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"headTitle": "This Week’s Cosmic Inflation Discovery: Five Big Questions Answered | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Chances are you read a headline about the Big Bang earlier this week. Perhaps you clicked to an article about it and started reading up. But you may still have some burning what-is-this-Big-Bang-news-anyway questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter a recent episode of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201403190900\">KQED Forum\u003c/a> that featured some bright minds in physics and astronomy. Here are some highlights from the show that answer not only what this Big Bang discovery is, but why it matters and what’s next for science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 511px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/BICEP2-1024x984.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15661 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/BICEP2-1024x984.jpg\" alt=\"A computer keyboard, a monitor, a telescope on a table.\" width=\"511\" height=\"491\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shown here are an array of devices used to detect, gather and filter polarized light that helps prove that the universe expanded rapidly after the Big Bang.\u003cbr>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. What Did Astronomers Discover?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a theory floating around astronomy and theoretical circles for decades called “inflation theory.” It suggests the universe expanded at an extremely rapid rate in roughly the first trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang. The discovery announced this week proves the theory true, that this “period of inflation” actually happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It not only confirms inflation, it says that the inflation was stronger than we previously expected,” said \u003ca href=\"https://physics.stanford.edu/people/faculty/leonard-susskind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leonard Susskind\u003c/a>, a professor of physics at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radio astronomers stationed at the South Pole, using a high-power telescope called BICEP2, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-082\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced Monday\u003c/a> that they detected the evidence of this explosive, faster-than-the-speed-of-light expansion in the form of radio waves. As \u003ca href=\"http://www.foothill.edu/ast/fraknoi.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Fraknoi\u003c/a>, chair of the Astronomy Program at Foothill College put it, they detected “the afterglow” of gravitational waves created by this rapid expansion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The afterglow “started out as a very intense and energetic radiation,” Fraknoi explained. “But as all the galaxies expanded and the universe got bigger and colder, this afterglow is now radio waves, microwaves. And these microwaves from the beginning of time are there as a kind of signal from the Big Bang.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Why Is It Such a Big Deal?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a person of superlatives,” Susskind said. “I don’t like hype, but boy, this is a big one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi pointed out that astronomers and physicists didn’t think they had the equipment to detect the first moments of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really exciting here is that we’re looking at an era of precise cosmology,” Fraknoi said. “Cosmology is the study of the entire universe. It’s a mind-blowing part of astronomy where we study the properties of everything that exists. And for a long time we could make general statements about the universe—theoretical statements—but now we’re able to measure with amazing precision the characteristics of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about it. Here’s an event that happened 13.8 billion years ago. No one was there to document it. Earth itself wouldn’t come along for 9 billion years. Humans, with brains that ask questions like, “where did we come from,” wouldn’t come along for 13,798,000,000 years. And yet, we can actually know what happened? With a credible amount of certainty?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://physics.columbia.edu/people/profile/406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brian Greene\u003c/a>, professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, said the discovery provides a “mathematical framework” that will allow scientists to “wind the cosmic film back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene said it’s important to recognize that without inflation, the Big Bang theory contained an unsolved puzzle: “It wasn’t at all clear what drove the outward swelling in the first place. One of the big contributions of the inflationary theory is that it provides an answer to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. How Is it Possible for the Universe to Expand Faster than the Speed of Light?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do not panic. This discovery confirming the theory of cosmic inflation does not conflict with \u003ca href=\"http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/anything-go-faster-than-light\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Einstein’s theory of special relativity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene said when people hear of things moving faster than the speed of light they tend to reject the notion that it’s possible. “They often say ‘But, wait! Einstein taught us that nothing goes faster than the speed of light.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Einstein actually theorized, Greene said, was “that no object can move \u003cem>through space\u003c/em> faster than the speed of light. But nothing in his ideas prevents objects from \u003cem>riding the swell of space itself\u003c/em>, and in that way, moving apart faster than the speed of light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Susskind elaborated, if the entirety of space is being swept away from you like the tide going out, then “then ripples on space very, very far away from you can appear to be going faster than the speed of light” because all of space is being swept along with the tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And, no,” Susskind said, “there is no conflict about things very, very far away from you moving away from you faster than the speed of light. There would be a conflict if we saw a light ray going right by our nose faster than the speed of light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. \u003cstrong>What Does this Discovery Say about the Multiverse?\u003c/strong> Does it Prove String Theory?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slow down a little bit here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To take the leap and to try to use this as something that confirms\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/kYAdwS5MFjQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> string theory\u003c/a>, that is jumping off the deep end,” Greene said. “That would be jumping the gun. By a huge amount.