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"content": "\u003cp>COVID-19 has been around long enough that we are not even counting the waves anymore, but the virus and the tools we have to fight it keep evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the guidance seems to change just enough with each surge that it can leave even the most diligent among us feeling lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than two years into the pandemic, some parts of the U.S. are seeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/09/01/816707182/map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-coronavirus-in-the-u-s\">an uptick in cases \u003c/a>driven by the BA.2 subvariant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Celine Gounder is a senior fellow and editor-at-large for public health at Kaiser Health News and a former adviser to the Biden administration. She runs through the latest thinking on everything from at-home tests to isolation times, contact tracing and why we may be repeating the same mistakes we made with other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Interview highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether the rapid at-home tests work for BA.2\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rapid antigen tests do work to pick up omicron. This pattern that you see is really similar across all the variants, which is that there is usually a day or two delay between when you might test positive on a PCR versus when you might test positive on one of these at-home rapid antigen tests. But they do work to pick up an infection.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=\"news_11898455,news_11909888,news_11909863\" label=\"Related COVID Resources\"]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the expiration dates listed on rapid at-home tests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I organize my tests in my drawer actually by expiration date, so I'm using the oldest ones first. So that's just a small tip there. But the tests probably are good for much longer than they're labeled for. And that's really a reflection of the fact that early on when they were first developed, we weren't quite sure how long they would be good for. And they probably do last probably, you know, in the order of months longer than what they're labeled to be good for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On when and how to seek treatment if you test positive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To access treatment, you can go to \u003ca href=\"https://www.covid.gov/\">covid.gov\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.covid.gov/\">look up where in your area you can access Paxlovid and monoclonal antibodies\u003c/a>, what facilities currently stock them, and how you can go about getting that. If you already have a primary care physician, they can also help you navigate that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, we have a pretty short supply of treatment. And so we're really trying to target that supply to people in whom it would really have the most benefit. People who are young, healthy, who don't have significant symptoms are probably not going to end up in the hospital regardless. And so that's not the best use of that short supply that we currently have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On isolation times if you test positive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we're seeing is that people very often test positive for longer than five days. You have maybe about half of people who are negative by five days, but then the other half are positive out to even 12-14 days. And so I think the way to address that is repeat a test. If you're still positive, really try to stay at home. And if you absolutely cannot stay at home, that's a situation where you \u003cem>really \u003c/em>should be masking when you're around other people so that you're not infecting others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the current state of contact tracing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contact tracing efforts have largely been dismantled at this stage. And it's become even harder to do contact tracing now, especially if you're trying to use that as a way to prevent onward infection. And that's because the incubation period for COVID has gotten shorter and shorter with each variant. And so with omicron, the incubation period is only two to three days. And so that makes it really hard to try to track down the person that you might have infected and take measures to prevent on onward infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do think if you have been around people, and may have exposed them, I think it's just polite and good form to inform them so that they know they may want to get tested themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On federal funding for COVID measures drying up and whether this is a normal progression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I guess it depends on what you call normal. Is it how we have addressed other diseases and fallen short? Absolutely, it is repeating those same mistakes. We've run out of money to reimburse providers for offering testing to uninsured patients. But it's not just testing. We've also run out of money to reimburse providers for treating uninsured patients, for vaccinating uninsured patients. And it's really unfortunate that we refuse to learn from previous experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm not going to tell Congress what to do here. But I think if our goal is to adapt and live with COVID in a way that this is not impacting our social lives or economic lives, our work, then it will mean doing things differently, doing things better, and I hope we will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The audio for this story was produced by Megan Lim.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+to+do+if+you+test+positive+for+COVID+at+this+point+in+the+pandemic&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The coronavirus keeps evolving and so does the guidance for addressing it. As cases tick up in some parts of the country, here is the latest advice on everything from testing to treatment.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>COVID-19 has been around long enough that we are not even counting the waves anymore, but the virus and the tools we have to fight it keep evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the guidance seems to change just enough with each surge that it can leave even the most diligent among us feeling lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than two years into the pandemic, some parts of the U.S. are seeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/09/01/816707182/map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-coronavirus-in-the-u-s\">an uptick in cases \u003c/a>driven by the BA.2 subvariant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Celine Gounder is a senior fellow and editor-at-large for public health at Kaiser Health News and a former adviser to the Biden administration. She runs through the latest thinking on everything from at-home tests to isolation times, contact tracing and why we may be repeating the same mistakes we made with other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Interview highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether the rapid at-home tests work for BA.2\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rapid antigen tests do work to pick up omicron. This pattern that you see is really similar across all the variants, which is that there is usually a day or two delay between when you might test positive on a PCR versus when you might test positive on one of these at-home rapid antigen tests. But they do work to pick up an infection.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the expiration dates listed on rapid at-home tests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I organize my tests in my drawer actually by expiration date, so I'm using the oldest ones first. So that's just a small tip there. But the tests probably are good for much longer than they're labeled for. And that's really a reflection of the fact that early on when they were first developed, we weren't quite sure how long they would be good for. And they probably do last probably, you know, in the order of months longer than what they're labeled to be good for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On when and how to seek treatment if you test positive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To access treatment, you can go to \u003ca href=\"https://www.covid.gov/\">covid.gov\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.covid.gov/\">look up where in your area you can access Paxlovid and monoclonal antibodies\u003c/a>, what facilities currently stock them, and how you can go about getting that. If you already have a primary care physician, they can also help you navigate that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, we have a pretty short supply of treatment. And so we're really trying to target that supply to people in whom it would really have the most benefit. People who are young, healthy, who don't have significant symptoms are probably not going to end up in the hospital regardless. And so that's not the best use of that short supply that we currently have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On isolation times if you test positive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we're seeing is that people very often test positive for longer than five days. You have maybe about half of people who are negative by five days, but then the other half are positive out to even 12-14 days. And so I think the way to address that is repeat a test. If you're still positive, really try to stay at home. And if you absolutely cannot stay at home, that's a situation where you \u003cem>really \u003c/em>should be masking when you're around other people so that you're not infecting others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the current state of contact tracing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contact tracing efforts have largely been dismantled at this stage. And it's become even harder to do contact tracing now, especially if you're trying to use that as a way to prevent onward infection. And that's because the incubation period for COVID has gotten shorter and shorter with each variant. And so with omicron, the incubation period is only two to three days. And so that makes it really hard to try to track down the person that you might have infected and take measures to prevent on onward infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do think if you have been around people, and may have exposed them, I think it's just polite and good form to inform them so that they know they may want to get tested themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On federal funding for COVID measures drying up and whether this is a normal progression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I guess it depends on what you call normal. Is it how we have addressed other diseases and fallen short? Absolutely, it is repeating those same mistakes. We've run out of money to reimburse providers for offering testing to uninsured patients. But it's not just testing. We've also run out of money to reimburse providers for treating uninsured patients, for vaccinating uninsured patients. And it's really unfortunate that we refuse to learn from previous experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm not going to tell Congress what to do here. But I think if our goal is to adapt and live with COVID in a way that this is not impacting our social lives or economic lives, our work, then it will mean doing things differently, doing things better, and I hope we will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The audio for this story was produced by Megan Lim.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+to+do+if+you+test+positive+for+COVID+at+this+point+in+the+pandemic&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can San Francisco Use Lessons From Fighting COVID-19 to Reduce Fentanyl Overdose Deaths?",
"title": "Can San Francisco Use Lessons From Fighting COVID-19 to Reduce Fentanyl Overdose Deaths?",
"headTitle": "NPR | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco Mayor London Breed, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11807053/a-necessary-sacrifice-sf-mayor-explains-shelter-in-place-order\">whose early and robust moves to contain the coronavirus made the city something of a national model\u003c/a>, is now urgently trying to confront another public health crisis: drug overdoses and disorder in the city's Tenderloin neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past two years, \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/2021%2001_OCME%20Overdose%20Report.pdf\">the city has seen more than 1,360 drug overdose fatalities\u003c/a> — more than double the total COVID-19 death toll. The majority of those deaths were in the Tenderloin and the nearby SoMa district, city data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's so important is that we have solutions, and we don't just say, 'We don't like it, we don't want to see it,'\" Breed told NPR. \"This is about trying to help people, and that's exactly what we're going to keep fighting for.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11900195\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/NPR-fentanyl-5-1020x680.jpg\"]Breed announced an \"emergency declaration\" for the area last month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itX1hvxXfAw\">saying drug deaths, open-air drug dealing, street chaos and violence there had gotten \"totally out of control.\"\u003c/a> She vowed \"tough love\" for those who break the law and expanded access to help for those with alcohol and substance use disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The declaration allowed the city to fast-track the creation of a \"linkage center\" that recently opened. It's a walk-in, one-stop shop for expanded city services, such as drug, alcohol and mental health services, as well as homelessness support that includes possibly a shelter bed and eventually permanent housing. At least, that's the hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breed says she has no illusions that the new linkage center will quickly transform the Tenderloin. But she hopes it offers a new lifeline that meets people where they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact is people who struggle with addiction, it's not as easy as they're just going to walk through the door and ask for help or we can't force them into treatment,\" she says. \"Part of the goal is to make sure that they know that there's a place where they won't be judged, and when they're ready for help or assistance, they can get help or assistance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11904436\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11904436\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A row of tents line the sidewalk of Jones Street in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tents are seen on streets of the Tenderloin in San Francisco on Oct. 30, 2021. \u003ccite>(Tayfun Coskun/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Another public health crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Tenderloin's problems — homelessness, poverty, substance abuse and crime — have plagued the area for decades. And it's become even more a kind of containment zone for those challenges amid the steady rise of Bay Area tech wealth and its staggering inequality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pandemic's dislocation mixed with the spread of a dangerously powerful synthetic opioid have recently made things here even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is new here is fentanyl. That's the state of emergency,\" said San Francisco Supervisor Matt Haney of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/fentanyl/index.html#:~:text=Fentanyl%20is%20a%20synthetic%20opioid,nonfatal%20overdoses%20in%20the%20U.S.&text=There%20are%20two%20types%20of,Both%20are%20considered%20synthetic%20opioids.\">the drug that can be up to 50 times stronger than heroin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Supervisor Matt Haney, District 6\"]'If you're smoking or shooting a fentanyl, that's like Russian roulette.'[/pullquote]Haney lives in and represents the Tenderloin. He points out the city is averaging nearly two overdose deaths a day. In 2021, almost \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/2021%2001_OCME%20Overdose%20Report.pdf\">three-quarters of all the overdose deaths in the city involved fentanyl in some form\u003c/a>, often mixed with other drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're smoking or shooting a fentanyl, that's like Russian roulette. People are dying within minutes or seconds of buying drugs on a corner, and it has ripple effects throughout the entire neighborhood that are devastating,\" Haney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says San Francisco's agile handling of the pandemic shows the city can do better in the Tenderloin. Government moved fast and forcefully to confront a health crisis. \"Coordination, resources, urgency, staffing, facilities,\" Haney said. \"Now we need all of that now if we are going to stop this drug epidemic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emergency order signals City Hall's potentially sharp break from a reliance on a system of nonprofits that have long aided the vulnerable in the Tenderloin but that some critics say have become a kind of homeless services industrial complex. The agencies provide important short-term help — food, showers and other support services — but don't really move the needle on the larger systemic issues of substance use disorder, mental health or housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's be clear, this city spends more money on social services in the Tenderloin community than any other community in San Francisco,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itX1hvxXfAw\">the mayor said\u003c/a>. \"So just pouring money into this or just doing the same thing is not going to give us a change.\"\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Tenderloin residents see and hear\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>So far, residents and businesses in the neighborhood — and across much of the city — are backing the mayor's moves to \"take back our Tenderloin.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're tired of open-air drug dealing, seeing other people suffer and die on the street from drug overdoses, and they're tired of crime in the Tenderloin,\" said Rene Colorado of the Tenderloin Merchants Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, he says, early fears that the city's declaration would lead to harassment of the unhoused or sweeps of tent camps have not materialized. He's hopeful this is the start of ending what he calls a sense of anarchy and danger afflicting too many of the neighborhood's streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's what success would look like to me,\" Colorado said. \"It's tough because to do that, you need police, you need to make arrests. And that's something that for some reason or another people who don't live in the Tenderloin are uncomfortable with. But residents here don't want drug dealing here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11904434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11904434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-02.jpg\" alt='Two people stand outside a business in the Tenderloin. The business has a sign that reads, \"Z Zoul Cafe Sudanese and Mediterranean Food.\"' width=\"1380\" height=\"923\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-02.jpg 1380w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-02-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-02-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-02-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1380px) 100vw, 1380px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a month into the city's emergency order, local restaurant owner Aref Elgaali, right, says he's already seeing modest, yet positive, changes in the Tenderloin. \u003ccite>(Eric Westervelt/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mayor's order certainly risks undermining San Francisco's reputation for compassion and freewheeling tolerance, an impression that's more myth than reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Despite the view from the outside world, the governance of San Francisco today is not the Haight-Ashbury liberal '60s version that I think people imagine,\" said criminal defense attorney John Hamasaki. He's a member of the \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.org/policecommission/\">San Francisco Police Commission\u003c/a>, a police oversight and policy watch group appointed by the mayor and Board of Supervisors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamasaki remains only cautiously optimistic that the emergency plan will prove successful and mark a bigger shift toward non-police responses to the problems of the Tenderloin and throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"John Hamasaki, member, SF Police Commission\"]'Ultimately, there are better-trained responders to deal with a lot of the low-level police calls.'[/pullquote]\"Historically, and this has never been fair to police, we have said, 'You are in charge of cleaning up all of society's problems,'\" he said, \"so you don't have to say 'defund the police' to believe that we can address society's problems by employing the proper professionals. Ultimately, there are better-trained responders to deal with a lot of the low-level police calls,\" especially those that involve mental illness and substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Business owner Aref Elgaali says that more than a month into the city's emergency order, he's already seeing modest, yet positive, changes. He runs a Sudanese restaurant in the Tenderloin and is active in the local business community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to see secure families,\" he says, pointing to a group of pre-K children and their teachers crossing the street near his restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Asking for police, more enforcement, is to keep those [kids] safe, to tell them that, yeah, the Tenderloin is still a place that we can raise our kids on,\" Elgaali says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many unhoused people in the area, those most affected by the policy shift, say that so far, nothing has really changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hell, no!\" says Shy Brown when asked whether she has seen changes or even heard about new options. Brown says she's lived in the Tenderloin — mostly on the streets — for about a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's sitting half in, half out of a small sidewalk tent as pigeons busily pick at remnants of a handout dinner. \"I wanna know what the strategy plan is and how we gonna execute it, you see what I'm saying?\" Brown says. \"And I don't see that happening. I just don't. No, it's not gonna work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11904435\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11904435\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-01.jpg\" alt=\"A person wearing a winter jacket and a face mask sits on the door of a camping tent that is set up on a sidewalk in San Francisco.\" width=\"1380\" height=\"920\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-01.jpg 1380w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-01-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-01-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-01-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1380px) 100vw, 1380px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shy Brown, outside her Tenderloin encampment, is skeptical about the city's proposals to help people who struggle with substance use disorder. \u003ccite>(Eric Westervelt/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Longer-term programs already in place have brought slow progress\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The city, in partnership with a nonprofit, has boosted its program of \"community safety ambassadors,\" people who hit the streets to clean up garbage and deter drug dealing. And the city has greatly expanded distribution of Narcan, the lifesaving opioid-reversal drug, in easy-to-use nasal spray kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest developments — launched by the mayor and city leaders during the pandemic — are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11894981/how-san-franciscos-street-overdose-response-team-is-trying-to-bring-clinical-care-to-the-streets\">Street Crisis Response and specialized Overdose Response teams\u003c/a> made up of specially trained and organized paramedics and clinicians from the fire and health departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some modest signs that the city's overall efforts on overdoses are paying off. Preliminary data for 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/resource/2020/ocme-accidental-overdose-reports\">shows that accidental overdose deaths in 2021 were down about 7%\u003c/a>, according to the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. That marks the first overdose death decline in the city since 2018, following years of an upward trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Related Coverage' tag='homelessness']But a seamless coordination between the city's new response teams and the police, so far, appears more aspirational than real. In a recent encounter, police arrive to check on an unhoused man in serious distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm sure there might be some mental health issues,\" says police Sgt. J. Emanuel as he and fellow officers check on the man. But there's really only so much they can do, he says. \"I mean, we'll do our evaluation, but if he doesn't fit the criteria for anything, then that's about all we can do: Check on him, offer some resources. That's about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pandemic greatly worsened the longstanding problems here. \"It really increased homelessness and decreased economic activity,\" said Katie Conry, executive director of the Tenderloin Museum, which is trying to tell a more nuanced story about the area's colorful history, she says, including its pioneering role in the early fight for LGBTQ+ rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area \"is starting to bounce back [from the pandemic],\" she says, \"but we've got some ways to go to make it and keep it a vibrant, safe neighborhood for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent day a man power-washes the street after a free lunch giveaway near \u003ca href=\"https://www.glide.org/about/\">Glide, a nonprofit that provides daily meals and other services to the unhoused and other people who need them\u003c/a> in the Tenderloin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jean Cooper, chief impact and strategy officer with Glide, hopes the emergency plan — and new linkage center — result in real change. But she also worries it's just another patch addressing only surface symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is that the drivers to what we see on the streets here are deep-seated systemic issues that not only San Francisco struggles with, but major cities across the United States are struggling with right now,\" Cooper says, \"and it's around a lack of affordable housing, a lack of access to affordable, quality health care, and that includes mental health and substance use treatment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To underscore the challenges, as if on cue, a man stumbles down the middle of the street in a daze. He's mumbling. He's not wearing a shirt or shoes, and his pants are filthy and falling down. He's unresponsive when people approach him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Jean Cooper, Glide\"]'The drivers to what we see on the streets here are deep-seated systemic issues that not only San Francisco struggles with.'[/pullquote]\"Our staff will get him a pair of shoes and a shirt, you know, give him something to eat,\" Cooper says, watching the man teeter nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But could her agency or the other nonprofits on the street get the shirtless and nearly passed-out man into a treatment bed or temporary housing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have access to beds,\" Cooper says. \"You know, so it's not like we can actually get someone into a bed directly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And maybe that's really the challenge: How does the city turn its \"emergency\" order and linkage center into a viable strategy for long-term solutions to long-standing problems, ones that are more expensive and more complicated than the daily wave of triage in the Tenderloin?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The measure of success is the number of people that we're able to help get off the streets into housing,\" Mayor Breed said, \"the number of people we're able to help get into treatment and get off of drugs. My hope is that we will really change and save lives here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Last month, San Francisco Mayor London Breed declared an emergency in the Tenderloin, clearing the way for a new \"linkage center\" to connect unhoused people with services. Opinions on its effectiveness vary, from unhoused people, business owners and nonprofit leaders in the Tenderloin to Breed herself.",
