Aurora MacRae-Crerar is delighted to join the KQED Science team as a 2016 AAAS Mass Media Fellow. She is motivated by the desire to understand how small things cause big change--whether that is microbes and their impact on global warming or individual human efforts and their collective power for societal change. She holds a PhD in Biology from the University of Pennsylvania.
By Aurora MacRae-Crerar
Blue Whale Recovery Signals Improving Ocean Conditions
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"content": "\u003cp>Twenty six nautical miles outside the Golden Gate, the spindly peaks of the Farallon Islands bobbing in view, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanctuarysimon.org/regional_sections/fulmar/\">R/V Fulmar\u003c/a> research vessel has made space for me to observe how researchers carry out their commitment to keep our oceans healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still working on developing my sea legs, I clamber up a ladder to the top deck, and as gingerly as possible, stumble to the bow of the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This vessel is run by a marine conservation partnership called \u003ca href=\"http://www.accessoceans.org/\">ACCESS\u003c/a>, or the Applied California Current Ecosystem Studies. The crew, comprised of marine researchers from the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">NOAA)\u003c/a> and the non-profit agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue\u003c/a>, is scanning the horizon for signs of life, which they are finding in abundance. [contextly_sidebar id=”bwAQS8zN4wV2Q3mMQXirOa6vGPpNfj18″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this brilliant July afternoon, the scientists on board are deploying nets and hauling in microscopic forms of life from the ocean. They pull in tiny krill and their even tinier food source, plankton, the marine plants that form the foundation of the ocean’s food chain and shed light on the health of the vital marine habitat off the coast of Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One researcher records the number of wildlife that surround the boat, while the others gaze through binoculars and call out species names as they see them — like puffins, white-sided dolphins and \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/red-necked-phalarope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">red-necked phalaropes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_897891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-897891 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the AV Fulmar's marine research crew.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the R/V Fulmar’s marine research crew. \u003ccite>(Aurora MacRae-Crerar/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First mate Marshall Stein offers me his front-row swivel seat and moments later, there’s a wave of excitement as one, two, three, four blue whales come into focus. Mouth agape, I stare at the largest animals the planet has ever seen as they spout water from their blowholes, the silhouettes of their majestic blue backs against the backdrop of the Farallon Islands. I am speechless. So are the marine biologists. This is extraordinary, not only for a novice like me, but also for seasoned researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_880927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-880927\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal ever to have graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal to have ever graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since April, there have been a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/03/humpback-whales-exploring-the-bay-in-unprecedented-numbers/\">record number\u003c/a> of whale sightings in San Francisco Bay—including \u003ca href=\"http://kron4.com/2016/07/11/stunning-video-close-encounter-with-whales-near-treasure-island/\">this\u003c/a> breathtaking encounter filmed by a local kayaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yesterday was gangbusters,” exclaims Jan Roletto, the research coordinator for the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, which falls under the NOAA umbrella. On their first day out, the crew saw 85 blue and humpback whales. On the second day, I was there as the crew made 48 more whale observations. Such sightings suggest that the whales are making a strong comeback.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a real story of recovery.’\u003ccite> Jaime Jahncke, Point Blue \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This July alone, the crew of the R/V Fulmar has seen more whales (around 237) than scientists recorded during the entire summer last year — about \u003ca href=\"http://accessoceans.org/uploads/Ocean_Climate_Indicators_Report_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">180\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greater Farallones Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> is lush with nutrients, making it the place where whales meet and eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s a real story of recovery,” says Jaime Jahncke, a lead scientist at Point Blue. But what are they recovering from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower whale abundance in 2015 was a consequence of two natural phenomena: a sprawling mass of anomalously warm water known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">the Blob, and El Niño\u003c/a>, a periodic shift in both ocean and atmospheric conditions. Together, they raised ocean temperatures and had mostly negative effects on marine life, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/how-warmer-waters-have-led-to-emaciated-seals-on-california-beaches/\">such as California seals\u003c/a> and sea lions. Thousands of sea lion pups were stranded or killed in February and March 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_894517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-894517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Unusually warm waters brought in by a combination of El Ñino and the Blob in late 2015 to early 2016 were not good for sea lion pups. These anomalously high temperatures disrupted the marine food chain, leaving the pups malnourished. This has lead to the recent high rates of sea lion pup mortality.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unusually warm ocean conditions in late 2015 led to high rates of sea lion pup mortality. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the oceans have cooled and the wind is gusting, a trend scientists are happy to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winds are strong enough to cause upwelling. They are pushing that water to the south and offshore, and it allows the cold, nutrient-rich water to come to the surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/contact/staff.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Danielle Lipski\u003c/a>, research coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, another branch of NOAA. The nutrients act like fertilizer and increase the abundance of \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html\">phytoplankton.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_881027\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-881027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tiny, but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales. \u003ccite>( Andrea Izzotti/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/sem/zooplankton.cfm\">Zooplankton\u003c/a> feed on the phytoplankton, which are then eaten by tiny shrimplike animals called \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/lewis_clark01/background/midwater_realm/media/krill.html\">krill\u003c/a>. The whales gobble up the krill in a beautiful relationship where one of the smallest of lifeforms sustains the largest.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twenty six nautical miles outside the Golden Gate, the spindly peaks of the Farallon Islands bobbing in view, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanctuarysimon.org/regional_sections/fulmar/\">R/V Fulmar\u003c/a> research vessel has made space for me to observe how researchers carry out their commitment to keep our oceans healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still working on developing my sea legs, I clamber up a ladder to the top deck, and as gingerly as possible, stumble to the bow of the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This vessel is run by a marine conservation partnership called \u003ca href=\"http://www.accessoceans.org/\">ACCESS\u003c/a>, or the Applied California Current Ecosystem Studies. The crew, comprised of marine researchers from the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">NOAA)\u003c/a> and the non-profit agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue\u003c/a>, is scanning the horizon for signs of life, which they are finding in abundance. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this brilliant July afternoon, the scientists on board are deploying nets and hauling in microscopic forms of life from the ocean. They pull in tiny krill and their even tinier food source, plankton, the marine plants that form the foundation of the ocean’s food chain and shed light on the health of the vital marine habitat off the coast of Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One researcher records the number of wildlife that surround the boat, while the others gaze through binoculars and call out species names as they see them — like puffins, white-sided dolphins and \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/red-necked-phalarope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">red-necked phalaropes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_897891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-897891 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the AV Fulmar's marine research crew.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the R/V Fulmar’s marine research crew. \u003ccite>(Aurora MacRae-Crerar/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First mate Marshall Stein offers me his front-row swivel seat and moments later, there’s a wave of excitement as one, two, three, four blue whales come into focus. Mouth agape, I stare at the largest animals the planet has ever seen as they spout water from their blowholes, the silhouettes of their majestic blue backs against the backdrop of the Farallon Islands. I am speechless. So are the marine biologists. This is extraordinary, not only for a novice like me, but also for seasoned researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_880927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-880927\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal ever to have graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal to have ever graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since April, there have been a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/03/humpback-whales-exploring-the-bay-in-unprecedented-numbers/\">record number\u003c/a> of whale sightings in San Francisco Bay—including \u003ca href=\"http://kron4.com/2016/07/11/stunning-video-close-encounter-with-whales-near-treasure-island/\">this\u003c/a> breathtaking encounter filmed by a local kayaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yesterday was gangbusters,” exclaims Jan Roletto, the research coordinator for the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, which falls under the NOAA umbrella. On their first day out, the crew saw 85 blue and humpback whales. On the second day, I was there as the crew made 48 more whale observations. Such sightings suggest that the whales are making a strong comeback.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a real story of recovery.’\u003ccite> Jaime Jahncke, Point Blue \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This July alone, the crew of the R/V Fulmar has seen more whales (around 237) than scientists recorded during the entire summer last year — about \u003ca href=\"http://accessoceans.org/uploads/Ocean_Climate_Indicators_Report_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">180\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greater Farallones Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> is lush with nutrients, making it the place where whales meet and eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s a real story of recovery,” says Jaime Jahncke, a lead scientist at Point Blue. But what are they recovering from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower whale abundance in 2015 was a consequence of two natural phenomena: a sprawling mass of anomalously warm water known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">the Blob, and El Niño\u003c/a>, a periodic shift in both ocean and atmospheric conditions. Together, they raised ocean temperatures and had mostly negative effects on marine life, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/how-warmer-waters-have-led-to-emaciated-seals-on-california-beaches/\">such as California seals\u003c/a> and sea lions. Thousands of sea lion pups were stranded or killed in February and March 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_894517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-894517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Unusually warm waters brought in by a combination of El Ñino and the Blob in late 2015 to early 2016 were not good for sea lion pups. These anomalously high temperatures disrupted the marine food chain, leaving the pups malnourished. This has lead to the recent high rates of sea lion pup mortality.