department Chief Michel Moore said about 100,000 people in over 20,000 homes were ordered to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire Chief Ralph Terrazas said the blaze known as the Saddleridge Fire had grown to 7,524, or more than 11 square miles, and at least 25 homes had been damaged. The blaze is 13% contained, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.lafd.org/news/saddle-ridge-brush-fire\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Los Angeles Fire Department\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A middle-aged man who was near the fire went into cardiac arrest and died, the chief said, but he did not have details. A death was also confirmed at an earlier wildfire east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/LACoFDPIO/status/1182694111490400258?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1182694111490400258&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F10%2F11%2F769352277%2F25-homes-more-than-4-700-acres-burn-in-saddleridge-fire-near-los-angeles\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles blaze erupted around 9 p.m. Thursday along the northern tier of the San Fernando Valley as powerful Santa Ana winds swept through Southern California. Smoke streamed across the city and out to sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terrazas said there were sustained winds of 20-25 mph with gusts over 50 mph and relative humidity levels had fallen as low as 3%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can imagine the embers from the wind have been traveling a significant distance which causes another fire to start,” Terrazas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire erupted in Sylmar, the northernmost portion of the valley, and spread westward at a rate of 800 acres an hour into Granada Hills and Porter Ranch, where subdivisions crowd against the foothills of the Santa Susana Mountains. The cause wasn’t immediately known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"power-shutoffs\" label=\"More on PG&E's power shutoffs\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter Ranch, an upper middle-class suburb that was the backdrop for the 1982 movie “E.T.” is no stranger to evacuations. Four years ago, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11748036/report-safety-failures-led-to-largest-gas-leak-in-u-s-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blowout at an underground natural gas well\u003c/a> operated by Southern California Gas Co. in the neighboring Aliso Canyon storage facility drove 8,000 families from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, the lights were back on Friday for more than half of the 1.8 million to 2.4 million residents who\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11779285/life-in-pges-blackout-outrage-and-optimism-on-day-2-of-outages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> lost electricity\u003c/a> after PG&E switched it off on Wednesday to prevent its equipment from sparking wildfires during dry, windy weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E began restoring the power after workers inspected power lines to make sure it was safe to do so. Officials had worried the winds might topple transmission lines and start wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helicopters made repeated water drops as crews in Los Angeles attacked flames in and around homes. Water and retardant-dropping airplanes joined the battle after daybreak. About 1,000 firefighters were on the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although they’ve happened a lot throughout the years, they’ve never been this close to where we can actually see the flames if you’re standing in your backyard,” Daisy Perez, a resident in the area, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Edwin Bernard, 73, said he and his wife were forced to leave their four cats behind as they fled their Sylmar home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard, standing outside the evacuation center at the Sylmar Recreation Center on Friday, said they were only able to grab their three dogs. During a previous wildfire, they’d had time to find their passports and photo albums, but not Thursday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fireman said, ‘go, go, go!'” Bernard said. “It was a whole curtain of fire. There was fire on all sides. We had to leave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/abc7leanne/status/1182623181544157186\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sandalwood Fire Burns East of Los Angeles\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evacuations were also still in effect in the inland region east of Los Angeles where a fire erupted Thursday and raged through a mobile home park in the Calimesa area of Riverside County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seventy-four buildings were destroyed and 16 others were damaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire spokeswoman Cathey Mattingly said Friday the blaze knownn as the Sandalwood Fire had killed one person and others reported injuries, but she did not know the number or severity. The dead person was not immediately identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The missing included Don Turner’s 89-year-old mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lois Arvickson called her son from her cellphone to say she was evacuating shortly after the blaze was reported in the small city of Calimesa, Turner said while with relatives at an evacuation center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She said she’s getting her purse and she’s getting out, and the line went dead,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11759209\" label=\"High-Risk Fire Zone Map\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arvickson’s neighbors saw her in her garage as flames approached, according to Turner. A short time later the neighbors saw the garage on fire, but they didn’t know if she’d managed to escape, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melissa Brown said she moved to the mobile home complex earlier this year from Arizona, in part to help take care of her mother who has since died. Brown said she now also faces the loss of her home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hardest part is my mom’s remains are in there,” she said Friday morning, choking back tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire danger is high throughout Southern California after the typically dry summer and early fall, and the notorious Santa Ana winds — linked to the spread of many wildfires — bring a dangerous mix of witheringly low humidity levels and powerful gusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calimesa fire erupted when the driver of a commercial trash truck dumped a smoldering load to prevent the vehicle from catching fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry grass quickly ignited and winds gusting to 50 mph blew the fire into the Villa Calimesa Mobile Home Park about 75 miles east of downtown Los Angeles. The park has 110 home sites and was built in 1958, according to its website. Fire officials were investigating what caused the trash in the truck to catch fire in Calimesa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’ Saul Gonzalez contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles blaze erupted around 9 p.m. Thursday along the northern tier of the San Fernando Valley as powerful Santa Ana winds swept through Southern California. Smoke streamed across the city and out to sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terrazas said there were sustained winds of 20-25 mph with gusts over 50 mph and relative humidity levels had fallen as low as 3%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can imagine the embers from the wind have been traveling a significant distance which causes another fire to start,” Terrazas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire erupted in Sylmar, the northernmost portion of the valley, and spread westward at a rate of 800 acres an hour into Granada Hills and Porter Ranch, where subdivisions crowd against the foothills of the Santa Susana Mountains. The cause wasn’t immediately known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter Ranch, an upper middle-class suburb that was the backdrop for the 1982 movie “E.T.” is no stranger to evacuations. Four years ago, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11748036/report-safety-failures-led-to-largest-gas-leak-in-u-s-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blowout at an underground natural gas well\u003c/a> operated by Southern California Gas Co. in the neighboring Aliso Canyon storage facility drove 8,000 families from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, the lights were back on Friday for more than half of the 1.8 million to 2.4 million residents who\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11779285/life-in-pges-blackout-outrage-and-optimism-on-day-2-of-outages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> lost electricity\u003c/a> after PG&E switched it off on Wednesday to prevent its equipment from sparking wildfires during dry, windy weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E began restoring the power after workers inspected power lines to make sure it was safe to do so. Officials had worried the winds might topple transmission lines and start wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helicopters made repeated water drops as crews in Los Angeles attacked flames in and around homes. Water and retardant-dropping airplanes joined the battle after daybreak. About 1,000 firefighters were on the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although they’ve happened a lot throughout the years, they’ve never been this close to where we can actually see the flames if you’re standing in your backyard,” Daisy Perez, a resident in the area, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Edwin Bernard, 73, said he and his wife were forced to leave their four cats behind as they fled their Sylmar home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard, standing outside the evacuation center at the Sylmar Recreation Center on Friday, said they were only able to grab their three dogs. During a previous wildfire, they’d had time to find their passports and photo albums, but not Thursday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fireman said, ‘go, go, go!'” Bernard said. “It was a whole curtain of fire. There was fire on all sides. We had to leave.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sandalwood Fire Burns East of Los Angeles\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evacuations were also still in effect in the inland region east of Los Angeles where a fire erupted Thursday and raged through a mobile home park in the Calimesa area of Riverside County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seventy-four buildings were destroyed and 16 others were damaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire spokeswoman Cathey Mattingly said Friday the blaze knownn as the Sandalwood Fire had killed one person and others reported injuries, but she did not know the number or severity. The dead person was not immediately identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The missing included Don Turner’s 89-year-old mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lois Arvickson called her son from her cellphone to say she was evacuating shortly after the blaze was reported in the small city of Calimesa, Turner said while with relatives at an evacuation center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She said she’s getting her purse and she’s getting out, and the line went dead,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arvickson’s neighbors saw her in her garage as flames approached, according to Turner. A short time later the neighbors saw the garage on fire, but they didn’t know if she’d managed to escape, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melissa Brown said she moved to the mobile home complex earlier this year from Arizona, in part to help take care of her mother who has since died. Brown said she now also faces the loss of her home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hardest part is my mom’s remains are in there,” she said Friday morning, choking back tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire danger is high throughout Southern California after the typically dry summer and early fall, and the notorious Santa Ana winds — linked to the spread of many wildfires — bring a dangerous mix of witheringly low humidity levels and powerful gusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calimesa fire erupted when the driver of a commercial trash truck dumped a smoldering load to prevent the vehicle from catching fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry grass quickly ignited and winds gusting to 50 mph blew the fire into the Villa Calimesa Mobile Home Park about 75 miles east of downtown Los Angeles. The park has 110 home sites and was built in 1958, according to its website. Fire officials were investigating what caused the trash in the truck to catch fire in Calimesa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’ Saul Gonzalez contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Democratic donor and political contributor Ed Buck pleaded not guilty in Los Angeles federal court on Thursday to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11774923/democratic-donor-ed-buck-accused-of-running-a-drug-den-after-a-3rd-man-ods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">charges\u003c/a> in connection with two overdose deaths of younger, gay black men at his West Hollywood home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Cory McLean, friend of Gemmel Moore\"]“We have 11 victims who came forward. Think of the victims who didn’t come forward.”[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal indictment alleges that Buck “engaged in a pattern of soliciting men to consume drugs that Buck provided and perform sexual acts at Buck’s apartment” — a practice described as “party and play” — and that Buck is directly responsible for the overdose deaths of two men, 26-year-old Gemmel Moore in 2017 and 55-year-old Timothy Dean earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The indictment alleges Buck solicited the men on social media platforms, including a gay dating website, and then injected them with methamphetamine with or without their consent, sometimes while they were unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was taken into custody on Sept. 17 after a young, homeless man allegedly escaped Buck’s apartment after being injected with meth. But Buck was charged with running a drug den, not for the two deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11779522\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11779522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/10/friendsandfamily-e1570813037609.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Friends and relatives of Gemmel Moore and Timothy Dean gather outside the federal courthouse in downtown Los Angeles Oct. 10, 2019 \u003ccite>(Larry Buhl/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking outside the federal courthouse in downtown Los Angeles on Thursday, friends and relatives of Moore and Dean expressed frustration that it took local authorities more than two years after Moore’s death to arrest Buck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holding Moore’s ashes in a container, friend Cory McLean said he and others warned local authorities that Buck was preying on other younger black men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have 11 victims who came forward,” McLean said. “Think of the victims who didn’t come forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joyce Jackson, Timothy Dean’s sister, also thanked federal prosecutors “for taking this case and making it move in a positive direction, because the district attorney was not doing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LaTisha Nixon, Gemmel Moore’s mother, commented on 65-year-old Buck’s brief court appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing Ed Buck in court today, it just enraged me, because here’s this man who tries to appear feeble and that he can’t hear,” Nixon said. “We’re not buying it. We know he’s a monster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"ed-buck\" label=\"related coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nixon has an ongoing wrongful-death lawsuit against the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office for failing to properly investigate and charge Buck after her son’s death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists say Buck’s race, status and privilege protected him from arrest as allegations piled up for more than two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Jerome Kitchen, a friend of Gemmel Moore, said he believes Buck evaded arrest because he was a wealthy, white man and most of his victims were black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And society, our justice system has to answer up to that in order for other minorities and people from our community to feel safe and make sure we turn predators in,” Kitchen said. “Ed Buck is one of many.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office spokesman Greg Risling declined to comment on the possibility that race was a factor in the decision not to bring charges against Buck earlier, but said the agency “is legally and ethically required and committed to only bring charges that have sufficient, admissible evidence to convince an objective jury of a defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buck’s trial is scheduled for Nov. 26. Under federal law, Buck faces a much longer sentence than state law, potentially decades instead of a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buck’s attorney, Seymour Amster, declined to comment for this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Democratic donor and political contributor Ed Buck pleaded not guilty in Los Angeles federal court on Thursday to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11774923/democratic-donor-ed-buck-accused-of-running-a-drug-den-after-a-3rd-man-ods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">charges\u003c/a> in connection with two overdose deaths of younger, gay black men at his West Hollywood home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal indictment alleges that Buck “engaged in a pattern of soliciting men to consume drugs that Buck provided and perform sexual acts at Buck’s apartment” — a practice described as “party and play” — and that Buck is directly responsible for the overdose deaths of two men, 26-year-old Gemmel Moore in 2017 and 55-year-old Timothy Dean earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The indictment alleges Buck solicited the men on social media platforms, including a gay dating website, and then injected them with methamphetamine with or without their consent, sometimes while they were unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was taken into custody on Sept. 17 after a young, homeless man allegedly escaped Buck’s apartment after being injected with meth. But Buck was charged with running a drug den, not for the two deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11779522\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11779522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/10/friendsandfamily-e1570813037609.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Friends and relatives of Gemmel Moore and Timothy Dean gather outside the federal courthouse in downtown Los Angeles Oct. 10, 2019 \u003ccite>(Larry Buhl/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking outside the federal courthouse in downtown Los Angeles on Thursday, friends and relatives of Moore and Dean expressed frustration that it took local authorities more than two years after Moore’s death to arrest Buck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holding Moore’s ashes in a container, friend Cory McLean said he and others warned local authorities that Buck was preying on other younger black men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have 11 victims who came forward,” McLean said. “Think of the victims who didn’t come forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joyce Jackson, Timothy Dean’s sister, also thanked federal prosecutors “for taking this case and making it move in a positive direction, because the district attorney was not doing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LaTisha Nixon, Gemmel Moore’s mother, commented on 65-year-old Buck’s brief court appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing Ed Buck in court today, it just enraged me, because here’s this man who tries to appear feeble and that he can’t hear,” Nixon said. “We’re not buying it. We know he’s a monster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nixon has an ongoing wrongful-death lawsuit against the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office for failing to properly investigate and charge Buck after her son’s death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists say Buck’s race, status and privilege protected him from arrest as allegations piled up for more than two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Jerome Kitchen, a friend of Gemmel Moore, said he believes Buck evaded arrest because he was a wealthy, white man and most of his victims were black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And society, our justice system has to answer up to that in order for other minorities and people from our community to feel safe and make sure we turn predators in,” Kitchen said. “Ed Buck is one of many.