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"content": "\u003cp>Science writer Mary Roach is not easily repulsed. While researching her latest book, \u003cem>Grunt,\u003c/em> Roach learned all about the medicinal use of maggots in World War I. She also purposely sniffed a putrid scent known as \"Who me?\" that was developed as an experimental weapon during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Roach, it's all in the name of research. \"I'm kind of the bottom-feeder of science writing,\" Roach jokes to \u003cem>Fresh Air\u003c/em>'s Terry Gross. \"I'm just someone who is OK with being very out there with my curiosity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach's curiosity compelled her in previous books to dive deep into the science of cadavers, sex and digestion. Now, in\u003cem> Grunt, \u003c/em>she examines the science of warfare — specifically some of the scientific developments that help prevent wounds from becoming infected, and improve the chances that soldiers will endure the heat of the desert and survive explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On combating the problem of diarrhea in the military \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's particularly serious among special operations service members — Army Rangers, Navy SEALs, people who are operating off the main bases in quite remote rural areas in villages where there isn't a safe water supply. They may be eating food that's been contaminated by flies, not refrigerated, so they're getting diarrhea at a rate that's twice what the average enlisted person is getting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the average enlisted person — there was a study done, I think it was 2003 to [2004] and they asked people, \"How often did you come down with diarrhea, and what kind?\" Seventy-some percent had diarrhea — 40 percent bad enough that they sought medical treatment, and 32 percent were in a situation where they couldn't get to a toilet in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could imagine if you were a special operations team, like three or four people going to do some highly classified critical mission where you can't really stop and say, \"Hold on, I got to go behind that rock.\" ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researcher that I accompanied at Camp Lemonnier [in Djibouti] is Capt. Mark Riddle, who is with the Navy, and he's looking at a better treatment regimen for traveler's diarrhea, which can really put you out of commission for a while. He's looking at a one-dose regimen, rather than three or four days; it was something that you could take, and within the day start to be feeling better and be over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On maggots used to clean and heal wounds during WWI \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was a battlefield in World War I, and there was a medical man, William Baer, with the French expeditionary forces, and he noticed that a couple of his patients had come in with these wounds on the legs and on the genitals. They had been out in the field for seven days. They'd been lying there, they were brought in, and the wounds were infested with maggots. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially there was that revulsion of, \"Oh my God we've got to clean them out.\" And they did clean them out, and then what he saw was this beautiful pink, new, fresh tissue that had grown in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maggots had been impressively effective at debriding the wound — that is, eating the dead tissue — which is important in wound healing. You want to let the fresh tissue have a chance to grow. The dead tissue doesn't get blood; it doesn't heal. It stands in the way of healing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maggots also seemed to prevent infection ... so it was this kind of miraculous feat that the maggots had achieved. And William Baer some years later, back in civilian life, he kept thinking about this and he thought, \"I'm going to try this.\" There were some children with bone infections — it was TB infection of the bone — and he tried the maggots, and it worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can imagine that was a fairly brave thing to do, to place maggots in these children's wounds. But they were wounds that had not responded to other treatment or surgery, and it actually worked. There's work going on still today with maggot therapy, as it's called. Actually, the FDA has approved maggots as a medical device. ... I can actually tell you the Medicare reimbursement number for maggots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the problem of using maggots in modern hospitals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is there a revulsion factor that you have to overcome with the staff — the nurses are going to have to go in — you're going to have to clean the maggots out after a couple of days. You don't want them to pupate, become flies, because you think, flies flying around a hospital is the last thing you would ever want, because a fly can spread disease from landing on material in the bathroom and then landing on a wound. It's the last thing you'd want in a hospital, so you have to be careful using maggots. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're not any old maggots. They're a particular kind of bottle fly. They're from a company called Medical Maggots. They come with a dosage card — it's something like five to eight maggots per such-and-such square centimeters. ... They come in a vial, kind of like drugs. You don't want to just sort of attract any kind of fly to come and lay eggs in a wound. That would be a little dicey. ... You need a prescription, though!