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"description": "Last month, San Francisco Mayor London Breed declared an emergency in the Tenderloin, clearing the way for a new "linkage center" to connect unhoused people with services. Opinions on its effectiveness vary, from unhoused people, business owners and nonprofit leaders in the Tenderloin to Breed herself.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco Mayor London Breed, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11807053/a-necessary-sacrifice-sf-mayor-explains-shelter-in-place-order\">whose early and robust moves to contain the coronavirus made the city something of a national model\u003c/a>, is now urgently trying to confront another public health crisis: drug overdoses and disorder in the city's Tenderloin neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past two years, \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/2021%2001_OCME%20Overdose%20Report.pdf\">the city has seen more than 1,360 drug overdose fatalities\u003c/a> — more than double the total COVID-19 death toll. The majority of those deaths were in the Tenderloin and the nearby SoMa district, city data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's so important is that we have solutions, and we don't just say, 'We don't like it, we don't want to see it,'\" Breed told NPR. \"This is about trying to help people, and that's exactly what we're going to keep fighting for.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Breed announced an \"emergency declaration\" for the area last month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itX1hvxXfAw\">saying drug deaths, open-air drug dealing, street chaos and violence there had gotten \"totally out of control.\"\u003c/a> She vowed \"tough love\" for those who break the law and expanded access to help for those with alcohol and substance use disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The declaration allowed the city to fast-track the creation of a \"linkage center\" that recently opened. It's a walk-in, one-stop shop for expanded city services, such as drug, alcohol and mental health services, as well as homelessness support that includes possibly a shelter bed and eventually permanent housing. At least, that's the hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breed says she has no illusions that the new linkage center will quickly transform the Tenderloin. But she hopes it offers a new lifeline that meets people where they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact is people who struggle with addiction, it's not as easy as they're just going to walk through the door and ask for help or we can't force them into treatment,\" she says. \"Part of the goal is to make sure that they know that there's a place where they won't be judged, and when they're ready for help or assistance, they can get help or assistance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11904436\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11904436\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A row of tents line the sidewalk of Jones Street in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/GettyImages-1236267426-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tents are seen on streets of the Tenderloin in San Francisco on Oct. 30, 2021. \u003ccite>(Tayfun Coskun/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Another public health crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Tenderloin's problems — homelessness, poverty, substance abuse and crime — have plagued the area for decades. And it's become even more a kind of containment zone for those challenges amid the steady rise of Bay Area tech wealth and its staggering inequality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pandemic's dislocation mixed with the spread of a dangerously powerful synthetic opioid have recently made things here even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is new here is fentanyl. That's the state of emergency,\" said San Francisco Supervisor Matt Haney of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/fentanyl/index.html#:~:text=Fentanyl%20is%20a%20synthetic%20opioid,nonfatal%20overdoses%20in%20the%20U.S.&text=There%20are%20two%20types%20of,Both%20are%20considered%20synthetic%20opioids.\">the drug that can be up to 50 times stronger than heroin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "'If you're smoking or shooting a fentanyl, that's like Russian roulette.'",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Haney lives in and represents the Tenderloin. He points out the city is averaging nearly two overdose deaths a day. In 2021, almost \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/2021%2001_OCME%20Overdose%20Report.pdf\">three-quarters of all the overdose deaths in the city involved fentanyl in some form\u003c/a>, often mixed with other drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're smoking or shooting a fentanyl, that's like Russian roulette. People are dying within minutes or seconds of buying drugs on a corner, and it has ripple effects throughout the entire neighborhood that are devastating,\" Haney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says San Francisco's agile handling of the pandemic shows the city can do better in the Tenderloin. Government moved fast and forcefully to confront a health crisis. \"Coordination, resources, urgency, staffing, facilities,\" Haney said. \"Now we need all of that now if we are going to stop this drug epidemic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emergency order signals City Hall's potentially sharp break from a reliance on a system of nonprofits that have long aided the vulnerable in the Tenderloin but that some critics say have become a kind of homeless services industrial complex. The agencies provide important short-term help — food, showers and other support services — but don't really move the needle on the larger systemic issues of substance use disorder, mental health or housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's be clear, this city spends more money on social services in the Tenderloin community than any other community in San Francisco,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itX1hvxXfAw\">the mayor said\u003c/a>. \"So just pouring money into this or just doing the same thing is not going to give us a change.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Tenderloin residents see and hear\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>So far, residents and businesses in the neighborhood — and across much of the city — are backing the mayor's moves to \"take back our Tenderloin.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're tired of open-air drug dealing, seeing other people suffer and die on the street from drug overdoses, and they're tired of crime in the Tenderloin,\" said Rene Colorado of the Tenderloin Merchants Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, he says, early fears that the city's declaration would lead to harassment of the unhoused or sweeps of tent camps have not materialized. He's hopeful this is the start of ending what he calls a sense of anarchy and danger afflicting too many of the neighborhood's streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's what success would look like to me,\" Colorado said. \"It's tough because to do that, you need police, you need to make arrests. And that's something that for some reason or another people who don't live in the Tenderloin are uncomfortable with. But residents here don't want drug dealing here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11904434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11904434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-02.jpg\" alt='Two people stand outside a business in the Tenderloin. The business has a sign that reads, \"Z Zoul Cafe Sudanese and Mediterranean Food.\"' width=\"1380\" height=\"923\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-02.jpg 1380w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-02-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-02-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-02-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1380px) 100vw, 1380px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a month into the city's emergency order, local restaurant owner Aref Elgaali, right, says he's already seeing modest, yet positive, changes in the Tenderloin. \u003ccite>(Eric Westervelt/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mayor's order certainly risks undermining San Francisco's reputation for compassion and freewheeling tolerance, an impression that's more myth than reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Despite the view from the outside world, the governance of San Francisco today is not the Haight-Ashbury liberal '60s version that I think people imagine,\" said criminal defense attorney John Hamasaki. He's a member of the \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.org/policecommission/\">San Francisco Police Commission\u003c/a>, a police oversight and policy watch group appointed by the mayor and Board of Supervisors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamasaki remains only cautiously optimistic that the emergency plan will prove successful and mark a bigger shift toward non-police responses to the problems of the Tenderloin and throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\"Historically, and this has never been fair to police, we have said, 'You are in charge of cleaning up all of society's problems,'\" he said, \"so you don't have to say 'defund the police' to believe that we can address society's problems by employing the proper professionals. Ultimately, there are better-trained responders to deal with a lot of the low-level police calls,\" especially those that involve mental illness and substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Business owner Aref Elgaali says that more than a month into the city's emergency order, he's already seeing modest, yet positive, changes. He runs a Sudanese restaurant in the Tenderloin and is active in the local business community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to see secure families,\" he says, pointing to a group of pre-K children and their teachers crossing the street near his restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Asking for police, more enforcement, is to keep those [kids] safe, to tell them that, yeah, the Tenderloin is still a place that we can raise our kids on,\" Elgaali says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many unhoused people in the area, those most affected by the policy shift, say that so far, nothing has really changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hell, no!\" says Shy Brown when asked whether she has seen changes or even heard about new options. Brown says she's lived in the Tenderloin — mostly on the streets — for about a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's sitting half in, half out of a small sidewalk tent as pigeons busily pick at remnants of a handout dinner. \"I wanna know what the strategy plan is and how we gonna execute it, you see what I'm saying?\" Brown says. \"And I don't see that happening. I just don't. No, it's not gonna work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11904435\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11904435\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-01.jpg\" alt=\"A person wearing a winter jacket and a face mask sits on the door of a camping tent that is set up on a sidewalk in San Francisco.\" width=\"1380\" height=\"920\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-01.jpg 1380w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-01-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-01-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/TL-NPR-020721-01-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1380px) 100vw, 1380px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shy Brown, outside her Tenderloin encampment, is skeptical about the city's proposals to help people who struggle with substance use disorder. \u003ccite>(Eric Westervelt/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Longer-term programs already in place have brought slow progress\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The city, in partnership with a nonprofit, has boosted its program of \"community safety ambassadors,\" people who hit the streets to clean up garbage and deter drug dealing. And the city has greatly expanded distribution of Narcan, the lifesaving opioid-reversal drug, in easy-to-use nasal spray kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest developments — launched by the mayor and city leaders during the pandemic — are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11894981/how-san-franciscos-street-overdose-response-team-is-trying-to-bring-clinical-care-to-the-streets\">Street Crisis Response and specialized Overdose Response teams\u003c/a> made up of specially trained and organized paramedics and clinicians from the fire and health departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some modest signs that the city's overall efforts on overdoses are paying off. Preliminary data for 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/resource/2020/ocme-accidental-overdose-reports\">shows that accidental overdose deaths in 2021 were down about 7%\u003c/a>, according to the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. That marks the first overdose death decline in the city since 2018, following years of an upward trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But a seamless coordination between the city's new response teams and the police, so far, appears more aspirational than real. In a recent encounter, police arrive to check on an unhoused man in serious distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm sure there might be some mental health issues,\" says police Sgt. J. Emanuel as he and fellow officers check on the man. But there's really only so much they can do, he says. \"I mean, we'll do our evaluation, but if he doesn't fit the criteria for anything, then that's about all we can do: Check on him, offer some resources. That's about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pandemic greatly worsened the longstanding problems here. \"It really increased homelessness and decreased economic activity,\" said Katie Conry, executive director of the Tenderloin Museum, which is trying to tell a more nuanced story about the area's colorful history, she says, including its pioneering role in the early fight for LGBTQ+ rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area \"is starting to bounce back [from the pandemic],\" she says, \"but we've got some ways to go to make it and keep it a vibrant, safe neighborhood for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent day a man power-washes the street after a free lunch giveaway near \u003ca href=\"https://www.glide.org/about/\">Glide, a nonprofit that provides daily meals and other services to the unhoused and other people who need them\u003c/a> in the Tenderloin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jean Cooper, chief impact and strategy officer with Glide, hopes the emergency plan — and new linkage center — result in real change. But she also worries it's just another patch addressing only surface symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is that the drivers to what we see on the streets here are deep-seated systemic issues that not only San Francisco struggles with, but major cities across the United States are struggling with right now,\" Cooper says, \"and it's around a lack of affordable housing, a lack of access to affordable, quality health care, and that includes mental health and substance use treatment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To underscore the challenges, as if on cue, a man stumbles down the middle of the street in a daze. He's mumbling. He's not wearing a shirt or shoes, and his pants are filthy and falling down. He's unresponsive when people approach him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\"Our staff will get him a pair of shoes and a shirt, you know, give him something to eat,\" Cooper says, watching the man teeter nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But could her agency or the other nonprofits on the street get the shirtless and nearly passed-out man into a treatment bed or temporary housing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have access to beds,\" Cooper says. \"You know, so it's not like we can actually get someone into a bed directly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And maybe that's really the challenge: How does the city turn its \"emergency\" order and linkage center into a viable strategy for long-term solutions to long-standing problems, ones that are more expensive and more complicated than the daily wave of triage in the Tenderloin?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The measure of success is the number of people that we're able to help get off the streets into housing,\" Mayor Breed said, \"the number of people we're able to help get into treatment and get off of drugs. My hope is that we will really change and save lives here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "COVID Tests: From Rapid Home Tests to PCRs, Here's What to Know Right Now",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Wednesday, Jan. 19.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an ideal world, the U.S. would be awash in COVID tests. Anyone exposed to the coronavirus could self-test or go to a lab or clinic if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But right now, self-tests are in short supply in many parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11898455\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52826_GettyImages-1227768883-qut.jpg\"]Test manufacturers are ramping up production, so hopefully — at some point — you won’t be seeing those “no tests available” signs at your local pharmacy or have to wait a week or more for tests ordered online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11900296/cdc-recommends-shorter-covid-isolation-and-quarantine-periods\">the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has changed its testing guidelines in the wake of the omicron surge\u003c/a> in the U.S. — and public health researchers are critical of some of the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is a lot of confusion, so we’ve compiled some frequently asked questions about COVID-19 tests. Don’t have time to go through the whole guide? Click the links below to skip to a specific section:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#types\">\u003cstrong>What types of COVID tests are there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#difference\">What’s the difference between antigen and PCR tests?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#time\">\u003cstrong>When is the right time to get tested?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#many\">How many tests should I take?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#before\">\u003cstrong>Should I get tested before seeing people?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#accurate\">If I test negative, how accurate is that result?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#positive\">\u003cstrong>What happens if I test positive?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#omicron\">Do the tests detect omicron?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11901097\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11901097\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A person wearing scrubs and a face mask and a plastic protector sticks a nose swab into another person's nose.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Merline Jimene administers a COVID-19 test swab to a person at a testing site located in the international terminal at Los Angeles International Airport amid a surge in omicron variant cases on Dec. 21, 2021. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"types\">\u003c/a>What types of COVID tests are there?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There’s the rapid, do-it-yourself home test, which involves swabbing your nose and takes about 15 minutes to display a result on a test strip provided in the kit. These cost about $20 for a package of two tests. They’re known as antigen tests — antigens are basically the proteins from the virus that the rapid tests can identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the PCR test performed in a lab or clinic. PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction, which is a technique for amplifying trace amounts of virus DNA. Depending on how busy your local technicians are, you may have PCR results within a day, or it may take several days. A PCR test usually costs about $150 without insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a third type of test: a blood test that looks for antibodies after you’ve been sick, and some samples can even be taken from a finger prick at home and sent to a lab. But they are not used to diagnose COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost to diagnose COVID-19 is an eligible medical expense for tax purposes, which means you can use your health flexible spending account (health FSA), health savings account (HSA), health reimbursement arrangement (HRA) or Archer medical savings account (Archer MSA) to\u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-cost-of-home-testing-for-covid-19-is-eligible-medical-expense-reimbursable-under-fsas-hsas\"> pay for or get reimbursed for an at-home COVID test kit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most insurance policies cover PCR and rapid tests administered by health providers. As of Jan. 15, people with private health insurance can get reimbursed by their insurer for the cost of up to eight at-home COVID tests per month. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11902122/at-home-covid-test-reimbursement-from-blue-shield-to-kaiser-how-to-get-your-health-insurance-to-pay-you-back\">Read more about getting reimbursed for at-home COVID tests through your health insurer.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You also now can \u003ca href=\"https://www.covidtests.gov/\">order free at-home COVID-19 tests online\u003c/a> from the federal government and the United States Postal Service. The White House program, which went live Jan. 18, offers four at-home COVID tests to every household in the United States, to be shipped by USPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests and shipping are completely free of charge. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11901928/you-can-now-order-free-covid-at-home-tests-via-usps\">Read more about how to order free tests through USPS.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11899398\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11899398\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A gloved blue hands held by a nurse in a blue robe hold a small white COVID-19 testing vial and swab.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1291\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut-800x538.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut-1020x686.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut-1536x1033.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A registered nurse stirs a nasal swab in testing solution after administering a COVID-19 test at Sameday Testing on July 14, 2021, in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"difference\">\u003c/a>What’s the difference between antigen and PCR tests?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The PCR test is much more accurate at identifying an infection because it can amplify traces of the virus — in other words, even if you have a small amount of virus, it can detect it. So it can tell whether you’re infected even a day or so after you develop what appear to be COVID-19 symptoms or a few days after exposure to someone with COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The antigen tests don’t magnify the amount of virus in the sample you take, so you need a pretty high viral load to test positive. As \u003ca href=\"https://keck.usc.edu/faculty-search/susan-butler-wu/\">Susan Butler-Wu\u003c/a>, associate professor of clinical pathology at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, puts it: “It’s a test for [determining whether you have] a lot of virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11900053\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257420-1020x680.jpg\"]So you might test negative on a home test even if you are infected — at the beginning or the end of your illness, for example, when you don’t have a lot of virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more urgent question, says Butler-Wu, is: “Which test can you get?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have symptoms and likely have been exposed to the virus by traveling or socializing, a positive antigen test is probably enough evidence that you have the virus, says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/abraar-karan\">Dr. Abraar Karan\u003c/a>, an infectious disease physician at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for PCR tests, availability depends on the demand in your community. Some testing facilities are slammed, with few appointments available and hours-long waits even if you can snag an appointment. And it can take several days to get results from a PCR test.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"time\">\u003c/a>When should I test?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The answer depends on whether you can get a test — and what you’re using it for. A test can be used to tell you whether you have COVID-19 — for instance, if you have symptoms or you’ve been around someone who tested positive. And they also can be used as an added precaution before socializing (which we’ll discuss a couple of questions down).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve been exposed to someone with COVID-19, you should self-test. But not right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’ve been exposed, wait a few days because testing right away could be negative,” Karan says. After you wait, “then we’ll be able to detect virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends self-testing either when symptoms develop or, if you aren’t showing symptoms, five to seven days after exposure. That would give enough time for the body to develop a viral load that can be detected by a home test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the omicron variant, there have been reports that rapid tests are negative during the first day or two of symptoms. So even if you’re showing symptoms, you might want to wait a day or two to take the first test, especially if you have a limited supply of tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11890072\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1029px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11890072\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/RS46093_001_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut-e1632780302268.jpg\" alt=\"A gloved hand holds up a small, white envelope with pink lettering: a rapid COVID-19 test.\" width=\"1029\" height=\"686\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rapid COVID-19 test held by a health care professional at a Unidos En Salud testing site, a collaboration between UCSF and the Latino Task Force, during a post-holiday COVID-19 outreach event on 24th and Mission streets in San Francisco on Nov. 30, 2020. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"many\">\u003c/a>How many tests should I take?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>At least two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why test twice? Home tests are most accurate when you use them serially — at least two over the course of a few days. And if you have a limited supply of home tests, you will want to aim for the time when you are most likely to get an accurate result — say, on Day 5 and Day 7 after exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These tests absolutely have to be used serially, to be perfectly honest. They don’t have the sensitivity to be used one-and-done if they’re negative,” Butler-Wu says. “By repeating it, you’re allowing the virus to potentially grow more to the point, essentially, where now you can detect it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that test is negative, all that’s telling you is: At this point in time, you don’t have a ton of virus in you,” Karan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"before\">\u003c/a>Should I get tested before seeing people?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“If you’re going to visit Grandma or something, yeah, I would probably rapid-test before that,” Karan says. “Or if I’m going somewhere where there’s going be a lot of people. If I’m contagious that day [and don’t know it], I could infect tons of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A positive test result will tell you to cancel your plans and stay home and isolate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But negative results don’t mean it’s time to rip the mask off in social settings. Rapid tests could be negative before a party and positive during it, just a few hours later — even if you’re vaccinated and boosted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To say that the negative test means being indoors unmasked — I think that needs to get rethought, pronto,” Butler-Wu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Omicron has changed the game completely,” she says. “We know from Christmas soirees that occurred in European places that those exact scenarios happened: vaccinated people, negative tests and there was still spread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11900757\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11900757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Two people are shown. One is wearing medical scrubs and a face mask, as they perform a COVID-19, the other is a person who ahs taken their mask off to receive the test in their nose.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A health care worker tests a patient for COVID-19 at a testing site on 24th and Mission streets in San Francisco on Nov. 30, 2020. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"accurate\">\u003c/a>If I test negative, how accurate is that result?