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office spokesman Greg Risling declined to comment on the possibility that race was a factor in the decision not to bring charges against Buck earlier, but said the agency “is legally and ethically required and committed to only bring charges that have sufficient, admissible evidence to convince an objective jury of a defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buck’s trial is scheduled for Nov. 26. Under federal law, Buck faces a much longer sentence than state law, potentially decades instead of a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buck’s attorney, Seymour Amster, declined to comment for this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>One of the first things Charlie Praphatananda did when he got out of prison was vomit. After 22 years inside, hurtling down the freeway at 70 miles an hour was overwhelming, a feeling he’d have again and again in the coming days and weeks as he learned how to send text messages, use Facebook and reconnect with his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the day he got out, he knew there was one place he could get his bearings: California State University, Los Angeles. After puking on the side of the road, he headed to campus, where he got his student ID. Though his hair was a mess in the photo, he was proud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Daniel Whitlow, 39, an inmate and student at the California State Prison in Lancaster']‘They taught a bunch of traumatized people, that don’t know how to communicate, how to communicate and transcend their trauma.’[/pullquote]A year earlier, Praphatananda was serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole. He was also three years into a bachelor’s degree program — one of 42 men participating in an experiment that tests the limits of the public university mission to spread educational opportunity far and wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal State LA’s Prison Graduation Initiative is the state’s only public B.A. program sending professors to teach behind bars. College programs like it were once far more common, but today advocates are hopeful the political winds have shifted enough to bring public dollars back to prison education. \u003ca href=\"https://www.schatz.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/REAL%20Act,%20116th.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Federal legislation\u003c/a> that would make grant aid available has bipartisan support, and in California \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB575\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a bill\u003c/a> to open the state’s financial aid program to incarcerated students has been sent to the governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the time being, Cal State has made its program work, mostly on private grants. And while it has provided prisoners an undergraduate education, it’s also offered men like Praphatananda something no one expected: a path to freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transcending Trauma\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"More stories from 'The College Try' series\" tag=\"college-try\"]Once a month, Taffany Lim makes the 70-mile drive from L.A. to the maximum security state prison in Lancaster, a concrete island in the high desert. Lim helped create the B.A. program here and runs it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since launching the first class four years ago she has become something between a principal and a mom figure to the men in the program. They call her Miss Taffany and treat her with a sort of saintly reverence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can’t get over the fact that our tenure track faculty, our staff, would travel 90 minutes each way to be with them,” said Lim, senior director of Cal State LA’s Center for Engagement, Service and the Public Good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four nights a week, a Cal State professor teaches a three-hour class at the prison that builds toward a bachelor’s in communications. It wasn’t the guys’ first choice, but the business degree they lobbied for was off the table because they lacked the math coursework. Still, they’ve found unexpected meaning in the choice of major.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a stroke of genius,” said Daniel Whitlow, 39, who has been in prison since he was 17. “They taught a bunch of traumatized people, that don’t know how to communicate, how to communicate and transcend their trauma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775121\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775121\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"“When I got into college, that opened my mind to something completely different,” said Daniel Whitlow, an inmate and student at the California State Prison in Lancaster.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“When I got into college, that opened my mind to something completely different,” said Daniel Whitlow, an inmate and student at California State Prison, Los Angeles County, in Lancaster. \u003ccite>(J. Emilio Flores/Cal State LA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The program lives at the prison’s A Yard, a place the men describe as a haven from the brutality of standard prison life, where, as Whitlow puts it: “We are not taught anything other than to perpetuate everything that made us into who we were at that moment when we committed our crime.” All he knew was survival, he said, until he came here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Yard, the progressive programming facility, is a place reserved for men who have earned access to some of the state prison system’s richest rehabilitative services through good conduct. Here, men serving long, often life, sentences put on theatre productions, play music, train service dogs and embrace self-improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in this context, though, they say the B.A. program is a paradigm shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I got into college, that opened my mind to something completely different,” Whitlow said. “I’ve grown decades in the space of three or four years. I’ve learned everything about myself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Public Education Is Really Our Only Option’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the heyday of correctional education in the U.S. in the 1970s, school was seen as crucial for successful rehabilitation, and college-level courses played an important role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='James Cain, an inmate and student at the California State Prison in Lancaster']‘If I had the chance right now to go home or have this education, I would choose this education.’[/pullquote]“There was an understanding that postsecondary education is one of the few things that really gives people enough skill to make a decent living when they get out,” said retired professor Carolyn Eggleston, who co-founded the Center for the Study of Correctional Education at CSU San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the national political climate began to change, support eroded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will soon have the best educated prison population in the world — but we will have sacrificed the hopes and dreams of hundreds of thousands of our young men and women, who always have been good citizens,” then Sen. Kay Hutchison of Texas told \u003ca href=\"https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3Aaa93e664-6c74-475f-9f48-abce817529b7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Congress\u003c/a> in 1993.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the following year, Hutchison’s amendment to the federal crime bill had banned incarcerated students from accessing \u003ca href=\"https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/grants-scholarships/pell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pell Grant\u003c/a> aid to help pay for school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without that source of funding, programs began to crumble. Within a decade, the number of prisoners in college classes dropped by \u003ca href=\"https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR564.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">half\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775123 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tiffany Lam, who helped to create the B.A. program and now runs it, greets participating student inmates at Lancaster state prison in fall 2019. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taffany Lim, who helped to create the B.A. program and now runs it, greets participating student inmates during an event at a state prison in Lancaster in fall 2019. \u003ccite>(J. Emilio Flores/Cal State LA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, about 4% of the nation’s accredited higher education institutions \u003ca href=\"https://prisoneducationproject.utah.edu/research-collaborative-on-higher-education-in-prison/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">teach\u003c/a> for-credit classes in prison, according to the University of Utah’s Research Collaborative on Higher Education in Prison. Most are community colleges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='inmates' label='Related Coverage']California has become a national leader in prison education since 2014, when state lawmakers \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1391\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opened the door\u003c/a> for community colleges to begin teaching inside. There are now in-person community college classes \u003ca href=\"https://www.cccco.edu/-/media/CCCCO-Website/About-Us/Reports/Files/CCCCO_Report_Incarcerated_Students-final-ADA.ashx?la=en&hash=D771177F2CF5EC5DBC521A18CFB0CDE8911FF365\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in all\u003c/a> but one prison in the state, enrolling some 4,000 students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corrections community, lawmakers and others, including some victims’ rights advocates, have generally been supportive of expanding higher education in prison in recent years. Those raising \u003ca href=\"https://prisonuniversityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/PUP-Newsletter-Spring-2019-Web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">concerns\u003c/a> about bringing back Pell often work in prison education themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erin Castro, who runs the University of Utah collaborative and oversees the school’s in-prison college program, points out that though many more programs existed before the ban on Pell, the quality was dubious in some cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she supports lifting the ban on Pell for prisoners, she has a key caveat: “Incarcerated people are in a position where they cannot participate in this notion of college choice — they don’t have it,” she said. “So when we open the floodgates and allow institutions to access Pell money, without any oversight, we’re asking for a disaster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some advocates are hopeful federal aid could help more public schools reach incarcerated students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the size of our criminal justice population and the scale of mass incarceration … our public higher education system is really our only option,” said Stanford Criminal Justice Center executive director Debbie Mukamal, who co-directs a statewide \u003ca href=\"https://correctionstocollegeca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">initiative\u003c/a> to expand college opportunities for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal State LA’s program is the first attempt to bring the state’s public four-year university system to bear on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2019/10/RancanoPrisonToCollege.mp3\" title=\"Part One\" program=\"California Dream\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39225_Roy-teaching-inmates-BA-program.026-qut.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Other Fork in Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Bidhan Roy first visited A Yard as a volunteer, the Cal State English professor heard from inmates who had amassed a collection of associate’s degrees and were hungry to continue their education. As the number of students working toward such degrees behind bars in California has grown, so has the demand for bachelor’s programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Roy has also come to believe the degree holds special meaning for his incarcerated students because most of them went to prison at the age other young people went away to college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a kind of symbolic way it represented the other fork in life. But also the fork, for most of them, that was never an option,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Praphatananda, education never felt like one. He said he was diagnosed with dyslexia and other learning disabilities in fourth grade. “School was just a constant reminder of my shortcomings and failures,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775149\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775149\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie Praphatananda is one of five students who had their life sentences commuted and are finishing their degrees on the Cal State LA campus.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-1200x901.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Praphatananda is one of five students who had their life sentences commuted. He is now finishing his degree on the Cal State LA campus. (This image has been altered to conceal Praphatananda’s student identification number.) \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Charlie Praphatananda)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So when he got kicked out during his junior year of high school, Praphatananda didn’t care. He spent his late teenage years getting in trouble. At 20, he took part in a robbery that ended in a murder and a life sentence without parole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Praphatananda had exhausted his appeals, he had to face down his sentence. “You come to this crossroads where you realize that when they say life without, they mean literally you’re not ever going to get out of prison,” he said. “And you have to make that choice of what you’re going to do with your life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he saw it, he had two options: drown himself in drugs until he ran out of money, or try to make the best of it. He opted to earn his GED, then associate’s degree, and was one of Cal State LA’s first students behind bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Praphatananda’s classmates in the program have similar histories, and were convicted of equally serious crimes. The sheer number of life sentences on A Yard might have discouraged a less determined advocate, but Roy is guided by a belief that education is a universal right, and foreclosing on human potential isn’t his thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Bidhan Roy, a Cal State LA English professor teaching inmates at the California State Prison in Lancaster']‘In a kind of symbolic way it represented the other fork in life. But also the fork, for most of them, that was never an option.’[/pullquote]In contrast with the victims’ rights advocates of the ‘90s who opposed investing in such programs, the executive director of the National Center for Victims of Crime shares that view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d rather have people who are rehabilitated and can contribute to society than people who are just rotting in a prison cell,” said Mai Fernandez. While she notes she doesn’t speak for all victims, she added: “There are a lot of offenders who have severe trauma backgrounds. We need to look at them also as victims.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Almost Always a Backlash’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Cal State LA’s program can be scaled isn’t clear. It’s a massive logistical and financial undertaking that costs the school about $12,000 a year per student, according to administrators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is part of a \u003ca href=\"https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/pell-secondchance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">national pilot\u003c/a> that allows some prisoners to once again access Pell Grants, and as more and more students begin to use those funds, administrators may be able to rely less on private money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But program coordinator Lim said basic hurdles — like finding Social Security numbers — can stand in the way of getting the funding, not to mention basic \u003ca href=\"https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/eligibility/basic-criteria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">restrictions\u003c/a> on aid that leave many inmates ineligible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775119\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775119\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut-800x536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut-800x536.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut-1200x804.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Allen Burnett, who just had his sentence commuted after 27 years in prison, said after he started working toward a B.A., his stepdaughter was inspired to enroll at Cal State LA, and his nieces and nephews have since started going to school. “This thing right here that we’re doing,” he said, “it’s transcending this facility.” \u003ccite>(J. Emilio Flores/Cal State LA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.vera.org/publications/investing-in-futures-education-in-prison\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> from the Vera Institute of Justice estimates some 463,000 people in prisons nationwide would be eligible for Pell Grants if the ban were lifted. In California, they estimate, reduced recidivism associated with Pell access would save close to $70 million a year in incarceration costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Erin Castro, who oversees the in-prison college program at the University of Utah']‘Incarcerated people are in a position where they cannot participate in this notion of college choice — they don’t have it. So when we open the floodgates and allow institutions to access Pell money, without any oversight, we’re asking for a disaster.’[/pullquote]Recidivism rates in California are stubbornly high: About half of people coming out of California prisons end up getting convicted of another crime — a rate that hasn’t changed in 10 years, the state auditor \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auditor.ca.gov%2Fpdfs%2Freports%2F2018-113.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">found\u003c/a>, despite increased investment in rehabilitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But school is a powerful tool against those odds. A major \u003ca href=\"https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR564.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> by the RAND Corp. found taking classes in prison cuts the chances of getting locked up again by 43%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eggleston, who spent over four decades studying prison education, has watched the ebb and flow of investment over the years and is heartened by what she sees today — but worries it won’t last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s almost always a backlash,” she said. “We lose post-secondary first because of the idea that it’s too much to give those people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2019/10/RancanoPrison2College2way.mp3\" title=\"Part Two\" program=\"California Dream\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39224_Roy-Lancaster_fall2019_163-qut.