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"title": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria",
"headTitle": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ginger Krieg Dosier’s inspiration for changing the ground beneath our feet was a seashell she picked up on a beach at 8 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how, go outside and stand on a sidewalk. OK, look down. Odds are you’re staring at one of biggest contributors of greenhouse gases on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement is the glue that holds together the stones, pebbles or whatever tough material goes into your concrete bricks and sidewalks. But its production creates more carbon emissions than all the airplanes and ships in the world. Manufacture a ton of cement, and you’ll inject a ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Cement-making produces more fossil fuel emissions each year than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Young Ginger wasn’t thinking about such matters when she grabbed the shell from the sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 8-year-old version of myself was really looking at the beauty of the seashell, but also trying to understand how it was grown underwater,” Ginger Krieg Dosier told NewsHour. “It was so hard and durable. Very similar to your own bones. That was where the seed started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seed, plus 30-odd years, blossomed into a way to grow (yes, grow!) cement and concrete bricks without emitting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria2bricks.gif\" alt=\"BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \" width=\"650\" height=\"366\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Second Bedroom to Biocement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement-making accounts for about 5 percent of all industrial and fossil fuel emissions each year. Nonetheless, it’s a sizeable amount—more than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships. The scientific zeitgeist argues that human-made carbon emissions\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/why-the-paris-talks-wont-prevent-2-degrees-of-global-warming/\"> must reach net zero\u003c/a> to avoid 2 degrees Celsius of global warming and the destabilization of the Earth’s environment through climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieg Dosier is the CEO and cofounder of \u003ca href=\"http://biomason.com/\">bioMASON\u003c/a>, a biotechnology startup in Raleigh, North Carolina, that has spent the past four years using bacteria to grow cement and make bricks. This microbial business venture is a departure—and not a microscopic one—from the industry norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland cement, by far the most common variety of the material in the world, starts as a rocky blend of limestone and clay. This mineral mixture gets heated inside a rotating kiln to 2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the two billion tons of CO2 emissions created each year by cement production, half come from fossil fuels burned as an energy source for the kilns. The energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.cement.org/concrete-basics/manufacturing/cement-industry-overview\">used to bake one ton of cement\u003c/a> could power the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3\">average U.S. home for more than a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \u003ccite>(Global Carbon Atlas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The remaining emissions are due to calcination, a chemical process triggered by heating the limestone to split it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2). The calcium oxide progresses through a series of reactions to become cement’s binding base, while the CO2—a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming—enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson sees three possible options for escaping cement’s emission. One, manufacturers could switch from fossil fuels to renewable power like wind and solar—though that only cuts about half the carbon emissions. Two, scientists could develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630247\">technology to recapture carbon from the air\u003c/a>, which some are trying to do. Or, the CO2 emissions could be eliminated from the get-go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything we could do to reduce it [cement’s carbon emissions] would be helpful,” said Robert Jackson, a Stanford University environmental scientist and chairman of the Global Carbon Project, a research collective that monitors greenhouse gas emissions. “In general, carbon dioxide emissions have been going up from cement because, as we have more people on the earth and countries like China industrialize, we’re producing a lot more cement than we did 10, 20 or 30 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, Krieg Dosier was contemplating this pollution problem as a freshly minted architect and assistant professor of architecture at North Carolina State University. Her thoughts turned back to seashells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seashells—the protective outer layer made by some marine animals—are composed of calcium carbonate, the hard stuff found in limestone. (Hard corals, your teeth and bones are made of the same material). She wondered if biologically made—or biomineralized—calcium carbonate could replace cement and make concrete bricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she wasn’t teaching, she conducted side research and landed upon bacteria as a source of calcium carbonate. Microorganisms like bacteria and algae \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222985351_Ca-Carbonates_Precipitation_and_Limestone_Genesis_-_the_Microbiogeologist_Point_of_View\">can feed on organic waste—dead corpses, poop—to form limestone deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \u003ccite>(Ed Reschke/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In nature, the process is slow with calcium carbonate-making bacteria. The right conditions may occur once every few years. So Krieg Dosier, along with her husband and fellow architect Michael Dosier, became home brewers of calcium carbonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I did a lot of work early on with the process where we had microorganisms growing in our second bedroom,” Krieg Dosier said. “It was a pretty awesome lab. It was a safe lab. We did have ways of sterilizing, ways of keeping the culture alive in incubators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that time, the Dosiers had moved to the United Arab Emirates to teach architecture at a university. The location provided plentiful sand, raw material for making bioconcrete. “There’s not a lot of uses for sand that’s that fine, so it became a good testing material for us,” Krieg Dosier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of toil and 111 failed experiments, the Dosiers landed on the right brewing conditions for bioMASON cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s innovation hinges on a rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus. They use a Bacillus strain that’s naturally occurring (no genetic modification) and it doesn’t cause disease. This particular microbe is found everywhere, including inside limestone caves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1485818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-240x155.