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unusually warm ocean conditions in late 2015 led to high rates of sea lion pup mortality. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the oceans have cooled and the wind is gusting, a trend scientists are happy to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winds are strong enough to cause upwelling. They are pushing that water to the south and offshore, and it allows the cold, nutrient-rich water to come to the surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/contact/staff.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Danielle Lipski\u003c/a>, research coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, another branch of NOAA. The nutrients act like fertilizer and increase the abundance of \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html\">phytoplankton.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_881027\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-881027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tiny, but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales. \u003ccite>( Andrea Izzotti/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/sem/zooplankton.cfm\">Zooplankton\u003c/a> feed on the phytoplankton, which are then eaten by tiny shrimplike animals called \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/lewis_clark01/background/midwater_realm/media/krill.html\">krill\u003c/a>. The whales gobble up the krill in a beautiful relationship where one of the smallest of lifeforms sustains the largest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Escape to Alcatraz: A Seabird's Eden",
"headTitle": "Escape to Alcatraz: A Seabird’s Eden | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Once a symbol of captivity, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/alca/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alcatraz Island\u003c/a> is now a sanctuary for free-flying seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 50 years ago, Alcatraz was a high-security prison housing America’s most infamous criminals (e.g., \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/07/02/escape-to-alcatraz-a-seabirds-eden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Al “Scarface” Capone\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert “Birdman of Alcatraz” Stroud\u003c/a>). The surrounding icy-cold water and forceful currents made inmate escape nearly impossible (\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1962_Alcatraz_escape\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">with one ingenious exception\u003c/a>). Today, these same characteristics make the island a refuge for seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Island Named for Birds \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The island belonged originally to the birds. Spanish explorers in 1775 named this rock outcropping after its most lively feature, calling it \u003cem>Alcatraces\u003c/em>, or “strange birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_808810\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-808810 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-800x722.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"722\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-800x722.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-400x361.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-768x693.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-1440x1300.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-1920x1733.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-1180x1065.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-960x867.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At one time, the Snowy Egret was hunted to near extinction because its long, graceful feathers were coveted ornaments for ladies’ hats. The Audubon Society (1886) was formed in response, allowing these birds, and many others, to make a heroic comeback. \u003ccite>(Pauline Yeckley/National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But these graceful and unusual creatures left the island once it became a fortress in the 1850s. Soldiers used dynamite to transform this jagged chunk of bedrock into a base fit for battle. A ring of rubble skirting the island’s perimeter is a reminder of it’s military legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1933, the U.S. Justice Department needed a location to house the inmates that were too difficult and dangerous to be contained elsewhere, which resulted in the transition of Alcatraz from a military base to a federal prison in in 1934.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Nature and Culture Interact\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decommissioned as a penitentiary in 1963, the birds have since re-claimed their namesake. But it wasn’t immediate. Seabirds are very sensitive to ecological disturbance, so it took almost 10 years after the prison was shut down for the seabirds to start coming back. Today, the rubble refuse from the dynamiting of the island has resulted in tide pools that support the birds and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s very unique to be able to come out here and see these nesting seabirds up close.’\u003ccite>Tori Seher, National Park Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Since the 1990s, scientists have been tracking the bird populations closely, inspecting each nest and counting the number of adults, chicks and eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alcatraz is now a National Historic Landmark, and its main draw is the prison, where visitors can do an audio tour, hearing guards and inmates talk about life on The Rock. Visitors don’t often know about the wildlife on the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was attracted to this conflict between cultural resources and natural resources and having them work together,” says Alcatraz biologist, Tori Seher. “The prison is obviously the main attractant, but its a nice surprise that they see when they get out here that there’s natural resources as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_809265\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-809265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Compared to the almost 1,600 prisoners Alcatraz housed over its 30-year tenure as a penitentiary, the island is now home to ~ 5,000 birds in a year. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM.jpg 1704w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compared to the almost 1,600 prisoners Alcatraz housed over its 30-year tenure, the island is now home to roughly 5,000 birds in a year. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every spring, seabirds flock to Alcatraz to breed and raise their young—a process that the public cannot usually witness from only 10 feet away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seabirds usually nest on these desolate islands that don’t see a lot of people or disturbances,” says Seher, “so it’s very unique to be able to come out here and see these nesting seabirds up close. I don’t know of any other area where you could do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alcatraz sees roughly 5,000 visitors a day, but because of well-implemented park management, there’s very little conflict between the sightseers and the birds. The unexpected, but very real conflict, is between the birds and the use of recreational drones. Because they are operated by remote control, Seher says it’s difficult to trace the drone back to the person flying it. Hovering close to the island, she says, their buzzing scares away the sensitive seabirds, many of which do not return. She says drones are one of the reasons bird populations are dropping slightly right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seher urges visitors to really explore the island and not to stop at the audio tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My favorite place is the Snowy Egret colony,” she says. On the west side road. “Not too many people go down that road, but you get great views of the Golden Gate Bridge and the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_809390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-809390 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado-800x600.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nesting season is in full swing for the seabirds on Alcatraz Island. Each year, nine different species nest and hatch chicks on the island between Spring and early Fall. From black-crowned night herons to oyster catchers, visitors can see the birds feeding and learning to walk. Here, two snowy egrets chicks huddle next to an egret egg yet to hatch. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accidental Edens\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A territory abandoned by humans and vigorously reclaimed by nature, Alcatraz is akin to an accidental Eden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other examples include the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/01/14/chernobyl.nature.radiation.debate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">site of Chernobyl\u003c/a> in the Ukraine or \u003ca href=\"http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/eco.dmz.korea/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the DMZ \u003c/a>between North and South Korea. Both areas burst with biodiversity on land\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>where humans fear to tread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are now calling on the Obama Adminstration to turn\u003ca href=\"http://www.iflscience.com/environment/guantanamo-bay-could-become-international-cutting-edge-ecological-research-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Guantánamo Bay into an state-of-the-art ecological research station\u003c/a>. They propose that, similar to Alcatraz Island, Guantánamo Bay could transition from a cage for humans to a haven for the recovery of the area’s unique species and a center for climate change studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A popular destination, \u003ca href=\"https://www.alcatrazcruises.com/index.aspx/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tickets \u003c/a>to Alcatraz Island sell out fast, and are likely gone for this July 4th weekend. Check \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here \u003c/a>for a list of other places to visit within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It’s nesting season on Alcatraz Island, a rare chance for visitors to watch seabirds raise their new-born chicks.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Once a symbol of captivity, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/alca/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alcatraz Island\u003c/a> is now a sanctuary for free-flying seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 50 years ago, Alcatraz was a high-security prison housing America’s most infamous criminals (e.g., \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/07/02/escape-to-alcatraz-a-seabirds-eden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Al “Scarface” Capone\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert “Birdman of Alcatraz” Stroud\u003c/a>). The surrounding icy-cold water and forceful currents made inmate escape nearly impossible (\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1962_Alcatraz_escape\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">with one ingenious exception\u003c/a>). Today, these same characteristics make the island a refuge for seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Island Named for Birds \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The island belonged originally to the birds. Spanish explorers in 1775 named this rock outcropping after its most lively feature, calling it \u003cem>Alcatraces\u003c/em>, or “strange birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_808810\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-808810 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-800x722.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"722\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-800x722.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-400x361.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-768x693.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-1440x1300.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-1920x1733.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-1180x1065.