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the usage of stink bombs during WWII \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I use the term \"stink bomb\" sort of casually ... this was more specifically a ... squirtable spray, or a smearable paste. The idea was to get this very simple, cheap weapon into the hands of resistance organizations. People in occupied countries — France, China — give it to them, and they would surreptitiously approach officers, German or Japanese officers, and squirt this little 2-inch tube of this very heavily researched and tested, very foul-smelling odor, which was nicknamed \"Who Me?\" as in \"Who dealt it.\" So it was a kind of surreal and bizarre chapter in the history of World War II. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thought was to give motivated citizens things that they could easily and cheaply use to undermine morale, to isolate, humiliate these officers. It's a very small gesture; it wasn't going to turn the tide of war. And in fact, \"Who Me?\" — this smell paste — was never deployed. The project went on for two years. And a lot of testing went on, because of a tremendous amount of difficulty with the delivery system. The tubes tended to leak and dribble, and then the operator, himself or herself, would have this stench on their hand. ... It was a bit of a fiasco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the ongoing research to find a universal bad smell for stink bombs \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still work that goes on. Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia has done work over the years on malodorants. They created one called \"Stench Soup.\" ...The Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate, back in the '90s, commissioned them to come up with a universally loathed scent, because there are some cultural differences. They actually looked into different cultural reactions to the scent of vomit, of burned hair, of dirty feet, all of these different odors to see, \"Can we find one that is universally loathed?\" And then we could use that in any military setting, in any country, in any culture. It's very hard to do. If you don't know what you are smelling — for example, butyric acid, depending on the context, may smell like smelly feet or it may smell like Parmesan cheese, just completely depends on the context, whether you think it smells good or bad. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I actually have, in a box in my closet, a sample of \"stench soup.\" It's in a bottle that is double bagged and sealed with paraffin and packed in a box and I haven't had the courage to open up, because the last time I opened up something that came from the Monell Chemical Senses Center, which was an old archival sample of \"Who Me?\" and I opened it up out on the deck, it was quite some time before anybody could go out on the deck. I actually gagged. As you can imagine, I'm not easily repulsed or ... disgusted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=From+Medical+Maggots+To+Stench+Soup%2C+%27Grunt%27+Explores+The+Science+Of+Warfare&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Science writer Mary Roach is not easily repulsed. While researching her latest book, \u003cem>Grunt,\u003c/em> Roach learned all about the medicinal use of maggots in World War I. She also purposely sniffed a putrid scent known as \"Who me?\" that was developed as an experimental weapon during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Roach, it's all in the name of research. \"I'm kind of the bottom-feeder of science writing,\" Roach jokes to \u003cem>Fresh Air\u003c/em>'s Terry Gross. \"I'm just someone who is OK with being very out there with my curiosity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach's curiosity compelled her in previous books to dive deep into the science of cadavers, sex and digestion. Now, in\u003cem> Grunt, \u003c/em>she examines the science of warfare — specifically some of the scientific developments that help prevent wounds from becoming infected, and improve the chances that soldiers will endure the heat of the desert and survive explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On combating the problem of diarrhea in the military \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's particularly serious among special operations service members — Army Rangers, Navy SEALs, people who are operating off the main bases in quite remote rural areas in villages where there isn't a safe water supply. They may be eating food that's been contaminated by flies, not refrigerated, so they're getting diarrhea at a rate that's twice what the average enlisted person is getting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the average enlisted person — there was a study done, I think it was 2003 to [2004] and they asked people, \"How often did you come down with diarrhea, and what kind?\" Seventy-some percent had diarrhea — 40 percent bad enough that they sought medical treatment, and 32 percent were in a situation where they couldn't get to a toilet in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could imagine if you were a special operations team, like three or four people going to do some highly classified critical mission where you can't really stop and say, \"Hold on, I got to go behind that rock.\" ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researcher that I accompanied at Camp Lemonnier [in Djibouti] is Capt. Mark Riddle, who is with the Navy, and he's looking at a better treatment regimen for traveler's diarrhea, which can really put you out of commission for a while. He's looking at a one-dose regimen, rather than three or four days; it was something that you could take, and within the day start to be feeling better and be over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On maggots used to clean and heal wounds during WWI \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was a battlefield in World War I, and there was a medical man, William Baer, with the French expeditionary forces, and he noticed that a couple of his patients had come in with these wounds on the legs and on the genitals. They had been out in the field for seven days. They'd been lying there, they were brought in, and the wounds were infested with maggots. