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"slug": "no-the-tuskegee-study-is-not-the-top-reason-some-black-americans-question-the-covid-19-vaccine",
"title": "No, the Tuskegee Study Is Not the Top Reason Some Black Americans Question the COVID-19 Vaccine",
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"content": "\u003cp>As more surveys come out showing that Black Americans are more hesitant than white Americans to get the coronavirus vaccine, more journalists, politicians and health officials — from New York \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQ_50bij_Fg&feature=youtu.be\">Gov. Andrew Cuomo\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=JEXB0lyxqqs\">Dr. Anthony Fauci\u003c/a> — are invoking the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study to explain why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Karen Lincoln, USC social work professor\"]‘If you continue to use it as a way of explaining why many African Americans are hesitant, it almost absolves you of having to learn more, do more, involve other people – admit that racism is actually a thing today.’[/pullquote]“It’s ‘Oh, Tuskegee, Tuskegee, Tuskegee,’ and it’s mentioned every single time,” says \u003ca href=\"https://roybal.usc.edu/our_team/karen-d-lincoln/\">Karen Lincoln\u003c/a>, a professor of social work at the University of Southern California. “We make these assumptions that it’s Tuskegee. We don’t ask people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she asks the Black seniors she works with in Los Angeles about the vaccine, Tuskegee rarely comes up. People in the community are more interested in talking about contemporary racism and barriers to health care, she says, while it seems to be mainly academics and officials who are preoccupied with the history of Tuskegee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a scapegoat,” Lincoln says. “It’s an excuse. If you continue to use it as a way of explaining why many African Americans are hesitant, it almost absolves you of having to learn more, do more, involve other people – admit that racism is actually a thing today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the health inequities of today that Maxine Toler, 72, hears about when she talks to her friends and neighbors in LA about the vaccine. Toler is president of her city’s senior advocacy council and her neighborhood block club. She and most of the other Black seniors she talks to want the vaccine, but are having trouble getting it, she says, and that alone is sowing mistrust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11862058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11862058 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/maxine-toler-1sm-2-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maxine Toler, 72, lives near Los Angeles, and has been asking her neighbors why they do or do not want the vaccine. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those who don’t want the vaccine have very modern reasons for not wanting it. They tell Toler it’s because of religious beliefs, safety concerns or distrust for the former U.S. president and his relationship to science. Only a handful mention Tuskegee, she says, and when they do, they’re fuzzy on the details of what happened during the 40-year study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask them what was it about and why do you feel like it would impact your receiving the vaccine, they can’t even tell you,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toler remembers, and says the history is a distraction; it’s not relevant to what’s happening now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost the opposite of Tuskegee,” she says. “Because they were being denied treatment. And this is like, we’re pushing people forward: Go and get this vaccine. We want everybody to be protected from COVID.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Questioning the Tuskegee Legacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male” was a government-sponsored, taxpayer-funded study that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm\">began in 1932\u003c/a>. Some people believe that researchers injected the men with syphilis, but that’s not true. Rather, they recruited 399 Black men from Alabama who already had the disease, though the government doctors never told them they had it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, researchers told the men they had come to cure “bad blood,” though they never intended to cure anything. Even when a cure for syphilis – penicillin – became widely available in the 1940s, the researchers withheld it and continued the study for decades, determined to track the disease to its end point: autopsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time the study was exposed and shut down in 1972, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Search-Legacy-USPHS-Syphilis-Tuskegee/dp/0739147250\">128 of the men\u003c/a> involved had died from syphilis or related complications; 40 of their wives and 19 children had also been infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861833\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Tuskegee-syphilis-experiment-test-subjects.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11861833 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Tuskegee-syphilis-experiment-test-subjects.