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when asked whether proof of rapid expansion occurring after the Big Bang offers clues about whether ours is the only universe, or whether there are multiple universes, an idea known as the \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140318-multiverse-inflation-big-bang-science-space/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multiverse\u003c/a>, Leonard Susskind was more optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something going on in that data that’s not so easy to see. And what it’s suggesting is—it’s a vague suggestion—what it’s suggesting is that there’s an event that took place even before inflation. Even before this trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second,” said Susskind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Susskind what’s going on in that data looks consistent with what is called “‘bubble nucleation’ – the creation of the universe out of a multiverse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But given the decades of research likely needed to prove that, Susskind cautioned against the leap: “We don’t know, we can’t tell. That may be stretching a point a little bit too far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Where Does Science Go from Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Greene, the proof of inflation is powerful in part because it allows theorists and experimentalists to refocus their work. He pointed out that inflation is an umbrella concept similar to democracy that can be constructed in many different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inflation is a paradigm that suggests that the universe underwent incredibly rapid stretching in its earliest moments,” he said, “but there are many detailed theories that differ in the way they implement the paradigm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we can begin to do with this data is to winnow down the versions of the inflationary paradigm that are worth still considering, Greene continued. “That allows us to really home in on our equations and our ideas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susskind said one area he’d like to see explored is the curvature of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data gathered by \u003ca href=\"https://physics.stanford.edu/people/faculty/chao-lin-kuo\">Chao-Lin Kuo\u003c/a> and his collaborators “adds a little bit of weight to the idea that we can detect the curvature of space,” said Susskind. “That would be huge. This experiment doesn’t do it, but I think it adds to the fuel that we should go out and try to measure the curvature of space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi said it’s too early to predict the practical implications of the data but he’s optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time we have looked at these fundamental rules of how the universe works,” Fraknoi said, “all kinds of amazing applications have come.” He cited Global Positioning Systems, or GPS, as one such application. “As we uncover these rules, and these behaviors about the universe, amazing things may flow from them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to Forum’s complete discussion of the topic below:\u003cbr>\n[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/140409733″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chances are you read a headline about the Big Bang earlier this week. Perhaps you clicked to an article about it and started reading up. But you may still have some burning what-is-this-Big-Bang-news-anyway questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter a recent episode of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201403190900\">KQED Forum\u003c/a> that featured some bright minds in physics and astronomy. Here are some highlights from the show that answer not only what this Big Bang discovery is, but why it matters and what’s next for science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 511px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/BICEP2-1024x984.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15661 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/BICEP2-1024x984.jpg\" alt=\"A computer keyboard, a monitor, a telescope on a table.\" width=\"511\" height=\"491\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shown here are an array of devices used to detect, gather and filter polarized light that helps prove that the universe expanded rapidly after the Big Bang.\u003cbr>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. What Did Astronomers Discover?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a theory floating around astronomy and theoretical circles for decades called “inflation theory.” It suggests the universe expanded at an extremely rapid rate in roughly the first trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang. The discovery announced this week proves the theory true, that this “period of inflation” actually happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It not only confirms inflation, it says that the inflation was stronger than we previously expected,” said \u003ca href=\"https://physics.stanford.edu/people/faculty/leonard-susskind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leonard Susskind\u003c/a>, a professor of physics at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radio astronomers stationed at the South Pole, using a high-power telescope called BICEP2, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-082\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced Monday\u003c/a> that they detected the evidence of this explosive, faster-than-the-speed-of-light expansion in the form of radio waves. As \u003ca href=\"http://www.foothill.edu/ast/fraknoi.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Fraknoi\u003c/a>, chair of the Astronomy Program at Foothill College put it, they detected “the afterglow” of gravitational waves created by this rapid expansion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The afterglow “started out as a very intense and energetic radiation,” Fraknoi explained. “But as all the galaxies expanded and the universe got bigger and colder, this afterglow is now radio waves, microwaves. And these microwaves from the beginning of time are there as a kind of signal from the Big Bang.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Why Is It Such a Big Deal?