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Prison Education to Freedom \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='california-prisons' label='More Coverage']For Cal State’s incarcerated students, the college experience has been transformational — one that has allowed them to believe, often for the first time in their lives, that they hold some value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the most amazing experience of my entire life, as either a free man or as an incarcerated human being,” said James Cain, who has been in prison for 13 years. “If I had the chance right now to go home or have this education, I would choose this education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the men of A Yard, education has become a kind of freedom. But it’s also led to liberation of the literal sort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the program began, five men have had their life sentences commuted. Three are finishing their degrees on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie Praphatananda is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ca.gov/archive/gov39/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/August-2018-Pardons-and-Commutations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the latest\u003c/a>. At 43, Praphatananda has lived more of his life in prison than outside. It took him decades of good conduct and dedicated self-improvement to merit commutation, but the support of Cal State LA went a long way toward proving he should get a second chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was in and I had life without, I had given up on trying to ever get out,” he said. “To go from that perspective to — ‘I’m out here now, I get to go to college, I get to spend time with my family, I get to work’ — that is a blessing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The California Dream series is a statewide media collaboration of CalMatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the James Irvine Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11768052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/CADreamBanner-1-800x219.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/CADreamBanner-1-800x219.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/CADreamBanner-1-800x219-160x44.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the first things Charlie Praphatananda did when he got out of prison was vomit. After 22 years inside, hurtling down the freeway at 70 miles an hour was overwhelming, a feeling he’d have again and again in the coming days and weeks as he learned how to send text messages, use Facebook and reconnect with his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the day he got out, he knew there was one place he could get his bearings: California State University, Los Angeles. After puking on the side of the road, he headed to campus, where he got his student ID. Though his hair was a mess in the photo, he was proud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A year earlier, Praphatananda was serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole. He was also three years into a bachelor’s degree program — one of 42 men participating in an experiment that tests the limits of the public university mission to spread educational opportunity far and wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal State LA’s Prison Graduation Initiative is the state’s only public B.A. program sending professors to teach behind bars. College programs like it were once far more common, but today advocates are hopeful the political winds have shifted enough to bring public dollars back to prison education. \u003ca href=\"https://www.schatz.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/REAL%20Act,%20116th.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Federal legislation\u003c/a> that would make grant aid available has bipartisan support, and in California \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB575\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a bill\u003c/a> to open the state’s financial aid program to incarcerated students has been sent to the governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the time being, Cal State has made its program work, mostly on private grants. And while it has provided prisoners an undergraduate education, it’s also offered men like Praphatananda something no one expected: a path to freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transcending Trauma\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Once a month, Taffany Lim makes the 70-mile drive from L.A. to the maximum security state prison in Lancaster, a concrete island in the high desert. Lim helped create the B.A. program here and runs it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since launching the first class four years ago she has become something between a principal and a mom figure to the men in the program. They call her Miss Taffany and treat her with a sort of saintly reverence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can’t get over the fact that our tenure track faculty, our staff, would travel 90 minutes each way to be with them,” said Lim, senior director of Cal State LA’s Center for Engagement, Service and the Public Good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four nights a week, a Cal State professor teaches a three-hour class at the prison that builds toward a bachelor’s in communications. It wasn’t the guys’ first choice, but the business degree they lobbied for was off the table because they lacked the math coursework. Still, they’ve found unexpected meaning in the choice of major.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a stroke of genius,” said Daniel Whitlow, 39, who has been in prison since he was 17. “They taught a bunch of traumatized people, that don’t know how to communicate, how to communicate and transcend their trauma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775121\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775121\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"“When I got into college, that opened my mind to something completely different,” said Daniel Whitlow, an inmate and student at the California State Prison in Lancaster.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Daniel-Whitlow-inmates-BA-program.028-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“When I got into college, that opened my mind to something completely different,” said Daniel Whitlow, an inmate and student at California State Prison, Los Angeles County, in Lancaster. \u003ccite>(J. Emilio Flores/Cal State LA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The program lives at the prison’s A Yard, a place the men describe as a haven from the brutality of standard prison life, where, as Whitlow puts it: “We are not taught anything other than to perpetuate everything that made us into who we were at that moment when we committed our crime.” All he knew was survival, he said, until he came here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Yard, the progressive programming facility, is a place reserved for men who have earned access to some of the state prison system’s richest rehabilitative services through good conduct. Here, men serving long, often life, sentences put on theatre productions, play music, train service dogs and embrace self-improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in this context, though, they say the B.A. program is a paradigm shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I got into college, that opened my mind to something completely different,” Whitlow said. “I’ve grown decades in the space of three or four years. I’ve learned everything about myself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Public Education Is Really Our Only Option’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the heyday of correctional education in the U.S. in the 1970s, school was seen as crucial for successful rehabilitation, and college-level courses played an important role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“There was an understanding that postsecondary education is one of the few things that really gives people enough skill to make a decent living when they get out,” said retired professor Carolyn Eggleston, who co-founded the Center for the Study of Correctional Education at CSU San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the national political climate began to change, support eroded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will soon have the best educated prison population in the world — but we will have sacrificed the hopes and dreams of hundreds of thousands of our young men and women, who always have been good citizens,” then Sen. Kay Hutchison of Texas told \u003ca href=\"https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3Aaa93e664-6c74-475f-9f48-abce817529b7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Congress\u003c/a> in 1993.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the following year, Hutchison’s amendment to the federal crime bill had banned incarcerated students from accessing \u003ca href=\"https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/grants-scholarships/pell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pell Grant\u003c/a> aid to help pay for school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without that source of funding, programs began to crumble. Within a decade, the number of prisoners in college classes dropped by \u003ca href=\"https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR564.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">half\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775123 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tiffany Lam, who helped to create the B.A. program and now runs it, greets participating student inmates at Lancaster state prison in fall 2019. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_taffany_Burnett-and-Lim-Lancaster_fall2019_114-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taffany Lim, who helped to create the B.A. program and now runs it, greets participating student inmates during an event at a state prison in Lancaster in fall 2019. \u003ccite>(J. Emilio Flores/Cal State LA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, about 4% of the nation’s accredited higher education institutions \u003ca href=\"https://prisoneducationproject.utah.edu/research-collaborative-on-higher-education-in-prison/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">teach\u003c/a> for-credit classes in prison, according to the University of Utah’s Research Collaborative on Higher Education in Prison. Most are community colleges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California has become a national leader in prison education since 2014, when state lawmakers \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1391\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opened the door\u003c/a> for community colleges to begin teaching inside. There are now in-person community college classes \u003ca href=\"https://www.cccco.edu/-/media/CCCCO-Website/About-Us/Reports/Files/CCCCO_Report_Incarcerated_Students-final-ADA.ashx?la=en&hash=D771177F2CF5EC5DBC521A18CFB0CDE8911FF365\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in all\u003c/a> but one prison in the state, enrolling some 4,000 students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corrections community, lawmakers and others, including some victims’ rights advocates, have generally been supportive of expanding higher education in prison in recent years. Those raising \u003ca href=\"https://prisonuniversityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/PUP-Newsletter-Spring-2019-Web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">concerns\u003c/a> about bringing back Pell often work in prison education themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erin Castro, who runs the University of Utah collaborative and oversees the school’s in-prison college program, points out that though many more programs existed before the ban on Pell, the quality was dubious in some cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she supports lifting the ban on Pell for prisoners, she has a key caveat: “Incarcerated people are in a position where they cannot participate in this notion of college choice — they don’t have it,” she said. “So when we open the floodgates and allow institutions to access Pell money, without any oversight, we’re asking for a disaster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some advocates are hopeful federal aid could help more public schools reach incarcerated students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the size of our criminal justice population and the scale of mass incarceration … our public higher education system is really our only option,” said Stanford Criminal Justice Center executive director Debbie Mukamal, who co-directs a statewide \u003ca href=\"https://correctionstocollegeca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">initiative\u003c/a> to expand college opportunities for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal State LA’s program is the first attempt to bring the state’s public four-year university system to bear on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Other Fork in Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Bidhan Roy first visited A Yard as a volunteer, the Cal State English professor heard from inmates who had amassed a collection of associate’s degrees and were hungry to continue their education. As the number of students working toward such degrees behind bars in California has grown, so has the demand for bachelor’s programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Roy has also come to believe the degree holds special meaning for his incarcerated students because most of them went to prison at the age other young people went away to college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a kind of symbolic way it represented the other fork in life. But also the fork, for most of them, that was never an option,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Praphatananda, education never felt like one. He said he was diagnosed with dyslexia and other learning disabilities in fourth grade. “School was just a constant reminder of my shortcomings and failures,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775149\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775149\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie Praphatananda is one of five students who had their life sentences commuted and are finishing their degrees on the Cal State LA campus.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-1200x901.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Charlie-ID-card-fixed-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Praphatananda is one of five students who had their life sentences commuted. He is now finishing his degree on the Cal State LA campus. (This image has been altered to conceal Praphatananda’s student identification number.) \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Charlie Praphatananda)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So when he got kicked out during his junior year of high school, Praphatananda didn’t care. He spent his late teenage years getting in trouble. At 20, he took part in a robbery that ended in a murder and a life sentence without parole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Praphatananda had exhausted his appeals, he had to face down his sentence. “You come to this crossroads where you realize that when they say life without, they mean literally you’re not ever going to get out of prison,” he said. “And you have to make that choice of what you’re going to do with your life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he saw it, he had two options: drown himself in drugs until he ran out of money, or try to make the best of it. He opted to earn his GED, then associate’s degree, and was one of Cal State LA’s first students behind bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Praphatananda’s classmates in the program have similar histories, and were convicted of equally serious crimes. The sheer number of life sentences on A Yard might have discouraged a less determined advocate, but Roy is guided by a belief that education is a universal right, and foreclosing on human potential isn’t his thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘In a kind of symbolic way it represented the other fork in life. But also the fork, for most of them, that was never an option.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In contrast with the victims’ rights advocates of the ‘90s who opposed investing in such programs, the executive director of the National Center for Victims of Crime shares that view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d rather have people who are rehabilitated and can contribute to society than people who are just rotting in a prison cell,” said Mai Fernandez. While she notes she doesn’t speak for all victims, she added: “There are a lot of offenders who have severe trauma backgrounds. We need to look at them also as victims.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Almost Always a Backlash’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Cal State LA’s program can be scaled isn’t clear. It’s a massive logistical and financial undertaking that costs the school about $12,000 a year per student, according to administrators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is part of a \u003ca href=\"https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/pell-secondchance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">national pilot\u003c/a> that allows some prisoners to once again access Pell Grants, and as more and more students begin to use those funds, administrators may be able to rely less on private money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But program coordinator Lim said basic hurdles — like finding Social Security numbers — can stand in the way of getting the funding, not to mention basic \u003ca href=\"https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/eligibility/basic-criteria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">restrictions\u003c/a> on aid that leave many inmates ineligible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775119\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775119\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut-800x536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut-800x536.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut-1200x804.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/09182019_prison_Allen-Burnett-in-class-inmates-BA-program.039-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Allen Burnett, who just had his sentence commuted after 27 years in prison, said after he started working toward a B.A., his stepdaughter was inspired to enroll at Cal State LA, and his nieces and nephews have since started going to school. “This thing right here that we’re doing,” he said, “it’s transcending this facility.” \u003ccite>(J. Emilio Flores/Cal State LA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.vera.org/publications/investing-in-futures-education-in-prison\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> from the Vera Institute of Justice estimates some 463,000 people in prisons nationwide would be eligible for Pell Grants if the ban were lifted. In California, they estimate, reduced recidivism associated with Pell access would save close to $70 million a year in incarceration costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Incarcerated people are in a position where they cannot participate in this notion of college choice — they don’t have it. So when we open the floodgates and allow institutions to access Pell money, without any oversight, we’re asking for a disaster.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Recidivism rates in California are stubbornly high: About half of people coming out of California prisons end up getting convicted of another crime — a rate that hasn’t changed in 10 years, the state auditor \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auditor.ca.gov%2Fpdfs%2Freports%2F2018-113.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">found\u003c/a>, despite increased investment in rehabilitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But school is a powerful tool against those odds. A major \u003ca href=\"https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR564.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> by the RAND Corp. found taking classes in prison cuts the chances of getting locked up again by 43%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eggleston, who spent over four decades studying prison education, has watched the ebb and flow of investment over the years and is heartened by what she sees today — but worries it won’t last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s almost always a backlash,” she said. “We lose post-secondary first because of the idea that it’s too much to give those people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Prison Education to Freedom \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For Cal State’s incarcerated students, the college experience has been transformational — one that has allowed them to believe, often for the first time in their lives, that they hold some value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the most amazing experience of my entire life, as either a free man or as an incarcerated human being,” said James Cain, who has been in prison for 13 years. “If I had the chance right now to go home or have this education, I would choose this education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the men of A Yard, education has become a kind of freedom. But it’s also led to liberation of the literal sort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the program began, five men have had their life sentences commuted. Three are finishing their degrees on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie Praphatananda is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ca.gov/archive/gov39/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/August-2018-Pardons-and-Commutations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the latest\u003c/a>. At 43, Praphatananda has lived more of his life in prison than outside. It took him decades of good conduct and dedicated self-improvement to merit commutation, but the support of Cal State LA went a long way toward proving he should get a second chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was in and I had life without, I had given up on trying to ever get out,” he said. “To go from that perspective to — ‘I’m out here now, I get to go to college, I get to spend time with my family, I get to work’ — that is a blessing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The California Dream series is a statewide media collaboration of CalMatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the James Irvine Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11768052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/CADreamBanner-1-800x219.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/CADreamBanner-1-800x219.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/CADreamBanner-1-800x219-160x44.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Officials Dispatched to Survey Los Angeles' Homeless Crisis",
