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"headTitle": "A Warming World Means Less Water, With Economic Consequences | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>We often associate climate change with too much water — the melting ice caps triggering a rise in sea levels. Now a new World Bank report says we also need to think about too little water — the potable sort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy\">High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy\u003c/a> examines the future effects of diminishing water supplies on the world. “Water-related climate risks cascade through food, energy, urban, and environmental systems,” researchers write. “Growing populations, rising incomes, and expanding cities will converge upon a world where the demand for water rises exponentially, while supply becomes more erratic and uncertain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”UfkPBH7ceMQyx4UIV3DYzmPZwo3IUd0W”]The World Bank says that in areas where water is readily available, like Central Africa and East Asia, it could become harder to find. And in areas like the Middle East, already facing water problems, “scarcity will greatly worsen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors also note the spikes in food prices a water shortage would cause, which in turn would likely lead to conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are all fairly evident consequences of global warming. The report treads new ground, however, in evaluating the economic impacts of this water scarcity. Researchers say water shortages could cause certain areas to lose as much as 6 percent of their gross domestic product “as a result of water-related losses in agriculture, health, income, and property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report emphasizes three ways to mitigate the problems. The first is “better planning and incentives.” This involves things like using water prices and permits wisely to ensure water is used for “higher-value” purposes. The authors say that paradoxically, in societies where water is considered free, the poor end up paying more for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, they advise expanding “water supply and availability,” through more dams, water recycling and even sometimes desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They finally advise ” ‘water proofing’ economies” to economic shocks. They advocate crop insurance for farmers and building walls and levees to protect cities from floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Damania led the team that wrote the report. He joined NPR’s Michel Martin from Colombo in Sri Lanka, a country that has recently experienced water problems of its own, in the form of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/19/478679396/photos-rain-hampers-search-for-families-missing-after-sri-lankan-landslides\">torrential rain\u003c/a> and flooding. He talked more about what the report shows, why economies need water and why pricing water may be better for the world’s poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Interview highlights contain some extended, Web-only answers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On what the report shows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think there are two important things that this report highlights. The first is that … the major impacts of climate change are felt through water — through the hydrological cycle. Through things like more intense rainfall, droughts, cyclones. Indeed, I’m here in Colombo and it’s pouring with rain and there’s a threat of floods. There’s intense bouts of rainfall which are unseasonal and unexpected. That’s one impact of climate change and that’s one of the things that the report highlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also highlights that if you happen to have, in some senses, the misfortune of living in an area that’s dry, most likely you’re going to get even drier because of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important point: We all know that we need water to live. But seldom do we recognize that the economy also needs water. So when you have insufficient water, this also acts as a drag on economic performance and therefore a drag on growth as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how they determined that climate change could cost some regions up to 6 percent of GDP\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We combined a model of climate change with a hydrological cycle and fed the results of that model into a very standard economic model — the sorts of economic models that are used routinely by economists. And we had water in that economic model. In most economic models water is actually ignored — we introduced water into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then we fed through what would be the likely consequences of climate change shrinking, shriveling supplies of water on economic growth. If you don’t have the water and your business needs water, of course this is going to increase your costs. Costs go up, therefore growth tends to be affected by it. So it’s quite logical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why many researchers haven’t studied water access economics before\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that’s partly because we tend to take water for granted, because we assume that it’s so abundant. Once upon a time water was very abundant. Today the world in which we live in, water is no longer terribly abundant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So all over the world, you have growing populations, growing demand for water. Combine that with more heat, more evaporation of the water, climate change changing the cycle, and we really are set for a somewhat different world to what we’ve been experiencing in the past and today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On transferring water from places that have too much to places with too little\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the report tries to emphasize is the following: That, if you have a shortage of water, there’s really only three things that you can do. You can try to increase the supply of water, but that’s dreadfully expensive, because all of the easy locations for water storage have been used up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or you could go to really expensive solutions like desalination or water reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot more effort needs to be spent on managing demand. And we need to manage the demand for water in two ways. One, to be more efficient in how we use water — in other words, not to waste water. And secondly and related to that, we need to find ways of trying to allocate water from low-value-added wasteful uses to more higher-value-added uses that generate more growth and generate more employment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put this into context, let me try to give you a list. There’s a couple of examples. Today