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially there was that revulsion of, \"Oh my God we've got to clean them out.\" And they did clean them out, and then what he saw was this beautiful pink, new, fresh tissue that had grown in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maggots had been impressively effective at debriding the wound — that is, eating the dead tissue — which is important in wound healing. You want to let the fresh tissue have a chance to grow. The dead tissue doesn't get blood; it doesn't heal. It stands in the way of healing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maggots also seemed to prevent infection ... so it was this kind of miraculous feat that the maggots had achieved. And William Baer some years later, back in civilian life, he kept thinking about this and he thought, \"I'm going to try this.\" There were some children with bone infections — it was TB infection of the bone — and he tried the maggots, and it worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can imagine that was a fairly brave thing to do, to place maggots in these children's wounds. But they were wounds that had not responded to other treatment or surgery, and it actually worked. There's work going on still today with maggot therapy, as it's called. Actually, the FDA has approved maggots as a medical device. ... I can actually tell you the Medicare reimbursement number for maggots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the problem of using maggots in modern hospitals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is there a revulsion factor that you have to overcome with the staff — the nurses are going to have to go in — you're going to have to clean the maggots out after a couple of days. You don't want them to pupate, become flies, because you think, flies flying around a hospital is the last thing you would ever want, because a fly can spread disease from landing on material in the bathroom and then landing on a wound. It's the last thing you'd want in a hospital, so you have to be careful using maggots. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're not any old maggots. They're a particular kind of bottle fly. They're from a company called Medical Maggots. They come with a dosage card — it's something like five to eight maggots per such-and-such square centimeters. ... They come in a vial, kind of like drugs. You don't want to just sort of attract any kind of fly to come and lay eggs in a wound. That would be a little dicey. ... You need a prescription, though!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the usage of stink bombs during WWII \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I use the term \"stink bomb\" sort of casually ... this was more specifically a ... squirtable spray, or a smearable paste. The idea was to get this very simple, cheap weapon into the hands of resistance organizations. People in occupied countries — France, China — give it to them, and they would surreptitiously approach officers, German or Japanese officers, and squirt this little 2-inch tube of this very heavily researched and tested, very foul-smelling odor, which was nicknamed \"Who Me?\" as in \"Who dealt it.\" So it was a kind of surreal and bizarre chapter in the history of World War II. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thought was to give motivated citizens things that they could easily and cheaply use to undermine morale, to isolate, humiliate these officers. It's a very small gesture; it wasn't going to turn the tide of war. And in fact, \"Who Me?\" — this smell paste — was never deployed. The project went on for two years. And a lot of testing went on, because of a tremendous amount of difficulty with the delivery system. The tubes tended to leak and dribble, and then the operator, himself or herself, would have this stench on their hand. ... It was a bit of a fiasco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the ongoing research to find a universal bad smell for stink bombs \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still work that goes on. Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia has done work over the years on malodorants. They created one called \"Stench Soup.\" ...The Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate, back in the '90s, commissioned them to come up with a universally loathed scent, because there are some cultural differences. They actually looked into different cultural reactions to the scent of vomit, of burned hair, of dirty feet, all of these different odors to see, \"Can we find one that is universally loathed?\" And then we could use that in any military setting, in any country, in any culture. It's very hard to do. If you don't know what you are smelling — for example, butyric acid, depending on the context, may smell like smelly feet or it may smell like Parmesan cheese, just completely depends on the context, whether you think it smells good or bad. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I actually have, in a box in my closet, a sample of \"stench soup.\" It's in a bottle that is double bagged and sealed with paraffin and packed in a box and I haven't had the courage to open up, because the last time I opened up something that came from the Monell Chemical Senses Center, which was an old archival sample of \"Who Me?\" and I opened it up out on the deck, it was quite some time before anybody could go out on the deck. I actually gagged. As you can imagine, I'm not easily repulsed or ... disgusted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=From+Medical+Maggots+To+Stench+Soup%2C+%27Grunt%27+Explores+The+Science+Of+Warfare&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"perspectives": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"source": "Possible"
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
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