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-520x336.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria.jpg 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The organism creates a microenvironment that enables the formation of this calcium carbonate [limestone] crystal,” said Michael Dosier, chief technology officer at bioMASON and Ginger’s husband. “That’s effectively how it’s evolved in nature over billions of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than take months or years to harden, bioMASON’s bacteria cement finishes the deed in two to three days. The whole process happens at room temperature, without the need for burning fossil fuels or calcination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you started with the same raw materials, and didn’t have to cook the limestone to a couple thousand degrees, it would definitely reduce the carbon dioxide emissions,” Jackson told NewsHour via Skype. “The notion of using bio-products is happening all around the world and for many industrial processes, so I think it’s a good idea to try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \" width=\"640\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-160x69.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-800x344.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-768x331.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1180x508.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-960x413.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-240x103.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-375x161.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-520x224.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads.jpg 1422w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \u003ccite>(Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s microbe not only skips the high heat, it also absorbs CO2 from the air to make the calcium carbonate, Ginger said. While we’re standing in inside one of bioMASON’s labs, Michael squirts a bit of calcium into bacteria primed in a proprietary chemical cocktail. Calcium carbonate crystals form almost instantaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The calcium carbonate literally forms around the cell’s microorganism, basically encapsulating them in between the grains of sand,” Ginger said. “So you’re literally stitching them together and filling in between the grains of sand with bio-cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biobricks Worldwide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside bioMASON’s labs, a handful of architects experiment with aesthetic elements of the bricks. The biocement itself carries an off-white, almost translucent crystal that readily absorbs colors and adapts to different textures. They can make bricks look old and burnt without using fire, or ones with logos that glow in the dark. Some bricks feature drawings that only appear in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make bricks, bioMASON engineers start by pouring a pitcher of primed bacteria into a mixer full of foundation material, such as sand or pebbles. Paddles churn the concoction, so the bacteria slip evenly in-between the particles of the rocky material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hopper.gif\" alt=\"After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \" width=\"600\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, the tank holding the brew tips upward, and the goop slides into machine called “the hopper.” The wet biocement funnels into the hopper’s brick molds, and a hydraulic plate covers them. Flip a switch, and the plate presses into the material while vibrating furiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine you put sand into a cup, and it just sits kind of fluffy,” Michael said. “But if you put a plate on top and vibrate it, those particles shift around until they nestle and find their home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nestled bricks slide out of the hopper like bread rolls and get rolled into a shipping container, where they harden over three to four days. A few from each batch run through a series of quality control tests—erosion, freeze/thaw—to meet \u003ca href=\"https://www.astm.org/\">international industry standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure out how much force can be applied to the material itself” through compression, Ginger said in one of bioMASON’s labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png\" alt=\"Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \" width=\"1014\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png 1014w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-800x602.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-768x578.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-960x722.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-240x181.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-520x391.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, engineer Stephen “The Crusher” McAllister applied 26,000 pounds of force to a shoe box-sized block before it broke. This degree of stress would occur in a thin-facing brick wall of a three-story building. Preliminary installations—two courtyards in San Francisco and a series of small walls—are testing the bricks’ resilience in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON is now looking to scale up production. The company moved in May 2016 to a large warehouse on the outskirts of Raleigh, where their 20-person team churns up to 10,000 bricks at a time with the hopper. Ginger said the costs of biocement are difficult to compare with regular cement, given the source components are different, but right now in general, bioMASON production runs at parity or below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, the company plans to put the entire assembly line—mixer, hopper and all—into shipping containers, so that biocement can be made anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need a fuel source. We don’t need high energy, so we are looking at being able to detach,” Ginger said. And by doing so, they may cement a brighter future for our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>BioMASON receives a small business grant from the National Science Foundation. The NSF is also a