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There can be false negatives, especially soon after exposure when not much virus is present in your body, or if the virus is replicating somewhere other than where you were swabbed — for instance, in your throat instead of your nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that doesn’t mean you should use an at-home test to swab in other places that aren’t your nose. A recent viral \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@angelapharmd/video/7049615931995147566\">TikTok video encourages viewers to swab their throats instead\u003c/a>, but emergency physician \u003ca href=\"https://emergency.ucsf.edu/people/mary-mercer-md\">Mary Mercer\u003c/a> says that is not necessary. She’s part of the COVID-19 task force with the San Francisco Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to follow the directions for whichever at-home test you have,” she says. “You do not need to swab your throat in addition to your nose if it’s a nasal test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you tested negative and feel the result isn’t accurate, it may be a good idea to test again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11890031\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/RS52992_GettyImages-1237563534-qut.jpg\"]According to a pre-omicron study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e3.htm\">the Abbott BinaxNOW antigen test was 92.6% accurate at detecting the virus in symptomatic people\u003c/a> and 78.6% accurate in asymptomatic people, compared to PCR results in cases where people had viable virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also possible to have a false negative from a PCR test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any test is a snapshot of what’s happening in the part of your body that was sampled at that moment. That’s all it tells you,” Butler-Wu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCR tests are more sensitive and can detect lower amounts of the virus in the body, she says. However, if you were just exposed and are in the very early stages of incubation, you probably haven’t reached what doctors call the “limit of detection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/testing/diagnostic-testing.html\">the CDC recommends that people get tested at least five days after a possible exposure, or when they start noticing symptoms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"positive\">\u003c/a>What happens if I test positive?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When you test positive, you should isolate yourself for a minimum of five days and wear a mask for five days after that, according to the CDC. If you have rapid tests, you can use them after five days to see whether you’re still positive, which would mean you need to continue isolating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you tested at a clinic, they will report the results to the local public health department for you. But if you test positive on a home test, you’re not required to report that to the department of public health, says Mercer, the emergency physician from San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='More COVID-19 Coverage' tag='omicron']“We do recommend that if you have a positive test, you call your provider, your personal physician or provider to let them know that you’re positive,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried that you have a false positive, those are pretty rare on PCR tests and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/12/12/1063483612/at-home-covid-19-tests-have-room-for-improvement\">usually happen because of contaminated samples, research has found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/letters-health-care-providers/potential-false-positive-results-antigen-tests-rapid-detection-sars-cov-2-letter-clinical-laboratory\">false positive on an antigen test is possible but fairly unlikely\u003c/a> if the test is taken correctly, says Butler-Wu, especially if you develop symptoms and you know you’ve been exposed to someone with COVID-19. And a lot of people are being exposed at this current time of great spread to the omicron and delta variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If “there’s a bunch of COVID and I’m symptomatic, it’s probably a true positive,” Butler-Wu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"omicron\">\u003c/a>Do the tests detect omicron?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rapid tests \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-viral-mutations-impact-covid-19-tests#omicronvariantimpact\">may not be as accurate for omicron\u003c/a>, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said in late December — but they haven’t released data yet on why they are less accurate and to what degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA also has warned that \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-viral-mutations-impact-covid-19-tests\">three types of PCR tests may not detect omicron\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of these issues, if you’re testing at home after symptoms or an exposure to someone with COVID-19, the use of two tests spaced a few days apart is critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post includes reporting from KQED’s Kevin Stark, Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí and Carly Severn.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "What is the best COVID-19 test? When should I get tested? How many tests should I take? Do tests detect omicron? KQED has the latest information on coronavirus testing during the omicron surge. ",
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"title": "COVID Tests: From Rapid Home Tests to PCRs, Here's What to Know Right Now | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Wednesday, Jan. 19.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an ideal world, the U.S. would be awash in COVID tests. Anyone exposed to the coronavirus could self-test or go to a lab or clinic if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But right now, self-tests are in short supply in many parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Test manufacturers are ramping up production, so hopefully — at some point — you won’t be seeing those “no tests available” signs at your local pharmacy or have to wait a week or more for tests ordered online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11900296/cdc-recommends-shorter-covid-isolation-and-quarantine-periods\">the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has changed its testing guidelines in the wake of the omicron surge\u003c/a> in the U.S. — and public health researchers are critical of some of the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is a lot of confusion, so we’ve compiled some frequently asked questions about COVID-19 tests. Don’t have time to go through the whole guide? Click the links below to skip to a specific section:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#types\">\u003cstrong>What types of COVID tests are there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#difference\">What’s the difference between antigen and PCR tests?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#time\">\u003cstrong>When is the right time to get tested?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#many\">How many tests should I take?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#before\">\u003cstrong>Should I get tested before seeing people?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#accurate\">If I test negative, how accurate is that result?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#positive\">\u003cstrong>What happens if I test positive?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#omicron\">Do the tests detect omicron?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11901097\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11901097\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A person wearing scrubs and a face mask and a plastic protector sticks a nose swab into another person's nose.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/GettyImages-1360301966-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Merline Jimene administers a COVID-19 test swab to a person at a testing site located in the international terminal at Los Angeles International Airport amid a surge in omicron variant cases on Dec. 21, 2021. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"types\">\u003c/a>What types of COVID tests are there?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There’s the rapid, do-it-yourself home test, which involves swabbing your nose and takes about 15 minutes to display a result on a test strip provided in the kit. These cost about $20 for a package of two tests. They’re known as antigen tests — antigens are basically the proteins from the virus that the rapid tests can identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the PCR test performed in a lab or clinic. PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction, which is a technique for amplifying trace amounts of virus DNA. Depending on how busy your local technicians are, you may have PCR results within a day, or it may take several days. A PCR test usually costs about $150 without insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a third type of test: a blood test that looks for antibodies after you’ve been sick, and some samples can even be taken from a finger prick at home and sent to a lab. But they are not used to diagnose COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost to diagnose COVID-19 is an eligible medical expense for tax purposes, which means you can use your health flexible spending account (health FSA), health savings account (HSA), health reimbursement arrangement (HRA) or Archer medical savings account (Archer MSA) to\u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-cost-of-home-testing-for-covid-19-is-eligible-medical-expense-reimbursable-under-fsas-hsas\"> pay for or get reimbursed for an at-home COVID test kit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most insurance policies cover PCR and rapid tests administered by health providers. As of Jan. 15, people with private health insurance can get reimbursed by their insurer for the cost of up to eight at-home COVID tests per month. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11902122/at-home-covid-test-reimbursement-from-blue-shield-to-kaiser-how-to-get-your-health-insurance-to-pay-you-back\">Read more about getting reimbursed for at-home COVID tests through your health insurer.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You also now can \u003ca href=\"https://www.covidtests.gov/\">order free at-home COVID-19 tests online\u003c/a> from the federal government and the United States Postal Service. The White House program, which went live Jan. 18, offers four at-home COVID tests to every household in the United States, to be shipped by USPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests and shipping are completely free of charge. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11901928/you-can-now-order-free-covid-at-home-tests-via-usps\">Read more about how to order free tests through USPS.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11899398\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11899398\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A gloved blue hands held by a nurse in a blue robe hold a small white COVID-19 testing vial and swab.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1291\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut-800x538.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut-1020x686.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52942_GettyImages-1328758598-qut-1536x1033.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A registered nurse stirs a nasal swab in testing solution after administering a COVID-19 test at Sameday Testing on July 14, 2021, in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"difference\">\u003c/a>What’s the difference between antigen and PCR tests?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The PCR test is much more accurate at identifying an infection because it can amplify traces of the virus — in other words, even if you have a small amount of virus, it can detect it. So it can tell whether you’re infected even a day or so after you develop what appear to be COVID-19 symptoms or a few days after exposure to someone with COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The antigen tests don’t magnify the amount of virus in the sample you take, so you need a pretty high viral load to test positive. As \u003ca href=\"https://keck.usc.edu/faculty-search/susan-butler-wu/\">Susan Butler-Wu\u003c/a>, associate professor of clinical pathology at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, puts it: “It’s a test for [determining whether you have] a lot of virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>So you might test negative on a home test even if you are infected — at the beginning or the end of your illness, for example, when you don’t have a lot of virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more urgent question, says Butler-Wu, is: “Which test can you get?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have symptoms and likely have been exposed to the virus by traveling or socializing, a positive antigen test is probably enough evidence that you have the virus, says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/abraar-karan\">Dr. Abraar Karan\u003c/a>, an infectious disease physician at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for PCR tests, availability depends on the demand in your community. Some testing facilities are slammed, with few appointments available and hours-long waits even if you can snag an appointment. And it can take several days to get results from a PCR test.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"time\">\u003c/a>When should I test?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The answer depends on whether you can get a test — and what you’re using it for. A test can be used to tell you whether you have COVID-19 — for instance, if you have symptoms or you’ve been around someone who tested positive. And they also can be used as an added precaution before socializing (which we’ll discuss a couple of questions down).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve been exposed to someone with COVID-19, you should self-test. But not right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’ve been exposed, wait a few days because testing right away could be negative,” Karan says. After you wait, “then we’ll be able to detect virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends self-testing either when symptoms develop or, if you aren’t showing symptoms, five to seven days after exposure. That would give enough time for the body to develop a viral load that can be detected by a home test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the omicron variant, there have been reports that rapid tests are negative during the first day or two of symptoms. So even if you’re showing symptoms, you might want to wait a day or two to take the first test, especially if you have a limited supply of tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11890072\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1029px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11890072\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/RS46093_001_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut-e1632780302268.jpg\" alt=\"A gloved hand holds up a small, white envelope with pink lettering: a rapid COVID-19 test.\" width=\"1029\" height=\"686\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rapid COVID-19 test held by a health care professional at a Unidos En Salud testing site, a collaboration between UCSF and the Latino Task Force, during a post-holiday COVID-19 outreach event on 24th and Mission streets in San Francisco on Nov. 30, 2020. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"many\">\u003c/a>How many tests should I take?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>At least two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why test twice? Home tests are most accurate when you use them serially — at least two over the course of a few days. And if you have a limited supply of home tests, you will want to aim for the time when you are most likely to get an accurate result — say, on Day 5 and Day 7 after exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These tests absolutely have to be used serially, to be perfectly honest. They don’t have the sensitivity to be used one-and-done if they’re negative,” Butler-Wu says. “By repeating it, you’re allowing the virus to potentially grow more to the point, essentially, where now you can detect it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that test is negative, all that’s telling you is: At this point in time, you don’t have a ton of virus in you,” Karan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"before\">\u003c/a>Should I get tested before seeing people?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“If you’re going to visit Grandma or something, yeah, I would probably rapid-test before that,” Karan says. “Or if I’m going somewhere where there’s going be a lot of people. If I’m contagious that day [and don’t know it], I could infect tons of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A positive test result will tell you to cancel your plans and stay home and isolate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But negative results don’t mean it’s time to rip the mask off in social settings. Rapid tests could be negative before a party and positive during it, just a few hours later — even if you’re vaccinated and boosted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To say that the negative test means being indoors unmasked — I think that needs to get rethought, pronto,” Butler-Wu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Omicron has changed the game completely,” she says. “We know from Christmas soirees that occurred in European places that those exact scenarios happened: vaccinated people, negative tests and there was still spread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11900757\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11900757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Two people are shown. One is wearing medical scrubs and a face mask, as they perform a COVID-19, the other is a person who ahs taken their mask off to receive the test in their nose.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/01/RS46111_019_KQED_SanFrancisco_COVIDTesting_11302020-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A health care worker tests a patient for COVID-19 at a testing site on 24th and Mission streets in San Francisco on Nov. 30, 2020. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"accurate\">\u003c/a>If I test negative, how accurate is that result?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There can be false negatives, especially soon after exposure when not much virus is present in your body, or if the virus is replicating somewhere other than where you were swabbed — for instance, in your throat instead of your nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that doesn’t mean you should use an at-home test to swab in other places that aren’t your nose. A recent viral \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@angelapharmd/video/7049615931995147566\">TikTok video encourages viewers to swab their throats instead\u003c/a>, but emergency physician \u003ca href=\"https://emergency.ucsf.edu/people/mary-mercer-md\">Mary Mercer\u003c/a> says that is not necessary. She’s part of the COVID-19 task force with the San Francisco Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to follow the directions for whichever at-home test you have,” she says. “You do not need to swab your throat in addition to your nose if it’s a nasal test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you tested negative and feel the result isn’t accurate, it may be a good idea to test again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>According to a pre-omicron study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e3.htm\">the Abbott BinaxNOW antigen test was 92.6% accurate at detecting the virus in symptomatic people\u003c/a> and 78.6% accurate in asymptomatic people, compared to PCR results in cases where people had viable virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also possible to have a false negative from a PCR test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any test is a snapshot of what’s happening in the part of your body that was sampled at that moment. That’s all it tells you,” Butler-Wu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCR tests are more sensitive and can detect lower amounts of the virus in the body, she says. However, if you were just exposed and are in the very early stages of incubation, you probably haven’t reached what doctors call the “limit of detection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/testing/diagnostic-testing.html\">the CDC recommends that people get tested at least five days after a possible exposure, or when they start noticing symptoms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"positive\">\u003c/a>What happens if I test positive?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When you test positive, you should isolate yourself for a minimum of five days and wear a mask for five days after that, according to the CDC. If you have rapid tests, you can use them after five days to see whether you’re still positive, which would mean you need to continue isolating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you tested at a clinic, they will report the results to the local public health department for you. But if you test positive on a home test, you’re not required to report that to the department of public health, says Mercer, the emergency physician from San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We do recommend that if you have a positive test, you call your provider, your personal physician or provider to let them know that you’re positive,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried that you have a false positive, those are pretty rare on PCR tests and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/12/12/1063483612/at-home-covid-19-tests-have-room-for-improvement\">usually happen because of contaminated samples, research has found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/letters-health-care-providers/potential-false-positive-results-antigen-tests-rapid-detection-sars-cov-2-letter-clinical-laboratory\">false positive on an antigen test is possible but fairly unlikely\u003c/a> if the test is taken correctly, says Butler-Wu, especially if you develop symptoms and you know you’ve been exposed to someone with COVID-19. And a lot of people are being exposed at this current time of great spread to the omicron and delta variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If “there’s a bunch of COVID and I’m symptomatic, it’s probably a true positive,” Butler-Wu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"omicron\">\u003c/a>Do the tests detect omicron?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rapid tests \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-viral-mutations-impact-covid-19-tests#omicronvariantimpact\">may not be as accurate for omicron\u003c/a>, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said in late December — but they haven’t released data yet on why they are less accurate and to what degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA also has warned that \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-viral-mutations-impact-covid-19-tests\">three types of PCR tests may not detect omicron\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of these issues, if you’re testing at home after symptoms or an exposure to someone with COVID-19, the use of two tests spaced a few days apart is critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post includes reporting from KQED’s Kevin Stark, Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí and Carly Severn.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "'Unapologetic in the Prioritization of Black Women': bell hooks Remembered by Loved Ones",
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"content": "\u003cp>M. Shadee Malaklou had just been hired as the new chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.berea.edu/wgs/\">Women’s and Gender Studies department at Berea College\u003c/a> in Kentucky when she was invited to have lunch with bell hooks. When she arrived, Malaklou remembers, hooks said with a nod and a wink, “‘I was against your hire.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than being taken aback, Malaklou leaned into hooks’s irreverence and witty honesty — a trait of her writing, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was her way,” says Malaklou. hooks had assumed that Malaklou, a woman of Iranian descent from Southern California, wouldn’t like Berea’s lack of an Iranian American community and would leave. But three years later, hooks was writing a glowing commendation for Malaklou’s tenure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11899786\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Bellhooks.jpeg\"]Malaklou, now the inaugural director of Berea College’s recently opened \u003ca href=\"https://www.berea.edu/bhc/\">bell hooks center\u003c/a>, speaks about her friendship with hooks with gratitude, recognizing she had access to the private and mundane side of her, while others celebrated her public figure and academia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last three years of bell hooks’s life, she and Malaklou became close friends and confidants. Sometimes, she would call Malaklou to share McDonald’s cheeseburgers, even in the middle of class. It’s also well-known that hooks had an endless craving for Juicy Fruit gum: “She would ask me to order it for her in hordes from Amazon,” says Malaklou.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of the world probably knows hooks best through her most popular books, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.routledge.com/Feminism-Is-for-Everybody-Passionate-Politics/hooks/p/book/9781138821620\">Feminism Is for Everybody\u003c/a>,” “\u003ca href=\"https://sites.utexas.edu/lsjcs/files/2018/02/Teaching-to-Transcend.pdf\">Teaching to Transgress\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.mahoganybooks.com/9780060959470\">All About Love: New Visions\u003c/a>,” which reemerged in the pandemic as a New York Times bestseller despite being published in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11899786/she-was-prophetic-bay-area-remembers-groundbreaking-author-and-cultural-critic-bell-hooks\">hooks’s passing on Dec. 15\u003c/a>, social media has flooded with eulogies and poignant reflections on almost three decades of her work in feminism, teaching and theory. Many noted the accessibility of her language, as well as her willingness to write from life experience as a way to speak on spirituality and family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before she was bell hooks, though, she was Gloria Watkins, a rising scholar teaching at Yale University in the 1980s. At that time, Rachel Chapman, now a tenured professor of anthropology at the University of Washington, had the professor as her undergraduate thesis advisor. Chapman remembers that her classes were highly sought after, and that she led a support group of Black women, called “Sisters of the Yam,” who idolized her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While working with hooks, Chapman recognized that much of her mentor’s work was concerned with the loss of Black life. “She was writing about what it means to be young and Black and angry and seeing clearly the thin line between being mad and madness, between radical action and personal self-destruction,” says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='large' align='right']Before she was bell hooks, though, she was Gloria Watkins, a rising scholar teaching at Yale University in the 1980s.[/pullquote]What Chapman witnessed at the time was someone working through the pain and the hurt that would later lead to “All About Love.” Chapman would see hooks again in Los Angeles, while she was working toward her doctoral degree at UCLA in 1992. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots\">Los Angeles riots were raging after the police beating of Rodney King\u003c/a>, and hooks was addressing a beleaguered crowd of the college’s student activists. She offered them advice that would stay with Chapman over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘I don’t do social justice work with anyone who’s not in a movement with me for a lifetime. And that really reduces the number of people who I’m willing to interact with on that level,'” Chapman remembers hooks saying. “That gave me permission to not have to engage every person running their racism at me. I now do whatever gives me strength and move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>hooks’s work with students and approach to education has also become part of her legacy, says Jody Greene, founder of the \u003ca href=\"https://citl.ucsc.edu/\">Center for Innovations in Teaching and Learning\u003c/a> at UC Santa Cruz, where hooks received her doctoral degree. She says the writer’s books about the practice of teaching have been deeply influential to teachers like herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“hooks strongly believed in education as the cultivation of a human being and not just an instrument for creating good employees,” says Greene, who was a student at Yale during hooks’s time there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Professor Rachel Chapman, University of Washington\"]‘She was writing about what it means to be young and Black and angry.’[/pullquote]In her last decade of life, hooks wasn’t growing complacent in her ideas, friends say: She was actively learning and growing, giving talks and having conversations with other academics and public figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelby Chestnut, director of policy and programs at the Transgender Law Center, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oMmZIJijgY&t=1081s\">introduced hooks and Laverne Cox at their conversation at the New School\u003c/a> in 2014. Chestnut remembers meeting hooks for the first time, particularly her generosity and tenderness toward strangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was like, ‘Hold my hand.’ And so I held her hand and then Laverne held her other hand, and we just walked around the [West Village],” says Chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chestnut saw hooks working to understand and include the trans community in her understandings about feminism, even at a time it wasn’t popular. Her foundational works on feminism, including “\u003ca href=\"https://www.routledge.com/Aint-I-a-Woman-Black-Women-and-Feminism/hooks/p/book/9781138821514\">Ain’t I a Woman\u003c/a>,” critiqued white feminism and began farsighted conversations around intersectionality even before \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/03/29/982357959/what-does-intersectionality-mean\">the term was created by Kimberlé Crenshaw\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even her kindness to all, to feminism more broadly, she was really unapologetic in the prioritization of Black women,” says Chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple people shared how hooks profoundly cared for young people and children, too. Linda Strong-Leek, former professor at Berea College and now provost at Haverford College, remembered hooks’s concern that “‘we had never seen a book with a Black boy just sitting and reading.