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"slug": "a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality",
"title": "A Century Later: The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection of Racial Equality",
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"content": "\u003cp>A century ago, a new world order began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Treaty of Versailles concluded the war to end all wars. Constructed through diplomacy, a fragile peace replaced global bloodshed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treaty’s proclamations are now iconic: that nations should have the right to self-determine, that a war’s victors should negotiate how to move forward, that the defeated powers should be held responsible for the damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the treaty, negotiated by the key players in World War I — notably France, Great Britain, Italy and the United States — was deeply flawed and could not fend off the rise of fascism, the Nazi party and, eventually, World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Versailles’ mixed legacy is even further complicated by a little-known attempt by Japan, one of the emerging players at the table, to move the world forward on the issue of racial equality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan asked for, and nearly got approved, a clause in the treaty that would have affirmed the equality of all nations, regardless of race or nationality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the history forged, some historians believe the great powers missed a pivotal opportunity to fashion a much different 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Self-determination undermined\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A driving force behind that vision for the future and the lofty ambitions of the treaty was U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, the lead negotiator at the Paris Peace Conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1918, a few months before he set sail for Paris, Wilson \u003ca href=\"http://www.gwpda.org/1918/wilpeace.html\">addressed Congress\u003c/a> to lay out his now-famous principle of self-determination, an idea that would guide the Versailles negotiations and the final treaty that emerged:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“National aspirations must be respected; peoples may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. ‘Self-determination’ is not a mere phrase. It is an imperative principle of actions which statesmen will henceforth ignore at their peril.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Looking back, contradictions abound in Wilson’s decree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan’s Racial Equality Proposal would have strengthened Wilson’s call for self-governance and equal opportunity. Yet, when the victors signed the treaty, that language was nowhere to be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the bottom of all of this is the idea that certain people of color cannot be trusted and people of color do not deserve a place, not only on the world stage but also in our own communities,” says professor Chris Suh who studies Asian American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rejection of the proposal would play a role in shaping the U.S.-Japan relationship, World War II and Japanese American immigration. It sheds light on the treatment of nonwhite immigrant groups by the U.S. and its legacy of white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically, there continues to be this sense of racial superiority among the Americans” toward Japan, Suh argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Racial Equality Proposal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following its victory in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/topics/korea/russo-japanese-war\">Russo-Japanese War \u003c/a>in 1905 and then its participation as an Allied power during World War I, Japan rose as a mighty player on the world stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeking to solidify that new power, the Japanese delegation at the Versailles negotiations sought to add language about racial equality into the proposed treaty’s preamble. Its immediate goals were to strengthen its diplomatic standing and earn an equal seat at the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the exact words that Japan initially \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv03/d7\">proposed\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>To be clear, historians say the Japanese were not seeking universal racial suffrage or improving the plight of black Americans, for example. But, the added language would have meant that Japanese immigrants coming to the U.S. could be treated the same as white European immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>France got behind the proposal. Italy championed it. Greece voted in favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Australia pushed back. The British dominion had instituted a \u003ca href=\"http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/a-z/immigration-restriction-act.aspx\">White Australia Policy\u003c/a> in 1901 limiting all nonwhite immigration. Australian Prime Minister William Morris Hughes strong-armed the rest of the British delegation into opposing the proposed clause and eventually got Wilson’s support too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson came up with a way of killing the proposal without ever openly saying he opposed it. The U.S. president imposed a “unanimity ruling” that effectively squashed the racial equality language even though a majority of the nations supported it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As chairman of the League of Nations Commission, Wilson had approved a number of other issues at the conference without such a unanimous vote. His call for consensus was not a petition for democracy. It was a shrewd calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson’s top priority at the conference was seeing the League of Nations created and the treaty ratified. The last thing he wanted was to alienate the British delegation, and he was not willing to let the Racial Equality Proposal derail those efforts. But, in a nod to appease Japan, he supported its demand to keep war-acquired territories like Shantung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Japanese American immigration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though scholars disagree on the exact reasons for the opposition by Australia and the U.S., many say the key factor was migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The racial equality clause