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"content": "\u003cp>Members of the Trump administration visited Los Angeles Tuesday to get a firsthand look at the city’s sprawling homeless encampments and efforts to control them, while President Trump directed his staff to develop policy options to address the national crisis of people living on the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visit by a delegation from several federal agencies came about two months after the Republican president called the homelessness crisis in Los Angeles, San Francisco and other big cities disgraceful and faulted the “liberal establishment” for the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to reporting by \u003ca href=\"https://beta.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/10/trump-pushing-major-crackdown-homeless-camps-california-with-aides-discussing-moving-residents-government-backed-facilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Washington Post\u003c/a>, administration officials have floated the idea of taking homeless people off the streets of Los Angeles and other cities, razing their encampments and placing them in new federally operated facilities. But it remains unclear how they would accomplish that and what legal authority they would have to do so, particularly in light of likely opposition from local and state leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort, the Post notes, is part of Trump’s broader push in recent months to highlight major problems in California and a number of other liberal states and major cities, blaming years of failed Democratic leadership that have resulted in entrenched poverty and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Democratic Mayor Eric Garcetti issued a public invitation for the Republican president to walk the streets with him and see the suffering and squalid conditions. The mayor released a letter to Trump on Tuesday saying he looked forward to working together, but tensions between the White House and officials in heavily Democratic California were also on vivid display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Homelessness coverage\" tag=\"homelessness\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials are eager for new federal dollars to help them build housing and provide services for the homeless, but deep political divisions make it unclear if an agreement will be reached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom has sparred with the White House routinely, and his office released a statement Tuesday saying the state was ready to discuss serious proposals but suggested that Trump “start by ending his plans to cut food stamps, gut health care for low-income people and scare immigrant families from accessing government services.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Mayor London Breed said in a statement that the city would welcome assistance from the federal government to build more housing, “but simply cracking down on homelessness without providing the housing that people need is not a real solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcetti, too, said he was ready to talk, but wrote that “the federal government has woefully underfunded our housing safety net, contributing to homelessness,” and slashed funding for new housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We must put politics aside,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is also considering a controversial plan that would bar homeless people from sleeping in many places in the city, including near parks, schools and child care centers. These restrictions would cover about 25% of the sprawling city’s total area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’ll criminalize me again. And just generally, I don’t think it’s necessary,” said Robert Dragusica, part of a group of homeless people who live in LA’s Echo Park. “It would mean that I couldn’t do some of the things I’m doing right now to get off the street. … When you take away stability, you take away opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at an event Monday in Beverly Hills, sponsored by the website Politico, Garcetti’s chief of state and federal affairs, Breelyn Pete, said the city looked forward to explaining its homeless strategy to administration officials, but added, “They’re just not thoughtful, and quite frankly not smart enough, to know what we’re doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump would make an unlikely pairing with the Los Angeles mayor, who comes from a heavily Democratic state recognized as the center of the so-called Trump resistance. Trump lost California to Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election by over 4 million votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House spokesman Judd Deere echoed Trump’s earlier remarks linking homelessness with liberal policies, saying “the president has taken notice of the homelessness crisis, particularly in cities and states where the liberal policies of overregulation, excessive taxation, and poor public service delivery are combining to dramatically increase poverty and public health risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many big cities, Los Angeles has struggled with homelessness for decades, and the population on the streets has grown despite a robust economy and increased local funding for services. Unsanitary, drug-infested encampments line downtown streets, and homeless people often sprawl on the lawn of City Hall, with tents nearby. The mayor says 36,000 people in the city are homeless on any given night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figures released in June showed a 16% jump in Los Angeles’ homeless population over the last year. The jump came after the mayor helped convince voters in 2016 to borrow $1.2 billion to construct housing for the homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mayor’s office said the federal group visited several homelessness and housing projects, including a recently opened shelter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration provided no specifics on what its national homeless policy would entail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor Griffin, a spokeswoman for House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, said, “Homelessness is a challenge to the conscience of our nation and a growing humanitarian crisis for communities across our country. The Trump Administration’s heartless policies have only exacerbated the matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Members of the Trump administration visited Los Angeles Tuesday to get a firsthand look at the city’s sprawling homeless encampments and efforts to control them, while President Trump directed his staff to develop policy options to address the national crisis of people living on the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visit by a delegation from several federal agencies came about two months after the Republican president called the homelessness crisis in Los Angeles, San Francisco and other big cities disgraceful and faulted the “liberal establishment” for the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to reporting by \u003ca href=\"https://beta.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/10/trump-pushing-major-crackdown-homeless-camps-california-with-aides-discussing-moving-residents-government-backed-facilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Washington Post\u003c/a>, administration officials have floated the idea of taking homeless people off the streets of Los Angeles and other cities, razing their encampments and placing them in new federally operated facilities. But it remains unclear how they would accomplish that and what legal authority they would have to do so, particularly in light of likely opposition from local and state leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort, the Post notes, is part of Trump’s broader push in recent months to highlight major problems in California and a number of other liberal states and major cities, blaming years of failed Democratic leadership that have resulted in entrenched poverty and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Democratic Mayor Eric Garcetti issued a public invitation for the Republican president to walk the streets with him and see the suffering and squalid conditions. The mayor released a letter to Trump on Tuesday saying he looked forward to working together, but tensions between the White House and officials in heavily Democratic California were also on vivid display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials are eager for new federal dollars to help them build housing and provide services for the homeless, but deep political divisions make it unclear if an agreement will be reached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom has sparred with the White House routinely, and his office released a statement Tuesday saying the state was ready to discuss serious proposals but suggested that Trump “start by ending his plans to cut food stamps, gut health care for low-income people and scare immigrant families from accessing government services.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Mayor London Breed said in a statement that the city would welcome assistance from the federal government to build more housing, “but simply cracking down on homelessness without providing the housing that people need is not a real solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcetti, too, said he was ready to talk, but wrote that “the federal government has woefully underfunded our housing safety net, contributing to homelessness,” and slashed funding for new housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We must put politics aside,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is also considering a controversial plan that would bar homeless people from sleeping in many places in the city, including near parks, schools and child care centers. These restrictions would cover about 25% of the sprawling city’s total area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’ll criminalize me again. And just generally, I don’t think it’s necessary,” said Robert Dragusica, part of a group of homeless people who live in LA’s Echo Park. “It would mean that I couldn’t do some of the things I’m doing right now to get off the street. … When you take away stability, you take away opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at an event Monday in Beverly Hills, sponsored by the website Politico, Garcetti’s chief of state and federal affairs, Breelyn Pete, said the city looked forward to explaining its homeless strategy to administration officials, but added, “They’re just not thoughtful, and quite frankly not smart enough, to know what we’re doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump would make an unlikely pairing with the Los Angeles mayor, who comes from a heavily Democratic state recognized as the center of the so-called Trump resistance. Trump lost California to Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election by over 4 million votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House spokesman Judd Deere echoed Trump’s earlier remarks linking homelessness with liberal policies, saying “the president has taken notice of the homelessness crisis, particularly in cities and states where the liberal policies of overregulation, excessive taxation, and poor public service delivery are combining to dramatically increase poverty and public health risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many big cities, Los Angeles has struggled with homelessness for decades, and the population on the streets has grown despite a robust economy and increased local funding for services. Unsanitary, drug-infested encampments line downtown streets, and homeless people often sprawl on the lawn of City Hall, with tents nearby. The mayor says 36,000 people in the city are homeless on any given night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figures released in June showed a 16% jump in Los Angeles’ homeless population over the last year. The jump came after the mayor helped convince voters in 2016 to borrow $1.2 billion to construct housing for the homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mayor’s office said the federal group visited several homelessness and housing projects, including a recently opened shelter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration provided no specifics on what its national homeless policy would entail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor Griffin, a spokeswoman for House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, said, “Homelessness is a challenge to the conscience of our nation and a growing humanitarian crisis for communities across our country. The Trump Administration’s heartless policies have only exacerbated the matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A Japanese woman met a person online in March 2016 who said he was a U.S. Army captain based in Syria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They quickly became close, exchanging messages over email. She thought she was in a romantic relationship with the man, who called himself Terry Garcia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of 10 months, the Japanese woman lost more than $200,000, sending money to accounts in Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This romance scheme is just one example of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/massive-international-fraud-and-money-laundering-conspiracy-detailed-federal-grand-jury\">massive international fraud conspiracy\u003c/a> detailed in a 252-count federal grand jury indictment unsealed on Thursday. Authorities have charged 80 defendants with involvement in the scheme. Fourteen people were arrested on Thursday morning – 11 of those in the Los Angeles area – and many of the rest are believed to be based in Nigeria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who can forget the famous Nigerian Prince scam in which the fraudster claims to have millions of dollars stuck in Nigeria and needs the victim to help get the money out of the country?\" Nicola Hanna, the U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California, told reporters. \"Well, over the years, those fraud schemes have evolved and become much more complex and sophisticated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe this is one of the largest cases of its kind in U.S. history,\" Hanna added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the prosecutors, the defendants pursued a wide range of schemes, including preying on businesses by hacking into their accounts and representing themselves as vendors who were owed money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two lead defendants, Valentine Iro and Chukwudi Christogunus Igbokwe, are accused of facilitating fraudulent payments by acting as \"brokers of fraudulent bank accounts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They allegedly \"collected bank accounts, fielded requests for bank account information, provided that information to co-conspirators around the world, and laundered the money obtained from victims – all of this in exchange for a cut of the money stolen from victims of various fraud schemes,\" according to prosecutors. Iro and Igbokwe are accused of illegally transferring at least $6 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lead defendants allegedly registered fake businesses with L.A. County authorities so that they could open bank accounts under those names. Once money was deposited into an account, they would often quickly withdraw the money in cash or cashier's checks, or transfer it to another account that was part of the scheme, prosecutors say. Eventually, the funds would be sent to Nigeria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese woman, identified as F.K. in court records, \"was and is extremely depressed and angry about these losses, and is on the verge of bankruptcy,\" the complaint states. \"She began crying when discussing the way that these losses have affected her.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>F.K. spoke little English and would use Google Translate to read Garcia's emails and translate her responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the complaint, shortly after they started communicating, he told F.K. that he had discovered a bag of diamonds in Syria. He said that he was injured and trying to send them to her, and F.K. received details from multiple other people purportedly trying to arrange the transfer. She was told that she'd need to pay hefty fees for a \"non-inspection tag,\" a \"final accreditation fee\" and a \"diplomatic consignment tax.\" She told federal officials that she made as many as 40 payments to Garcia over the course of the 10 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>F.K. even traveled to Los Angeles in October 2016, after she was told that there was a problem with a bank releasing her funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal officials warn that fraud schemes like these are on the rise, and urge people to warn their friends and family members who might be vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Feds+Charge+80+People+Over+Massive+Online+Fraud+Conspiracy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A Japanese woman met a person online in March 2016 who said he was a U.S. Army captain based in Syria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They quickly became close, exchanging messages over email. She thought she was in a romantic relationship with the man, who called himself Terry Garcia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of 10 months, the Japanese woman lost more than $200,000, sending money to accounts in Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This romance scheme is just one example of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/massive-international-fraud-and-money-laundering-conspiracy-detailed-federal-grand-jury\">massive international fraud conspiracy\u003c/a> detailed in a 252-count federal grand jury indictment unsealed on Thursday. Authorities have charged 80 defendants with involvement in the scheme. Fourteen people were arrested on Thursday morning – 11 of those in the Los Angeles area – and many of the rest are believed to be based in Nigeria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who can forget the famous Nigerian Prince scam in which the fraudster claims to have millions of dollars stuck in Nigeria and needs the victim to help get the money out of the country?\" Nicola Hanna, the U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California, told reporters. \"Well, over the years, those fraud schemes have evolved and become much more complex and sophisticated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe this is one of the largest cases of its kind in U.S. history,\" Hanna added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the prosecutors, the defendants pursued a wide range of schemes, including preying on businesses by hacking into their accounts and representing themselves as vendors who were owed money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two lead defendants, Valentine Iro and Chukwudi Christogunus Igbokwe, are accused of facilitating fraudulent payments by acting as \"brokers of fraudulent bank accounts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They allegedly \"collected bank accounts, fielded requests for bank account information, provided that information to co-conspirators around the world, and laundered the money obtained from victims – all of this in exchange for a cut of the money stolen from victims of various fraud schemes,\" according to prosecutors. Iro and Igbokwe are accused of illegally transferring at least $6 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lead defendants allegedly registered fake businesses with L.A. County authorities so that they could open bank accounts under those names. Once money was deposited into an account, they would often quickly withdraw the money in cash or cashier's checks, or transfer it to another account that was part of the scheme, prosecutors say. Eventually, the funds would be sent to Nigeria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese woman, identified as F.K. in court records, \"was and is extremely depressed and angry about these losses, and is on the verge of bankruptcy,\" the complaint states. \"She began crying when discussing the way that these losses have affected her.