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/egret2-960x867.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At one time, the Snowy Egret was hunted to near extinction because its long, graceful feathers were coveted ornaments for ladies’ hats. The Audubon Society (1886) was formed in response, allowing these birds, and many others, to make a heroic comeback. \u003ccite>(Pauline Yeckley/National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But these graceful and unusual creatures left the island once it became a fortress in the 1850s. Soldiers used dynamite to transform this jagged chunk of bedrock into a base fit for battle. A ring of rubble skirting the island’s perimeter is a reminder of it’s military legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1933, the U.S. Justice Department needed a location to house the inmates that were too difficult and dangerous to be contained elsewhere, which resulted in the transition of Alcatraz from a military base to a federal prison in in 1934.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Nature and Culture Interact\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decommissioned as a penitentiary in 1963, the birds have since re-claimed their namesake. But it wasn’t immediate. Seabirds are very sensitive to ecological disturbance, so it took almost 10 years after the prison was shut down for the seabirds to start coming back. Today, the rubble refuse from the dynamiting of the island has resulted in tide pools that support the birds and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s very unique to be able to come out here and see these nesting seabirds up close.’\u003ccite>Tori Seher, National Park Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Since the 1990s, scientists have been tracking the bird populations closely, inspecting each nest and counting the number of adults, chicks and eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alcatraz is now a National Historic Landmark, and its main draw is the prison, where visitors can do an audio tour, hearing guards and inmates talk about life on The Rock. Visitors don’t often know about the wildlife on the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was attracted to this conflict between cultural resources and natural resources and having them work together,” says Alcatraz biologist, Tori Seher. “The prison is obviously the main attractant, but its a nice surprise that they see when they get out here that there’s natural resources as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_809265\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-809265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Compared to the almost 1,600 prisoners Alcatraz housed over its 30-year tenure as a penitentiary, the island is now home to ~ 5,000 birds in a year. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/iStock_57485856_MEDIUM.jpg 1704w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compared to the almost 1,600 prisoners Alcatraz housed over its 30-year tenure, the island is now home to roughly 5,000 birds in a year. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every spring, seabirds flock to Alcatraz to breed and raise their young—a process that the public cannot usually witness from only 10 feet away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seabirds usually nest on these desolate islands that don’t see a lot of people or disturbances,” says Seher, “so it’s very unique to be able to come out here and see these nesting seabirds up close. I don’t know of any other area where you could do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alcatraz sees roughly 5,000 visitors a day, but because of well-implemented park management, there’s very little conflict between the sightseers and the birds. The unexpected, but very real conflict, is between the birds and the use of recreational drones. Because they are operated by remote control, Seher says it’s difficult to trace the drone back to the person flying it. Hovering close to the island, she says, their buzzing scares away the sensitive seabirds, many of which do not return. She says drones are one of the reasons bird populations are dropping slightly right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seher urges visitors to really explore the island and not to stop at the audio tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My favorite place is the Snowy Egret colony,” she says. On the west side road. “Not too many people go down that road, but you get great views of the Golden Gate Bridge and the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_809390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-809390 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado-800x600.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/baby_egrets_PFurtado.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nesting season is in full swing for the seabirds on Alcatraz Island. Each year, nine different species nest and hatch chicks on the island between Spring and early Fall. From black-crowned night herons to oyster catchers, visitors can see the birds feeding and learning to walk. Here, two snowy egrets chicks huddle next to an egret egg yet to hatch. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accidental Edens\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A territory abandoned by humans and vigorously reclaimed by nature, Alcatraz is akin to an accidental Eden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other examples include the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/01/14/chernobyl.nature.radiation.debate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">site of Chernobyl\u003c/a> in the Ukraine or \u003ca href=\"http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/eco.dmz.korea/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the DMZ \u003c/a>between North and South Korea. Both areas burst with biodiversity on land\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>where humans fear to tread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are now calling on the Obama Adminstration to turn\u003ca href=\"http://www.iflscience.com/environment/guantanamo-bay-could-become-international-cutting-edge-ecological-research-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Guantánamo Bay into an state-of-the-art ecological research station\u003c/a>. They propose that, similar to Alcatraz Island, Guantánamo Bay could transition from a cage for humans to a haven for the recovery of the area’s unique species and a center for climate change studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A popular destination, \u003ca href=\"https://www.alcatrazcruises.com/index.aspx/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tickets \u003c/a>to Alcatraz Island sell out fast, and are likely gone for this July 4th weekend. Check \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here \u003c/a>for a list of other places to visit within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Stanford law professor and bioethicist \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\" target=\"_blank\">Hank Greely\u003c/a> predicts that most people in developed countries won’t have sex to make babies in the future. Instead they will choose to control their child's genetics by making embryos in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think we’ll actually see a world where most babies born to people with good health coverage will be conceived in the lab.'