supporter of the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ginger Krieg Dosier’s inspiration for changing the ground beneath our feet was a seashell she picked up on a beach at 8 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how, go outside and stand on a sidewalk. OK, look down. Odds are you’re staring at one of biggest contributors of greenhouse gases on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement is the glue that holds together the stones, pebbles or whatever tough material goes into your concrete bricks and sidewalks. But its production creates more carbon emissions than all the airplanes and ships in the world. Manufacture a ton of cement, and you’ll inject a ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Cement-making produces more fossil fuel emissions each year than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Young Ginger wasn’t thinking about such matters when she grabbed the shell from the sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 8-year-old version of myself was really looking at the beauty of the seashell, but also trying to understand how it was grown underwater,” Ginger Krieg Dosier told NewsHour. “It was so hard and durable. Very similar to your own bones. That was where the seed started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seed, plus 30-odd years, blossomed into a way to grow (yes, grow!) cement and concrete bricks without emitting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria2bricks.gif\" alt=\"BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \" width=\"650\" height=\"366\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Second Bedroom to Biocement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement-making accounts for about 5 percent of all industrial and fossil fuel emissions each year. Nonetheless, it’s a sizeable amount—more than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships. The scientific zeitgeist argues that human-made carbon emissions\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/why-the-paris-talks-wont-prevent-2-degrees-of-global-warming/\"> must reach net zero\u003c/a> to avoid 2 degrees Celsius of global warming and the destabilization of the Earth’s environment through climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieg Dosier is the CEO and cofounder of \u003ca href=\"http://biomason.com/\">bioMASON\u003c/a>, a biotechnology startup in Raleigh, North Carolina, that has spent the past four years using bacteria to grow cement and make bricks. This microbial business venture is a departure—and not a microscopic one—from the industry norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland cement, by far the most common variety of the material in the world, starts as a rocky blend of limestone and clay. This mineral mixture gets heated inside a rotating kiln to 2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the two billion tons of CO2 emissions created each year by cement production, half come from fossil fuels burned as an energy source for the kilns. The energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.cement.org/concrete-basics/manufacturing/cement-industry-overview\">used to bake one ton of cement\u003c/a> could power the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3\">average U.S. home for more than a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \u003ccite>(Global Carbon Atlas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The remaining emissions are due to calcination, a chemical process triggered by heating the limestone to split it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2). The calcium oxide progresses through a series of reactions to become cement’s binding base, while the CO2—a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming—enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson sees three possible options for escaping cement’s emission. One, manufacturers could switch from fossil fuels to renewable power like wind and solar—though that only cuts about half the carbon emissions. Two, scientists could develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630247\">technology to recapture carbon from the air\u003c/a>, which some are trying to do. Or, the CO2 emissions could be eliminated from the get-go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything we could do to reduce it [cement’s carbon emissions] would be helpful,” said Robert Jackson, a Stanford University environmental scientist and chairman of the Global Carbon Project, a research collective that monitors greenhouse gas emissions. “In general, carbon dioxide emissions have been going up from cement because, as we have more people on the earth and countries like China industrialize, we’re producing a lot more cement than we did 10, 20 or 30 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, Krieg Dosier was contemplating this pollution problem as a freshly minted architect and assistant professor of architecture at North Carolina State University. Her thoughts turned back to seashells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seashells—the protective outer layer made by some marine animals—are composed of calcium carbonate, the hard stuff found in limestone. (Hard corals, your teeth and bones are made of the same material). She wondered if biologically made—or biomineralized—calcium carbonate could replace cement and make concrete bricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she wasn’t teaching, she conducted side research and landed upon bacteria as a source of calcium carbonate. Microorganisms like bacteria and algae \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222985351_Ca-Carbonates_Precipitation_and_Limestone_Genesis_-_the_Microbiogeologist_Point_of_View\">can feed on organic waste—dead corpses, poop—to form limestone deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \u003ccite>(Ed Reschke/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In nature, the process is slow with calcium carbonate-making bacteria. The right conditions may occur once every few years. So Krieg Dosier, along with her husband and fellow architect Michael Dosier, became home brewers of calcium carbonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I did a lot of work early on with the process where we had microorganisms growing in our second bedroom,” Krieg Dosier said. “It was a pretty awesome lab. It was a safe lab. We did have ways of sterilizing, ways of keeping the culture alive in incubators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that time, the Dosiers had moved to the United Arab Emirates to teach architecture at a university. The location provided plentiful sand, raw material for making bioconcrete. “There’s not a lot of uses for sand that’s that fine, so it became a good testing material for us,” Krieg Dosier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of toil and 111 failed experiments, the Dosiers landed on the right brewing conditions for bioMASON cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s innovation hinges on a rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus. They use a Bacillus strain that’s naturally occurring (no genetic modification) and it doesn’t cause disease. This particular microbe is found everywhere, including inside limestone caves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1485818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-240x155.