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"title": "Democrats’ Domination May Save California Climate Program",
"headTitle": "Democrats’ Domination May Save California Climate Program | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As Democrats in Congress confront the specter of watching as the country’s climate policies are dismantled by President-elect Trump, key gains by the party in California could help Sacramento take over as the nation’s leader in the fight against global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a Democrat last week \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-democrats-nab-a-supermajority-after-1480383488-htmlstory.html\">securing the final seat\u003c/a> in the state senate, the party held onto its supermajority there. It also expanded its majority in the Assembly beyond the two-thirds supermajority threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">California Democrats will try to use their supermajorities to extend cap-and-trade beyond 2020.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those supermajorities may prove pivotal for climate policy in a high-profile state — one with the nation’s largest population, which releases more greenhouse gas pollution overall every year than any other. California is home to one of the world’s biggest economies, it’s an influential leader globally on climate policy, and it recently adopted some of the most ambitious goals for slowing warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s cabinet nominees, his anti-climate campaign rhetoric and Republican opposition to environmental rules suggest federal climate legislation and regulations could be eviscerated by the new White House and Congress. Meanwhile, Golden State Democrats will be trying to use their supermajorities to extend an imperilled landmark climate program — called cap-and-trade — beyond 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such an extension would almost certainly require two-thirds lawmaker approval in the state assembly and senate. That’s because lawmaking rules in California are different for taxes and fees than for other kinds of bills, which can be passed with simple majority votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is headed in a very different direction than the rest of the country,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/about/staff/gabriel-metcalf\">Gabriel Metcalf\u003c/a>, president of San Francisco-based think tank SPUR. “The importance of California’s climate strategy is not just that it’s a big state with a big population. It’s also that it will be something that the rest of the country is paying attention to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1225742\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC.jpg\" alt=\"markets_chart_update_cc\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-520x355.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">Although it’s just a few years old, California operates the world’s second biggest cap-and-trade program (the European Union’s is bigger). Permits that are needed to pollute the atmosphere with greenhouse gases are called allowances. They’re purchased by Californian power plants, oil refineries and factories and traded by financial speculators, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-pricing-pays-way-for-cleaner-energy-18691\">raising hundreds of millions of dollars\u003c/a> yearly for green projects while capping pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/paris-pact-promotes-but-complicates-carbon-trading-20058\">cap-and-trade programs\u003c/a> are operated by China, South Korea, New Zealand, a coalition of East Coast states and elsewhere. Instead of operating cap-and-trade programs, British Columbia and some other governments \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/business/does-a-carbon-tax-work-ask-british-columbia.html?_r=0\">impose taxes\u003c/a> on greenhouse gas pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from fossil fuels, farms and deforestation has increased temperatures nearly 2°F (about 1°C) and raised sea levels more than half a foot in the past two centuries. Americans overall have caused \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/11/6-graphs-explain-world%E2%80%99s-top-10-emitters\">about one sixth\u003c/a> of that pollution — about the same as China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">worsened California’s drought\u003c/a> and it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-behind-surge-western-wildfires-20775\">fueling wildfires\u003c/a> throughout the West. Climate change made deadly \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/louisiana-floods-directly-linked-to-climate-change-20671\">late summer flooding\u003c/a> in Louisiana more intense and it routinely \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-human-fingerprints-on-coastal-floods-20050\">triggers coastal floods\u003c/a> during high tides along the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States have less influence in the fight against global warming than the federal government, but California’s cap-and-trade program is pioneering and could continue to serve as a model for other governments. Other states can join the program — Quebec joined in 2014, saving it the time and expense of creating and running a new program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And legal experts say the only way California lawmakers could extend cap-and-trade after 2020 would be with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/legal-doubts-over-californias-cap-and-trade-20607\">supermajority votes\u003c/a>. Although state officials and some environmentalists have argued that’s not necessary, they acknowledge that supermajority votes would protect the program from lawsuits. Those votes proved unattainable this year, leading to speculation the program will perish. A ballot measure may be introduced if lawmaker approval remains elusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As elsewhere, prices paid for pollution allowances in California have been so low as to be nearly negligible. Prices in California may quickly spike, however, if the program gets extended beyond 2020. That would put California’s cap-and-trade program to a globally unprecedented test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Democrats in Sacramento generally supporting aggressive climate action and their opponents generally opposing it, the November boost to the party’s legislative domination made it more likely that cap-and-trade will continue operating beyond 2020. But it’s not guaranteed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown this week told reporters that it can be “very challenging” to take advantage of supermajorities. That could be particularly true in California, which is a diverse and deeply blue state in which Democrats representing some regions are far more conservative or liberal than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not all Democrats in California support cap-and trade. Some have opposed it, skeptical of its economic impacts. Other Democratic lawmakers represent low-income neighborhoods where industrial air pollution could get worse if the current program isn’t substantially tweaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many