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>F.K. spoke little English and would use Google Translate to read Garcia's emails and translate her responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the complaint, shortly after they started communicating, he told F.K. that he had discovered a bag of diamonds in Syria. He said that he was injured and trying to send them to her, and F.K. received details from multiple other people purportedly trying to arrange the transfer. She was told that she'd need to pay hefty fees for a \"non-inspection tag,\" a \"final accreditation fee\" and a \"diplomatic consignment tax.\" She told federal officials that she made as many as 40 payments to Garcia over the course of the 10 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>F.K. even traveled to Los Angeles in October 2016, after she was told that there was a problem with a bank releasing her funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal officials warn that fraud schemes like these are on the rise, and urge people to warn their friends and family members who might be vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Feds+Charge+80+People+Over+Massive+Online+Fraud+Conspiracy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Along a big, commercial street in Los Angeles' North Hollywood area, near a row of empty storefronts, about half a dozen motor homes sat parked on a recent morning. Inside one of them, 67-year-old Edith Grays and her husband watched TV with the door open. Grays said they'd been there a few days, despite a two-hour parking limit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thank God they're not bothering us right now,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not unusual to see clusters of campers around the city. Grays is one of the nearly 10,000 people who live in vehicles inside L.A.'s city limits. Some take shelter in cars, others in vans or trucks, but RVs are the most visible. They're also the most difficult to park — especially now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles City Council recently reinstated an ordinance that bans sleeping overnight in vehicles in residential areas. The law also forbids living in a vehicle within a block of a park, school or day care. Tickets for violating the rules start at $25 for a first offense, $50 the second time and $75 after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Neighborhoods divided\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents who support the restrictions say vehicle encampments have caused parking shortages and sanitation issues. Critics say that without alternatives to parking on the street, the rules are inhumane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a stupid law,\" Mel Tillekeratne, executive director of a homelessness nonprofit called The Shower of Hope, said during a recent public meeting. \"This law ... is going to directly contribute to these people being on the street.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Edith Grays, who ran a window-washing business with her husband until he had a series of strokes and couldn't work, losing their motor home is a big fear. She said they moved into it after not being able to afford rent anymore, and she takes care to avoid being ticketed or towed. When asked how much of her time is spent looking for parking or planning where to park next, Grays replied: \"All of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"homeless-project\" label=\"Coverage of Homelessness in the Bay Area\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very difficult,\" she said. \"It causes a lot of stress in my life.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a couple of miles away, however, homeowner Walter Hall says RV encampments have choked major streets and that public urination by people living in vehicles has been a problem for at least one local park. \"That's the kind of thing we would prefer not to see,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall supports the city having rules around vehicle dwelling but said enforcement should be tougher. A \u003ca href=\"http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2014/14-1057-S2_misc_09-06-2018.pdf\">2018 report\u003c/a> from the Los Angeles Police Department said that officers issued about 10 citations a month, partly because it's difficult to confirm when people are living in vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result, Hall said, is that the restrictions mostly just shuffle people from one location to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They disappear one place only to reappear someplace else,\" he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A national problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles isn't the only city struggling to balance the rights of those with and those without homes. Over the past decade, municipalities around the country with large homeless populations have passed laws banning activities such as panhandling or sleeping in public areas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ordinances limiting where people can live in vehicles are now the fastest-growing type of such restrictions, according to the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades it was completely illegal to live in a vehicle in L.A. But in 2014, as homelessness swelled, that policy was struck down in federal court. The city then came up with the current ordinance, but it expired in July, so the City Council had to vote on renewing it for another six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11764545\" label=\"Related Coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason it had lapsed is that it was intended to be a stop-gap while the city expanded its safe parking program, which provides after-hours lots specifically designated for overnight vehicle camping. The program also provides security and bathroom access. But that plan has lagged, partly due to budget issues, and L.A. has only about 100 safe parking spaces for more than 5,000 vehicles in which people live. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day of the City Council vote on extending the parking restrictions, dozens of opponents showed up at City Hall to argue that the policy is cruel without safe parking options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Several of the families at my children's elementary school are struggling with homelessness,\" said Erika Feresten. \"It's unconscionable that they would be criminalized.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After hearing nearly an hour of solid opposition, the City Council voted 13 to 0 to reinstate the rules, prompting the crowd to start chanting, \"Shame on you!\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti says he expects to add another 200 safe parking spaces in the next few months. In the meantime, he said, the city has homeless outreach teams dedicated to finding people in vehicles and connecting them with social services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to make it easier\" for people living in vehicles, Garcetti said, \"but we also have to have that balance ... making sure that it's not going to be chaos out there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parking restrictions will go to the City Council again early next year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 KCRW. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcrw.com\">KCRW\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Nearly 10,000 people in Los Angeles live in vehicles. The City Council recently extended a ban on sleeping overnight in cars, vans or RVs in residential areas and near parks or schools.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Along a big, commercial street in Los Angeles' North Hollywood area, near a row of empty storefronts, about half a dozen motor homes sat parked on a recent morning. Inside one of them, 67-year-old Edith Grays and her husband watched TV with the door open. Grays said they'd been there a few days, despite a two-hour parking limit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thank God they're not bothering us right now,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not unusual to see clusters of campers around the city. Grays is one of the nearly 10,000 people who live in vehicles inside L.A.'s city limits. Some take shelter in cars, others in vans or trucks, but RVs are the most visible. They're also the most difficult to park — especially now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles City Council recently reinstated an ordinance that bans sleeping overnight in vehicles in residential areas. The law also forbids living in a vehicle within a block of a park, school or day care. Tickets for violating the rules start at $25 for a first offense, $50 the second time and $75 after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Neighborhoods divided\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents who support the restrictions say vehicle encampments have caused parking shortages and sanitation issues. Critics say that without alternatives to parking on the street, the rules are inhumane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a stupid law,\" Mel Tillekeratne, executive director of a homelessness nonprofit called The Shower of Hope, said during a recent public meeting. \"This law ... is going to directly contribute to these people being on the street.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Edith Grays, who ran a window-washing business with her husband until he had a series of strokes and couldn't work, losing their motor home is a big fear. She said they moved into it after not being able to afford rent anymore, and she takes care to avoid being ticketed or towed. When asked how much of her time is spent looking for parking or planning where to park next, Grays replied: \"All of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very difficult,\" she said. \"It causes a lot of stress in my life.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a couple of miles away, however, homeowner Walter Hall says RV encampments have choked major streets and that public urination by people living in vehicles has been a problem for at least one local park. \"That's the kind of thing we would prefer not to see,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall supports the city having rules around vehicle dwelling but said enforcement should be tougher. A \u003ca href=\"http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2014/14-1057-S2_misc_09-06-2018.pdf\">2018 report\u003c/a> from the Los Angeles Police Department said that officers issued about 10 citations a month, partly because it's difficult to confirm when people are living in vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result, Hall said, is that the restrictions mostly just shuffle people from one location to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They disappear one place only to reappear someplace else,\" he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A national problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles isn't the only city struggling to balance the rights of those with and those without homes. Over the past decade, municipalities around the country with large homeless populations have passed laws banning activities such as panhandling or sleeping in public areas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ordinances limiting where people can live in vehicles are now the fastest-growing type of such restrictions, according to the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades it was completely illegal to live in a vehicle in L.A. But in 2014, as homelessness swelled, that policy was struck down in federal court. The city then came up with the current ordinance, but it expired in July, so the City Council had to vote on renewing it for another six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason it had lapsed is that it was intended to be a stop-gap while the city expanded its safe parking program, which provides after-hours lots specifically designated for overnight vehicle camping. The program also provides security and bathroom access. But that plan has lagged, partly due to budget issues, and L.A. has only about 100 safe parking spaces for more than 5,000 vehicles in which people live. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day of the City Council vote on extending the parking restrictions, dozens of opponents showed up at City Hall to argue that the policy is cruel without safe parking options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Several of the families at my children's elementary school are struggling with homelessness,\" said Erika Feresten. \"It's unconscionable that they would be criminalized.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After hearing nearly an hour of solid opposition, the City Council voted 13 to 0 to reinstate the rules, prompting the crowd to start chanting, \"Shame on you!\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti says he expects to add another 200 safe parking spaces in the next few months. In the meantime, he said, the city has homeless outreach teams dedicated to finding people in vehicles and connecting them with social services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to make it easier\" for people living in vehicles, Garcetti said, \"but we also have to have that balance ... making sure that it's not going to be chaos out there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parking restrictions will go to the City Council again early next year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 KCRW. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcrw.com\">KCRW\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "My Grandfather, A Killer",
"title": "My Grandfather, A Killer",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>On rare occasions, Dad and I would get together for lunch. It was 2014, and I had just started a job at NPR. Dad was retired and lived 60 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what I remember, we ate dim sum, which meant driving through the heart of downtown Los Angeles, the massive skyscrapers glistening in the afternoon sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was quiet in the car. I was thinking about how Mom and Dad used to make this commute to LA every day for work. Two hours in the morning, two hours at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11767453\" label=\"Bay Area Activist Shot in PI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad interrupted my thoughts, pointing to a building on the side of the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Did you know that my dad killed somebody in that place?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wait, what?\" I responded, almost missing the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I never met my grandfather, Lolo Vicente, but I'd heard stories about him. On our living room wall, there's a picture of him. He was handsome. Dad said he was strict, but he never talked about him coming to America, much less that he killed someone. When I asked Dad why it had taken him so long to tell me, he said it's because I never asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million thoughts raced through my head. Lolo was in America? Why was Lolo in America? Who did he kill? Did he go to prison?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the main question tugging at me was what this all meant for the story of my family's history in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768295\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0087_custom-c0585b545430b16710a9af0cf79faf63be15644e-e1566155580832.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768295\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0087_custom-c0585b545430b16710a9af0cf79faf63be15644e-e1566155580832.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1222\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The author's father, Manolo Guerra, stands for a portrait at his home in Moreno Valley, Calif., on Aug. 7. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The murder had suddenly shattered my view of the quintessential immigrant narrative — the story my parents embodied. They both came to the United States from the Philippines in the 1980s looking for a better life. Dad became a citizen; Mom, a green card holder. They worked hard, bought a house in the suburbs and raised three children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My grandfather had taken a darker path. The fact that this violence was a part of my American story scared me. I hated how it might feed into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/03/30/upshot/crime-immigration-myth.html?module=inline\">false\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/upshot/illegal-immigration-crime-rates-research.html\">narrative\u003c/a> that immigrants drive up crime rates. The story also enticed me. I needed to find answers to my questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the story of my Lolo — which means \"grandfather\" in Tagalog, a language native to the Philippines. The reason I'm here is because of him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768296\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0125_custom-c9645c2e7b06ad2ca7ca309cb317dc0510e8d865-e1566155627245.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0125_custom-c9645c2e7b06ad2ca7ca309cb317dc0510e8d865-e1566155627245.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trophies and ribbons won by the Guerra sisters are on display in the garage of their father, Manolo Guerra. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>America's \"Little Brown Brothers\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first found Lolo's mug shot, I thought he looked handsome. He was only 24, with soft features and slick black hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had come to America six years earlier, in 1926. He grew up poor in a small province in the Philippines and was part of a mass migration that, \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/philippines-culture-migration\">by one estimate\u003c/a>, brought 150,000 Filipinos to America between 1907 and 1930. These were mostly single young men who boarded steamships to travel thousands of miles from the Philippines to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, it was relatively easy to immigrate to the U.S. from the Philippines, which in the 1930s was still \u003ca href=\"https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/\">a U.S. territory\u003c/a>. The agricultural sector needed cheap labor, and Filipinos, who were considered noncitizen nationals, fulfilled that role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768297\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0006_custom-1882b5ad05ee6114c851da325a2def1eb5d017ee-e1566155844678.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0006_custom-1882b5ad05ee6114c851da325a2def1eb5d017ee-e1566155844678.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Manolo Guerra points himself out in an old family portrait. He's standing in the photo with his father, Vicente Guerra, his mother, Isabel Guerra, and his older brother Greg. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0103_custom-628870066d5a5490411611fdb6372e0377ff79a8-e1566155896220.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0103_custom-628870066d5a5490411611fdb6372e0377ff79a8-e1566155896220.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family photo at the home of Manolo Guerra. The author, Denise Guerra, appears on the far left alongside her sister, mother, father, sister and brother-in-law. Her two nieces appear seated in the front row. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most of these Filipinos worked in farming, men like my grandfather ended up in cities as low-wage domestic workers. In Los Angeles, he became a \"houseboy.\" Family lore said he cleaned house for actor George Raft, who appeared in the original \u003cem>Scarface\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For newly arrived immigrants like Lolo, life in America was hard, and the reception was not always warm. Filipino men were known as America's \"little brown brothers,\" a phrase coined by William Howard Taft, who before winning the White House in the 1908 election, served as the first American governor-general of the Philippines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"perspectives_201601138926\" label=\"Perspectives: Filipino Pride\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White America's view could be summed up in a 1929 \u003cem>Los Angeles Times \u003c/em>op-ed titled \"The Filipino Invasion.