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of her hooks’s books, such as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.lbyr.com/titles/bell-hooks/be-boy-buzz/9781484788400/\">Be Boy Buzz\u003c/a>,” were aimed at increasing literacy for children of color and providing meaningful representation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='Related Coverage' tag='education']hooks gave over 30 years of her life to groundbreaking scholarship, but she also identified as an Appalachian scholar and chose to return to her home state of Kentucky in the last years of her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her book “\u003ca href=\"https://www.routledge.com/Belonging-A-Culture-of-Place/hooks/p/book/9780415968164\">Belonging: A Culture of Place\u003c/a>,” hooks wasn’t an abstract theorist, but someone grounded in the geography of her rural upbringing in contrast to city life. Her friends say her love for community was both political and personal. Strong-Leek recalls that, first and foremost, hooks was dedicated to the people around her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would go out in Berea. Most people didn’t know who she was if they weren’t connected to the college or readers [of] feminist theory,” she says. “I want people to remember that she loved regular people.”\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>M. Shadee Malaklou had just been hired as the new chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.berea.edu/wgs/\">Women’s and Gender Studies department at Berea College\u003c/a> in Kentucky when she was invited to have lunch with bell hooks. When she arrived, Malaklou remembers, hooks said with a nod and a wink, “‘I was against your hire.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than being taken aback, Malaklou leaned into hooks’s irreverence and witty honesty — a trait of her writing, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was her way,” says Malaklou. hooks had assumed that Malaklou, a woman of Iranian descent from Southern California, wouldn’t like Berea’s lack of an Iranian American community and would leave. But three years later, hooks was writing a glowing commendation for Malaklou’s tenure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Malaklou, now the inaugural director of Berea College’s recently opened \u003ca href=\"https://www.berea.edu/bhc/\">bell hooks center\u003c/a>, speaks about her friendship with hooks with gratitude, recognizing she had access to the private and mundane side of her, while others celebrated her public figure and academia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last three years of bell hooks’s life, she and Malaklou became close friends and confidants. Sometimes, she would call Malaklou to share McDonald’s cheeseburgers, even in the middle of class. It’s also well-known that hooks had an endless craving for Juicy Fruit gum: “She would ask me to order it for her in hordes from Amazon,” says Malaklou.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of the world probably knows hooks best through her most popular books, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.routledge.com/Feminism-Is-for-Everybody-Passionate-Politics/hooks/p/book/9781138821620\">Feminism Is for Everybody\u003c/a>,” “\u003ca href=\"https://sites.utexas.edu/lsjcs/files/2018/02/Teaching-to-Transcend.pdf\">Teaching to Transgress\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.mahoganybooks.com/9780060959470\">All About Love: New Visions\u003c/a>,” which reemerged in the pandemic as a New York Times bestseller despite being published in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11899786/she-was-prophetic-bay-area-remembers-groundbreaking-author-and-cultural-critic-bell-hooks\">hooks’s passing on Dec. 15\u003c/a>, social media has flooded with eulogies and poignant reflections on almost three decades of her work in feminism, teaching and theory. Many noted the accessibility of her language, as well as her willingness to write from life experience as a way to speak on spirituality and family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before she was bell hooks, though, she was Gloria Watkins, a rising scholar teaching at Yale University in the 1980s. At that time, Rachel Chapman, now a tenured professor of anthropology at the University of Washington, had the professor as her undergraduate thesis advisor. Chapman remembers that her classes were highly sought after, and that she led a support group of Black women, called “Sisters of the Yam,” who idolized her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While working with hooks, Chapman recognized that much of her mentor’s work was concerned with the loss of Black life. “She was writing about what it means to be young and Black and angry and seeing clearly the thin line between being mad and madness, between radical action and personal self-destruction,” says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "Before she was bell hooks, though, she was Gloria Watkins, a rising scholar teaching at Yale University in the 1980s.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>What Chapman witnessed at the time was someone working through the pain and the hurt that would later lead to “All About Love.” Chapman would see hooks again in Los Angeles, while she was working toward her doctoral degree at UCLA in 1992. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots\">Los Angeles riots were raging after the police beating of Rodney King\u003c/a>, and hooks was addressing a beleaguered crowd of the college’s student activists. She offered them advice that would stay with Chapman over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘I don’t do social justice work with anyone who’s not in a movement with me for a lifetime. And that really reduces the number of people who I’m willing to interact with on that level,'” Chapman remembers hooks saying. “That gave me permission to not have to engage every person running their racism at me. I now do whatever gives me strength and move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>hooks’s work with students and approach to education has also become part of her legacy, says Jody Greene, founder of the \u003ca href=\"https://citl.ucsc.edu/\">Center for Innovations in Teaching and Learning\u003c/a> at UC Santa Cruz, where hooks received her doctoral degree. She says the writer’s books about the practice of teaching have been deeply influential to teachers like herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“hooks strongly believed in education as the cultivation of a human being and not just an instrument for creating good employees,” says Greene, who was a student at Yale during hooks’s time there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘She was writing about what it means to be young and Black and angry.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In her last decade of life, hooks wasn’t growing complacent in her ideas, friends say: She was actively learning and growing, giving talks and having conversations with other academics and public figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelby Chestnut, director of policy and programs at the Transgender Law Center, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oMmZIJijgY&t=1081s\">introduced hooks and Laverne Cox at their conversation at the New School\u003c/a> in 2014. Chestnut remembers meeting hooks for the first time, particularly her generosity and tenderness toward strangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was like, ‘Hold my hand.’ And so I held her hand and then Laverne held her other hand, and we just walked around the [West Village],” says Chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chestnut saw hooks working to understand and include the trans community in her understandings about feminism, even at a time it wasn’t popular. Her foundational works on feminism, including “\u003ca href=\"https://www.routledge.com/Aint-I-a-Woman-Black-Women-and-Feminism/hooks/p/book/9781138821514\">Ain’t I a Woman\u003c/a>,” critiqued white feminism and began farsighted conversations around intersectionality even before \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/03/29/982357959/what-does-intersectionality-mean\">the term was created by Kimberlé Crenshaw\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even her kindness to all, to feminism more broadly, she was really unapologetic in the prioritization of Black women,” says Chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple people shared how hooks profoundly cared for young people and children, too. Linda Strong-Leek, former professor at Berea College and now provost at Haverford College, remembered hooks’s concern that “‘we had never seen a book with a Black boy just sitting and reading.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of her hooks’s books, such as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.lbyr.com/titles/bell-hooks/be-boy-buzz/9781484788400/\">Be Boy Buzz\u003c/a>,” were aimed at increasing literacy for children of color and providing meaningful representation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>hooks gave over 30 years of her life to groundbreaking scholarship, but she also identified as an Appalachian scholar and chose to return to her home state of Kentucky in the last years of her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her book “\u003ca href=\"https://www.routledge.com/Belonging-A-Culture-of-Place/hooks/p/book/9780415968164\">Belonging: A Culture of Place\u003c/a>,” hooks wasn’t an abstract theorist, but someone grounded in the geography of her rural upbringing in contrast to city life. Her friends say her love for community was both political and personal. Strong-Leek recalls that, first and foremost, hooks was dedicated to the people around her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would go out in Berea. Most people didn’t know who she was if they weren’t connected to the college or readers [of] feminist theory,” she says. “I want people to remember that she loved regular people.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "omicron-cases-are-on-the-rise-but-booster-shots-are-the-best-defense-we-have",
"title": "Omicron Cases Are on the Rise. But Booster Shots Are Still the Best Defense We Have",
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"headTitle": "Omicron Cases Are on the Rise. But Booster Shots Are Still the Best Defense We Have | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Several nights ago, my husband texted me questions while traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does my vaccine not work anymore?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should I get a booster even though it’s been only four months since my second shot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11896107\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/GettyImages-1234850823-1020x680.jpg\"]“Excellent questions,” I thought. One thing is crystal clear about the highly mutated omicron variant of the coronavirus: It has a huge ability to bypass immune protection and cause breakthrough infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what you need to know about how well the vaccines are working in the face of the omicron variant and the best timing for getting your booster shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don’t have time to read the whole guide? Here’s a quick breakdown. Click on the links below to skip to a specific section:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#still\">\u003cstrong>Does my COVID-19 vaccine not work anymore?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#much\">How much does a booster shot help?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#wait\">\u003cstrong>Do I have to wait six months from my original vaccine to get a booster shot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#work\">How does a booster work against omicron?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#fast\">\u003cstrong>How fast will the booster work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#donde\">How long will the protection from the booster last?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"still\">\u003c/a>Does my COVID-19 vaccine not work anymore?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Yes and no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two shots of a vaccine — whether it’s Pfizer or Moderna — do still offer protection against severe disease, researchers in South Africa have found. In a study with about 78,000 omicron cases, getting two shots of Pfizer cut a person’s risk of hospitalization by about 70% across all age groups. That’s compared with a 90% reduction of risk with the delta variant, but it does indicate that the vaccines are still working really well to keep people out of the hospital. The effectiveness against omicron seems to hold up in older people as well, although it declines a bit, to about 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to stopping an infection, two shots isn’t enough, the researchers found. The vaccine’s effectiveness against an infection with omicron was only about 30%, which means breakthrough infections will be extremely common with this new variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11900064\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11900064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-scaled.jpg\" alt='A small glass vial on a table with a label that reads, \"Moderna OCVID-19 Vaccine.\"' width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dose of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine awaits administration at a vaccination clinic in Los Angeles on December 15, 2021. \u003ccite>(Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"much\">\u003c/a>How much does the booster help?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Probably a lot — against infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with only two shots of the vaccine is that most of the antibodies your body generates don’t have the potency to neutralize omicron when it first attacks your upper respiratory tract. That means you could easily get a breakthrough infection. (The good news is that for most people, the immune system does kick in to fight off severe disease once memory cells activate.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laboratory studies have shown that antibodies, after only two shots, are 40 to 50 times less potent against omicron than against previous variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11900014\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1236892674-1020x601.jpg\"]“We found that only 32% of people who received Moderna, even if it was recently, had detectable neutralization ability against omicron,” says immunologist \u003ca href=\"https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/89685\">Wilfredo Garcia Beltran\u003c/a>, who’s a fellow at the Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the booster shot, that percentage goes up dramatically, he says: “If you boost everyone, the numbers look amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the booster shot, the amount of neutralization potency against omicron rose to a level close to what Garcia Beltran observed against the delta variant. “I think this finding is suggestive that we’re inducing really good neutralization against omicron with a booster,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those laboratory findings fit with what health officials have observed in the U.K.: “Moderate to high vaccine effectiveness of 70 to 75% is seen in the early period after a booster dose,” the U.K. Health Security Agency reported two weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, these studies show that a third dose gives you the best chance of preventing an omicron infection this winter. For some young and healthy people, catching a mild case of omicron might not be that big of a burden, but a booster still reduces your risk of spreading it to older loved ones or other vulnerable people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely need to give this to everyone if we want to prevent omicron from spreading like wildfire — or at least, curtail its spread,” Garcia Beltran says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11900060\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11900060\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A small piece of paper with dates of vaccinations, held by a hand with a pen.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse marks a vaccination card with a booster dose at a vaccine clinic on August 19, 2021 at Tournament House in Pasadena. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"wait\">\u003c/a>I got my primary dose four months ago and was told to wait until six months for a booster. Do I have to wait, or can I get a booster now?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Officially, adults are eligible for a booster two months after the J&J vaccine and six months after your second dose of Pfizer or Moderna. Right now, that’s still the official recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, because two shots provide such little protection against infection with omicron, doctors and scientists are shifting their recommendation a bit about the timing of the booster after the mRNA vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the setting of a new variant — and wanting a higher degree of protection for the holidays, then I do think that clinical judgment could involve boosting a bit earlier,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bidmc.org/research/research-by-department/medicine/center-for-virology-and-vaccine-research/barouch-laboratory\">Dr. Daniel Barouch\u003c/a>, who runs the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original six-month recommendation is based on “the ideal spacing between three-dose vaccine regimens,” Dr. Monica Gandhi, an infectious disease specialist at UCSF, writes in an email to NPR. “Zero, one and six months is what we use for so many three-dose vaccines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with omicron about to surge, she says, getting a boost in antibodies earlier might be worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is probably no harm in speeding up to boost antibodies,” she writes, just as long as you wait at least three months from the second shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is especially true for people who are at high risk for severe disease or live with someone who is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Germany’s vaccine authority recently recommended that Germans get their boosters after three months in light of omicron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Barouch cautions against speeding up the booster too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t boost too much earlier,” he says. “For example, I wouldn’t boost a month or two after the initial vaccine or vaccines. But if somebody is in the second half of the six-month time frame, and if they really feel like they would benefit from a higher level of protection, then I don’t see a downside in getting boosted a bit earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11900062\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11900062\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A person wears a face mask and glove as they handle the vial and syringe.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1710\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-1536x1026.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-2048x1368.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-1920x1283.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse fills a syringe with a Pfize COVID-19 vaccine at a pop up clinic in Los Angeles, August 23, 2021. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"work\">\u003c/a>How does a booster work to improve protection against a new variant like omicron? And why do we have to wait several months to get one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Improved immunity is not just about having more antibodies; it’s also about having the kind of antibodies that can actually take down omicron. For your body to generate those specific antibodies, it takes time — at least three months after the first two shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, right after your first two shots of the vaccine, your immune system rushes and makes a burst of antibodies. But these antibodies aren’t so great. They especially aren’t good at fighting off new coronavirus variants, says immunologist Ali Ellebedy at the Washington University School of Medicine. “That initial group isn’t very well trained.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11890031\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/RS52115_GettyImages-1344323369-qut.jpg\"]The level of these antibodies starts to go down after about a month, and then your body gets to work to “train” these antibodies, Ellebedy says. Special immune cells, called B cells, go into your lymph nodes and start to improve the potency of the antibodies. Eventually, over time, through a process called B cell maturation, these B cells develop new antibodies that not only can recognize and neutralize the original variant of virus (which it saw in the vaccine) but also future variants, such as omicron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To protect you from future exposures, you want to have the best, well-equipped ‘soldiers,’ and the way our immune system does this is through this process of refinement in our lymph nodes,” Ellebedy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This process takes time. It can take months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you get a booster before this process is finished, the shot will essentially amplify the “untrained” antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if you wait at least three months, the third dose of the vaccine will amplify the “well-trained” antibodies, which are potent against not just omicron, but also possibly the next variant after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are studies that do show that the longer the period between vaccinations, the more robust the response to second immunization and that makes sense immunologically,” Ellebedy writes in an email to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“However, that does not mean that an earlier immunization will not be beneficial or harmful in any way. Actually, in the middle of a pandemic one can argue that a three-month or four-month booster makes more sense,” she adds. “Getting that before being exposed to the real virus is always a plus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11900059\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11900059\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A nurse vaccinates a person who is sitting down on a chair, while two other people sit on chairs, looking on.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1556\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-800x486.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-1020x620.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-1536x934.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-2048x1245.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-1920x1167.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just vaccinated people sit and wait for 15 minutes of monitoring at a vaccination clinic in Los Angeles on August 17, 2021. \u003ccite>(Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"fast\">\u003c/a>How fast will the booster work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The boosters work a bit faster than the original course of the vaccine because your body isn’t starting from scratch, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.southshorehealth.org/find-a-doctor/simone-s-wildes\">Dr. Simone Wildes\u003c/a>, who’s an infectious disease doctor at South Shore Health in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You already have some antibodies,” she says. “So I would anticipate that within a week or so after the booster, you’re going to have pretty significant levels of antibodies, but you’re not going to get to the maximum levels until the 14-day mark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if you go get vaccinated today, you will have some antibody protection by New Year’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"long\">\u003c/a>How long will the protection from the booster last?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Nobody knows how long protection from infection will last. One preliminary study suggests it will start to wane about three months after the booster shot, as has been the case with the delta variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no information about how long protection against severe disease will last after a booster, but given the durability observed with only two shots, it’s likely to be quite durable — much more than protection against infection.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Omicron Cases Are on the Rise. But Booster Shots Are Still the Best Defense We Have | KQED",
"description": "Our guide has answers to questions like: How does a COVID-19 booster shot work against omicron? How fast will the booster work? When should I get a booster shot? How can boosters protect us against coronavirus variants?",
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"headline": "Omicron Cases Are on the Rise. But Booster Shots Are Still the Best Defense We Have",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Several nights ago, my husband texted me questions while traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does my vaccine not work anymore?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should I get a booster even though it’s been only four months since my second shot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Excellent questions,” I thought. One thing is crystal clear about the highly mutated omicron variant of the coronavirus: It has a huge ability to bypass immune protection and cause breakthrough infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what you need to know about how well the vaccines are working in the face of the omicron variant and the best timing for getting your booster shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don’t have time to read the whole guide? Here’s a quick breakdown. Click on the links below to skip to a specific section:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#still\">\u003cstrong>Does my COVID-19 vaccine not work anymore?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#much\">How much does a booster shot help?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#wait\">\u003cstrong>Do I have to wait six months from my original vaccine to get a booster shot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#work\">How does a booster work against omicron?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#fast\">\u003cstrong>How fast will the booster work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#donde\">How long will the protection from the booster last?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"still\">\u003c/a>Does my COVID-19 vaccine not work anymore?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Yes and no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two shots of a vaccine — whether it’s Pfizer or Moderna — do still offer protection against severe disease, researchers in South Africa have found. In a study with about 78,000 omicron cases, getting two shots of Pfizer cut a person’s risk of hospitalization by about 70% across all age groups. That’s compared with a 90% reduction of risk with the delta variant, but it does indicate that the vaccines are still working really well to keep people out of the hospital. The effectiveness against omicron seems to hold up in older people as well, although it declines a bit, to about 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to stopping an infection, two shots isn’t enough, the researchers found. The vaccine’s effectiveness against an infection with omicron was only about 30%, which means breakthrough infections will be extremely common with this new variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11900064\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11900064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-scaled.jpg\" alt='A small glass vial on a table with a label that reads, \"Moderna OCVID-19 Vaccine.\"' width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1237257297-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dose of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine awaits administration at a vaccination clinic in Los Angeles on December 15, 2021. \u003ccite>(Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"much\">\u003c/a>How much does the booster help?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Probably a lot — against infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with only two shots of the vaccine is that most of the antibodies your body generates don’t have the potency to neutralize omicron when it first attacks your upper respiratory tract. That means you could easily get a breakthrough infection. (The good news is that for most people, the immune system does kick in to fight off severe disease once memory cells activate.