in a lot of countries that are water-scarce, more water is lost through leaking pipes than is actually delivered to people in their taps and in their faucets. I mean, it’s quite obvious we need to fix those leaks, though they’re quite expensive to fix, but it clearly pays for itself in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also observe that in a lot of countries that are awfully dry, we provide them with, say, irrigation, and they tend to grow rice and water-thirsty crops — where really in deserts and arid regions one really shouldn’t be growing those water-thirsty crops. And one reason why that happens is because of the allocation of water. So rather than, say, allocating that water to a higher-value crop or a higher-valued industrial use or the city, it goes to something of lower value with lower yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these are the kinds of shifts that need to actually happen. Some are easier to make than others, but they are long-term shifts and we need to start preparing and making them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the report’s finding that “free water” actually costs the poor money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s step back a little. Water is a human right and there’s a United Nations resolution about it which declares water is a human right, and requires that water is provided at an affordable price for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a lot of countries where water is provided free, when water is free it tends to be served to those that have the political clout. And as a consequence … usually the people that have the political clout are the ones that are rich. So the poor are unserved, and they have to go to water vendors. And they typically pay three to four times the price per drop of water than would the person who’s either getting the water free or getting the water subsidized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we get these perverse effects that occur when no price is attached — at least to water that’s delivered to rich homes or to industrial users. It’s quite reasonable I think to suggest that as you pay for all inputs when you produce something and make a profit, it’s reasonable to also pay for water if you use that as an input into production and make a profit out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, we need to be extremely cautious and ensure that everyone gets adequate supplies of water, and there’s adequate flows for the environment as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some examples of countries where this happens?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can literally pick your country on the map where we have informal settlements — for example, where we have slums. And typically, there are no pipes to the slums — in most cases, nine times out of 10 I don’t have to name any country. And you will find that those people in the poor quarters of the city don’t have pipes and are unserved or underserved. Even if they have pipes, there’s no water being delivered into those pipes. What do they have to do? They have to go to vendors and they have to buy the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some countries, in addition, actually selling water is illegal. So this is all done on the black market, which could raise the price even further. So it’s not an uncommon phenomenon; it’s very, very widely observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Warming+World+Means+Less+Water%2C+With+Economic+Consequences&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We often associate climate change with too much water — the melting ice caps triggering a rise in sea levels. Now a new World Bank report says we also need to think about too little water — the potable sort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy\">High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy\u003c/a> examines the future effects of diminishing water supplies on the world. “Water-related climate risks cascade through food, energy, urban, and environmental systems,” researchers write. “Growing populations, rising incomes, and expanding cities will converge upon a world where the demand for water rises exponentially, while supply becomes more erratic and uncertain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The World Bank says that in areas where water is readily available, like Central Africa and East Asia, it could become harder to find. And in areas like the Middle East, already facing water problems, “scarcity will greatly worsen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors also note the spikes in food prices a water shortage would cause, which in turn would likely lead to conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are all fairly evident consequences of global warming. The report treads new ground, however, in evaluating the economic impacts of this water scarcity. Researchers say water shortages could cause certain areas to lose as much as 6 percent of their gross domestic product “as a result of water-related losses in agriculture, health, income, and property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report emphasizes three ways to mitigate the problems. The first is “better planning and incentives.” This involves things like using water prices and permits wisely to ensure water is used for “higher-value” purposes. The authors say that paradoxically, in societies where water is considered free, the poor end up paying more for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, they advise expanding “water supply and availability,” through more dams, water recycling and even sometimes desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They finally advise ” ‘water proofing’ economies” to economic shocks. They advocate crop insurance for farmers and building walls and levees to protect cities from floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Damania led the team that wrote the report. He joined NPR’s Michel Martin from Colombo in Sri Lanka, a country that has recently experienced water problems of its own, in the form of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/19/478679396/photos-rain-hampers-search-for-families-missing-after-sri-lankan-landslides\">torrential rain\u003c/a> and flooding. He talked more about what the report shows, why economies need water and why pricing water may be better for the world’s poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Interview highlights contain some extended, Web-only answers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On what the report shows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think there are two important things that this report highlights. The first is that … the major impacts of climate change are felt through water — through the hydrological cycle. Through things like more intense rainfall, droughts, cyclones. Indeed, I’m here in Colombo and it’s pouring with rain and there’s a threat of floods. There’s intense bouts of rainfall