represented “one of the first attempts to establish … the unprecedented principle of free and open migration,” says Frederick Dickinson, a University of Pennsylvania professor of Japanese history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japanese migration to the U.S. had skyrocketed in the late 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan’s industrialization and falling mortality rates created an overpopulation problem. Following the 1882 \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration\">Chinese Exclusion Act\u003c/a>, which prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to America, contractors on the West Coast brought Japanese migrants over to fill their need for inexpensive labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1907, the U.S. and Japan had negotiated the “\u003ca href=\"http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Gentlemen's_Agreement/\">Gentlemen’s Agreement\u003c/a>,” which was designed to address the growing Japanese emigration rate. In it, Japan agreed to curb how many migrants it sent over, if the U.S. would desegregate Asian and white children in San Francisco public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the unilateral Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentleman’s Agreement gave Japan some say in Japanese immigration to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This agreement didn’t maintain order for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-Japanese sentiment was spreading up and down the West Coast, and lawmakers there called for stricter legislation. California passed the \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Alien_land_laws/#Targeting_Japanese_Immigrants\">Alien Land Law of 1913\u003c/a>, which prohibited Japanese immigrants from owning land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, by the end of World War I and the negotiations in Paris, Americans feared waves of Japanese immigrants. When word of the Japanese proposal reached Washington, pressure mounted from lawmakers to reject the clause. Democratic California Sen. James Phelan \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=De5i-zNWzfgC&pg=PA3182&lpg=PA3182&dq=phelan+telegram+%22vital+question+of+self-preservation%22&source=bl&ots=Y7bDOA0KHZ&sig=ACfU3U2YXZBGFk6K9WnOleDmzDjo6ELEyA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia8Pnhi7rjAhUDU98KHV-ND-sQ6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=phelan%20telegram%20%22vital%20question%20of%20self-preservation%22&f=false\">sent a telegram to the U.S. delegation in Paris\u003c/a>, writing:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Believe western Senators and others will oppose any loophole by which oriental people will possess such equality with white race in United States. It is vital question of self-preservation.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>With mounting pressure on the homefront and from Britain and its dominions, Wilson killed the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese lost their bid for racial equality. Ultimately, the treaty Wilson had staked his presidency on was rejected by Congress. He \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-president-woodrow-wilson-suffers-massive-stroke\">suffered a stroke\u003c/a> later in 1919, did not seek a third term and died three years after leaving office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same year, in 1924, President Calvin Coolidge unilaterally banned all Japanese immigration with the \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act\">Johnson-Reed Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building up to World War II\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the years after Versailles, relations between the onetime allies, Japan and the U.S., hardened. The rejection of the proposal left some members of the Japanese delegation bitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interwar years saw increased Japanese aggression as it attempted to gobble up more land and further assert its power on a global level. Japan became an imperial power consumed with nationalism and militarism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan struggled to resettle its burgeoning population. Its invasion of Manchuria, a region in China, in 1931, led to the resettlement of hundreds of thousands of farmers and migrants there. Ishiwara Kanji, the architect of the invasion, called for a “racial paradise” in this newly established puppet state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That conflict helped set the stage in the Pacific for World War II. After the League of Nations \u003ca href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48422271\">censured Japan’s aggression\u003c/a>, the imperial power exited the organization in 1933.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so this is how we arrive at World War II in the Pacific theater that is very much fought as a race war — as a war between the Asian races versus the white races,” Suh says. “Much of the propaganda on both sides, both in the U.S. and in Japan, emphasize the racial difference as well as racial hierarchy, and much of the war in the Pacific theater is very brutal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the bloodshed in the Pacific, the domestic toll waged on Japanese Americans has lived on in infamy. More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated from their homes and incarcerated during what has been called Japanese internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. later acknowledged that it was on the wrong side of history, betraying its values of justice and liberty: \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/civilact.html\">The 1988 Civil Liberties Act\u003c/a>, enacted by Congress, said that the government’s actions against Japanese Americans “were motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously whenever people think of Japanese American discrimination in the United States, the big thing that comes to mind is the World War II incarceration,” says David Inoue, executive director of the Japanese American Citizens League.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Racial Equality Proposal demonstrates that incarceration camps are not the whole story. He sees this proposal as “part of a whole continuum of discrimination that had begun years before and even we see it continuing today … in other communities that are discriminated against.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Century+Later%3A+The+Treaty+Of+Versailles+And+Its+Rejection+Of+Racial+Equality&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A century ago, Japan submitted a proposal for racial equality in the Treaty of Versailles. The U.S. struck it down. What followed had implications for World War II and Japanese American immigrants.",