\" The author describes Filipinos as \"good boys, most of them trained on battleships or as houseboys to neatness, cleanliness and quiet courtesy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can only imagine how emasculating this must have felt for Lolo and other young Filipino men. But you wouldn't be able to tell by looking at photographs of them from the time. Outside of work they wore fedoras, \u003ca href=\"https://www.esquiremag.ph/style/fashion/filipino-mens-fashion-a2289-20190401-lfrm6\">pressed zoot suits\u003c/a> and shiny wingtip shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Ocampo, a sociologist at California State Polytechnic University and author of the book \u003cem>The Latinos of Asia: How Filipino Americans Break the Rules of Race, \u003c/em>said dressing like that offered a form of mental self-preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think part of the reason they did that is because having traveled 7,000 miles across the Pacific Ocean, being able to present themselves in that way gave them some sort of dignity,\" Ocampo said. \"That the journey was worth it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra sits at his home. In the 1980s, Guerra immigrated to the U.S. from the Philippines in search of a better life. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, it wasn't strictly about self-preservation, said Ocampo. They also did it to attract women, especially at the local taxi-dance halls, where men could hire women to dance with them. The dance halls gave immigrants an outlet to socialize with one another and spend some of their hard-earned money — typically 10 cents per dance — in hopes of finding some companionship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women were usually white, and given racist attitudes and miscegenation laws, that dynamic would eventually spark violence against the Filipino community by white men enraged over the \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=_yD8ND6gMUsC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false\">influx of migrant laborers in the area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most notorious incident happened in Watsonville, an agricultural community in Northern California. In 1930, a mob of about 500 white men and youth opened fire at a dance hall popular with the local Filipino community where white women were being employed. Over five days, roaming mobs assaulted Filipinos with pistols, clubs and whips. They dragged Filipinos from their homes and beat them. Filipinos were thrown off bridges. One man, Fermin Tobera, 22, was shot to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was out to run the Filipinos out of the country,\" one participant told the \u003cem>Oakland Tribune\u003c/em>. \"We're going to get rid of them, that's what.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Murder \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next year, a woman would again be at the center of violence involving Filipinos. This time, it involved my Lolo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, no one in my family can say for certain what drove my grandfather to murder. But according to an Associated Press report dated Sept. 23, 1931, it all had to do with \"an American girl.\" The headline of the story read, \"Oriental Killed, One Shot in Love Feud.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to my dad, Lolo was in a restaurant bathroom when two men cornered him and slit his neck, leaving Lolo bleeding and facedown on a toilet. Someone found Lolo and was able to get help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad doesn't know what prompted the attack, but he remembers the scar that it left on the back of Lolo's neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his recovery, Lolo went looking for his attackers, and one day, while cruising the streets of a busy downtown corridor, Lolo spotted two men leaving a theater. He told a friend to get the car ready. Lolo had a gun and was set on revenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shooting took place close to a popular dance hall where Filipinos hung out, near city hall. His victims were John Lopez, shot in the leg, and Joseph Retotar, a Filipino, who died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Records for the two men are hard to come by. Based on what I could find, Retotar was about the same age as Lolo. And that love feud? While the article suggests it was over an American, no one in the family can say for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years I agonized. If only I had her name or the details of the others involved, then just maybe I could figure out what really happened. It had to be in the case file. I went to the Los Angeles County Hall of Records to look for it, but when the archivist took the decades-old microfilm out of its box, it fell apart. This mystery woman was now a ghost on decrepit microfilm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768307\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra and wife's house in the suburban community of Moreno Valley. The couple bought the home after immigrating to the U.S. and raised three children there. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Return to the Philippines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo was caught, tried by a jury and found guilty of second-degree murder. He was sentenced to five years to life at San Quentin State Prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was out in seven years. Dad said Lolo talked about marking his cell with chalk every year he spent there. When he was released, he took his hand, swiped the chalk marks off the wall and cried aloud, \"Goodbye!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear why Lolo was released from prison so early, but a handwritten note in his prison records offers a clue. It appears to read, \"repat Paroled 5/5/39.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Repat\" is a likely reference to the government's efforts to repatriate Filipinos under a 1935 law signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to anger among white workers about Filipino men taking U.S. jobs. The measure came a year after the Tydings-McDuffie Act — a law that set the Philippines on the path to independence but that also reclassified Filipinos already in the U.S. as \"aliens.\" Taken together, the two laws were blamed for separating Filipino families, given that Tydings-McDuffie capped Filipino immigration at 50 people per year, making it near impossible for anyone who was repatriated to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Lolo was heading back to the Philippines in 1939, World War II was raging in Europe. In the Pacific, Japanese forces had taken over several Chinese cities. The U.S. was on guard — its interests in the Philippines could be next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo's niece, my Tita Letty Francisco, remembers that the war may be the reason for Lolo's parole. Back then, it was common for prisoners to be recruited to fight the Japanese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Within hours, it invaded the Philippines. Lolo became a second lieutenant in the guerrilla army fighting the Japanese alongside U.S. forces. He even got a new nickname. Instead of Vicente Guerra, they called him Vicente Bakal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768304\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vicente Guerra is pictured during his time as a second lieutenant in the guerilla force fighting the Japanese in World War II. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Denise Guerra)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Bakal is iron,\" said Tita Letty. She said he could be loving toward his family, but when it came to war, Lolo showed no remorse for killing the Japanese. She remembers Lolo's fury after the Japanese bombed the home he shared with the woman he ended up marrying in the Philippines, Lola Isabel. He'd even brag about how many lives he took, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Dad, there was at least one death that troubled Lolo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the time he was tasked with killing a Filipina who had been accused of working as an informant for the Japanese. She was labeled a \"Makapili,\" the name Filipinos gave those who aided the Japanese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the war, the Japanese would take informants, place bags over their heads, cut two holes for their eyes and ask them to identify Filipinos. Once identified, the Japanese would shoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo's secret mission to kill this woman meant he couldn't use a gun, because it would make noise, so he and others used a piece of wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"' They keep hitting her and hitting her, and she won't die,'\" Dad remembered Lolo telling him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what they did, they just digged a hole. But when they put her there, she's still alive. So they keep hitting her,\" Dad said, his tone solemn like I imagine Lolo's must have been when recounting the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, Lolo asked his boss to transfer him to another assignment. He couldn't take it anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I think back on this story, it makes me angry. How could he have killed someone so brutally? Even if it was in the service of his country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad takes me back to reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is war,\" he said. \"What did you expect?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Enforcer \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was about five years after our car ride that Dad and I went to where the murder took place in downtown LA. The street corner looks like a restored loft with some shops. It's loud, bustling. Traffic and construction noise fills the air. In one direction, I see homeless men. In another, a man on a dockless scooter riding by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's here, almost a century ago, that Lolo's life in America took a turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad's silent, taking it all in. My thoughts are elsewhere, and I wonder how Lolo's environment shaped his actions. Did life in America encourage the worst in him? Turn him more angry? More violent? What if he had never come to the U.S.? Would he have avoided all the bloodshed? Or was it all inevitable?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think about another influence in Lolo's life, Ted Lewin. He was an American who built one of the biggest gaming operations in Manila. In a 1959 profile, \u003ca href=\"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865128,00.html\">\u003cem>Time\u003c/em> magazine described\u003c/a> Lewin, saying he had \"a taste for dark shirts, penthouses, air-conditioned Cadillacs and shadowy wheelings and dealings. In and out of Manila, in the past two decades, he has turned many a fast peso.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"filipino-americans\" label=\"Related Coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo worked for Lewin as an enforcer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When they see something or they found out something in the casino that you are cheating, they would beat the hell out of them,\" said Dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad said Lolo would tell him stories about taking a hammer and smashing each finger of a cheater's hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo became a top boss for Lewin. He was feared and respected. When Lewin was forced out of the trade by the Philippine government, Lolo took his experience and used it to establish his own businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had a fleet of taxis and operated distilleries. Ever the hustler, he at one point took a job at customs, where he accepted bribes for letting folks smuggle goods into the islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This allowed him to give his kids the opportunity to attend college in the Philippines, drive nice cars and establish political and business connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad used that to build his own business selling electronics in the Philippines. It did well at first but then fell into bankruptcy. He looked at America and saw a second chance. And thanks in part to Lolo's war service, Dad was eventually able to gain citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's retired now, after 40 years in manufacturing. He and my mom worked all the time, and because of that, my family enjoyed full bellies and college educations. The quintessential American Dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>My family, my country \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Dad why his life in America was so different from Lolo's. He said it's because each generation will be better off than the one before it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Remember during [his] time, they are all illiterate. They didn't go to high school,\" Dad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You go to another country, especially an industrialized country like America, most of them turned out to be drivers, busboys or work as a maid because they don't have schooling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad never went back to the Philippines, even for Lolo's funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even when I die, I already bought our family plot, because most people when they die, they go home, but this is my home, so I will just stay here,\" Dad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My parents are already dead. My only brother is dead. So there's no more thing for me to go to the Philippines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768305\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85-160x110.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra says a prayer in the chapel he constructed in his garage. He has never returned to the Philippines since coming to America in the 1980s. \"My parents are already dead. My only brother is dead. So there's no more thing for me to go to the Philippines,\" he said. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I think about Lolo's history in America — the murder, the war, his thuggery — my biggest question is still whether he was a monster. Or would he have made different choices if America had been kinder? If you exist in a land where you're constantly seen as a villain, do you inevitably become one?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Lolo's violence, Dad believes he was a good father, a good friend. Tita Letty remembers him as kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm not so sure. But the blood he shed is part of my family's story. It's part of America's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=My+Grandfather%2C+A+Killer+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Denise Guerra, a second-generation Filipino American, never met her grandfather. When she finally learned a long-held family secret, it shattered her view of the quintessential immigrant narrative.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On rare occasions, Dad and I would get together for lunch. It was 2014, and I had just started a job at NPR. Dad was retired and lived 60 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what I remember, we ate dim sum, which meant driving through the heart of downtown Los Angeles, the massive skyscrapers glistening in the afternoon sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was quiet in the car. I was thinking about how Mom and Dad used to make this commute to LA every day for work. Two hours in the morning, two hours at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad interrupted my thoughts, pointing to a building on the side of the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Did you know that my dad killed somebody in that place?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wait, what?\" I responded, almost missing the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I never met my grandfather, Lolo Vicente, but I'd heard stories about him. On our living room wall, there's a picture of him. He was handsome. Dad said he was strict, but he never talked about him coming to America, much less that he killed someone. When I asked Dad why it had taken him so long to tell me, he said it's because I never asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million thoughts raced through my head. Lolo was in America? Why was Lolo in America? Who did he kill? Did he go to prison?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the main question tugging at me was what this all meant for the story of my family's history in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768295\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0087_custom-c0585b545430b16710a9af0cf79faf63be15644e-e1566155580832.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768295\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0087_custom-c0585b545430b16710a9af0cf79faf63be15644e-e1566155580832.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1222\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The author's father, Manolo Guerra, stands for a portrait at his home in Moreno Valley, Calif., on Aug. 7. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The murder had suddenly shattered my view of the quintessential immigrant narrative — the story my parents embodied. They both came to the United States from the Philippines in the 1980s looking for a better life. Dad became a citizen; Mom, a green card holder. They worked hard, bought a house in the suburbs and raised three children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My grandfather had taken a darker path. The fact that this violence was a part of my American story scared me. I hated how it might feed into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/03/30/upshot/crime-immigration-myth.html?module=inline\">false\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/upshot/illegal-immigration-crime-rates-research.html\">narrative\u003c/a> that immigrants drive up crime rates. The story also enticed me. I needed to find answers to my questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the story of my Lolo — which means \"grandfather\" in Tagalog, a language native to the Philippines. The reason I'm here is because of him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768296\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0125_custom-c9645c2e7b06ad2ca7ca309cb317dc0510e8d865-e1566155627245.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0125_custom-c9645c2e7b06ad2ca7ca309cb317dc0510e8d865-e1566155627245.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trophies and ribbons won by the Guerra sisters are on display in the garage of their father, Manolo Guerra. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>America's \"Little Brown Brothers\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first found Lolo's mug shot, I thought he looked handsome. He was only 24, with soft features and slick black hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had come to America six years earlier, in 1926. He grew up poor in a small province in the Philippines and was part of a mass migration that, \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/philippines-culture-migration\">by one estimate\u003c/a>, brought 150,000 Filipinos to America between 1907 and 1930. These were mostly single young men who boarded steamships to travel thousands of miles from the Philippines to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, it was relatively easy to immigrate to the U.S. from the Philippines, which in the 1930s was still \u003ca href=\"https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/\">a U.S. territory\u003c/a>. The agricultural sector needed cheap labor, and Filipinos, who were considered noncitizen nationals, fulfilled that role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768297\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0006_custom-1882b5ad05ee6114c851da325a2def1eb5d017ee-e1566155844678.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0006_custom-1882b5ad05ee6114c851da325a2def1eb5d017ee-e1566155844678.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Manolo Guerra points himself out in an old family portrait. He's standing in the photo with his father, Vicente Guerra, his mother, Isabel Guerra, and his older brother Greg. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0103_custom-628870066d5a5490411611fdb6372e0377ff79a8-e1566155896220.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0103_custom-628870066d5a5490411611fdb6372e0377ff79a8-e1566155896220.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family photo at the home of Manolo Guerra. The author, Denise Guerra, appears on the far left alongside her sister, mother, father, sister and brother-in-law. Her two nieces appear seated in the front row. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most of these Filipinos worked in farming, men like my grandfather ended up in cities as low-wage domestic workers. In Los Angeles, he became a \"houseboy.