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laboratory studies have shown that antibodies, after only two shots, are 40 to 50 times less potent against omicron than against previous variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We found that only 32% of people who received Moderna, even if it was recently, had detectable neutralization ability against omicron,” says immunologist \u003ca href=\"https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/89685\">Wilfredo Garcia Beltran\u003c/a>, who’s a fellow at the Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the booster shot, that percentage goes up dramatically, he says: “If you boost everyone, the numbers look amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the booster shot, the amount of neutralization potency against omicron rose to a level close to what Garcia Beltran observed against the delta variant. “I think this finding is suggestive that we’re inducing really good neutralization against omicron with a booster,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those laboratory findings fit with what health officials have observed in the U.K.: “Moderate to high vaccine effectiveness of 70 to 75% is seen in the early period after a booster dose,” the U.K. Health Security Agency reported two weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, these studies show that a third dose gives you the best chance of preventing an omicron infection this winter. For some young and healthy people, catching a mild case of omicron might not be that big of a burden, but a booster still reduces your risk of spreading it to older loved ones or other vulnerable people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely need to give this to everyone if we want to prevent omicron from spreading like wildfire — or at least, curtail its spread,” Garcia Beltran says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11900060\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11900060\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A small piece of paper with dates of vaccinations, held by a hand with a pen.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234768450-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse marks a vaccination card with a booster dose at a vaccine clinic on August 19, 2021 at Tournament House in Pasadena. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"wait\">\u003c/a>I got my primary dose four months ago and was told to wait until six months for a booster. Do I have to wait, or can I get a booster now?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Officially, adults are eligible for a booster two months after the J&J vaccine and six months after your second dose of Pfizer or Moderna. Right now, that’s still the official recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, because two shots provide such little protection against infection with omicron, doctors and scientists are shifting their recommendation a bit about the timing of the booster after the mRNA vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the setting of a new variant — and wanting a higher degree of protection for the holidays, then I do think that clinical judgment could involve boosting a bit earlier,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bidmc.org/research/research-by-department/medicine/center-for-virology-and-vaccine-research/barouch-laboratory\">Dr. Daniel Barouch\u003c/a>, who runs the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original six-month recommendation is based on “the ideal spacing between three-dose vaccine regimens,” Dr. Monica Gandhi, an infectious disease specialist at UCSF, writes in an email to NPR. “Zero, one and six months is what we use for so many three-dose vaccines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with omicron about to surge, she says, getting a boost in antibodies earlier might be worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is probably no harm in speeding up to boost antibodies,” she writes, just as long as you wait at least three months from the second shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is especially true for people who are at high risk for severe disease or live with someone who is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Germany’s vaccine authority recently recommended that Germans get their boosters after three months in light of omicron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Barouch cautions against speeding up the booster too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t boost too much earlier,” he says. “For example, I wouldn’t boost a month or two after the initial vaccine or vaccines. But if somebody is in the second half of the six-month time frame, and if they really feel like they would benefit from a higher level of protection, then I don’t see a downside in getting boosted a bit earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11900062\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11900062\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A person wears a face mask and glove as they handle the vial and syringe.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1710\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-1536x1026.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-2048x1368.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234838497-1920x1283.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse fills a syringe with a Pfize COVID-19 vaccine at a pop up clinic in Los Angeles, August 23, 2021. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"work\">\u003c/a>How does a booster work to improve protection against a new variant like omicron? And why do we have to wait several months to get one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Improved immunity is not just about having more antibodies; it’s also about having the kind of antibodies that can actually take down omicron. For your body to generate those specific antibodies, it takes time — at least three months after the first two shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, right after your first two shots of the vaccine, your immune system rushes and makes a burst of antibodies. But these antibodies aren’t so great. They especially aren’t good at fighting off new coronavirus variants, says immunologist Ali Ellebedy at the Washington University School of Medicine. “That initial group isn’t very well trained.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The level of these antibodies starts to go down after about a month, and then your body gets to work to “train” these antibodies, Ellebedy says. Special immune cells, called B cells, go into your lymph nodes and start to improve the potency of the antibodies. Eventually, over time, through a process called B cell maturation, these B cells develop new antibodies that not only can recognize and neutralize the original variant of virus (which it saw in the vaccine) but also future variants, such as omicron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To protect you from future exposures, you want to have the best, well-equipped ‘soldiers,’ and the way our immune system does this is through this process of refinement in our lymph nodes,” Ellebedy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This process takes time. It can take months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you get a booster before this process is finished, the shot will essentially amplify the “untrained” antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if you wait at least three months, the third dose of the vaccine will amplify the “well-trained” antibodies, which are potent against not just omicron, but also possibly the next variant after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are studies that do show that the longer the period between vaccinations, the more robust the response to second immunization and that makes sense immunologically,” Ellebedy writes in an email to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“However, that does not mean that an earlier immunization will not be beneficial or harmful in any way. Actually, in the middle of a pandemic one can argue that a three-month or four-month booster makes more sense,” she adds. “Getting that before being exposed to the real virus is always a plus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11900059\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11900059\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A nurse vaccinates a person who is sitting down on a chair, while two other people sit on chairs, looking on.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1556\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-800x486.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-1020x620.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-1536x934.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-2048x1245.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/GettyImages-1234732715-1920x1167.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just vaccinated people sit and wait for 15 minutes of monitoring at a vaccination clinic in Los Angeles on August 17, 2021. \u003ccite>(Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"fast\">\u003c/a>How fast will the booster work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The boosters work a bit faster than the original course of the vaccine because your body isn’t starting from scratch, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.southshorehealth.org/find-a-doctor/simone-s-wildes\">Dr. Simone Wildes\u003c/a>, who’s an infectious disease doctor at South Shore Health in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You already have some antibodies,” she says. “So I would anticipate that within a week or so after the booster, you’re going to have pretty significant levels of antibodies, but you’re not going to get to the maximum levels until the 14-day mark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if you go get vaccinated today, you will have some antibody protection by New Year’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca id=\"long\">\u003c/a>How long will the protection from the booster last?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Nobody knows how long protection from infection will last. One preliminary study suggests it will start to wane about three months after the booster shot, as has been the case with the delta variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no information about how long protection against severe disease will last after a booster, but given the durability observed with only two shots, it’s likely to be quite durable — much more than protection against infection.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California officials have filed a statewide lawsuit against Walmart Inc. alleging that the company illegally disposed of hazardous waste at landfills across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/Walmart%20Complaint.pdf\">42-page document filed Monday by state prosecutors\u003c/a>, the lawsuit alleges the retail giant illegally dumped nearly 160,000 pounds of hazardous waste, or more than 1 million items, each year in California over the last six years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Rob Bonta and 12 California district attorneys said Walmart violated California’s environmental laws and regulations by dumping hazardous waste products at landfills that aren’t equipped to handle the materials, including alkaline and lithium batteries, insect killer sprays, aerosol cans, toxic cleaning supplies and LED lightbulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Rob Bonta, California Attorney General\"]‘Walmart’s own audits found that the company is dumping hazardous waste at local landfills at a rate of more than one million items each year.’[/pullquote]The lawsuit also claims Walmart dumped “confidential customer information” at these landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Walmart’s own audits found that the company is dumping hazardous waste at local landfills at a rate of more than one million items each year. From there, these products may seep into the state’s drinking water as toxic pollutants or into the air as dangerous gases,” Bonta said \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-bonta-announces-statewide-lawsuit-against-walmart-illegal\">in a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta said the lawsuit filed against the retail giant should serve as a warning to the state’s “worst offenders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement to NPR, Walmart said the company will defend itself and said the lawsuit is “unjustified.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have met with the state numerous times and walked them through our industry-leading hazardous waste compliance programs in an effort to avoid litigation. Instead, they filed this unjustified lawsuit,” Walmart spokesperson Randy Hargrove said. “The state is demanding a level of compliance regarding waste disposal from our stores of common household products and other items that goes beyond what is required by law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest lawsuit filed against Walmart isn’t the company’s first with the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='Related Coverage' tag='environment']In 2010, the California Attorney General’s Office reached a $25 million settlement against the retail giant for illegally disposing of hazardous waste. But according to the attorney general’s office, a 2015 inspection found that Walmart continued to dump waste illegally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Walmart is a responsible corporate citizen in California and everywhere we operate. We take our obligation to protect the environment seriously and have industry-leading processes in place to comply with local, state and federal environmental laws,” Hargrove said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2015, California investigators said 58 inspections of trash compactors taken from Walmart stores found dozens of items classified as either hazardous waste, medical waste or customer records with personal information.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The lawsuit also claims Walmart dumped “confidential customer information” at these landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Walmart’s own audits found that the company is dumping hazardous waste at local landfills at a rate of more than one million items each year. From there, these products may seep into the state’s drinking water as toxic pollutants or into the air as dangerous gases,” Bonta said \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-bonta-announces-statewide-lawsuit-against-walmart-illegal\">in a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta said the lawsuit filed against the retail giant should serve as a warning to the state’s “worst offenders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement to NPR, Walmart said the company will defend itself and said the lawsuit is “unjustified.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have met with the state numerous times and walked them through our industry-leading hazardous waste compliance programs in an effort to avoid litigation. Instead, they filed this unjustified lawsuit,” Walmart spokesperson Randy Hargrove said. “The state is demanding a level of compliance regarding waste disposal from our stores of common household products and other items that goes beyond what is required by law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest lawsuit filed against Walmart isn’t the company’s first with the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>With COVID-19 again surging in the U.S. because of the omicron variant, President Biden announced several new steps to address the risks posed by the highly contagious variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saying he understands “how tired, worried and frustrated you are,” Biden outlined his administration’s latest approach to deal with the virus that has taken some 800,000 lives in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most notably, the government plans to buy a half-billion at-home COVID test kits and mail them to people who want them, with deliveries beginning in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11898455\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/RS52826_GettyImages-1227768883-qut.jpg\"]It’s a major step to tackling problems Americans have faced in easily accessing free at-home COVID tests throughout the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden sought to assure Americans who are vaccinated and boosted that they have a high degree of protection against severe illness. But he also made it clear that it will not be unusual for vaccinated people to get COVID-19, because of the new variant and that they will likely experience no symptoms or mild symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They should feel comfortable celebrating Christmas and the holidays as they planned,” the administration official said, noting people should take regular precautions like wearing masks during travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden will not announce new restrictions on schools or businesses, White House press secretary Jen Psaki said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a speech about locking the country down. This is a speech outlining and being direct and clear with the American people about the benefits of being vaccinated, the steps we’re going to take to increase access and to increase testing, and the risks posed to unvaccinated individuals,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Access to free tests, a major new step\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the omicron variant became the most dominant version of the coronavirus in the U.S. and cases continued to rise as many Americans prepared for Christmas holidays later this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with so many new cases, Americans faced problems in accessing affordable COVID-19 tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Yorkers hit the streets over the weekend trying to get tested but encountered long lines in the cold. The wait at a city-run testing and vaccination center in Times Square on Saturday afternoon was reportedly about three hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Dr. Robert M. Wachter, UCSF\"]‘[Testing] just needs to be freely available in the same way that vaccines have been.’[/pullquote]The U.S. government wants to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government will announce new federal testing sites across the country, including one in New York City that will open before Christmas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the government will also start a website where people can order at-home tests to be delivered for free. This will augment plans announced earlier this month to require private insurance companies to reimburse people for the tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden will also continue using the Defense Production Act and other powers to make sure the U.S. is producing as many tests as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are all steps the administration should have made a while ago, said Dr. Robert M. Wachter, a professor and chairman of the Department of Medicine at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing will only become more important as the U.S. continues to power through this surge, Wachter told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just needs to be freely available in the same way that vaccines have been,” he said of COVID-19 tests. “So that part is great. But because they are just starting now, it’s going to be a little bit late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter said it will take some time for the government to gear up production and mail them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Omicron is going to peak by mid-January, so it may miss a fair amount of this surge,” he said. “But better late than never. We have no idea how long this surge will last. This surge could go on for a couple of months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Carlos del Rio, the executive associate dean of the Emory School of Medicine & Grady Health System, calls the move “a step in the right direction,” but warns that it falls short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also insists that the U.S. needs a nationwide mask mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other physicians contacted by NPR, Dr. Leana Wen doesn’t think 500 million tests will be enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Half a billion, though impressive-sounding, does not come even close to what’s needed,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wen, an emergency physician and professor of health policy and management at George Washington University, says the Biden administration needs to provide enough tests “for all American families to be able to test twice a week, every week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It needs to become the norm to test before going to school and work, and before families and friends have dinner together,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>More aid to boost vaccines and help hospitals\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As part of this multipronged effort, the Federal Emergency Management Agency is deploying planning officials to assess needs across the country and preposition supplies like masks, gloves and ventilators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president announced that FEMA is standing up new pop-up vaccination clinics across the country. There are plans so far for a new mobile unit in Washington, D.C., and four new mobile units across New Mexico. FEMA will help set up additional sites in areas of high demand over the coming weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden will also announce plans to beef up support for hospitals seeing high numbers of unvaccinated people who get sick from COVID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government will send ambulances and EMS workers to hot spots to help move people to places where there are open beds. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin will mobilize 1,000 doctors, nurses, medics and other military medical personnel to deploy to hospitals in January and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Wachter, this number of medical personnel feels like a “drop in the bucket.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='Related Coverage' tag='coronavirus']“Starting with that number will be fine, but if it turns out to be woefully inaccurate, then everyone will be scrambling,” he said. “It’s going to be a bit of a free-for-all to figure out how we staff hospitals. If this hits hard, I doubt this will suffice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S.’s hard-hit areas will get a proper sense of what is needed in terms of additional medical personnel in a week or two, Wachter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may be that number will need to be 5,000 to 10,000,” he said. “The question is whether the number will be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR health correspondent Rob Stein contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The U.S. government wants to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government will announce new federal testing sites across the country, including one in New York City that will open before Christmas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the government will also start a website where people can order at-home tests to be delivered for free. This will augment plans announced earlier this month to require private insurance companies to reimburse people for the tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden will also continue using the Defense Production Act and other powers to make sure the U.S. is producing as many tests as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are all steps the administration should have made a while ago, said Dr. Robert M. Wachter, a professor and chairman of the Department of Medicine at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing will only become more important as the U.S. continues to power through this surge, Wachter told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just needs to be freely available in the same way that vaccines have been,” he said of COVID-19 tests. “So that part is great. But because they are just starting now, it’s going to be a little bit late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter said it will take some time for the government to gear up production and mail them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Omicron is going to peak by mid-January, so it may miss a fair amount of this surge,” he said. “But better late than never. We have no idea how long this surge will last. This surge could go on for a couple of months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Carlos del Rio, the executive associate dean of the Emory School of Medicine & Grady Health System, calls the move “a step in the right direction,” but warns that it falls short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also insists that the U.S. needs a nationwide mask mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other physicians contacted by NPR, Dr. Leana Wen doesn’t think 500 million tests will be enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Half a billion, though impressive-sounding, does not come even close to what’s needed,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wen, an emergency physician and professor of health policy and management at George Washington University, says the Biden administration needs to provide enough tests “for all American families to be able to test twice a week, every week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It needs to become the norm to test before going to school and work, and before families and friends have dinner together,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>More aid to boost vaccines and help hospitals\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As part of this multipronged effort, the Federal Emergency Management Agency is deploying planning officials to assess needs across the country and preposition supplies like masks, gloves and ventilators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president announced that FEMA is standing up new pop-up vaccination clinics across the country. There are plans so far for a new mobile unit in Washington, D.C., and four new mobile units across New Mexico. FEMA will help set up additional sites in areas of high demand over the coming weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden will also announce plans to beef up support for hospitals seeing high numbers of unvaccinated people who get sick from COVID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government will send ambulances and EMS workers to hot spots to help move people to places where there are open beds. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin will mobilize 1,000 doctors, nurses, medics and other military medical personnel to deploy to hospitals in January and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Wachter, this number of medical personnel feels like a “drop in the bucket.