difficult policy tradeoffs that we face, and lots of disagreements within the Democratic party,” Metcalf said. “At least we all agree that climate change is an urgent problem that needs solving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures and seas and falling prices for clean solar and wind energy have spurred a global consensus on the urgency of climate action, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-unites-delivers-hopeful-climate-deal-19808\">culminating in Paris in December\u003c/a> with finalization of a United Nations climate treaty. Global carbon dioxide emissions may have leveled off in recent years, but they must fall sharply in the years ahead if the treaty’s goals of limiting warming to well below 3.6°F (2°C) can be achieved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama championed the Paris climate agreement, pledging that America would reduce its climate impacts by about a quarter by 2025 compared with 2005. He joined with China in urging other countries to ambitiously tackle their own emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global consensus on climate that Obama helped to build was shattered last month by the election of Trump, a businessman who campaigned on his opposition to climate action and the Paris agreement. Trump is moving quickly to assemble a cabinet and a White House dominated by climate science deniers and opponents of environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s looming U-turn on climate policy has experts looking hopefully to states and other national governments for leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is in a good position, in that a large majority of the public is very supportive of climate action,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/people/erica-morehouse\">Erica Morehouse\u003c/a>, a senior attorney at the nonprofit Environmental Defense Fund. “We’re going to be looking to all of the members of the legislature to meet that need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges for cap-and-trade in California aren’t just political. A lawsuit against the program was filed by the California Chamber of Commerce, which argues that the program imposes illegal taxes. Oral arguments have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.evomarkets.com/pdf_documents/evo/ca_chamber_lawsuit_hearings_set.pdf\">scheduled by an appeals court\u003c/a> for late January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large corporations, Republicans and conservative-leaning Democrats haven’t been the only groups in California speaking out against the cap-and-trade program. Groups representing low-income communities of color who live near power plants and other industrial facilities are also worried by some of the utility-friendly rules of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of shortcomings with the current system,” said \u003ca href=\"http://greenlining.org/about-greenlining/our-team/\">Alvaro Sanchez\u003c/a>, environmental equity director at the nonprofit Greenlining Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez said he hopes Democrats take advantage of their supermajorities to extend cap-and-trade, but that concerns about the program must be addressed before his group could support legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current cap-and-trade program has allowed air pollution to worsen in some poor neighborhoods, sickening residents. It’s also difficult for those communities to navigate the paperwork needed to secure funding for local clean energy, workforce development and transportation projects using cap-and-trade funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited, I feel like we have the tools at our disposal to be able to advance something that would take advantage of that supermajority,” Sanchez said. “If an extension is proposed that does nothing to address those concerns, it would be really difficult to support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade program has had little impact on the state’s greenhouse gas emissions so far. That’s because other state programs and rules, such as rules requiring utilities to sell certain amounts of green energy, have done most of the work in helping the state achieve its goals of reducing climate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the cap-and-trade program, some Californian power plants have actually been \u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/PERE/enviro-equity-CA-cap-trade\">increasing the amount of pollution\u003c/a> they release in recent years, partly because utilities have been importing clean energy from other states to meet targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may change after 2020, when California begins pursuing more aggressive pollution reduction goals than nearly any other state or nation worldwide. Lawmakers in August \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/californias-new-climate-rules-explained-20639\">approved a law\u003c/a> requiring the state to pursue a 40 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared with 1990 levels. Emissions in 2020 are required to return to 1990 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An effective cap-and-trade program in California is more important than ever,” said Harvard economics professor \u003ca href=\"http://scholar.harvard.edu/stavins/home\">Robert Stavins\u003c/a>, who directs the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements. “It’s crucial that California increases its reliance on its cap-and-trade system, rather than relying on conventional regulatory approaches, which are much more costly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules will make it more difficult for utilities and other polluters to stay under the state’s carbon cap, which could cause demand for dwindling supplies of pollution allowances available each year to spike. That may push Californian cap-and-trade prices to levels never seen anywhere in the world. If that risks causing an economic shock, the governor has the power to suspend cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to expect very high carbon prices in the near term once there is legal certainty about what’s going to happen in California,” said Stanford energy and environmental law expert \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wara said such high carbon prices would be felt by consumers, such as through higher electricity bills and more expensive gas prices. That could reduce lawmaker and public support for cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easing those financial impacts may require finding new ways of reimbursing consumers. Revenues from cap-and-trade are currently used to reduce electricity bills and to fund high-speed rail and other green projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a general belief that’s about to be tested in California that people won’t tolerate high carbon prices,” Wara said. “You’d better have some way of putting money in people’s hands to offset that change — and it has to be a way that people feel and notice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Gains by California Democrats may see Sacramento take over from Washington as the climate leader in the U.S.