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"title": "A Century Later: The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection of Racial Equality | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A century ago, a new world order began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Treaty of Versailles concluded the war to end all wars. Constructed through diplomacy, a fragile peace replaced global bloodshed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treaty’s proclamations are now iconic: that nations should have the right to self-determine, that a war’s victors should negotiate how to move forward, that the defeated powers should be held responsible for the damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the treaty, negotiated by the key players in World War I — notably France, Great Britain, Italy and the United States — was deeply flawed and could not fend off the rise of fascism, the Nazi party and, eventually, World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Versailles’ mixed legacy is even further complicated by a little-known attempt by Japan, one of the emerging players at the table, to move the world forward on the issue of racial equality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan asked for, and nearly got approved, a clause in the treaty that would have affirmed the equality of all nations, regardless of race or nationality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the history forged, some historians believe the great powers missed a pivotal opportunity to fashion a much different 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Self-determination undermined\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A driving force behind that vision for the future and the lofty ambitions of the treaty was U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, the lead negotiator at the Paris Peace Conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1918, a few months before he set sail for Paris, Wilson \u003ca href=\"http://www.gwpda.org/1918/wilpeace.html\">addressed Congress\u003c/a> to lay out his now-famous principle of self-determination, an idea that would guide the Versailles negotiations and the final treaty that emerged:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“National aspirations must be respected; peoples may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. ‘Self-determination’ is not a mere phrase. It is an imperative principle of actions which statesmen will henceforth ignore at their peril.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Looking back, contradictions abound in Wilson’s decree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan’s Racial Equality Proposal would have strengthened Wilson’s call for self-governance and equal opportunity. Yet, when the victors signed the treaty, that language was nowhere to be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the bottom of all of this is the idea that certain people of color cannot be trusted and people of color do not deserve a place, not only on the world stage but also in our own communities,” says professor Chris Suh who studies Asian American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rejection of the proposal would play a role in shaping the U.S.-Japan relationship, World War II and Japanese American immigration. It sheds light on the treatment of nonwhite immigrant groups by the U.S. and its legacy of white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically, there continues to be this sense of racial superiority among the Americans” toward Japan, Suh argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Racial Equality Proposal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following its victory in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/topics/korea/russo-japanese-war\">Russo-Japanese War \u003c/a>in 1905 and then its participation as an Allied power during World War I, Japan rose as a mighty player on the world stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeking to solidify that new power, the Japanese delegation at the Versailles negotiations sought to add language about racial equality into the proposed treaty’s preamble. Its immediate goals were to strengthen its diplomatic standing and earn an equal seat at the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the exact words that Japan initially \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv03/d7\">proposed\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>To be clear, historians say the Japanese were not seeking universal racial suffrage or improving the plight of black Americans, for example. But, the added language would have meant that Japanese immigrants coming to the U.S. could be treated the same as white European immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>France got behind the proposal. Italy championed it. Greece voted in favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Australia pushed back. The British dominion had instituted a \u003ca href=\"http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/a-z/immigration-restriction-act.aspx\">White Australia Policy\u003c/a> in 1901 limiting all nonwhite immigration. Australian Prime Minister William Morris Hughes strong-armed the rest of the British delegation into opposing the proposed clause and eventually got Wilson’s support too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson came up with a way of killing the proposal without ever openly saying he opposed it. The U.S. president imposed a “unanimity ruling” that effectively squashed the racial equality language even though a majority of the nations supported it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As chairman of the League of Nations Commission, Wilson had approved a number of other issues at the conference without such a unanimous vote. His call for consensus was not a petition for democracy. It was a shrewd calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson’s top priority at the conference was seeing the League of Nations created and the treaty ratified. The last thing he wanted was to alienate the British delegation, and he was not willing to let the Racial Equality Proposal derail those efforts. But, in a nod to appease Japan, he supported its demand to keep war-acquired territories like Shantung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Japanese American immigration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though scholars disagree on the exact reasons for the opposition by Australia and the U.S., many say the key factor was migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The