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Starting with that number will be fine, but if it turns out to be woefully inaccurate, then everyone will be scrambling,” he said. “It’s going to be a bit of a free-for-all to figure out how we staff hospitals. If this hits hard, I doubt this will suffice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S.’s hard-hit areas will get a proper sense of what is needed in terms of additional medical personnel in a week or two, Wachter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may be that number will need to be 5,000 to 10,000,” he said. “The question is whether the number will be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR health correspondent Rob Stein contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration has announced it will relax controversial restrictions on a heavily regulated medication used to induce abortions — easing access to the drug at a time when abortion rights are being increasingly restricted nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug, mifepristone, is approved for use in combination with another medication, misoprostol, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-availability-and-use-of-medication-abortion/\">terminate pregnancies of up to 10 weeks\u003c/a> and is sometimes used to treat patients experiencing miscarriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the coronavirus pandemic, doctors could prescribe the pills only to patients who were able to pick them up in person. But in response to COVID-19, the Biden administration suspended that requirement, allowing them to be mailed to patients instead. The decision by the FDA on Thursday makes that change permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Advocates said restrictions on the abortion pill were ‘outdated’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Last year, reproductive rights groups successfully sued to suspend the in-person dispensing rule, arguing it exposed patients to unnecessary risk from COVID-19. The Trump administration fought that decision at the Supreme Court, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/12/us/supreme-court-abortion-pill.html\">which allowed the rule to be reinstated\u003c/a>. Then, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2021/04/acog-applauds-fda-action-on-mifepristone-access-during-covid-19-pandemic\">the Biden administration stepped in this April\u003c/a> to once again allow patients to receive the abortion pills by mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors like Nisha Verma said this mail option has been particularly helpful for residents of rural areas far from the nearest clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11896908\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/RS52678_001_Chico_WomensHealthSpecialists_11182021-qut-1020x680.jpg\"]“I think that makes it much more accessible for people where they don’t actually have to physically come into a clinic, they don’t have to expose themselves to COVID, they can do this all from the comfort of their home,” said Verma, an OB-GYN and abortion provider based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, state law protects the right to obtain an abortion before viability is guaranteed. That assurance, however, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11896908/for-many-rural-and-lower-income-californians-abortion-services-remain-hard-to-access\">doesn’t always mean it’s easy to terminate a pregnancy, especially in the more rural regions of the state\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2017 study, the Guttmacher Institute, an abortion-rights advocacy and policy organization, found that some 40% of mostly rural counties in California had no clinics that provided abortions. That means even in a state with some of the nation’s most progressive abortion laws, many must travel over 100 miles to find a provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A coalition of medical and reproductive rights groups from across the country asked the FDA to permanently remove the in-person rule, as well as other restrictions, for mifepristone. As a result of litigation spearheaded by groups including the American Civil Liberties Union, the FDA agreed to review its regulations and report back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julia Kaye, an ACLU attorney, said years of data demonstrate that mifepristone is safe if used appropriately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11896560\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/RS52685_010_Chico_WomensHealthSpecialists_11182021-qut-1020x680.jpg\"]“At this moment, with Roe v. Wade hanging by a thread, it is especially urgent that the federal government do everything in its power to follow the science and expand access to this safe, effective medication,” Kaye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more states pass restrictions, Kaye said, lifting “outdated” restrictions and \u003ca href=\"https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(21)00148-7/fulltext\">making it easier for doctors to prescribe the pill could make abortion available for more people\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/policy-and-position-statements/position-statements/2018/improving-access-to-mifepristone-for-reproductive-health-indications\">medical groups including the American Medical Association argue\u003c/a> that since mifepristone was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2000, it has built up a strong safety record. Nonetheless, mifepristone is subject to layers of restrictions beyond those applied to typical prescription drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Abortion opponents have long fought easier access\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Conservative activists have long fought efforts to relax the rules for mifepristone, taking note of the increasing popularity of abortion pills, which many patients choose out of a desire to avoid surgery or \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/759761114\">to terminate pregnancies more privately at home\u003c/a>. Today, \u003ca href=\"https://www.guttmacher.org/evidence-you-can-use/medication-abortion\">about 40% of patients seeking abortions use pills\u003c/a> rather than having a surgical procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melanie Israel, a policy analyst with the DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society at the Heritage Foundation, said she \u003ca href=\"https://www.heritage.org/life/report/chemical-abortion-review\">worries that less oversight would put patients at risk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a reason that these safety protocols have been in place, and the abortion industry is really trying to seize this moment to remove those important safety restrictions and make abortion pills more widely available and more common,” Israel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Doctors are allowed to prescribe the abortion pill in Canada\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>But a new study published last week in The New England Journal of Medicine, which reviewed data from more than 84,000 abortions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa2109779\">found no increase in complications after Canada made mifepristone available by a doctor’s prescription in 2017\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verma, who is also a fellow with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/policy-and-position-statements/position-statements/2018/improving-access-to-mifepristone-for-reproductive-health-indications\">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, which has lobbied to remove the FDA restrictions\u003c/a>, said doctors prescribing the pills through telemedicine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/863512837\">ask questions designed to rule out risk factors, including ectopic pregnancies\u003c/a>. She said the pandemic has added to years of research demonstrating mifepristone’s safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='Related Coverage' tag='public-health']“We’ve really seen that this is completely safe and that these FDA regulations are based on politics — they’re not based on science or evidence,” she said. “Medications with similar risk, similar safety profiles, are not regulated the same way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verma points to the use of the same drug, mifepristone, to treat \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/cushings-syndrome\">Cushing’s syndrome\u003c/a> — \u003ca href=\"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/202107s000lbl.pdf\">prescribed in a larger dose than is typically used to induce an abortion\u003c/a>. That use of the medication is not subject to the same restrictions that constrain abortion patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the FDA decision, the battle over abortion pills likely will continue in state legislatures, where some lawmakers have passed their own restrictions. This month, \u003ca href=\"https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/872/billtext/html/SB00004F.htm\">a new law took effect in Texas that makes sending abortion pills through the mail a felony\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post includes reporting from KQED’s Katie Orr.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration has announced it will relax controversial restrictions on a heavily regulated medication used to induce abortions — easing access to the drug at a time when abortion rights are being increasingly restricted nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug, mifepristone, is approved for use in combination with another medication, misoprostol, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-availability-and-use-of-medication-abortion/\">terminate pregnancies of up to 10 weeks\u003c/a> and is sometimes used to treat patients experiencing miscarriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the coronavirus pandemic, doctors could prescribe the pills only to patients who were able to pick them up in person. But in response to COVID-19, the Biden administration suspended that requirement, allowing them to be mailed to patients instead. The decision by the FDA on Thursday makes that change permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Advocates said restrictions on the abortion pill were ‘outdated’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Last year, reproductive rights groups successfully sued to suspend the in-person dispensing rule, arguing it exposed patients to unnecessary risk from COVID-19. The Trump administration fought that decision at the Supreme Court, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/12/us/supreme-court-abortion-pill.html\">which allowed the rule to be reinstated\u003c/a>. Then, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2021/04/acog-applauds-fda-action-on-mifepristone-access-during-covid-19-pandemic\">the Biden administration stepped in this April\u003c/a> to once again allow patients to receive the abortion pills by mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors like Nisha Verma said this mail option has been particularly helpful for residents of rural areas far from the nearest clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I think that makes it much more accessible for people where they don’t actually have to physically come into a clinic, they don’t have to expose themselves to COVID, they can do this all from the comfort of their home,” said Verma, an OB-GYN and abortion provider based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, state law protects the right to obtain an abortion before viability is guaranteed. That assurance, however, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11896908/for-many-rural-and-lower-income-californians-abortion-services-remain-hard-to-access\">doesn’t always mean it’s easy to terminate a pregnancy, especially in the more rural regions of the state\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2017 study, the Guttmacher Institute, an abortion-rights advocacy and policy organization, found that some 40% of mostly rural counties in California had no clinics that provided abortions. That means even in a state with some of the nation’s most progressive abortion laws, many must travel over 100 miles to find a provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A coalition of medical and reproductive rights groups from across the country asked the FDA to permanently remove the in-person rule, as well as other restrictions, for mifepristone. As a result of litigation spearheaded by groups including the American Civil Liberties Union, the FDA agreed to review its regulations and report back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julia Kaye, an ACLU attorney, said years of data demonstrate that mifepristone is safe if used appropriately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“At this moment, with Roe v. Wade hanging by a thread, it is especially urgent that the federal government do everything in its power to follow the science and expand access to this safe, effective medication,” Kaye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more states pass restrictions, Kaye said, lifting “outdated” restrictions and \u003ca href=\"https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(21)00148-7/fulltext\">making it easier for doctors to prescribe the pill could make abortion available for more people\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/policy-and-position-statements/position-statements/2018/improving-access-to-mifepristone-for-reproductive-health-indications\">medical groups including the American Medical Association argue\u003c/a> that since mifepristone was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2000, it has built up a strong safety record. Nonetheless, mifepristone is subject to layers of restrictions beyond those applied to typical prescription drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Abortion opponents have long fought easier access\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Conservative activists have long fought efforts to relax the rules for mifepristone, taking note of the increasing popularity of abortion pills, which many patients choose out of a desire to avoid surgery or \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/759761114\">to terminate pregnancies more privately at home\u003c/a>. Today, \u003ca href=\"https://www.guttmacher.org/evidence-you-can-use/medication-abortion\">about 40% of patients seeking abortions use pills\u003c/a> rather than having a surgical procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melanie Israel, a policy analyst with the DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society at the Heritage Foundation, said she \u003ca href=\"https://www.heritage.org/life/report/chemical-abortion-review\">worries that less oversight would put patients at risk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a reason that these safety protocols have been in place, and the abortion industry is really trying to seize this moment to remove those important safety restrictions and make abortion pills more widely available and more common,” Israel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Doctors are allowed to prescribe the abortion pill in Canada\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>But a new study published last week in The New England Journal of Medicine, which reviewed data from more than 84,000 abortions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa2109779\">found no increase in complications after Canada made mifepristone available by a doctor’s prescription in 2017\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verma, who is also a fellow with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/policy-and-position-statements/position-statements/2018/improving-access-to-mifepristone-for-reproductive-health-indications\">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, which has lobbied to remove the FDA restrictions\u003c/a>, said doctors prescribing the pills through telemedicine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/863512837\">ask questions designed to rule out risk factors, including ectopic pregnancies\u003c/a>. She said the pandemic has added to years of research demonstrating mifepristone’s safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We’ve really seen that this is completely safe and that these FDA regulations are based on politics — they’re not based on science or evidence,” she said. “Medications with similar risk, similar safety profiles, are not regulated the same way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verma points to the use of the same drug, mifepristone, to treat \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/cushings-syndrome\">Cushing’s syndrome\u003c/a> — \u003ca href=\"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/202107s000lbl.pdf\">prescribed in a larger dose than is typically used to induce an abortion\u003c/a>. That use of the medication is not subject to the same restrictions that constrain abortion patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the FDA decision, the battle over abortion pills likely will continue in state legislatures, where some lawmakers have passed their own restrictions. This month, \u003ca href=\"https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/872/billtext/html/SB00004F.htm\">a new law took effect in Texas that makes sending abortion pills through the mail a felony\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post includes reporting from KQED’s Katie Orr.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "OR93, the Famously Far-Ranging Gray Wolf, Is Found Dead Near Los Angeles",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wildlife officials say a far-ranging gray wolf, the first to tromp across Southern California in more than a hundred years, was found dead near a roadway a little more than an hour's drive north of downtown Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It appeared to have been struck by a vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male wolf, named OR93 when it was outfitted with a GPS collar by wildlife officials in its home state of Oregon, left its pack near Mount Hood two years ago. It gained followers and fans in the wildlife community as it traveled south, crossing interstates and highways to parts of California that hadn't seen a wolf since 1922.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Amaroq Weiss, senior wolf advocate, Center for Biological Diversity\"]'He was simply looking for a mate and his search took him to [a] place we did not expect wolves to get to for decades.'[/pullquote]Researchers and wildlife protectors have expressed grief after the death of OR93. Senior Wolf Advocate Amaroq Weiss of The Center for Biological Diversity paid close attention to the wolf's movements, and for her, its journey shows that \"wolves are amazing and intrepid and inspiring.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was simply looking for a mate and his search took him to [a] place we did not expect wolves to get to for decades,\" she shared through email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, like much of the U.S., is wolf habitat. Pre-colonization, large predators covered much of the continent, before European colonizers hunted, trapped and killed them to near extinction. The fragmented populations that survived are now being suffocated, in many areas, by an ever-growing web of roadways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation estimates that 365 million animals are killed on U.S. roads every year, more than the total number of people in the country. Recovering populations of large carnivores like wolves, which are trying to repopulate areas, are at particular risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11897441\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 730px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11897441 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/wolves_habitats.jpg\" alt=\"A map of California that includes gray-colored areas near the Sierra Nevada, in rural northern counties and in some sparse zones north of Los Angeles, that are potentially suitable habitats for wolves\" width=\"730\" height=\"973\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/wolves_habitats.jpg 730w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/wolves_habitats-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR93 traveled to the areas near the Los Padres National Forest and the Chumash Wilderness. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of The Center for Biological Diversity)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Young male gray wolves are known to travel far distances after leaving their packs. The wanderlust has a biological purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By traveling far from its family, a wolf is more likely to find a mate with a different genetic makeup. Inbreeding is believed to have caused a population crash of gray wolves on Isle Royale in Lake Superior. Efforts to take grizzly bears off the endangered species list in the Northern Rockies have been stymied because of legal challenges based, in part, on \"species connectivity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southern California, wildlife officials have found abnormalities in an inbreeding population of mountain lions, hemmed in by the region's busy roadways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early next year, the state will break ground on an overpass spanning six lanes of the 101 freeway designed to help the large cats and other wildlife branch out, after a multiyear push by wildlife advocates. Similar efforts are underway around the country, and the larger effort to give wildlife safe passage just got a big boost in President Biden's recently passed infrastructure bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It designates $350 million over the next five years for state, local and tribal governments to construct bridges or underpasses for wildlife. Another $400 million will go toward the removal of obstructions like dams, which stifle fish and invertebrate populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The construction of wildlife crossings will reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions and is a key conservation strategy to help wildlife survive impacts from climate change and development,\" said Mike Leahy, director of wildlife, hunting, and fishing policy at the National Wildlife Federation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='Related Coverage' tag='conservation']More than a million species are at risk of extinction globally, many within decades, because of human activities. World leaders are gathering next year to approve a plan for slowing the biodiversity crisis. Aggressive action is needed to slow the collapse of nature, said Elizabeth Maruma Mrema, executive secretary of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Do we want to avoid another COVID-19?\" she told NPR last year. \"We either conserve and protect nature, biodiversity, or it will make us suffer as we do now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post includes reporting from KQED's Katrin Snow.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Researchers and wildlife protectors have expressed grief after the death of OR93. Senior Wolf Advocate Amaroq Weiss of The Center for Biological Diversity paid close attention to the wolf's movements, and for her, its journey shows that \"wolves are amazing and intrepid and inspiring.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was simply looking for a mate and his search took him to [a] place we did not expect wolves to get to for decades,\" she shared through email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, like much of the U.S., is wolf habitat. Pre-colonization, large predators covered much of the continent, before European colonizers hunted, trapped and killed them to near extinction. The fragmented populations that survived are now being suffocated, in many areas, by an ever-growing web of roadways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation estimates that 365 million animals are killed on U.S. roads every year, more than the total number of people in the country. Recovering populations of large carnivores like wolves, which are trying to repopulate areas, are at particular risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11897441\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 730px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11897441 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/wolves_habitats.jpg\" alt=\"A map of California that includes gray-colored areas near the Sierra Nevada, in rural northern counties and in some sparse zones north of Los Angeles, that are potentially suitable habitats for wolves\" width=\"730\" height=\"973\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/wolves_habitats.jpg 730w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/wolves_habitats-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR93 traveled to the areas near the Los Padres National Forest and the Chumash Wilderness. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of The Center for Biological Diversity)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Young male gray wolves are known to travel far distances after leaving their packs. The wanderlust has a biological purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By traveling far from its family, a wolf is more likely to find a mate with a different genetic makeup. Inbreeding is believed to have caused a population crash of gray wolves on Isle Royale in Lake Superior. Efforts to take grizzly bears off the endangered species list in the Northern Rockies have been stymied because of legal challenges based, in part, on \"species connectivity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southern California, wildlife officials have found abnormalities in an inbreeding population of mountain lions, hemmed in by the region's busy roadways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early next year, the state will break ground on an overpass spanning six lanes of the 101 freeway designed to help the large cats and other wildlife branch out, after a multiyear push by wildlife advocates. Similar efforts are underway around the country, and the larger effort to give wildlife safe passage just got a big boost in President Biden's recently passed infrastructure bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It designates $350 million over the next five years for state, local and tribal governments to construct bridges or underpasses for wildlife. Another $400 million will go toward the removal of obstructions like dams, which stifle fish and invertebrate populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The construction of wildlife crossings will reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions and is a key conservation strategy to help wildlife survive impacts from climate change and development,\" said Mike Leahy, director of wildlife, hunting, and fishing policy at the National Wildlife Federation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s a sun-filled, fall day and Nicholas is strapped to an ambulance gurney near 8th and Market streets in downtown San Francisco, dazed and barely conscious. Plastic IV tubes snake around his left hand where L-O-V-E is tattooed just below his knuckles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nicholas, try to wake up a little bit for me, come on,” paramedic Paula Fartash coaxes, as she unsuccessfully tries to rouse him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholas (we’re not using his last name because of the stigma of addiction) tells Fartash that when he started getting high in nearby U.N. Plaza park, he assumed he was smoking his drug of choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This gentleman thought that he was doing meth,” the veteran San Francisco Fire Department paramedic says. “And turned out he was actually doing fentanyl as well,” the synthetic opioid many times more powerful than heroin. “So he walked over to someone and they gave him some Narcan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the brand name for naloxone, the emergency nasal spray drug used to try to reverse an otherwise potentially fatal overdose. That someone who administered a life-saving antidote was a nearby volunteer and street cleaner carrying Narcan, \u003ca href=\"https://harmreduction.org/our-work/action/dope-project-san-francisco/\">part of a city-supported program\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895057\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1224px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11895057 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-9.jpg\" alt=\"The inside of an ambulance, where only the arm and tattooed hand and a bit of the torso of someone who is receiving care is visible. The person receiving care has many tattoos.\" width=\"1224\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-9.jpg 1224w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-9-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-9-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-9-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1224px) 100vw, 1224px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man named Nicholas gets care in an ambulance after overdosing in San Francisco’s Civic Center. He told members of the emergency response team that when he started getting high, he assumed he was smoking meth. However, it turned out that he was unknowingly consuming fentanyl as well. \u003ccite>(Rachel Bujalski for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>San Francisco has among the highest per capita drug overdose death rates of any city in the U.S.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Faced with a stunning rise in drug overdose deaths the last few years, the vast majority tied to fentanyl, San Francisco has launched mobile teams made up of paramedics and nurses. The new Street Overdose Response Team (SORT), a collaboration between the city’s health and fire departments, aims to deliver a broad range of support and care directly following an overdose.[aside postID=\"news_11890421\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/fentanylteststrips_annelisefinney-1020x765.jpg\"]“Fentanyl is a game changer,” \u003ca href=\"https://sfmayor.org/article/mayor-london-breed-announces-new-director-behavioral-health-services-and-mental-health-sf\">Dr. Hillary Kunins\u003c/a>, the city’s director of behavioral and mental health services, says of the opioid that’s 80 to 100 times stronger than morphine. “It requires a new way of thinking and resourcing.” It also, she says, “requires people to learn to work across disciplines and sometimes across organizations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kunins previously led New York City’s response to its overdose and substance abuse crisis. She concedes they aren’t sure what combination of tools, ultimately, will work best here to not only reduce fentanyl- and other drug-related deaths but also to boost treatment success rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the street overdose pilot project is part of a broad and ambitious strategy of interventions across city agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no single approach that’s going to solve this complex problem,” Kunins says. “What’s exciting and important about the work is that it is really part of a movement across the country to rethink how we address people who are at risk of overdose, who have ongoing other challenges: mental health, housing, food. And we must do this work to scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Fentanyl forced city officials to change how they approached harm reduction\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Capt. Michael Mason, a paramedic, is the fire department’s point person on the new program. As he races to the call for Nicholas’s overdose, he’s simultaneously coordinating with other paramedics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So starting directly at the scene of this overdose, we can start trying to direct this guy’s care in the best direction possible,” Mason says.[aside postID=\"news_11874651\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/RS48996_006_MountainView_RobinDosskey_05122021-qut.jpg\"]That direct engagement could include helping to find a shelter bed, reaching out to friends or a doctor, helping with food or, most importantly, seeing if a person wants to start treatment with buprenorphine or suboxone, a medication-assisted therapy for opioid dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Get this individual suboxone, stabilize him at the [emergency department], by that afternoon they can be in a treatment program,” Mason says, “All in the context of a 911 incident.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years San Francisco has championed a harm-reduction public health approach to lowering drug deaths and injury. The city, known for its relative tolerance of illicit drug use, was a trailblazer of clean syringe access and distribution of life-saving naloxone kits, as well as boosting access to the treatment drugs methadone and buprenorphine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when fentanyl hit hard here starting a few years ago, the overdose crisis spiraled and the city was forced to rethink its approach. Free Narcan and syringes weren’t enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If fentanyl is in the drugs that you’re using, your risk of overdose triples,” Capt. Mason says, adding that the drug is now tainting most every street narcotic here: meth, cocaine, heroin and fake opioid pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1228px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11895039 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-3.jpg\" alt=\"A person knocks on the front door of an apartment on the second, outdoor floor of a multistory building.