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"393\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of Tuskegee study test subjects in 1972. \u003ccite>(National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With a horrific history like this, many scientists assumed that Black people would never want to participate in clinical research again. Over the next three decades, various books, articles and films repeated this assumption until it became gospel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was a false assumption,” says \u003ca href=\"https://perspectivesofchange.hms.harvard.edu/node/116\">Dr. Rueben Warren\u003c/a>, director of the National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care at Tuskegee University in Alabama, and former associate director of Minority Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from 1988 to 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several researchers began to question this assumption at a 1994 bioethics conference, where almost all the speakers seemed to accept it as a given. The doubters asked, what kind of scientific evidence is there to support the notion that Black people would refuse to participate in research because of Tuskegee?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When those researchers did a comprehensive search of the existing literature, they found nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was apparently a ‘fact’ known more in the gut than in the head,” wrote lead doubter \u003ca href=\"https://dental.nyu.edu/faculty/ft/rvk1.html\">Ralph Katz\u003c/a>, a dentist from New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11861971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Ralph-and-Rueben-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ralph Katz (left) and Rueben Warren, both dentists, together edited the book ‘The Search for the Legacy of the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee.’ \u003ccite>(Amos Ezra Katz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Katz formed a research team to look for this evidence. They completed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1780164/\">series of studies\u003c/a> over the next 14 years, focused mainly on surveying thousands of people across seven cities, from Baltimore to San Antonio to Tuskegee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11861322,news_11860883,science_1972424\"]The conclusions were definitive: While Black people were twice as “wary” of participating in research, as compared to white people, they were equally willing to actually participate. And, there was no association between knowledge of Tuskegee and willingness to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hesitancy is there, but the refusal is not. And that’s an important difference,” says Warren, who later joined Katz in editing “The Search for the Legacy of the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Search-Legacy-USPHS-Syphilis-Tuskegee/dp/0739147250\">a book\u003c/a> about the research. “Hesitant, yes. But not refusal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuskegee was not the deal breaker everyone thought it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results did not go over well within academic and government research circles, Warren says, as they “indicted and contradicted” the common belief that low minority enrollment in research was the result of Tuskegee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the excuse that they used,” Warren says. “If I don’t want to go to the extra energy, resources to include the population, I can simply say they were not interested. They refused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers had to confront the real problem. Many of them never invited Black people to participate in their studies in the first place. When they did, they didn’t try very hard. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1298944/\">two studies of cardiovascular disease\u003c/a> offered enrollment to more than 2,000 white people, compared to no more than 30 people from minority groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a tendency to use Tuskegee as a scapegoat, for us, as researchers, not doing what we need to do to ensure that people are well-educated about the benefits of participating in a clinical trial,” says \u003ca href=\"https://moffitt.org/about-moffitt/executive-leadership/b-lee-green-phd/\">B. Lee Green\u003c/a>, vice president of diversity at Moffitt Cancer Center in Florida, who worked on the early research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There may be individuals in the community who absolutely remember Tuskegee, and we should not discount that,” he adds. But hesitancy “is more related to individuals’ lived experiences, what people live each and every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC1159684077&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>‘It’s What Happened to Me Yesterday’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Some of the same presumptions that were made about clinical research are resurfacing today around the coronavirus vaccine. A lot of hesitancy is being confused for refusal, Warren says. And so many of the entrenched structural barriers that are limiting access to the vaccine in Black communities are not being sufficiently addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuskegee is once again being used as a scapegoat, says USC professor of social work Karen Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you say Tuskegee, then you don’t have to acknowledge things like pharmacy deserts, things like poverty and unemployment,” she says. “You can just say, ‘That happened then. Things are different now and there’s nothing we can do about it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the contemporary failures of the health care system are causing more distrust than the events of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s what happened to me yesterday,” she says. “Not what happened in the ’50s or ’60s, when Tuskegee was actually active.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11861882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Karen-Lincoln-copy-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USC social work professor Karen Lincoln talks with attendees at an event hosted by the group she founded, Advocates for African American Elders. \u003ccite>(Jason Duncan/for AAAE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The seniors she works with, through her group \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaaeonline.com/\">Advocates for African American Elders\u003c/a>, complain all the time about doctors dismissing their concerns and talking down to them, or nurses answering the hospital call buttons for their white roommates more often than for them.