\" Family lore said he cleaned house for actor George Raft, who appeared in the original \u003cem>Scarface\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For newly arrived immigrants like Lolo, life in America was hard, and the reception was not always warm. Filipino men were known as America's \"little brown brothers,\" a phrase coined by William Howard Taft, who before winning the White House in the 1908 election, served as the first American governor-general of the Philippines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White America's view could be summed up in a 1929 \u003cem>Los Angeles Times \u003c/em>op-ed titled \"The Filipino Invasion.\" The author describes Filipinos as \"good boys, most of them trained on battleships or as houseboys to neatness, cleanliness and quiet courtesy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can only imagine how emasculating this must have felt for Lolo and other young Filipino men. But you wouldn't be able to tell by looking at photographs of them from the time. Outside of work they wore fedoras, \u003ca href=\"https://www.esquiremag.ph/style/fashion/filipino-mens-fashion-a2289-20190401-lfrm6\">pressed zoot suits\u003c/a> and shiny wingtip shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Ocampo, a sociologist at California State Polytechnic University and author of the book \u003cem>The Latinos of Asia: How Filipino Americans Break the Rules of Race, \u003c/em>said dressing like that offered a form of mental self-preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think part of the reason they did that is because having traveled 7,000 miles across the Pacific Ocean, being able to present themselves in that way gave them some sort of dignity,\" Ocampo said. \"That the journey was worth it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra sits at his home. In the 1980s, Guerra immigrated to the U.S. from the Philippines in search of a better life. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, it wasn't strictly about self-preservation, said Ocampo. They also did it to attract women, especially at the local taxi-dance halls, where men could hire women to dance with them. The dance halls gave immigrants an outlet to socialize with one another and spend some of their hard-earned money — typically 10 cents per dance — in hopes of finding some companionship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women were usually white, and given racist attitudes and miscegenation laws, that dynamic would eventually spark violence against the Filipino community by white men enraged over the \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=_yD8ND6gMUsC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false\">influx of migrant laborers in the area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most notorious incident happened in Watsonville, an agricultural community in Northern California. In 1930, a mob of about 500 white men and youth opened fire at a dance hall popular with the local Filipino community where white women were being employed. Over five days, roaming mobs assaulted Filipinos with pistols, clubs and whips. They dragged Filipinos from their homes and beat them. Filipinos were thrown off bridges. One man, Fermin Tobera, 22, was shot to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was out to run the Filipinos out of the country,\" one participant told the \u003cem>Oakland Tribune\u003c/em>. \"We're going to get rid of them, that's what.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Murder \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next year, a woman would again be at the center of violence involving Filipinos. This time, it involved my Lolo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, no one in my family can say for certain what drove my grandfather to murder. But according to an Associated Press report dated Sept. 23, 1931, it all had to do with \"an American girl.\" The headline of the story read, \"Oriental Killed, One Shot in Love Feud.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to my dad, Lolo was in a restaurant bathroom when two men cornered him and slit his neck, leaving Lolo bleeding and facedown on a toilet. Someone found Lolo and was able to get help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad doesn't know what prompted the attack, but he remembers the scar that it left on the back of Lolo's neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his recovery, Lolo went looking for his attackers, and one day, while cruising the streets of a busy downtown corridor, Lolo spotted two men leaving a theater. He told a friend to get the car ready. Lolo had a gun and was set on revenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shooting took place close to a popular dance hall where Filipinos hung out, near city hall. His victims were John Lopez, shot in the leg, and Joseph Retotar, a Filipino, who died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Records for the two men are hard to come by. Based on what I could find, Retotar was about the same age as Lolo. And that love feud? While the article suggests it was over an American, no one in the family can say for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years I agonized. If only I had her name or the details of the others involved, then just maybe I could figure out what really happened. It had to be in the case file. I went to the Los Angeles County Hall of Records to look for it, but when the archivist took the decades-old microfilm out of its box, it fell apart. This mystery woman was now a ghost on decrepit microfilm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768307\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra and wife's house in the suburban community of Moreno Valley. The couple bought the home after immigrating to the U.S. and raised three children there. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Return to the Philippines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo was caught, tried by a jury and found guilty of second-degree murder. He was sentenced to five years to life at San Quentin State Prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was out in seven years. Dad said Lolo talked about marking his cell with chalk every year he spent there. When he was released, he took his hand, swiped the chalk marks off the wall and cried aloud, \"Goodbye!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear why Lolo was released from prison so early, but a handwritten note in his prison records offers a clue. It appears to read, \"repat Paroled 5/5/39.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Repat\" is a likely reference to the government's efforts to repatriate Filipinos under a 1935 law signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to anger among white workers about Filipino men taking U.S. jobs. The measure came a year after the Tydings-McDuffie Act — a law that set the Philippines on the path to independence but that also reclassified Filipinos already in the U.S. as \"aliens.\" Taken together, the two laws were blamed for separating Filipino families, given that Tydings-McDuffie capped Filipino immigration at 50 people per year, making it near impossible for anyone who was repatriated to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Lolo was heading back to the Philippines in 1939, World War II was raging in Europe. In the Pacific, Japanese forces had taken over several Chinese cities. The U.S. was on guard — its interests in the Philippines could be next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo's niece, my Tita Letty Francisco, remembers that the war may be the reason for Lolo's parole. Back then, it was common for prisoners to be recruited to fight the Japanese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Within hours, it invaded the Philippines. Lolo became a second lieutenant in the guerrilla army fighting the Japanese alongside U.S. forces. He even got a new nickname. Instead of Vicente Guerra, they called him Vicente Bakal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768304\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vicente Guerra is pictured during his time as a second lieutenant in the guerilla force fighting the Japanese in World War II. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Denise Guerra)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Bakal is iron,\" said Tita Letty. She said he could be loving toward his family, but when it came to war, Lolo showed no remorse for killing the Japanese. She remembers Lolo's fury after the Japanese bombed the home he shared with the woman he ended up marrying in the Philippines, Lola Isabel. He'd even brag about how many lives he took, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Dad, there was at least one death that troubled Lolo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the time he was tasked with killing a Filipina who had been accused of working as an informant for the Japanese. She was labeled a \"Makapili,\" the name Filipinos gave those who aided the Japanese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the war, the Japanese would take informants, place bags over their heads, cut two holes for their eyes and ask them to identify Filipinos. Once identified, the Japanese would shoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo's secret mission to kill this woman meant he couldn't use a gun, because it would make noise, so he and others used a piece of wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"' They keep hitting her and hitting her, and she won't die,'\" Dad remembered Lolo telling him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what they did, they just digged a hole. But when they put her there, she's still alive. So they keep hitting her,\" Dad said, his tone solemn like I imagine Lolo's must have been when recounting the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, Lolo asked his boss to transfer him to another assignment. He couldn't take it anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I think back on this story, it makes me angry. How could he have killed someone so brutally? Even if it was in the service of his country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad takes me back to reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is war,\" he said. \"What did you expect?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Enforcer \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was about five years after our car ride that Dad and I went to where the murder took place in downtown LA. The street corner looks like a restored loft with some shops. It's loud, bustling. Traffic and construction noise fills the air. In one direction, I see homeless men. In another, a man on a dockless scooter riding by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's here, almost a century ago, that Lolo's life in America took a turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad's silent, taking it all in. My thoughts are elsewhere, and I wonder how Lolo's environment shaped his actions. Did life in America encourage the worst in him? Turn him more angry? More violent? What if he had never come to the U.S.? Would he have avoided all the bloodshed? Or was it all inevitable?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think about another influence in Lolo's life, Ted Lewin. He was an American who built one of the biggest gaming operations in Manila. In a 1959 profile, \u003ca href=\"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865128,00.html\">\u003cem>Time\u003c/em> magazine described\u003c/a> Lewin, saying he had \"a taste for dark shirts, penthouses, air-conditioned Cadillacs and shadowy wheelings and dealings. In and out of Manila, in the past two decades, he has turned many a fast peso.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo worked for Lewin as an enforcer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When they see something or they found out something in the casino that you are cheating, they would beat the hell out of them,\" said Dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad said Lolo would tell him stories about taking a hammer and smashing each finger of a cheater's hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo became a top boss for Lewin. He was feared and respected. When Lewin was forced out of the trade by the Philippine government, Lolo took his experience and used it to establish his own businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had a fleet of taxis and operated distilleries. Ever the hustler, he at one point took a job at customs, where he accepted bribes for letting folks smuggle goods into the islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This allowed him to give his kids the opportunity to attend college in the Philippines, drive nice cars and establish political and business connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad used that to build his own business selling electronics in the Philippines. It did well at first but then fell into bankruptcy. He looked at America and saw a second chance. And thanks in part to Lolo's war service, Dad was eventually able to gain citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's retired now, after 40 years in manufacturing. He and my mom worked all the time, and because of that, my family enjoyed full bellies and college educations. The quintessential American Dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>My family, my country \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Dad why his life in America was so different from Lolo's. He said it's because each generation will be better off than the one before it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Remember during [his] time, they are all illiterate. They didn't go to high school,\" Dad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You go to another country, especially an industrialized country like America, most of them turned out to be drivers, busboys or work as a maid because they don't have schooling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad never went back to the Philippines, even for Lolo's funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even when I die, I already bought our family plot, because most people when they die, they go home, but this is my home, so I will just stay here,\" Dad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My parents are already dead. My only brother is dead. So there's no more thing for me to go to the Philippines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768305\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85-160x110.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra says a prayer in the chapel he constructed in his garage. He has never returned to the Philippines since coming to America in the 1980s. \"My parents are already dead. My only brother is dead. So there's no more thing for me to go to the Philippines,\" he said. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I think about Lolo's history in America — the murder, the war, his thuggery — my biggest question is still whether he was a monster. Or would he have made different choices if America had been kinder? If you exist in a land where you're constantly seen as a villain, do you inevitably become one?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Lolo's violence, Dad believes he was a good father, a good friend. Tita Letty remembers him as kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm not so sure. But the blood he shed is part of my family's story. It's part of America's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=My+Grandfather%2C+A+Killer+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bettye Jean Ford was in her second trimester when the pressure she had been feeling in her abdomen for weeks turned to excruciating pain. She rushed to a Los Angeles emergency room, where she was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and sent home with antibiotics. Still cramping severely, the first-time expectant mother spent the next 24 hours trying to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, her obstetrician found her dilated and sent her to the hospital next door where an ultrasound confirmed she was in labor. Rather than being admitted, she was sent back to the clinic with paperwork to finish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, at 23 weeks and six days, Ford gave birth to a premature baby girl while a nurse told her to close her mouth so as not to scream while pushing. After delivery, the new mother was sedated; her child, whom she had named Kally, had died by the time she awoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was 2006. Since then, California has worked hard to improve health care for pregnant women—so hard, in fact, that the state is now often held up as a national success story in improving maternal outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for African American mothers, that improvement has remained elusive. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSjHIr1Z7kc&feature=youtu.be\">Statewide\u003c/a> as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6818e1.htm?s_cid=mm6818e1_w\">nationally\u003c/a>, black women are substantially more likely than white women to suffer life-threatening complications during pregnancy, give birth prematurely, die in childbirth and lose their babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/8e172bc0-8640-4937-9869-c974fddc198a?src=embed\" title=\"Maternal Morbidity\" width=\"800\" height=\"752\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n Mortality rates among black infants in California are triple those of white infants, according to state birth records. California Department of Public Health statistics show the rate of preterm births among black mothers to be nearly twice that of white mothers, and the rate of maternal mortality to be quadruple, in part because of complications from underestimated or undiagnosed cardiovascular conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A host of factors underlie this health gap, but studies consistently point to an ugly one: the persistence of racial bias in perinatal care \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847630/\">for women of color\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='childbirth' label='Maternity in California']Even when studies control for socioeconomic differences, the health care experience for black mothers is particularly—and often lethally—inadequate compared to that of other ethnic groups, not to mention traumatizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giving birth was horrible,” said Ford. “It was just an awful experience emotionally, physically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic state Sen. Holly Mitchell—who represents Los Angeles, where Ford still lives—is carrying \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billStatusClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB464\">legislation\u003c/a> that would make California the first state to mandate implicit bias training for obstetricians, delivery nurses and other perinatal health care providers at hospitals and birthing centers. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB464\">Senate Bill 464\u003c/a> would require that providers be taught to spot bias, to communicate across identities and be educated on how racial bias impacts maternal and infant health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell’s bill, called the Dignity in Pregnancy and Childbirth Act, would also require maternal deaths to be registered more consistently on death certificates by requiring coroners to list whether a woman was pregnant at the time of her death or in the year preceding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocacy groups including \u003ca href=\"https://www.bwwla.org/aboutus/\">Black Women for Wellness\u003c/a> and\u003ca href=\"https://wclp.org/about-us/\"> The Western Center on Law and Poverty\u003c/a>, an anti-poverty organization, sponsored the bill after noticing how racial discrimination persists in medicine regardless of a patient’s ability to pay. The issue has also drawn national attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11760930\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11760930\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bettye Jean Ford holds the tiny urn containing the ashes of her first child Kally. Complications Ford says she wasn’t warned of resulted in a birth so premature that the child died within hours. \u003ccite>(Iris Schneider/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tennis star \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/20/opinions/protect-mother-pregnancy-williams-opinion/index.html\">Serena Williams\u003c/a> underscored the dangers facing pregnant black women in sharing her labor and delivery experience. Singer Beyoncé echoed her concerns. And in Congress, California Sen. Kamala Harris, a presidential contender, has proposed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.harris.