\" width=\"1228\" height=\"920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-3.jpg 1228w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-3-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-3-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-3-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1228px) 100vw, 1228px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Department of Public Health nurses with the city’s new mobile outreach teams say following up with people who’ve recently survived a drug overdose is a key part of the program. \u003ccite>(Rachel Bujalski for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Surviving an overdose\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pandemic isolation and lockdowns — people using alone with no one to administer life-saving Narcan — only partially explain the historic rise in overdose deaths here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/resource/2020/ocme-accidental-overdose-reports\">drug death rate, in fact, had been trending higher\u003c/a> well before that, city medical examiner data show. In mid-2018 the numbers began to skyrocket, reaching 441 deaths in 2019. And in 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/data/covid-19-cases-and-deaths#total-cases-and-deaths\">a whopping 712 people fatally overdosed\u003c/a>, more than double the number of people here who died from COVID-19 during that same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of those deaths — almost three-quarters —involved fentanyl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death toll would have been even higher if not for \u003ca href=\"https://harmreduction.org/our-work/action/dope-project-san-francisco/\">the wide availability of Narcan here\u003c/a>. Well over 3,000 people said they used Narcan in the city in 2020, a self-reported figure. Officials say the real figure is probably far higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But health and fire department officials here, Mason says, noticed something else important: Almost half of all who died of an overdose were treated or revived by a paramedic crew in the days or weeks before their deaths, a big signal they were headed for repeat trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surviving a nonfatal overdose is one of the best predictors of future mortality. Anyone who survives a nonfatal overdose is a huge red flag for us, and that is what this program is about,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key goal is trying to bring the clinic to the patients: rapid, face-to-face follow-up outreach on the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We go out, we look for them, we say, ‘Hey, let’s talk about yesterday,'” says city health department nurse practitioner Kevin Lagor, as he drives through the Tenderloin neighborhood, where many of his clients live. He’s a program lead with SORT’s outreach arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to reach back out within 24 to 72 hours of an overdose to try to assist the person with everything from housing to treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could be providing medical care to address their mental illness. Maybe they’re out of their meds, or maybe they want to start something to address their substance use disorder,” he says. “Just kind of, basically, meeting them where they are and seeing what they need and how we can help them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to meet them where they are, the nurse teams first have to find them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a huge challenge. Many of them are unhoused, living in tents on the street or in and out of shelters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overdose and substance use disorder crisis is directly linked to the city’s epic struggles with homelessness and related challenges including mental illness. Almost 30% of all overdose deaths here are among people experiencing homelessness or people “with no fixed address.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/19/924146486/removing-cops-from-behavioral-crisis-calls-we-need-to-change-the-model\">SORT collaborates closely with the city’s other programs\u003c/a>, including street medicine and new mental health and homeless street crisis response units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1224px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11895030 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-5.jpg\" alt=\"A person stands in the middle of a crosswalk looking up the street and at a row of tents on each sidewalk.\" width=\"1224\" height=\"918\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-5.jpg 1224w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-5-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-5-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-5-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1224px) 100vw, 1224px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People live in tents that line a side street in the Tenderloin District. More than 40% of all drug overdoses are in the Tenderloin and neighboring SoMa districts, according to city data. \u003ccite>(Rachel Bujalski for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>City data shows that men were almost four times more likely to die of an accidental overdose than women. And unhoused people, older San Franciscans and communities of color were disproportionately affected by the death rate: Almost a quarter of all overdose deaths were among Black San Franciscans, who make up just under 6% of the city’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 40% of all overdose deaths in the last year have been concentrated in two neighborhoods: the South of Market area and the Tenderloin, according to data from the city and county chief medical examiner’s office. Those areas make up just 7% of the city’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While drug deaths hit every sector of society, many who overdosed were found in city-funded hotel rooms for unhoused residents and in apartment buildings for those with low incomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to remember that this is a social crisis at the intersection, particularly in San Francisco, of a housing crisis, of a mental health crisis, of people living at the margins of society,” says Dr. Dan Ciccarone, a professor and researcher at University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Open-air drug use and dealing in the Tenderloin, an area long challenged by poverty, homelessness and addiction crises, has only worsened during the pandemic. It’s common, day or night, to see people smoking or shooting up opioids or nodding out from drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One 32-year-old man named Neil (we’re not using his last name because of the stigma of addiction) says he’s been living on the streets, mainly in the Tenderloin, for three years now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he uses fentanyl “to take the edge off” of his depression and chronic stomach pain. He occasionally sells drugs, he says, to get money to support his habit. He soon crushes a small amount of fentanyl into a piece of tinfoil and begins to smoke the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895055\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1229px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11895055 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-6.jpg\" alt=\"Two people wearing face masks stand outside a white van parked alongside a mural as they look through papers and plastic bags in their hands. It looks like early morning.\" width=\"1229\" height=\"921\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-6.jpg 1229w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-6-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-6-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-6-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1229px) 100vw, 1229px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">City public health department nurses Kevin Lagor and Louise Bisby, part of new mobile outreach teams, get supplies out of their SUV to bring to people who have recently survived a drug overdose. \u003ccite>(Rachel Bujalski for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Follow-up work by nurses is full of challenges\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On a recent day, nurse Lagor has half a dozen clients listed on his clipboard. He can’t find a single person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we’ll just kind of keep following up with the staff at the shelter,” he says in the lobby of one facility, having been unable to find a client.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same happens at a makeshift tent encampment behind a local Best Buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside another shelter, Lagor and his team strike out again trying to find a young man they thought they were making progress with. They’d recently written him a prescription for a supply of buprenorphine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He hasn’t been here in a couple of days,” Lagor says, disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a bad sign. Sometimes folks disappear for a couple days and then resurface,” he says. “Then they disappear, or it just falls apart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when it all falls apart, it can hit Lagor and the rest of his team hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot of death and they’re not strangers. You know, we’ve had a couple of deaths this week and we’ve, we shed tears together,” Lagor says. “It’s hard not to care about someone when you’re really trying to help them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addiction and public health experts say these mobile, nonpolice teams mark a much-needed pivot for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s bold and it’s innovative. I like it,” says Ciccarone, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco and a leading expert on drug use, people who use drugs and heroin. “We need to bring in some innovations here because fentanyl is a wild card and it has caught us all by surprise. That’s what we need to do in a crisis situation: Think creatively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ciccarone cautions that the ravages of fentanyl and its complex stew of related challenges mean the city needs to scale up this new street overdose response program and continue to try to break down obstacles to treatment that include bureaucratic silos, turf battles and funding woes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely not enough,” he says. “We have to make sure that harm reduction is adequately funded, that our mental health system, our substance treatment system, our housing systems are adequately funded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, just two months since the program’s launch, 10% of those encountered by the SORT teams who’ve overdosed are now getting medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. That includes buprenorphine or suboxone in collaboration with city’s street medicine nurses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m proud of that number,” Capt. Mason says, “and I very much look forward to increasing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get that number even higher, the fire department has applied to the state EMS agency to allow paramedics to more easily administer and prescribe those treatment drugs directly in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a recent slight drop in monthly fatalities the city looks to end 2021 with \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-10/2021%2010_OCME%20Overdose%20Report.pdf\">more than 700 overdose deaths for the second year in a row.\u003c/a> Unfortunately, Kunins, the city’s director of behavioral health services, says San Francisco is “on track to continue this really tragic loss of life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1224px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11895040 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-8.jpg\" alt=\"A uniformed man in black pants, black boots, and a white short-sleeved shirt with a red-and-yellow insignia sewn on the sleeve opens the back door of an ambulance parked in the middle of a street.\" width=\"1224\" height=\"918\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-8.jpg 1224w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-8-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-8-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1224px) 100vw, 1224px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire Department Capt. Michael Mason with the city’s Street Overdose Response Team arrives at the scene of a reported drug overdose in downtown San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Rachel Bujalski for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Paramedics on the team look for small victories\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Back on the street, another call comes in from the 911 dispatcher for a possible overdose. A middle-aged woman has been found slumped over in a McDonald’s bathroom across town in the Fillmore district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Capt. Mason’s occasional staccato siren squawks aren’t working on a handful of drivers and pedestrians in heavy rush-hour traffic. So he hits his lights and sirens full bore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they arrive, the woman tells the paramedics she has relapsed after several months of sobriety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heroin she bought, Mason says, was likely laced with fentanyl. Narcan saved her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the ambulance, Mason says, the woman handed paramedics a crumpled, greasy brown fast-food bag and asked that they get rid of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were some clean syringes in there and what appeared to be small bags of heroin,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mason finds out she was already part of a medication-assisted treatment program using suboxone. He says she told them that she wants to get sober again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was feeling extreme shame from experiencing a relapse,” he says. “Substance use disorder impacts millions of Americans. There’s no shame in having a relapse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes she restarts her suboxone treatment quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As for today,” Mason says, “and as for surrendering those items and requesting they be disposed of, my hat’s off to her.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paramedics and nurses involved in this pilot project are dedicated to this difficult work. But all say working across multiple city agencies, treatment centers, health providers and nonprofits can be exhausting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s complicated,” Mason says with a sigh, “it takes work from dozens of folks in a single encounter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How does he handle the strain of 12-hour shifts filled racing from overdose to overdose, including to some who seemingly don’t want help and others who don’t survive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For my own mental health, I have to kind of remain an optimistic warrior,” he says, driving his fire department pickup through rush hour traffic. “There’s a quote in the Talmud that says — I won’t get it exactly right — but essentially says, ‘You don’t have to end this work, but you do have to start it.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Facing an unprecedented increase in overdose deaths, specifically due to fentanyl, emergency response teams in San Francisco are working together to offer a broad range of support directly following an overdose.",
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"title": "San Francisco's Street Overdose Response Team Is Trying to Bring Clinical Care to the Streets | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s a sun-filled, fall day and Nicholas is strapped to an ambulance gurney near 8th and Market streets in downtown San Francisco, dazed and barely conscious. Plastic IV tubes snake around his left hand where L-O-V-E is tattooed just below his knuckles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nicholas, try to wake up a little bit for me, come on,” paramedic Paula Fartash coaxes, as she unsuccessfully tries to rouse him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholas (we’re not using his last name because of the stigma of addiction) tells Fartash that when he started getting high in nearby U.N. Plaza park, he assumed he was smoking his drug of choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This gentleman thought that he was doing meth,” the veteran San Francisco Fire Department paramedic says. “And turned out he was actually doing fentanyl as well,” the synthetic opioid many times more powerful than heroin. “So he walked over to someone and they gave him some Narcan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the brand name for naloxone, the emergency nasal spray drug used to try to reverse an otherwise potentially fatal overdose. That someone who administered a life-saving antidote was a nearby volunteer and street cleaner carrying Narcan, \u003ca href=\"https://harmreduction.org/our-work/action/dope-project-san-francisco/\">part of a city-supported program\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895057\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1224px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11895057 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-9.jpg\" alt=\"The inside of an ambulance, where only the arm and tattooed hand and a bit of the torso of someone who is receiving care is visible. The person receiving care has many tattoos.\" width=\"1224\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-9.jpg 1224w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-9-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-9-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-9-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1224px) 100vw, 1224px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man named Nicholas gets care in an ambulance after overdosing in San Francisco’s Civic Center. He told members of the emergency response team that when he started getting high, he assumed he was smoking meth. However, it turned out that he was unknowingly consuming fentanyl as well. \u003ccite>(Rachel Bujalski for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>San Francisco has among the highest per capita drug overdose death rates of any city in the U.S.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Faced with a stunning rise in drug overdose deaths the last few years, the vast majority tied to fentanyl, San Francisco has launched mobile teams made up of paramedics and nurses. The new Street Overdose Response Team (SORT), a collaboration between the city’s health and fire departments, aims to deliver a broad range of support and care directly following an overdose.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Fentanyl is a game changer,” \u003ca href=\"https://sfmayor.org/article/mayor-london-breed-announces-new-director-behavioral-health-services-and-mental-health-sf\">Dr. Hillary Kunins\u003c/a>, the city’s director of behavioral and mental health services, says of the opioid that’s 80 to 100 times stronger than morphine. “It requires a new way of thinking and resourcing.” It also, she says, “requires people to learn to work across disciplines and sometimes across organizations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kunins previously led New York City’s response to its overdose and substance abuse crisis. She concedes they aren’t sure what combination of tools, ultimately, will work best here to not only reduce fentanyl- and other drug-related deaths but also to boost treatment success rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the street overdose pilot project is part of a broad and ambitious strategy of interventions across city agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no single approach that’s going to solve this complex problem,” Kunins says. “What’s exciting and important about the work is that it is really part of a movement across the country to rethink how we address people who are at risk of overdose, who have ongoing other challenges: mental health, housing, food. And we must do this work to scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Fentanyl forced city officials to change how they approached harm reduction\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Capt. Michael Mason, a paramedic, is the fire department’s point person on the new program. As he races to the call for Nicholas’s overdose, he’s simultaneously coordinating with other paramedics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So starting directly at the scene of this overdose, we can start trying to direct this guy’s care in the best direction possible,” Mason says.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>That direct engagement could include helping to find a shelter bed, reaching out to friends or a doctor, helping with food or, most importantly, seeing if a person wants to start treatment with buprenorphine or suboxone, a medication-assisted therapy for opioid dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Get this individual suboxone, stabilize him at the [emergency department], by that afternoon they can be in a treatment program,” Mason says, “All in the context of a 911 incident.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years San Francisco has championed a harm-reduction public health approach to lowering drug deaths and injury. The city, known for its relative tolerance of illicit drug use, was a trailblazer of clean syringe access and distribution of life-saving naloxone kits, as well as boosting access to the treatment drugs methadone and buprenorphine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when fentanyl hit hard here starting a few years ago, the overdose crisis spiraled and the city was forced to rethink its approach. Free Narcan and syringes weren’t enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If fentanyl is in the drugs that you’re using, your risk of overdose triples,” Capt. Mason says, adding that the drug is now tainting most every street narcotic here: meth, cocaine, heroin and fake opioid pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1228px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11895039 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-3.jpg\" alt=\"A person knocks on the front door of an apartment on the second, outdoor floor of a multistory building.\" width=\"1228\" height=\"920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-3.jpg 1228w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-3-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-3-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-3-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1228px) 100vw, 1228px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Department of Public Health nurses with the city’s new mobile outreach teams say following up with people who’ve recently survived a drug overdose is a key part of the program. \u003ccite>(Rachel Bujalski for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Surviving an overdose\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pandemic isolation and lockdowns — people using alone with no one to administer life-saving Narcan — only partially explain the historic rise in overdose deaths here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/resource/2020/ocme-accidental-overdose-reports\">drug death rate, in fact, had been trending higher\u003c/a> well before that, city medical examiner data show. In mid-2018 the numbers began to skyrocket, reaching 441 deaths in 2019. And in 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/data/covid-19-cases-and-deaths#total-cases-and-deaths\">a whopping 712 people fatally overdosed\u003c/a>, more than double the number of people here who died from COVID-19 during that same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of those deaths — almost three-quarters —involved fentanyl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death toll would have been even higher if not for \u003ca href=\"https://harmreduction.org/our-work/action/dope-project-san-francisco/\">the wide availability of Narcan here\u003c/a>. Well over 3,000 people said they used Narcan in the city in 2020, a self-reported figure. Officials say the real figure is probably far higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But health and fire department officials here, Mason says, noticed something else important: Almost half of all who died of an overdose were treated or revived by a paramedic crew in the days or weeks before their deaths, a big signal they were headed for repeat trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surviving a nonfatal overdose is one of the best predictors of future mortality. Anyone who survives a nonfatal overdose is a huge red flag for us, and that is what this program is about,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key goal is trying to bring the clinic to the patients: rapid, face-to-face follow-up outreach on the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We go out, we look for them, we say, ‘Hey, let’s talk about yesterday,'” says city health department nurse practitioner Kevin Lagor, as he drives through the Tenderloin neighborhood, where many of his clients live. He’s a program lead with SORT’s outreach arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to reach back out within 24 to 72 hours of an overdose to try to assist the person with everything from housing to treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could be providing medical care to address their mental illness. Maybe they’re out of their meds, or maybe they want to start something to address their substance use disorder,” he says. “Just kind of, basically, meeting them where they are and seeing what they need and how we can help them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to meet them where they are, the nurse teams first have to find them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a huge challenge. Many of them are unhoused, living in tents on the street or in and out of shelters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overdose and substance use disorder crisis is directly linked to the city’s epic struggles with homelessness and related challenges including mental illness. Almost 30% of all overdose deaths here are among people experiencing homelessness or people “with no fixed address.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/19/924146486/removing-cops-from-behavioral-crisis-calls-we-need-to-change-the-model\">SORT collaborates closely with the city’s other programs\u003c/a>, including street medicine and new mental health and homeless street crisis response units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1224px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11895030 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-5.jpg\" alt=\"A person stands in the middle of a crosswalk looking up the street and at a row of tents on each sidewalk.\" width=\"1224\" height=\"918\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-5.jpg 1224w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-5-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-5-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-5-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1224px) 100vw, 1224px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People live in tents that line a side street in the Tenderloin District. More than 40% of all drug overdoses are in the Tenderloin and neighboring SoMa districts, according to city data. \u003ccite>(Rachel Bujalski for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>City data shows that men were almost four times more likely to die of an accidental overdose than women. And unhoused people, older San Franciscans and communities of color were disproportionately affected by the death rate: Almost a quarter of all overdose deaths were among Black San Franciscans, who make up just under 6% of the city’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 40% of all overdose deaths in the last year have been concentrated in two neighborhoods: the South of Market area and the Tenderloin, according to data from the city and county chief medical examiner’s office. Those areas make up just 7% of the city’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While drug deaths hit every sector of society, many who overdosed were found in city-funded hotel rooms for unhoused residents and in apartment buildings for those with low incomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to remember that this is a social crisis at the intersection, particularly in San Francisco, of a housing crisis, of a mental health crisis, of people living at the margins of society,” says Dr. Dan Ciccarone, a professor and researcher at University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Open-air drug use and dealing in the Tenderloin, an area long challenged by poverty, homelessness and addiction crises, has only worsened during the pandemic. It’s common, day or night, to see people smoking or shooting up opioids or nodding out from drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One 32-year-old man named Neil (we’re not using his last name because of the stigma of addiction) says he’s been living on the streets, mainly in the Tenderloin, for three years now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he uses fentanyl “to take the edge off” of his depression and chronic stomach pain. He occasionally sells drugs, he says, to get money to support his habit. He soon crushes a small amount of fentanyl into a piece of tinfoil and begins to smoke the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895055\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1229px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11895055 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-6.jpg\" alt=\"Two people wearing face masks stand outside a white van parked alongside a mural as they look through papers and plastic bags in their hands. It looks like early morning.