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a person of superlatives,” Susskind said. “I don’t like hype, but boy, this is a big one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi pointed out that astronomers and physicists didn’t think they had the equipment to detect the first moments of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really exciting here is that we’re looking at an era of precise cosmology,” Fraknoi said. “Cosmology is the study of the entire universe. It’s a mind-blowing part of astronomy where we study the properties of everything that exists. And for a long time we could make general statements about the universe—theoretical statements—but now we’re able to measure with amazing precision the characteristics of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about it. Here’s an event that happened 13.8 billion years ago. No one was there to document it. Earth itself wouldn’t come along for 9 billion years. Humans, with brains that ask questions like, “where did we come from,” wouldn’t come along for 13,798,000,000 years. And yet, we can actually know what happened? With a credible amount of certainty?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://physics.columbia.edu/people/profile/406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brian Greene\u003c/a>, professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, said the discovery provides a “mathematical framework” that will allow scientists to “wind the cosmic film back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene said it’s important to recognize that without inflation, the Big Bang theory contained an unsolved puzzle: “It wasn’t at all clear what drove the outward swelling in the first place. One of the big contributions of the inflationary theory is that it provides an answer to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. How Is it Possible for the Universe to Expand Faster than the Speed of Light?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do not panic. This discovery confirming the theory of cosmic inflation does not conflict with \u003ca href=\"http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/anything-go-faster-than-light\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Einstein’s theory of special relativity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene said when people hear of things moving faster than the speed of light they tend to reject the notion that it’s possible. “They often say ‘But, wait! Einstein taught us that nothing goes faster than the speed of light.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Einstein actually theorized, Greene said, was “that no object can move \u003cem>through space\u003c/em> faster than the speed of light. But nothing in his ideas prevents objects from \u003cem>riding the swell of space itself\u003c/em>, and in that way, moving apart faster than the speed of light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Susskind elaborated, if the entirety of space is being swept away from you like the tide going out, then “then ripples on space very, very far away from you can appear to be going faster than the speed of light” because all of space is being swept along with the tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And, no,” Susskind said, “there is no conflict about things very, very far away from you moving away from you faster than the speed of light. There would be a conflict if we saw a light ray going right by our nose faster than the speed of light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. \u003cstrong>What Does this Discovery Say about the Multiverse?\u003c/strong> Does it Prove String Theory?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slow down a little bit here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To take the leap and to try to use this as something that confirms\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/kYAdwS5MFjQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> string theory\u003c/a>, that is jumping off the deep end,” Greene said. “That would be jumping the gun. By a huge amount.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when asked whether proof of rapid expansion occurring after the Big Bang offers clues about whether ours is the only universe, or whether there are multiple universes, an idea known as the \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140318-multiverse-inflation-big-bang-science-space/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multiverse\u003c/a>, Leonard Susskind was more optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something going on in that data that’s not so easy to see. And what it’s suggesting is—it’s a vague suggestion—what it’s suggesting is that there’s an event that took place even before inflation. Even before this trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second,” said Susskind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Susskind what’s going on in that data looks consistent with what is called “‘bubble nucleation’ – the creation of the universe out of a multiverse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But given the decades of research likely needed to prove that, Susskind cautioned against the leap: “We don’t know, we can’t tell. That may be stretching a point a little bit too far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Where Does Science Go from Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Greene, the proof of inflation is powerful in part because it allows theorists and experimentalists to refocus their work. He pointed out that inflation is an umbrella concept similar to democracy that can be constructed in many different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inflation is a paradigm that suggests that the universe underwent incredibly rapid stretching in its earliest moments,” he said, “but there are many detailed theories that differ in the way they implement the paradigm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we can begin to do with this data is to winnow down the versions of the inflationary paradigm that are worth still considering, Greene continued. “That allows us to really home in on our equations and our ideas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susskind said one area he’d like to see explored is the curvature of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data gathered by \u003ca href=\"https://physics.stanford.edu/people/faculty/chao-lin-kuo\">Chao-Lin Kuo\u003c/a> and his collaborators “adds a little bit of weight to the idea that we can detect the curvature of space,” said Susskind. “That would be huge. This experiment doesn’t do it, but I think it adds to the fuel that we should go out and try to measure the curvature of space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi said it’s too early to predict the practical implications of the data but he’s optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time we have looked at these fundamental rules of how the universe works,” Fraknoi said, “all kinds of amazing applications have come.” He cited Global Positioning Systems, or GPS, as one such application. “As we uncover these rules, and these behaviors about the universe, amazing things may flow from them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to Forum’s complete discussion of the topic below:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/140409733″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/140409733″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
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