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ERN18510.pdf\">Maternal Care Access and Reducing Emergencies (CARE) Act\u003c/a>, which would provide $125 million to train for the detection of high-risk pregnancies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nourbese Flint, policy director at Black Women for Wellness, said supporters of SB 464 drew inspiration in part from Harris’ legislation. Just as civil rights advocates have initiated tough conversations about race in the classroom or in the criminal justice system, she said, moms and nurses believe it’s time to have “the talk” about the doctor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Delivering a baby is probably a moment in time when you feel the most vulnerable,” Mitchell said. “And to have to layer on top concerns about whether or not your health care provider sees you, hears you, listens to you—is an unfair burden black women are bearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the bill has influential supporters, including nurses and MomsRising, a multicultural organization with more than 1 million members, physicians say the bill is too abstract and unwieldy to implement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a question of whether this training is needed, just how best to do it,” said Anthony York, spokesman for the influential California Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/b5579ce1-479e-4be4-b5d1-f4570b28592c?src=embed\" title=\"Physicians by race\" width=\"800\" height=\"817\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n Doctors don’t dispute there’s discrimination. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/113/16/4296\">2016 University of Virginia\u003c/a> study found biological myths about black patients still persist among white medical students, such as the notions that African Americans have less sensitive nerve endings, can tolerate more pain and have thicker skin. In other \u003ca href=\"https://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/lifestyle/2017/womens-health#page=11\">surveys\u003c/a>, one in seven ob/gyns said that a patient’s race impacted treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the California Hospital Association supported the bill after requesting technical changes, doctors have called Mitchell’s bill unenforceable since \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/economy/2019/06/california-dynamex-gig-worker-classification-independent-contractors-uber-lyft-strippers-truckers-freelancers/\">physicians are not employees\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers agree that a physicans’ employment status is an obstacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Monica McLemore, reproductive health researcher at UCSF']‘I think we’ve done a real disservice where you have a health care workforce that does not live, work, play, pray, thrive in the same communities where they actually provide care.’[/pullquote] Doctors throughout the state contract with hospitals so they don’t receive the same oversight or accountability as an employee would, and they cannot be disciplined or rewarded for biased care, said Monica McLemore, a reproductive health researcher at University of California, San Francisco, who has focused on \u003ca href=\"https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12978-019-0729-2\">inequality and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The same institutions and mechanisms that we use for accountability within organizations don’t exist for contract individuals,” she said. “There’s no established mechanisms to be able to enforce whether or not individuals actually deal with their own bias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLemore said that, despite the legislation’s good intentions, it’s naive to believe systemic change will occur by leaving the implementation of implicit bias training up to health care facilities. A better solution, she said, would be more diversity in the health care workforce, with a push similar to campaigns for more \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/whats-wrong-white-teachers/\">teachers who reflect the students in their classrooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\nA 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.chcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CAPhysicianSupply2018.pdf\">report\u003c/a> by the California Health Care Foundation found that Latinos and African Americans are profoundly underrepresented in the state’s physician workforce. Latinos, for instance, make up 38% of California’s population but only 5% of the state’s active physicians. African Americans make up 3% of the physician workforce, compared to 6% of the state population. And while the proportion of white doctors largely mirrors the rest of the state, Asians are overly represented in the field, with twice their share of the population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’ve done a real disservice where you have a health care workforce that does not live, work, play, pray, thrive in the same communities where they actually provide care,” McLemore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And without buy-in from doctors, advocates say, California will continue to have a tough time making experiences like Ford’s a thing of the past for women of all races.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11760958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11760958\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bettye Jean Ford at home with her 11-year-old daughter, Skylar, June 21, 2019. Skylar was born a year and a day after the due date of Ford’s first child. \u003ccite>(Iris Schneider/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the\u003ca href=\"https://www.cmqcc.org/who-we-are\"> California Maternal Quality of Care Collaborative\u003c/a> was adopted in 2006 to improve health outcomes for mothers and infants in California, the overall maternal mortality rate in the state has declined 55%—far better than most of the U.S. In 2017, the national maternal mortality rate was 21.6 deaths per 100,000 live births compared to 8.7 deaths per 100,000 live births in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women of color, however, continue to face worse outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we have been somewhat successful, we can’t really be jumping for joy yet,” said Holly Smith of the California Nurse-Midwives Association, which supports mandating racial bias training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Ford’s preterm delivery, for example, she was unaware that black women are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/health/reports/black-womens-maternal-health.html\">three times more likely\u003c/a> than white women to have fibroids, which can have a harmful impact on \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874080/\">fertility and pregnancy\u003c/a>. Ford said her doctor never warned her that the ones resting on her uterus could complicate her own childbirth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='women-of-color' label='More on women of color']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ford did get pregnant again, she took extra precautions fearing she would have to relive her trauma. It wasn’t until she was 27 weeks along that she and her husband felt comfortable enough to bring the crib intended for her first daughter back into their home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year and one day after Kally’s due date, Ford gave birth to her daughter Skylar, who is now 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really appreciate every day with my daughter,” says the therapist, who sought help to cope with her own grief and anger. “But I have a niece and a goddaughter who were born right around the time that Kally was born. So watching the three of these girls grow up, I always have this feeling of like there should be one more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her first born, she said, is never far from memory. Her remains rest in a tiny urn at Ford’s home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">\u003cem>CALmatters.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bettye Jean Ford was in her second trimester when the pressure she had been feeling in her abdomen for weeks turned to excruciating pain. She rushed to a Los Angeles emergency room, where she was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and sent home with antibiotics. Still cramping severely, the first-time expectant mother spent the next 24 hours trying to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, her obstetrician found her dilated and sent her to the hospital next door where an ultrasound confirmed she was in labor. Rather than being admitted, she was sent back to the clinic with paperwork to finish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, at 23 weeks and six days, Ford gave birth to a premature baby girl while a nurse told her to close her mouth so as not to scream while pushing. After delivery, the new mother was sedated; her child, whom she had named Kally, had died by the time she awoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was 2006. Since then, California has worked hard to improve health care for pregnant women—so hard, in fact, that the state is now often held up as a national success story in improving maternal outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for African American mothers, that improvement has remained elusive. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSjHIr1Z7kc&feature=youtu.be\">Statewide\u003c/a> as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6818e1.htm?s_cid=mm6818e1_w\">nationally\u003c/a>, black women are substantially more likely than white women to suffer life-threatening complications during pregnancy, give birth prematurely, die in childbirth and lose their babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/8e172bc0-8640-4937-9869-c974fddc198a?src=embed\" title=\"Maternal Morbidity\" width=\"800\" height=\"752\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n Mortality rates among black infants in California are triple those of white infants, according to state birth records. California Department of Public Health statistics show the rate of preterm births among black mothers to be nearly twice that of white mothers, and the rate of maternal mortality to be quadruple, in part because of complications from underestimated or undiagnosed cardiovascular conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A host of factors underlie this health gap, but studies consistently point to an ugly one: the persistence of racial bias in perinatal care \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847630/\">for women of color\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Even when studies control for socioeconomic differences, the health care experience for black mothers is particularly—and often lethally—inadequate compared to that of other ethnic groups, not to mention traumatizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giving birth was horrible,” said Ford. “It was just an awful experience emotionally, physically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic state Sen. Holly Mitchell—who represents Los Angeles, where Ford still lives—is carrying \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billStatusClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB464\">legislation\u003c/a> that would make California the first state to mandate implicit bias training for obstetricians, delivery nurses and other perinatal health care providers at hospitals and birthing centers. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB464\">Senate Bill 464\u003c/a> would require that providers be taught to spot bias, to communicate across identities and be educated on how racial bias impacts maternal and infant health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell’s bill, called the Dignity in Pregnancy and Childbirth Act, would also require maternal deaths to be registered more consistently on death certificates by requiring coroners to list whether a woman was pregnant at the time of her death or in the year preceding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocacy groups including \u003ca href=\"https://www.bwwla.org/aboutus/\">Black Women for Wellness\u003c/a> and\u003ca href=\"https://wclp.org/about-us/\"> The Western Center on Law and Poverty\u003c/a>, an anti-poverty organization, sponsored the bill after noticing how racial discrimination persists in medicine regardless of a patient’s ability to pay. The issue has also drawn national attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11760930\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11760930\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38059_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-1-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bettye Jean Ford holds the tiny urn containing the ashes of her first child Kally. Complications Ford says she wasn’t warned of resulted in a birth so premature that the child died within hours. \u003ccite>(Iris Schneider/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tennis star \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/20/opinions/protect-mother-pregnancy-williams-opinion/index.html\">Serena Williams\u003c/a> underscored the dangers facing pregnant black women in sharing her labor and delivery experience. Singer Beyoncé echoed her concerns. And in Congress, California Sen. Kamala Harris, a presidential contender, has proposed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.harris.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ERN18510.pdf\">Maternal Care Access and Reducing Emergencies (CARE) Act\u003c/a>, which would provide $125 million to train for the detection of high-risk pregnancies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nourbese Flint, policy director at Black Women for Wellness, said supporters of SB 464 drew inspiration in part from Harris’ legislation. Just as civil rights advocates have initiated tough conversations about race in the classroom or in the criminal justice system, she said, moms and nurses believe it’s time to have “the talk” about the doctor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Delivering a baby is probably a moment in time when you feel the most vulnerable,” Mitchell said. “And to have to layer on top concerns about whether or not your health care provider sees you, hears you, listens to you—is an unfair burden black women are bearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the bill has influential supporters, including nurses and MomsRising, a multicultural organization with more than 1 million members, physicians say the bill is too abstract and unwieldy to implement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a question of whether this training is needed, just how best to do it,” said Anthony York, spokesman for the influential California Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/b5579ce1-479e-4be4-b5d1-f4570b28592c?src=embed\" title=\"Physicians by race\" width=\"800\" height=\"817\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n Doctors don’t dispute there’s discrimination. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/113/16/4296\">2016 University of Virginia\u003c/a> study found biological myths about black patients still persist among white medical students, such as the notions that African Americans have less sensitive nerve endings, can tolerate more pain and have thicker skin. In other \u003ca href=\"https://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/lifestyle/2017/womens-health#page=11\">surveys\u003c/a>, one in seven ob/gyns said that a patient’s race impacted treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the California Hospital Association supported the bill after requesting technical changes, doctors have called Mitchell’s bill unenforceable since \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/economy/2019/06/california-dynamex-gig-worker-classification-independent-contractors-uber-lyft-strippers-truckers-freelancers/\">physicians are not employees\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers agree that a physicans’ employment status is an obstacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> Doctors throughout the state contract with hospitals so they don’t receive the same oversight or accountability as an employee would, and they cannot be disciplined or rewarded for biased care, said Monica McLemore, a reproductive health researcher at University of California, San Francisco, who has focused on \u003ca href=\"https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12978-019-0729-2\">inequality and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The same institutions and mechanisms that we use for accountability within organizations don’t exist for contract individuals,” she said. “There’s no established mechanisms to be able to enforce whether or not individuals actually deal with their own bias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLemore said that, despite the legislation’s good intentions, it’s naive to believe systemic change will occur by leaving the implementation of implicit bias training up to health care facilities. A better solution, she said, would be more diversity in the health care workforce, with a push similar to campaigns for more \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/whats-wrong-white-teachers/\">teachers who reflect the students in their classrooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nA 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.chcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CAPhysicianSupply2018.pdf\">report\u003c/a> by the California Health Care Foundation found that Latinos and African Americans are profoundly underrepresented in the state’s physician workforce. Latinos, for instance, make up 38% of California’s population but only 5% of the state’s active physicians. African Americans make up 3% of the physician workforce, compared to 6% of the state population. And while the proportion of white doctors largely mirrors the rest of the state, Asians are overly represented in the field, with twice their share of the population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’ve done a real disservice where you have a health care workforce that does not live, work, play, pray, thrive in the same communities where they actually provide care,” McLemore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And without buy-in from doctors, advocates say, California will continue to have a tough time making experiences like Ford’s a thing of the past for women of all races.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11760958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11760958\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/RS38061_BLACK-MOTHERS-PHOTO-3-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bettye Jean Ford at home with her 11-year-old daughter, Skylar, June 21, 2019. Skylar was born a year and a day after the due date of Ford’s first child. \u003ccite>(Iris Schneider/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the\u003ca href=\"https://www.cmqcc.org/who-we-are\"> California Maternal Quality of Care Collaborative\u003c/a> was adopted in 2006 to improve health outcomes for mothers and infants in California, the overall maternal mortality rate in the state has declined 55%—far better than most of the U.S. In 2017, the national maternal mortality rate was 21.6 deaths per 100,000 live births compared to 8.7 deaths per 100,000 live births in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women of color, however, continue to face worse outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we have been somewhat successful, we can’t really be jumping for joy yet,” said Holly Smith of the California Nurse-Midwives Association, which supports mandating racial bias training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Ford’s preterm delivery, for example, she was unaware that black women are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/health/reports/black-womens-maternal-health.html\">three times more likely\u003c/a> than white women to have fibroids, which can have a harmful impact on \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874080/\">fertility and pregnancy\u003c/a>. Ford said her doctor never warned her that the ones resting on her uterus could complicate her own childbirth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ford did get pregnant again, she took extra precautions fearing she would have to relive her trauma. It wasn’t until she was 27 weeks along that she and her husband felt comfortable enough to bring the crib intended for her first daughter back into their home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year and one day after Kally’s due date, Ford gave birth to her daughter Skylar, who is now 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really appreciate every day with my daughter,” says the therapist, who sought help to cope with her own grief and anger. “But I have a niece and a goddaughter who were born right around the time that Kally was born. So watching the three of these girls grow up, I always have this feeling of like there should be one more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her first born, she said, is never far from memory. Her remains rest in a tiny urn at Ford’s home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">\u003cem>CALmatters.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
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