\" width=\"1229\" height=\"921\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-6.jpg 1229w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-6-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-6-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-6-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1229px) 100vw, 1229px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">City public health department nurses Kevin Lagor and Louise Bisby, part of new mobile outreach teams, get supplies out of their SUV to bring to people who have recently survived a drug overdose. \u003ccite>(Rachel Bujalski for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Follow-up work by nurses is full of challenges\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On a recent day, nurse Lagor has half a dozen clients listed on his clipboard. He can’t find a single person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we’ll just kind of keep following up with the staff at the shelter,” he says in the lobby of one facility, having been unable to find a client.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same happens at a makeshift tent encampment behind a local Best Buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside another shelter, Lagor and his team strike out again trying to find a young man they thought they were making progress with. They’d recently written him a prescription for a supply of buprenorphine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He hasn’t been here in a couple of days,” Lagor says, disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a bad sign. Sometimes folks disappear for a couple days and then resurface,” he says. “Then they disappear, or it just falls apart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when it all falls apart, it can hit Lagor and the rest of his team hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot of death and they’re not strangers. You know, we’ve had a couple of deaths this week and we’ve, we shed tears together,” Lagor says. “It’s hard not to care about someone when you’re really trying to help them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addiction and public health experts say these mobile, nonpolice teams mark a much-needed pivot for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s bold and it’s innovative. I like it,” says Ciccarone, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco and a leading expert on drug use, people who use drugs and heroin. “We need to bring in some innovations here because fentanyl is a wild card and it has caught us all by surprise. That’s what we need to do in a crisis situation: Think creatively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ciccarone cautions that the ravages of fentanyl and its complex stew of related challenges mean the city needs to scale up this new street overdose response program and continue to try to break down obstacles to treatment that include bureaucratic silos, turf battles and funding woes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely not enough,” he says. “We have to make sure that harm reduction is adequately funded, that our mental health system, our substance treatment system, our housing systems are adequately funded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, just two months since the program’s launch, 10% of those encountered by the SORT teams who’ve overdosed are now getting medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. That includes buprenorphine or suboxone in collaboration with city’s street medicine nurses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m proud of that number,” Capt. Mason says, “and I very much look forward to increasing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get that number even higher, the fire department has applied to the state EMS agency to allow paramedics to more easily administer and prescribe those treatment drugs directly in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a recent slight drop in monthly fatalities the city looks to end 2021 with \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-10/2021%2010_OCME%20Overdose%20Report.pdf\">more than 700 overdose deaths for the second year in a row.\u003c/a> Unfortunately, Kunins, the city’s director of behavioral health services, says San Francisco is “on track to continue this really tragic loss of life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1224px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11895040 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-8.jpg\" alt=\"A uniformed man in black pants, black boots, and a white short-sleeved shirt with a red-and-yellow insignia sewn on the sleeve opens the back door of an ambulance parked in the middle of a street.\" width=\"1224\" height=\"918\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-8.jpg 1224w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-8-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/NPR-fentanyl-8-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1224px) 100vw, 1224px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire Department Capt. Michael Mason with the city’s Street Overdose Response Team arrives at the scene of a reported drug overdose in downtown San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Rachel Bujalski for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Paramedics on the team look for small victories\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Back on the street, another call comes in from the 911 dispatcher for a possible overdose. A middle-aged woman has been found slumped over in a McDonald’s bathroom across town in the Fillmore district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Capt. Mason’s occasional staccato siren squawks aren’t working on a handful of drivers and pedestrians in heavy rush-hour traffic. So he hits his lights and sirens full bore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they arrive, the woman tells the paramedics she has relapsed after several months of sobriety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heroin she bought, Mason says, was likely laced with fentanyl. Narcan saved her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the ambulance, Mason says, the woman handed paramedics a crumpled, greasy brown fast-food bag and asked that they get rid of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were some clean syringes in there and what appeared to be small bags of heroin,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mason finds out she was already part of a medication-assisted treatment program using suboxone. He says she told them that she wants to get sober again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was feeling extreme shame from experiencing a relapse,” he says. “Substance use disorder impacts millions of Americans. There’s no shame in having a relapse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes she restarts her suboxone treatment quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As for today,” Mason says, “and as for surrendering those items and requesting they be disposed of, my hat’s off to her.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paramedics and nurses involved in this pilot project are dedicated to this difficult work. But all say working across multiple city agencies, treatment centers, health providers and nonprofits can be exhausting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s complicated,” Mason says with a sigh, “it takes work from dozens of folks in a single encounter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How does he handle the strain of 12-hour shifts filled racing from overdose to overdose, including to some who seemingly don’t want help and others who don’t survive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For my own mental health, I have to kind of remain an optimistic warrior,” he says, driving his fire department pickup through rush hour traffic. “There’s a quote in the Talmud that says — I won’t get it exactly right — but essentially says, ‘You don’t have to end this work, but you do have to start it.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "satellites-are-becoming-a-part-of-californias-water-conservation-effort",
"title": "Satellites Are Becoming a Part of California's Water Conservation Strategy",
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"headTitle": "Satellites Are Becoming a Part of California’s Water Conservation Strategy | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a new push to stop further depletion of California’s shrinking aquifers, state regulators are turning to technology once used to count Soviet missile silos during the Cold War: satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Joel Kimmelshue, co-founder of Land IQ\"]‘The days of agricultural anonymity are over.’[/pullquote]Historically, California’s farmers could pump as much as they wanted from their wells. But as a consequence of that unrestricted use, the underground water table has sunk by hundreds of feet in some areas, and the state is now trying to stabilize those aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators need to calculate just how much water each farmer is using across California’s vast agricultural lands, and scientists and private companies are now offering a technique that uses images from orbiting satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The days of agricultural anonymity are over,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.landiq.com/joel-kimmelshue\">Joel Kimmelshue\u003c/a>, co-founder of the company \u003ca href=\"https://www.landiq.com/\">Land IQ\u003c/a>, which is helping to hone the technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water surveillance got a big boost when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11891246/california-farmers-are-storing-water-in-underground-aquifers-that-function-like-savings-accounts\">California passed a law in 2014 that aims to protect the state’s aquifers\u003c/a>. It places limits on the amount of water that farmers are allowed to pump.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\nThere was a big problem: Local officials like Eric Limas weren’t sure how to enforce limits on water use. Limas is general manager of the Lower Tule River and Pixley irrigation districts, in Tulare County, where aquifers are among the most depleted in the entire state. He’s also in charge of a newly established groundwater sustainability agency for that area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was one of the first conversations that our groundwater committee tackled,” Limas says. “‘OK, how are we going to do that? Are we going to measure every molecule that’s pumped?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11891401\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/aquifer1-1020x679.jpg\"]Limas doesn’t even know exactly how many wells there are in his part of the county. Thousands of them are hidden away in the middle of cornfields and almond orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many farmers weren’t inclined to help him out, especially in the first years after the law was passed. Limas recalls the initial reaction: “At first it’s like, ‘You’re crazy if you think you’re going to come on my place and … figure out how much I’m pumping. That’s my water.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Limas heard that researchers at California Polytechnic State University had developed \u003ca href=\"http://www.itrc.org/projects/metric.htm\">a way to estimate the amount of water used by agricultural crops from images recorded by NASA-operated satellites\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land IQ, meanwhile, was using that same technique — supplemented with stations on the ground — to collect data on field-by-field water use. It sounded like “Star Wars stuff,” Limas recalls. But it also sounded easier and cheaper than getting water meters installed on every well in his district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique involves several steps. The first is figuring out which crops are growing on each field. The satellite images, which are updated almost every week, contain clues: the shade of green, the spacing of vegetation, the time of year the field turns green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combining these clues, Kimmelshue says, produces a fingerprint of each crop. “We have a fingerprint for walnuts and a fingerprint for alfalfa, tomatoes and all these different crops,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1342px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11892959 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/alfa-maps-satellite.jpg\" alt=\"Two maps side-by-side created by LandIQ. Both use a multi-color, grid system to describe different factors present in a small patch of land in the Central Valley: what crops are grown and how much water is being consumed.\" width=\"1342\" height=\"870\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/alfa-maps-satellite.jpg 1342w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/alfa-maps-satellite-800x519.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/alfa-maps-satellite-1020x661.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/alfa-maps-satellite-160x104.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1342px) 100vw, 1342px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Land IQ uses data from a NASA satellite to determine which crops are growing on each field. The map on the left shows one small part of California’s Central Valley. The darkest green areas are almond groves. The map on the right shows “evapotranspiration” (water used by crops or evaporated from soil) in the region during June 2020. Some fields (shown in dark blue) consumed 8 inches of water. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of LandIQ)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 4% of the time, Kimmelshue says, there’s a case of mistaken identity. “We might confuse almonds for peaches,” he says. “But a peach tree and an almond tree have similar water needs” so the estimate of water use still ends up being quite accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each crop, at a particular point in its life cycle, takes up a predictable amount of water and releases it through its leaves, depending on local weather conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land IQ has set up local monitoring stations to keep track of things like wind speed, heat and humidity, at hundreds of locations. Putting it all together, the company calculates the amount of “evapotranspiration” — the amount of water that the plants are releasing to the air, as well as what’s evaporating from the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1976952\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Grapes-1920x1440.jpg\"]That’s different from the amount that farmers are pumping because some irrigation water that’s pumped from the aquifer sinks back into the earth. Because of this, Kimmelshue has convinced officials like Limas that it’s more important to regulate water consumption, in the form of evapotranspiration, rather than water pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s now selling that data to more than a dozen groundwater regulatory agencies, including the ones that Eric Limas manages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limas and his colleagues can monitor how much water is consumed by every farmer, field by field, and show farmers how that compares with their legal allotment under the new Sustainable Groundwater Management Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of guys are going in and looking at their water budgets and saying, ‘Oh, yeah, we don’t have enough water to plant that summer crop,'” Limas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how the process is supposed to work. Farming practices are supposed to change to conserve aquifer water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='More Climate Coverage' tag='climate']Some officials worry that it won’t go so smoothly when limits on groundwater use get tighter over the next two decades, while others are predicting court battles over whether the satellite-based technique is accurate. Some farmers say that regulators ultimately may shift to using data from water meters that are installed on every well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, though, the technique is growing more popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this week, a coalition of scientists, NASA and environmental groups like the Environmental Defense Fund plans to launch a new version of space-based water monitoring. This one is called OpenET (“ET” refers to evapotranspiration). It will estimate water use in agricultural areas across much of the western United States, and make it available on the web for anyone to see.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a new push to stop further depletion of California’s shrinking aquifers, state regulators are turning to technology once used to count Soviet missile silos during the Cold War: satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Historically, California’s farmers could pump as much as they wanted from their wells. But as a consequence of that unrestricted use, the underground water table has sunk by hundreds of feet in some areas, and the state is now trying to stabilize those aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators need to calculate just how much water each farmer is using across California’s vast agricultural lands, and scientists and private companies are now offering a technique that uses images from orbiting satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The days of agricultural anonymity are over,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.landiq.com/joel-kimmelshue\">Joel Kimmelshue\u003c/a>, co-founder of the company \u003ca href=\"https://www.landiq.com/\">Land IQ\u003c/a>, which is helping to hone the technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water surveillance got a big boost when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11891246/california-farmers-are-storing-water-in-underground-aquifers-that-function-like-savings-accounts\">California passed a law in 2014 that aims to protect the state’s aquifers\u003c/a>. It places limits on the amount of water that farmers are allowed to pump.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThere was a big problem: Local officials like Eric Limas weren’t sure how to enforce limits on water use. Limas is general manager of the Lower Tule River and Pixley irrigation districts, in Tulare County, where aquifers are among the most depleted in the entire state. He’s also in charge of a newly established groundwater sustainability agency for that area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was one of the first conversations that our groundwater committee tackled,” Limas says. “‘OK, how are we going to do that? Are we going to measure every molecule that’s pumped?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Limas doesn’t even know exactly how many wells there are in his part of the county. Thousands of them are hidden away in the middle of cornfields and almond orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many farmers weren’t inclined to help him out, especially in the first years after the law was passed. Limas recalls the initial reaction: “At first it’s like, ‘You’re crazy if you think you’re going to come on my place and … figure out how much I’m pumping. That’s my water.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Limas heard that researchers at California Polytechnic State University had developed \u003ca href=\"http://www.itrc.org/projects/metric.htm\">a way to estimate the amount of water used by agricultural crops from images recorded by NASA-operated satellites\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land IQ, meanwhile, was using that same technique — supplemented with stations on the ground — to collect data on field-by-field water use. It sounded like “Star Wars stuff,” Limas recalls. But it also sounded easier and cheaper than getting water meters installed on every well in his district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique involves several steps. The first is figuring out which crops are growing on each field. The satellite images, which are updated almost every week, contain clues: the shade of green, the spacing of vegetation, the time of year the field turns green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combining these clues, Kimmelshue says, produces a fingerprint of each crop. “We have a fingerprint for walnuts and a fingerprint for alfalfa, tomatoes and all these different crops,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1342px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11892959 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/alfa-maps-satellite.jpg\" alt=\"Two maps side-by-side created by LandIQ. Both use a multi-color, grid system to describe different factors present in a small patch of land in the Central Valley: what crops are grown and how much water is being consumed.\" width=\"1342\" height=\"870\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/alfa-maps-satellite.jpg 1342w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/alfa-maps-satellite-800x519.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/alfa-maps-satellite-1020x661.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/alfa-maps-satellite-160x104.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1342px) 100vw, 1342px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Land IQ uses data from a NASA satellite to determine which crops are growing on each field. The map on the left shows one small part of California’s Central Valley. The darkest green areas are almond groves. The map on the right shows “evapotranspiration” (water used by crops or evaporated from soil) in the region during June 2020. Some fields (shown in dark blue) consumed 8 inches of water. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of LandIQ)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 4% of the time, Kimmelshue says, there’s a case of mistaken identity. “We might confuse almonds for peaches,” he says. “But a peach tree and an almond tree have similar water needs” so the estimate of water use still ends up being quite accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each crop, at a particular point in its life cycle, takes up a predictable amount of water and releases it through its leaves, depending on local weather conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land IQ has set up local monitoring stations to keep track of things like wind speed, heat and humidity, at hundreds of locations. Putting it all together, the company calculates the amount of “evapotranspiration” — the amount of water that the plants are releasing to the air, as well as what’s evaporating from the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>That’s different from the amount that farmers are pumping because some irrigation water that’s pumped from the aquifer sinks back into the earth. Because of this, Kimmelshue has convinced officials like Limas that it’s more important to regulate water consumption, in the form of evapotranspiration, rather than water pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s now selling that data to more than a dozen groundwater regulatory agencies, including the ones that Eric Limas manages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limas and his colleagues can monitor how much water is consumed by every farmer, field by field, and show farmers how that compares with their legal allotment under the new Sustainable Groundwater Management Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of guys are going in and looking at their water budgets and saying, ‘Oh, yeah, we don’t have enough water to plant that summer crop,'” Limas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how the process is supposed to work. Farming practices are supposed to change to conserve aquifer water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Some officials worry that it won’t go so smoothly when limits on groundwater use get tighter over the next two decades, while others are predicting court battles over whether the satellite-based technique is accurate. Some farmers say that regulators ultimately may shift to using data from water meters that are installed on every well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, though, the technique is growing more popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this week, a coalition of scientists, NASA and environmental groups like the Environmental Defense Fund plans to launch a new version of space-based water monitoring. This one is called OpenET (“ET” refers to evapotranspiration). It will estimate water use in agricultural areas across much of the western United States, and make it available on the web for anyone to see.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Supreme Court has ruled in favor of police officers in two cases involving qualified immunity, the controversial legal doctrine that protects police officers accused of misconduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases — one involving a police officer from Union City and the other three cops from Oklahoma — the officers have been accused of using excessive force when responding to domestic disturbances. In the case from Union City, officers used beanbag rounds and a knee on the suspect’s back to subdue him; in the second, officers shot and killed the suspect after he approached them while raising a hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both decisions \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/101821zor_4f14.pdf\">the court issued Monday were unsigned\u003c/a>. No justices dissented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Qualified immunity refers to a series of legal precedents that protect government officials — including police officers — accused of violating constitutional rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To win a civil suit against a police officer, complainants must show that the officer violated “clearly established law,” most often by pointing to factually similar previous cases. Otherwise, officers are protected from liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='large' align='right']In practice, the doctrine has shielded officers from liability in hundreds of civil cases, even when accused of destroying property, killing innocent people they mistook for suspects or stealing thousands of dollars.[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police advocates say that qualified immunity is necessary so that police officers can do their often-dangerous jobs without fear of frivolous lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those in favor of criminal justice reform say the doctrine has essentially created a catch-22, where officers are shielded from liability even in cases where it appears they violated civil rights — yet because no identical previous case already exists, the officers are protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, the doctrine has shielded officers from liability in hundreds of civil cases, even when accused of destroying property, killing innocent people they mistook for suspects or stealing thousands of dollars.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Overturning the lower courts\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In November 2016, Daniel Rivas-Villegas, a police officer in Union City, responded to a 911 call from a 12-year-old girl who, along with her mother and 15-year-old sister, had barricaded herself inside a room to hide from her mother’s boyfriend, Ramon Cortesluna, who was reportedly using a chain saw to destroy things in the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When officers arrived and confronted Cortesluna, they discovered he was carrying a knife. Another officer fired two nonlethal beanbag rounds at Cortesluna, after which he followed police orders to lie down. Rivas-Villegas knelt on Cortesluna’s back and held up his arms as another officer retrieved the knife. After the incident, Cortesluna sued over use of excessive force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found that Rivas-Villegas was not entitled to qualified immunity, citing similarities to a previous case called LaLonde v. the County of Riverside, in which two police officers were denied qualified immunity after kneeling on a facedown unresisting suspect named John LaLonde.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in reversing the appeals court’s decision, the Supreme Court said several other factors set the two incidents apart: The officers in LaLonde were responding to a noise complaint, not a domestic violence emergency; LaLonde was unarmed, while Cortesluna was carrying a knife; and Rivas-Villegas had knelt on Cortesluna for only eight seconds as officers retrieved the knife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='Related Coverage' tag='police-reform']In the second case, three police officers in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, responded to an emergency call from a woman whose ex-husband, Dominic Rollice, was drunk and refusing to leave her home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The officers confronted Rollice in the garage, where he grabbed a hammer. The officers drew their guns and yelled for Rollice to drop it. Instead, Rollice moved toward them and raised the hammer higher; two officers shot and killed him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lower court found that the Tahlequah officers had violated Rollice’s Fourth Amendment rights when they “recklessly created the situation that led to the fatal shooting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court reversed the court’s decision, saying “not one” of the cases cited by the lower court “comes close to establishing that the officers’ conduct was unlawful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>For progressive legislators, an uphill battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Clarence Thomas — among the court’s most liberal and most conservative members, respectively — previously have criticized qualified immunity, though neither issued a dissent Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congressional Democrats have made multiple attempts in recent years to limit qualified immunity, though none has yet been successful. The George Floyd Justice in Policing Act, which passed the House, would have restricted the defense, but negotiations over a compromise bill petered out earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By shielding police officers from accountability, qualified immunity encourages more police violence against Black and Brown people,” said Sen. Ed Markey of Massachusetts, a co-sponsor of a stand-alone Senate bill that would end qualified immunity, on Twitter after Monday’s ruling.\u003cbr>\nhttps://twitter.com/SenMarkey/status/1450127109196816388\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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