which are unseasonal and unexpected. That’s one impact of climate change and that’s one of the things that the report highlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also highlights that if you happen to have, in some senses, the misfortune of living in an area that’s dry, most likely you’re going to get even drier because of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important point: We all know that we need water to live. But seldom do we recognize that the economy also needs water. So when you have insufficient water, this also acts as a drag on economic performance and therefore a drag on growth as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how they determined that climate change could cost some regions up to 6 percent of GDP\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We combined a model of climate change with a hydrological cycle and fed the results of that model into a very standard economic model — the sorts of economic models that are used routinely by economists. And we had water in that economic model. In most economic models water is actually ignored — we introduced water into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then we fed through what would be the likely consequences of climate change shrinking, shriveling supplies of water on economic growth. If you don’t have the water and your business needs water, of course this is going to increase your costs. Costs go up, therefore growth tends to be affected by it. So it’s quite logical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why many researchers haven’t studied water access economics before\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that’s partly because we tend to take water for granted, because we assume that it’s so abundant. Once upon a time water was very abundant. Today the world in which we live in, water is no longer terribly abundant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So all over the world, you have growing populations, growing demand for water. Combine that with more heat, more evaporation of the water, climate change changing the cycle, and we really are set for a somewhat different world to what we’ve been experiencing in the past and today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On transferring water from places that have too much to places with too little\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the report tries to emphasize is the following: That, if you have a shortage of water, there’s really only three things that you can do. You can try to increase the supply of water, but that’s dreadfully expensive, because all of the easy locations for water storage have been used up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or you could go to really expensive solutions like desalination or water reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot more effort needs to be spent on managing demand. And we need to manage the demand for water in two ways. One, to be more efficient in how we use water — in other words, not to waste water. And secondly and related to that, we need to find ways of trying to allocate water from low-value-added wasteful uses to more higher-value-added uses that generate more growth and generate more employment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put this into context, let me try to give you a list. There’s a couple of examples. Today in a lot of countries that are water-scarce, more water is lost through leaking pipes than is actually delivered to people in their taps and in their faucets. I mean, it’s quite obvious we need to fix those leaks, though they’re quite expensive to fix, but it clearly pays for itself in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also observe that in a lot of countries that are awfully dry, we provide them with, say, irrigation, and they tend to grow rice and water-thirsty crops — where really in deserts and arid regions one really shouldn’t be growing those water-thirsty crops. And one reason why that happens is because of the allocation of water. So rather than, say, allocating that water to a higher-value crop or a higher-valued industrial use or the city, it goes to something of lower value with lower yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these are the kinds of shifts that need to actually happen. Some are easier to make than others, but they are long-term shifts and we need to start preparing and making them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the report’s finding that “free water” actually costs the poor money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s step back a little. Water is a human right and there’s a United Nations resolution about it which declares water is a human right, and requires that water is provided at an affordable price for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a lot of countries where water is provided free, when water is free it tends to be served to those that have the political clout. And as a consequence … usually the people that have the political clout are the ones that are rich. So the poor are unserved, and they have to go to water vendors. And they typically pay three to four times the price per drop of water than would the person who’s either getting the water free or getting the water subsidized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we get these perverse effects that occur when no price is attached — at least to water that’s delivered to rich homes or to industrial users. It’s quite reasonable I think to suggest that as you pay for all inputs when you produce something and make a profit, it’s reasonable to also pay for water if you use that as an input into production and make a profit out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, we need to be extremely cautious and ensure that everyone gets adequate supplies of water, and there’s adequate flows for the environment as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some examples of countries where this happens?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can literally pick your country on the map where we have informal settlements — for example, where we have slums. And typically, there are no pipes to the slums — in most cases, nine times out of 10 I don’t have to name any country. And you will find that those people in the poor quarters of the city don’t have pipes and are unserved or underserved. Even if they have pipes, there’s no water being delivered into those pipes. What do they have to do? They have to go to vendors and they have to buy the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some countries, in addition, actually selling water is illegal. So this is all done on the black market, which could raise the price even further. So it’s not an uncommon phenomenon; it’s very, very widely observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Warming+World+Means+Less+Water%2C+With+Economic+Consequences&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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