\u003ccite>Hank Greely, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Greely recently spoke with Michael Krasny on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/06/01/bioethicist-hank-greely-forecasts-the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-reproduction/\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program about his new book, “\u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/publications/the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-human-reproduction/\" target=\"_blank\">The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction.\u003c/a>” Greely highlights the ethical and legal questions that might arise in the future's reproductive paradigm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: There are a lot of new advances, technology and so forth, we reached the point where you get some sperm donor and a little piece of skin and you’re in business because of stem cells. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: My book argues that two different biomedical innovations coming from different directions and not really propelled by reproduction are going to combine here. One is \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing\" target=\"_blank\">whole-genome sequencing, \u003c/a>and the other is what I call easy PGD, \u003ca href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis/\" target=\"_blank\">preimplantation genetic diagnosis\u003c/a>, [that] is getting rid of egg harvest... which is unpleasant, dangerous and really expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This ties in with in vitro fertilization [IVF] also being not as onerous as it has been in the past...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: What I think is going to happen, we’ll be able to take some skin cells from anyone and turn them into any cell type. Make these into eggs or sperm and that is going to make IVF much easier, cheaper and less dangerous. [This] is going to lead to what I call easy PGD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: You [can] decide, “Well, I want these traits” and it becomes a selective process.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: Yes, I think we will see an increased and broad use embryo selection. I would be careful to set the time frame at 20-40 years. I think we’ll actually see a world where most babies born to people with good health coverage will be conceived in the lab. People will make about a hundred embryos, each will have its whole genome tested, and the parents will be [told], “…Tell us what you want to know and then tell us what embryo you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This could bring down healthcare costs and it is also good for same sex couples, isn't it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: Well, yes and maybe. I think it should bring down healthcare costs, and, in fact, one of the advantages to it is that it would be so beneficial for public health care costs that I think it would be provided for free. If it costs say, $10,000 to start a baby this way, 100 babies is a million dollars. If you avoid the birth of one baby with a serious genetic disease, you’ve saved 3-5 million dollars. The same sex issue, I think that’s going to work, but that’s another jump. That would be taking a skin cell… from a woman and turning it into a sperm. I think [it’s] probable, but that hasn’t been done yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This is not the end of sex--because recreational sex will always be with us--it’s the end of sex as a way of procreating.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: I think it will not be the complete end. I think people will still get pregnant the old-fashioned way, right, sometimes for religious reasons, sometimes for philosophical reasons, sometimes for romantic reasons, sometimes because they are teenagers and the backseat of the car is there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: A lot of people talk about playing God, but before we get into that, there's the rubric of consumer eugenics. And there is a eugenics fear when we start talking about selection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: There certainly is. Eugenics is a slippery word, it means many things to different people. To some its \u003cem>state-enforced reproductive control\u003c/em>, to some, and what we had was \u003cem>state-enforced sterilization\u003c/em>, to some it’s \u003cem>any kind of reproductive choices\u003c/em>, but those are different things. For me I think the coercion is much more important than the issues of selection. The concern about the state or the insurance company or someone else, forcing you to pick particular babies, worries me a lot more than having parents make choices, though that raises its own set of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: What do you see as the biggest question here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: I worry about the dilemma of Republican legislators in very conservative states. They want to spend as little money as possible on Medicaid. I could imagine a state saying, \"We're not going to pay for this via Medicaid,\" which would mean that the roughly 40-50 percent of babies born in that state who are paid for by Medicaid wouldn't get to go through this, and although they are not \"super babies\", adding another 10-20 percent health advantage to the babies of the rich over the babies of the poor is a bad thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/06/01/bioethicist-hank-greely-forecasts-the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-reproduction/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a> to the full interview. Greely shares his thoughts on cost, socioeconomics, gene editing and the ethics of designer babies.