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As Democrats in Congress confront the specter of watching as the country’s climate policies are dismantled by President-elect Trump, key gains by the party in California could help Sacramento take over as the nation’s leader in the fight against global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a Democrat last week \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-democrats-nab-a-supermajority-after-1480383488-htmlstory.html\">securing the final seat\u003c/a> in the state senate, the party held onto its supermajority there. It also expanded its majority in the Assembly beyond the two-thirds supermajority threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">California Democrats will try to use their supermajorities to extend cap-and-trade beyond 2020.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those supermajorities may prove pivotal for climate policy in a high-profile state — one with the nation’s largest population, which releases more greenhouse gas pollution overall every year than any other. California is home to one of the world’s biggest economies, it’s an influential leader globally on climate policy, and it recently adopted some of the most ambitious goals for slowing warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s cabinet nominees, his anti-climate campaign rhetoric and Republican opposition to environmental rules suggest federal climate legislation and regulations could be eviscerated by the new White House and Congress. Meanwhile, Golden State Democrats will be trying to use their supermajorities to extend an imperilled landmark climate program — called cap-and-trade — beyond 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such an extension would almost certainly require two-thirds lawmaker approval in the state assembly and senate. That’s because lawmaking rules in California are different for taxes and fees than for other kinds of bills, which can be passed with simple majority votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is headed in a very different direction than the rest of the country,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/about/staff/gabriel-metcalf\">Gabriel Metcalf\u003c/a>, president of San Francisco-based think tank SPUR. “The importance of California’s climate strategy is not just that it’s a big state with a big population. It’s also that it will be something that the rest of the country is paying attention to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1225742\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC.jpg\" alt=\"markets_chart_update_cc\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-520x355.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">Although it’s just a few years old, California operates the world’s second biggest cap-and-trade program (the European Union’s is bigger). Permits that are needed to pollute the atmosphere with greenhouse gases are called allowances. They’re purchased by Californian power plants, oil refineries and factories and traded by financial speculators, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-pricing-pays-way-for-cleaner-energy-18691\">raising hundreds of millions of dollars\u003c/a> yearly for green projects while capping pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/paris-pact-promotes-but-complicates-carbon-trading-20058\">cap-and-trade programs\u003c/a> are operated by China, South Korea, New Zealand, a coalition of East Coast states and elsewhere. Instead of operating cap-and-trade programs, British Columbia and some other governments \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/business/does-a-carbon-tax-work-ask-british-columbia.html?_r=0\">impose taxes\u003c/a> on greenhouse gas pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from fossil fuels, farms and deforestation has increased temperatures nearly 2°F (about 1°C) and raised sea levels more than half a foot in the past two centuries. Americans overall have caused \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/11/6-graphs-explain-world%E2%80%99s-top-10-emitters\">about one sixth\u003c/a> of that pollution — about the same as China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">worsened California’s drought\u003c/a> and it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-behind-surge-western-wildfires-20775\">fueling wildfires\u003c/a> throughout the West. Climate change made deadly \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/louisiana-floods-directly-linked-to-climate-change-20671\">late summer flooding\u003c/a> in Louisiana more intense and it routinely \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-human-fingerprints-on-coastal-floods-20050\">triggers coastal floods\u003c/a> during high tides along the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States have less influence in the fight against global warming than the federal government, but California’s cap-and-trade program is pioneering and could continue to serve as a model for other governments. Other states can join the program — Quebec joined in 2014, saving it the time and expense of creating and running a new program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And legal experts say the only way California lawmakers could extend cap-and-trade after 2020 would be with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/legal-doubts-over-californias-cap-and-trade-20607\">supermajority votes\u003c/a>. Although state officials and some environmentalists have argued that’s not necessary, they acknowledge that supermajority votes would protect the program from lawsuits. Those votes proved unattainable this year, leading to speculation the program will perish. A ballot measure may be introduced if lawmaker approval remains elusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As elsewhere, prices paid for pollution allowances in California have been so low as to be nearly negligible. Prices in California may quickly spike, however, if the program gets extended beyond 2020. That would put California’s cap-and-trade program to a globally unprecedented test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Democrats in Sacramento generally supporting aggressive climate action and their opponents generally opposing it, the November boost to the party’s legislative domination made it more likely that cap-and-trade will continue operating beyond 2020. But it’s not guaranteed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown this week told reporters that it can be “very challenging” to take advantage of supermajorities. That could be particularly true in California, which is a diverse and deeply blue state in which Democrats representing some regions are far more conservative or liberal than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not all Democrats in California support cap-and trade. Some have opposed it, skeptical of its economic impacts. Other Democratic lawmakers represent low-income neighborhoods where industrial air pollution could get worse if the current program isn’t substantially tweaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many difficult policy tradeoffs that we face, and lots of disagreements within the Democratic party,” Metcalf said. “At least we all agree that climate change is an urgent problem that needs