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-520x336.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria.jpg 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The organism creates a microenvironment that enables the formation of this calcium carbonate [limestone] crystal,” said Michael Dosier, chief technology officer at bioMASON and Ginger’s husband. “That’s effectively how it’s evolved in nature over billions of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than take months or years to harden, bioMASON’s bacteria cement finishes the deed in two to three days. The whole process happens at room temperature, without the need for burning fossil fuels or calcination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you started with the same raw materials, and didn’t have to cook the limestone to a couple thousand degrees, it would definitely reduce the carbon dioxide emissions,” Jackson told NewsHour via Skype. “The notion of using bio-products is happening all around the world and for many industrial processes, so I think it’s a good idea to try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \" width=\"640\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-160x69.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-800x344.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-768x331.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1180x508.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-960x413.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-240x103.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-375x161.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-520x224.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads.jpg 1422w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \u003ccite>(Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s microbe not only skips the high heat, it also absorbs CO2 from the air to make the calcium carbonate, Ginger said. While we’re standing in inside one of bioMASON’s labs, Michael squirts a bit of calcium into bacteria primed in a proprietary chemical cocktail. Calcium carbonate crystals form almost instantaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The calcium carbonate literally forms around the cell’s microorganism, basically encapsulating them in between the grains of sand,” Ginger said. “So you’re literally stitching them together and filling in between the grains of sand with bio-cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biobricks Worldwide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside bioMASON’s labs, a handful of architects experiment with aesthetic elements of the bricks. The biocement itself carries an off-white, almost translucent crystal that readily absorbs colors and adapts to different textures. They can make bricks look old and burnt without using fire, or ones with logos that glow in the dark. Some bricks feature drawings that only appear in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make bricks, bioMASON engineers start by pouring a pitcher of primed bacteria into a mixer full of foundation material, such as sand or pebbles. Paddles churn the concoction, so the bacteria slip evenly in-between the particles of the rocky material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hopper.gif\" alt=\"After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \" width=\"600\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, the tank holding the brew tips upward, and the goop slides into machine called “the hopper.” The wet biocement funnels into the hopper’s brick molds, and a hydraulic plate covers them. Flip a switch, and the plate presses into the material while vibrating furiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine you put sand into a cup, and it just sits kind of fluffy,” Michael said. “But if you put a plate on top and vibrate it, those particles shift around until they nestle and find their home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nestled bricks slide out of the hopper like bread rolls and get rolled into a shipping container, where they harden over three to four days. A few from each batch run through a series of quality control tests—erosion, freeze/thaw—to meet \u003ca href=\"https://www.astm.org/\">international industry standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure out how much force can be applied to the material itself” through compression, Ginger said in one of bioMASON’s labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png\" alt=\"Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \" width=\"1014\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png 1014w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-800x602.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-768x578.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-960x722.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-240x181.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-520x391.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, engineer Stephen “The Crusher” McAllister applied 26,000 pounds of force to a shoe box-sized block before it broke. This degree of stress would occur in a thin-facing brick wall of a three-story building. Preliminary installations—two courtyards in San Francisco and a series of small walls—are testing the bricks’ resilience in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON is now looking to scale up production. The company moved in May 2016 to a large warehouse on the outskirts of Raleigh, where their 20-person team churns up to 10,000 bricks at a time with the hopper. Ginger said the costs of biocement are difficult to compare with regular cement, given the source components are different, but right now in general, bioMASON production runs at parity or below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, the company plans to put the entire assembly line—mixer, hopper and all—into shipping containers, so that biocement can be made anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need a fuel source. We don’t need high energy, so we are looking at being able to detach,” Ginger said. And by doing so, they may cement a brighter future for our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>BioMASON receives a small business grant from the National Science Foundation. The NSF is also a supporter of the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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