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stanford law professor and bioethicist \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\" target=\"_blank\">Hank Greely\u003c/a> predicts that most people in developed countries won’t have sex to make babies in the future. Instead they will choose to control their child's genetics by making embryos in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think we’ll actually see a world where most babies born to people with good health coverage will be conceived in the lab.'\u003ccite>Hank Greely, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Greely recently spoke with Michael Krasny on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/06/01/bioethicist-hank-greely-forecasts-the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-reproduction/\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program about his new book, “\u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/publications/the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-human-reproduction/\" target=\"_blank\">The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction.\u003c/a>” Greely highlights the ethical and legal questions that might arise in the future's reproductive paradigm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: There are a lot of new advances, technology and so forth, we reached the point where you get some sperm donor and a little piece of skin and you’re in business because of stem cells. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: My book argues that two different biomedical innovations coming from different directions and not really propelled by reproduction are going to combine here. One is \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing\" target=\"_blank\">whole-genome sequencing, \u003c/a>and the other is what I call easy PGD, \u003ca href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis/\" target=\"_blank\">preimplantation genetic diagnosis\u003c/a>, [that] is getting rid of egg harvest... which is unpleasant, dangerous and really expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This ties in with in vitro fertilization [IVF] also being not as onerous as it has been in the past...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: What I think is going to happen, we’ll be able to take some skin cells from anyone and turn them into any cell type. Make these into eggs or sperm and that is going to make IVF much easier, cheaper and less dangerous. [This] is going to lead to what I call easy PGD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: You [can] decide, “Well, I want these traits” and it becomes a selective process.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: Yes, I think we will see an increased and broad use embryo selection. I would be careful to set the time frame at 20-40 years. I think we’ll actually see a world where most babies born to people with good health coverage will be conceived in the lab. People will make about a hundred embryos, each will have its whole genome tested, and the parents will be [told], “…Tell us what you want to know and then tell us what embryo you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This could bring down healthcare costs and it is also good for same sex couples, isn't it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: Well, yes and maybe. I think it should bring down healthcare costs, and, in fact, one of the advantages to it is that it would be so beneficial for public health care costs that I think it would be provided for free. If it costs say, $10,000 to start a baby this way, 100 babies is a million dollars. If you avoid the birth of one baby with a serious genetic disease, you’ve saved 3-5 million dollars. The same sex issue, I think that’s going to work, but that’s another jump. That would be taking a skin cell… from a woman and turning it into a sperm. I think [it’s] probable, but that hasn’t been done yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This is not the end of sex--because recreational sex will always be with us--it’s the end of sex as a way of procreating.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: I think it will not be the complete end. I think people will still get pregnant the old-fashioned way, right, sometimes for religious reasons, sometimes for philosophical reasons, sometimes for romantic reasons, sometimes because they are teenagers and the backseat of the car is there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: A lot of people talk about playing God, but before we get into that, there's the rubric of consumer eugenics. And there is a eugenics fear when we start talking about selection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: There certainly is. Eugenics is a slippery word, it means many things to different people. To some its \u003cem>state-enforced reproductive control\u003c/em>, to some, and what we had was \u003cem>state-enforced sterilization\u003c/em>, to some it’s \u003cem>any kind of reproductive choices\u003c/em>, but those are different things. For me I think the coercion is much more important than the issues of selection. The concern about the state or the insurance company or someone else, forcing you to pick particular babies, worries me a lot more than having parents make choices, though that raises its own set of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: What do you see as the biggest question here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: I worry about the dilemma of Republican legislators in very conservative states. They want to spend as little money as possible on Medicaid. I could imagine a state saying, \"We're not going to pay for this via Medicaid,\" which would mean that the roughly 40-50 percent of babies born in that state who are paid for by Medicaid wouldn't get to go through this, and although they are not \"super babies\", adding another 10-20 percent health advantage to the babies of the rich over the babies of the poor is a bad thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/06/01/bioethicist-hank-greely-forecasts-the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-reproduction/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a> to the full interview. Greely shares his thoughts on cost, socioeconomics, gene editing and the ethics of designer babies.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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