solving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures and seas and falling prices for clean solar and wind energy have spurred a global consensus on the urgency of climate action, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-unites-delivers-hopeful-climate-deal-19808\">culminating in Paris in December\u003c/a> with finalization of a United Nations climate treaty. Global carbon dioxide emissions may have leveled off in recent years, but they must fall sharply in the years ahead if the treaty’s goals of limiting warming to well below 3.6°F (2°C) can be achieved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama championed the Paris climate agreement, pledging that America would reduce its climate impacts by about a quarter by 2025 compared with 2005. He joined with China in urging other countries to ambitiously tackle their own emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global consensus on climate that Obama helped to build was shattered last month by the election of Trump, a businessman who campaigned on his opposition to climate action and the Paris agreement. Trump is moving quickly to assemble a cabinet and a White House dominated by climate science deniers and opponents of environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s looming U-turn on climate policy has experts looking hopefully to states and other national governments for leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is in a good position, in that a large majority of the public is very supportive of climate action,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/people/erica-morehouse\">Erica Morehouse\u003c/a>, a senior attorney at the nonprofit Environmental Defense Fund. “We’re going to be looking to all of the members of the legislature to meet that need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges for cap-and-trade in California aren’t just political. A lawsuit against the program was filed by the California Chamber of Commerce, which argues that the program imposes illegal taxes. Oral arguments have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.evomarkets.com/pdf_documents/evo/ca_chamber_lawsuit_hearings_set.pdf\">scheduled by an appeals court\u003c/a> for late January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large corporations, Republicans and conservative-leaning Democrats haven’t been the only groups in California speaking out against the cap-and-trade program. Groups representing low-income communities of color who live near power plants and other industrial facilities are also worried by some of the utility-friendly rules of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of shortcomings with the current system,” said \u003ca href=\"http://greenlining.org/about-greenlining/our-team/\">Alvaro Sanchez\u003c/a>, environmental equity director at the nonprofit Greenlining Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez said he hopes Democrats take advantage of their supermajorities to extend cap-and-trade, but that concerns about the program must be addressed before his group could support legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current cap-and-trade program has allowed air pollution to worsen in some poor neighborhoods, sickening residents. It’s also difficult for those communities to navigate the paperwork needed to secure funding for local clean energy, workforce development and transportation projects using cap-and-trade funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited, I feel like we have the tools at our disposal to be able to advance something that would take advantage of that supermajority,” Sanchez said. “If an extension is proposed that does nothing to address those concerns, it would be really difficult to support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade program has had little impact on the state’s greenhouse gas emissions so far. That’s because other state programs and rules, such as rules requiring utilities to sell certain amounts of green energy, have done most of the work in helping the state achieve its goals of reducing climate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the cap-and-trade program, some Californian power plants have actually been \u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/PERE/enviro-equity-CA-cap-trade\">increasing the amount of pollution\u003c/a> they release in recent years, partly because utilities have been importing clean energy from other states to meet targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may change after 2020, when California begins pursuing more aggressive pollution reduction goals than nearly any other state or nation worldwide. Lawmakers in August \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/californias-new-climate-rules-explained-20639\">approved a law\u003c/a> requiring the state to pursue a 40 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared with 1990 levels. Emissions in 2020 are required to return to 1990 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An effective cap-and-trade program in California is more important than ever,” said Harvard economics professor \u003ca href=\"http://scholar.harvard.edu/stavins/home\">Robert Stavins\u003c/a>, who directs the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements. “It’s crucial that California increases its reliance on its cap-and-trade system, rather than relying on conventional regulatory approaches, which are much more costly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules will make it more difficult for utilities and other polluters to stay under the state’s carbon cap, which could cause demand for dwindling supplies of pollution allowances available each year to spike. That may push Californian cap-and-trade prices to levels never seen anywhere in the world. If that risks causing an economic shock, the governor has the power to suspend cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to expect very high carbon prices in the near term once there is legal certainty about what’s going to happen in California,” said Stanford energy and environmental law expert \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wara said such high carbon prices would be felt by consumers, such as through higher electricity bills and more expensive gas prices. That could reduce lawmaker and public support for cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easing those financial impacts may require finding new ways of reimbursing consumers. Revenues from cap-and-trade are currently used to reduce electricity bills and to fund high-speed rail and other green projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a general belief that’s about to be tested in California that people won’t tolerate high carbon prices,” Wara said. “You’d better have some way of putting money in people’s hands to offset that change — and it has to be a way that people feel and notice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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"latino-usa": {
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
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"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
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"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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