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Dr. Rueben Warren, Tuskegee University\"]‘The hesitancy is there, but the refusal is not. And that’s an important difference.’[/pullquote]They point to the recent Facebook Live video of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/23/us/susan-moore-black-doctor-indiana.html\">Susan Moore\u003c/a> as a prime example of the unequal treatment Black people receive. Moore, a Black doctor from Indiana who got COVID-19, filmed herself from her hospital bed, an oxygen tube in her nose. She said she had to beg her physician to continue her course of Remdesivir, the drug that speeds up recovery from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He said, ‘Ah, you don’t need it. You’re not even short of breath.’ I said ‘Yes, I am,’ ” Moore said into the camera. “I put forward and I maintain, if I was white, I wouldn’t have to go through that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore died two weeks later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She knew what kind of treatment she should be getting and she wasn’t getting it,” said Maxine Toler, the 72-year-old from LA. “We saw it up close and personal with the president, that he got the best of everything. They cured him in a couple of days, and our people are dying like flies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toler and her neighbors are watching the same inequity play out with the vaccine. The first mass vaccination sites set up in LA – at Dodger Stadium and Disneyland – are difficult to get to from Black neighborhoods without a car, and you practically needed a computer science degree to get an online appointment for the early doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White people are snatching up appointments, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/30/us/new-york-vaccine-disparities/index.html\">even at clinics intended for disadvantaged communities\u003c/a>, while people of color can’t get through. So far, Black people make up just 2.9% of Californians who have received the vaccination, even though they account for 6.2% of the state’s COVID-19 deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s stories like these that stoke mistrust, Lincoln says. “And the word travels fast when people have negative experiences. They share it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to addressing this mistrust requires a paradigm shift, says Warren of Tuskegee University. If you want Black people to trust doctors and trust the vaccine, don’t blame them for distrusting it, he says. The obligation is on health institutions to first show they are trustworthy: to listen, take responsibility, show accountability and stop making excuses. That, he adds, means providing information about the vaccine without being paternalistic and making it easier to access in Black communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prove yourself trustworthy and trust will follow,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As more surveys come out showing that Black Americans are more hesitant than white Americans to get the coronavirus vaccine, more journalists, politicians and health officials — from New York \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQ_50bij_Fg&feature=youtu.be\">Gov. Andrew Cuomo\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=JEXB0lyxqqs\">Dr. Anthony Fauci\u003c/a> — are invoking the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study to explain why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It’s ‘Oh, Tuskegee, Tuskegee, Tuskegee,’ and it’s mentioned every single time,” says \u003ca href=\"https://roybal.usc.edu/our_team/karen-d-lincoln/\">Karen Lincoln\u003c/a>, a professor of social work at the University of Southern California. “We make these assumptions that it’s Tuskegee. We don’t ask people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she asks the Black seniors she works with in Los Angeles about the vaccine, Tuskegee rarely comes up. People in the community are more interested in talking about contemporary racism and barriers to health care, she says, while it seems to be mainly academics and officials who are preoccupied with the history of Tuskegee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a scapegoat,” Lincoln says. “It’s an excuse. If you continue to use it as a way of explaining why many African Americans are hesitant, it almost absolves you of having to learn more, do more, involve other people – admit that racism is actually a thing today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the health inequities of today that Maxine Toler, 72, hears about when she talks to her friends and neighbors in LA about the vaccine. Toler is president of her city’s senior advocacy council and her neighborhood block club. She and most of the other Black seniors she talks to want the vaccine, but are having trouble getting it, she says, and that alone is sowing mistrust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11862058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11862058 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/maxine-toler-1sm-2-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maxine Toler, 72, lives near Los Angeles, and has been asking her neighbors why they do or do not want the vaccine. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those who don’t want the vaccine have very modern reasons for not wanting it. They tell Toler it’s because of religious beliefs, safety concerns or distrust for the former U.S. president and his relationship to science. Only a handful mention Tuskegee, she says, and when they do, they’re fuzzy on the details of what happened during the 40-year study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask them what was it about and why do you feel like it would impact your receiving the vaccine, they can’t even tell you,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toler remembers, and says the history is a distraction; it’s not relevant to what’s happening now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost the opposite of Tuskegee,” she says. “Because they were being denied treatment. And this is like, we’re pushing people forward: Go and get this vaccine. We want everybody to be protected from COVID.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Questioning the Tuskegee Legacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male” was a government-sponsored, taxpayer-funded study that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm\">began in 1932\u003c/a>. Some people believe that researchers injected the men with syphilis, but that’s not true. Rather, they recruited 399 Black men from Alabama who already had the disease, though the government doctors never told them they had it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, researchers told the men they had come to cure “bad blood,” though they never intended to cure anything. Even when a cure for syphilis – penicillin – became widely available in the 1940s, the researchers withheld it and continued the study for decades, determined to track the disease to its end point: autopsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time the study was exposed and shut down in 1972, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Search-Legacy-USPHS-Syphilis-Tuskegee/dp/0739147250\">128 of the men\u003c/a> involved had died from syphilis or related complications; 40 of their wives and 19 children had also been infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861833\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Tuskegee-syphilis-experiment-test-subjects.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11861833 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Tuskegee-syphilis-experiment-test-subjects.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"393\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of Tuskegee study test subjects in 1972. \u003ccite>(National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With a horrific history like this, many scientists assumed that Black people would never want to participate in clinical research again. Over the next three decades, various books, articles and films repeated this assumption until it became gospel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was a false assumption,” says \u003ca href=\"https://perspectivesofchange.hms.harvard.edu/node/116\">Dr. Rueben Warren\u003c/a>, director of the National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care at Tuskegee University in Alabama, and former associate director of Minority Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from 1988 to 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several researchers began to question this assumption at a 1994 bioethics conference, where almost all the speakers seemed to accept it as a given. The doubters asked, what kind of scientific evidence is there to support the notion that Black people would refuse to participate in research because of Tuskegee?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When those researchers did a comprehensive search of the existing literature, they found nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was apparently a ‘fact’ known more in the gut than in the head,” wrote lead doubter \u003ca href=\"https://dental.nyu.edu/faculty/ft/rvk1.html\">Ralph Katz\u003c/a>, a dentist from New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11861971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Ralph-and-Rueben-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ralph Katz (left) and Rueben Warren, both dentists, together edited the book ‘The Search for the Legacy of the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee.’ \u003ccite>(Amos Ezra Katz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Katz formed a research team to look for this evidence. They completed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1780164/\">series of studies\u003c/a> over the next 14 years, focused mainly on surveying thousands of people across seven cities, from Baltimore to San Antonio to Tuskegee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The conclusions were definitive: While Black people were twice as “wary” of participating in research, as compared to white people, they were equally willing to actually participate. And, there was no association between knowledge of Tuskegee and willingness to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hesitancy is there, but the refusal is not. And that’s an important difference,” says Warren, who later joined Katz in editing “The Search for the Legacy of the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Search-Legacy-USPHS-Syphilis-Tuskegee/dp/0739147250\">a book\u003c/a> about the research. “Hesitant, yes. But not refusal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuskegee was not the deal breaker everyone thought it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results did not go over well within academic and government research circles, Warren says, as they “indicted and contradicted” the common belief that low minority enrollment in research was the result of Tuskegee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the excuse that they used,” Warren says. “If I don’t want to go to the extra energy, resources to include the population, I can simply say they were not interested. They refused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers had to confront the real problem. Many of them never invited Black people to participate in their studies in the first place. When they did, they didn’t try very hard. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1298944/\">two studies of cardiovascular disease\u003c/a> offered enrollment to more than 2,000 white people, compared to no more than 30 people from minority groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a tendency to use Tuskegee as a scapegoat, for us, as researchers, not doing what we need to do to ensure that people are well-educated about the benefits of participating in a clinical trial,” says \u003ca href=\"https://moffitt.org/about-moffitt/executive-leadership/b-lee-green-phd/\">B. Lee Green\u003c/a>, vice president of diversity at Moffitt Cancer Center in Florida, who worked on the early research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There may be individuals in the community who absolutely remember Tuskegee, and we should not discount that,” he adds. But hesitancy “is more related to individuals’ lived experiences, what people live each and every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC1159684077&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>‘It’s What Happened to Me Yesterday’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Some of the same presumptions that were made about clinical research are resurfacing today around the coronavirus vaccine. A lot of hesitancy is being confused for refusal, Warren says. And so many of the entrenched structural barriers that are limiting access to the vaccine in Black communities are not being sufficiently addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuskegee is once again being used as a scapegoat, says USC professor of social work Karen Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you say Tuskegee, then you don’t have to acknowledge things like pharmacy deserts, things like poverty and unemployment,” she says. “You can just say, ‘That happened then. Things are different now and there’s nothing we can do about it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the contemporary failures of the health care system are causing more distrust than the events of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s what happened to me yesterday,” she says. “Not what happened in the ’50s or ’60s, when Tuskegee was actually active.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11861882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Karen-Lincoln-copy-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USC social work professor Karen Lincoln talks with attendees at an event hosted by the group she founded, Advocates for African American Elders. \u003ccite>(Jason Duncan/for AAAE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The seniors she works with, through her group \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaaeonline.com/\">Advocates for African American Elders\u003c/a>, complain all the time about doctors dismissing their concerns and talking down to them, or nurses answering the hospital call buttons for their white roommates more often than for them.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>They point to the recent Facebook Live video of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/23/us/susan-moore-black-doctor-indiana.html\">Susan Moore\u003c/a> as a prime example of the unequal treatment Black people receive. Moore, a Black doctor from Indiana who got COVID-19, filmed herself from her hospital bed, an oxygen tube in her nose. She said she had to beg her physician to continue her course of Remdesivir, the drug that speeds up recovery from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He said, ‘Ah, you don’t need it. You’re not even short of breath.’ I said ‘Yes, I am,’ ” Moore said into the camera. “I put forward and I maintain, if I was white, I wouldn’t have to go through that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore died two weeks later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She knew what kind of treatment she should be getting and she wasn’t getting it,” said Maxine Toler, the 72-year-old from LA. “We saw it up close and personal with the president, that he got the best of everything. They cured him in a couple of days, and our people are dying like flies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toler and her neighbors are watching the same inequity play out with the vaccine. The first mass vaccination sites set up in LA – at Dodger Stadium and Disneyland – are difficult to get to from Black neighborhoods without a car, and you practically needed a computer science degree to get an online appointment for the early doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White people are snatching up appointments, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/30/us/new-york-vaccine-disparities/index.html\">even at clinics intended for disadvantaged communities\u003c/a>, while people of color can’t get through. So far, Black people make up just 2.9% of Californians who have received the vaccination, even though they account for 6.2% of the state’s COVID-19 deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s stories like these that stoke mistrust, Lincoln says. “And the word travels fast when people have negative experiences. They share it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to addressing this mistrust requires a paradigm shift, says Warren of Tuskegee University. If you want Black people to trust doctors and trust the vaccine, don’t blame them for distrusting it, he says. The obligation is on health institutions to first show they are trustworthy: to listen, take responsibility, show accountability and stop making excuses. That, he adds, means providing information about the vaccine without being paternalistic and making it easier to access in Black communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
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