racial equality clause represented “one of the first attempts to establish … the unprecedented principle of free and open migration,” says Frederick Dickinson, a University of Pennsylvania professor of Japanese history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japanese migration to the U.S. had skyrocketed in the late 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan’s industrialization and falling mortality rates created an overpopulation problem. Following the 1882 \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration\">Chinese Exclusion Act\u003c/a>, which prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to America, contractors on the West Coast brought Japanese migrants over to fill their need for inexpensive labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1907, the U.S. and Japan had negotiated the “\u003ca href=\"http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Gentlemen's_Agreement/\">Gentlemen’s Agreement\u003c/a>,” which was designed to address the growing Japanese emigration rate. In it, Japan agreed to curb how many migrants it sent over, if the U.S. would desegregate Asian and white children in San Francisco public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the unilateral Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentleman’s Agreement gave Japan some say in Japanese immigration to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This agreement didn’t maintain order for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-Japanese sentiment was spreading up and down the West Coast, and lawmakers there called for stricter legislation. California passed the \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Alien_land_laws/#Targeting_Japanese_Immigrants\">Alien Land Law of 1913\u003c/a>, which prohibited Japanese immigrants from owning land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, by the end of World War I and the negotiations in Paris, Americans feared waves of Japanese immigrants. When word of the Japanese proposal reached Washington, pressure mounted from lawmakers to reject the clause. Democratic California Sen. James Phelan \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=De5i-zNWzfgC&pg=PA3182&lpg=PA3182&dq=phelan+telegram+%22vital+question+of+self-preservation%22&source=bl&ots=Y7bDOA0KHZ&sig=ACfU3U2YXZBGFk6K9WnOleDmzDjo6ELEyA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia8Pnhi7rjAhUDU98KHV-ND-sQ6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=phelan%20telegram%20%22vital%20question%20of%20self-preservation%22&f=false\">sent a telegram to the U.S. delegation in Paris\u003c/a>, writing:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Believe western Senators and others will oppose any loophole by which oriental people will possess such equality with white race in United States. It is vital question of self-preservation.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>With mounting pressure on the homefront and from Britain and its dominions, Wilson killed the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese lost their bid for racial equality. Ultimately, the treaty Wilson had staked his presidency on was rejected by Congress. He \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-president-woodrow-wilson-suffers-massive-stroke\">suffered a stroke\u003c/a> later in 1919, did not seek a third term and died three years after leaving office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same year, in 1924, President Calvin Coolidge unilaterally banned all Japanese immigration with the \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act\">Johnson-Reed Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building up to World War II\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the years after Versailles, relations between the onetime allies, Japan and the U.S., hardened. The rejection of the proposal left some members of the Japanese delegation bitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interwar years saw increased Japanese aggression as it attempted to gobble up more land and further assert its power on a global level. Japan became an imperial power consumed with nationalism and militarism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan struggled to resettle its burgeoning population. Its invasion of Manchuria, a region in China, in 1931, led to the resettlement of hundreds of thousands of farmers and migrants there. Ishiwara Kanji, the architect of the invasion, called for a “racial paradise” in this newly established puppet state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That conflict helped set the stage in the Pacific for World War II. After the League of Nations \u003ca href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48422271\">censured Japan’s aggression\u003c/a>, the imperial power exited the organization in 1933.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so this is how we arrive at World War II in the Pacific theater that is very much fought as a race war — as a war between the Asian races versus the white races,” Suh says. “Much of the propaganda on both sides, both in the U.S. and in Japan, emphasize the racial difference as well as racial hierarchy, and much of the war in the Pacific theater is very brutal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the bloodshed in the Pacific, the domestic toll waged on Japanese Americans has lived on in infamy. More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated from their homes and incarcerated during what has been called Japanese internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. later acknowledged that it was on the wrong side of history, betraying its values of justice and liberty: \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/civilact.html\">The 1988 Civil Liberties Act\u003c/a>, enacted by Congress, said that the government’s actions against Japanese Americans “were motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously whenever people think of Japanese American discrimination in the United States, the big thing that comes to mind is the World War II incarceration,” says David Inoue, executive director of the Japanese American Citizens League.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Racial Equality Proposal demonstrates that incarceration camps are not the whole story. He sees this proposal as “part of a whole continuum of discrimination that had begun years before and even we see it continuing today … in other communities that are discriminated against.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Century+Later%3A+The+Treaty+Of+Versailles+And+Its+Rejection+Of+Racial+Equality&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
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