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"title": "California's New Benefits for Undocumented Immigrants Are Not Enough, Workers Say",
"headTitle": "California’s New Benefits for Undocumented Immigrants Are Not Enough, Workers Say | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"6\">Paula Cortez Medrano has worked in the agriculture industry since she arrived in the U.S. over 25 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"7\">She has labored in the heat of Fresno summers, picking onions, tomatoes, grapes and garlic, and in the freezing temperatures of local produce-packing houses, where she would wear two layers of pants to stay warm while assembling frozen fruits and vegetables to be sold in grocery stores across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"8\">She contracted COVID-19 during the pandemic and was sent home from work with only two weeks of paid sick leave. It took her 40 days to recover, but when she returned to her packing house job, she was turned away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"9\">“They told me that they had no more work for me, that it was really slow,” she said in Spanish in an interview with The Fresno Bee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"10\">The 66-year-old said she thinks she was turned away because of her age; they never called her back to work. Today, she sells tamales as a street vendor in central Fresno, earning an average of $80 a day, much less than the $15 per hour she earned in the packing house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Edward Flores, researcher and professor of sociology, UC Merced Community and Labor Center\"]‘When workers don’t have access to unemployment benefits, they’re more vulnerable.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"11\">Because of workers like Cortez Medrano, California Democratic lawmakers want to extend unemployment benefits to undocumented workers, a proposal backed by \u003ca href=\"https://clc.ucmerced.edu/sites/clc.ucmerced.edu/files/page/documents/essential_fairness.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"12\">a new report by the UC Merced Community and Labor Center\u003c/a>, which makes the case for why the California economy, the workforce, and families would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"16\">Introduced last month by Assemblymember Eduardo Garcia, a Democrat from Coachella, and currently under review in the legislature, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB2847\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"17\">AB 2847\u003c/a> would create the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article258943743.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"18\">Excluded Workers Pilot Program\u003c/a>, a two-year program that would provide funds to undocumented workers who lose their job or have their hours reduced during the calendar year 2023. The proposal, estimated at $597 million plus administrative costs, would allow qualifying, unemployed individuals to receive up to $300 a week for 20 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"19\">The report, released Thursday, argues that undocumented workers play a key role in California’s economy, contributing an estimated $3.7 billion in annual state and local tax revenues. Additionally, these workers hold one in 16 jobs in the state, and many were deemed “essential workers” during the COVID-19 pandemic because of the risks they took working in agriculture fields, meatpacking houses, and other key industries.[aside postID=\"news_11906868,news_11907155,news_11907442\" label=\"Related Posts\"]An estimated 2 million undocumented individuals live in California, with about 1.1 million of that population participating in the workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"21\">Of the 1.6 million workers in the central San Joaquin Valley, an estimated 7% are undocumented, the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"22\">Nearly 38% of noncitizen workers, and more than 61% of children living with noncitizen workers, live in households earning less than a living wage and face chronic and severe housing and food insecurity, the report states: “Unfortunately, such workers face high rates of extreme hardship and do not have access to unemployment benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"23\">The report concludes that the challenges facing undocumented workers are only likely to increase as a result of a number of environmental challenges like wildfires, earthquakes, extreme heat and drought, piled on top of the ongoing public health crisis the state is already grappling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"24\">Cortez Medrano said access to unemployment benefits from a pilot program would be “la gloria,” or glory, and that she would use such funds to pay rent and bills and buy food during her time without stable work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"25\">“I need the help, urgently,” she said in Spanish. “It’s high time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"26\">Beyond access to unemployment, Cortez Medrano said what she really wants is a work permit to make her job search easier. “I can still work,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 data-reader-unique-id=\"27\">High risk, few safeguards for undocumented workforce\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"28\">UC Merced researchers found a relationship among in-person work, unemployment benefits usage and the undocumented workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"29\">Workers in the industries with the highest COVID-related deaths also reported the lowest rates of unemployment insurance use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"30\">Immigrants made up nearly 60% of coronavirus-related deaths in California’s industries with the highest rates of pandemic-related deaths. Immigrants were the majority of deaths in: agriculture at 83%; landscaping, 81%; food processing, 69%; restaurants and food services, 53%; and building services, 52%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"31\">Undocumented workers in these industries were especially vulnerable because they had no source of wage replacement in the event of job loss. They are excluded from collecting benefits, even though they contribute to the unemployment insurance system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"32\">“Lacking a safety net benefit system, many undocumented workers often felt as if they had no choice but to continue working — facing unlawful working conditions that caused serious risks to their own and others’ health — in order to meet their financial commitments,” researchers said in the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"39\">Access to unemployment benefits could have prevented some of these deaths. “When workers don’t have access to unemployment benefits, they’re more vulnerable,” said Edward Flores, researcher and professor of sociology at the UC Merced Community and Labor Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"40\">On the flip side, researchers found that workers in industries that have low rates of in-person work and higher rates of unemployment use didn’t see such high increases in pandemic-related death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"41\">Researchers concluded that “economic aid is an important tool that safeguards the health and wellbeing of workers and their families during a public health crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"49\">California offered some support during the pandemic. Undocumented workers were eligible to receive up to $1,700 in state funds: a $500 COVID-19 disaster relief prepaid card, and $1,200 from the Golden State Stimulus fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"50\">Still, the report calculated that these benefits were 20 times less than the $36,000 in economic aid that California citizen workers received from a mix of unemployment insurance, federal pandemic unemployment compensation, and federal stimulus aid during the first year of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"51\">Meanwhile employers in these industries reported record profits during the pandemic. In 2021, Fresno County \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnobee.com/news/business/agriculture/article255867051.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"52\">saw record-breaking production\u003c/a>, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/blog/2021/12/10/recent-data-show-dominant-meat-processing-companies-are-taking-advantage-of-market-power-to-raise-prices-and-grow-profit-margins/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"53\">meat-processing company profits soared\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"54\">“Low earnings and a lack of a safety net, however, pose an ongoing threat to the economic stability and wellbeing of workers who created such wealth,” said the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure data-reader-unique-id=\"55\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"59\">Part of the solution, according to the UC Merced researchers, is for the state to address this “policy gap” by taking advantage of the budget surplus and lessons learned from the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"60\">“It took the Great Depression to create the New Deal and a lot of the worker protections that exist today, like unemployment [insurance] or Social Security,” said Flores of UC Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"61\">“Our state is at a similar historical juncture where we experienced a once-in-a-lifetime crisis, but then have an abundance of wealth to think about how to manage,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"62\">California saw a $38 billion state budget surplus in 2021 and a $31 billion surplus in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"63\">“This is an opportunity now for policymakers to close on the policy gaps not just for now, but also for any subsequent public emergencies that happen in the future,” Flores said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"64\">California has extended state benefits to undocumented immigrants. In 2020, the state allowed qualifying lower-income undocumented immigrants to qualify for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article245364385.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"65\">California Earned Income Tax Credit\u003c/a>, a state tax credit worth hundreds of dollars. Last year the state made the historic move of offering \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article252476343.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"66\">public health care to undocumented Californians 50 years and older\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"67\">But not everyone agrees with the idea of extending benefits to the undocumented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"72\">During the initial months of the pandemic, when California announced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnobee.com/news/coronavirus/article242332131.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"73\">$125 million emergency relief fund that provided assistance to undocumented workers\u003c/a>, The Center for American Liberty and Dhillon Law Group filed a lawsuit to try to block the aid package Newsom had already approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"74\">Eulalio Gomez, a spokesperson for the Fresno County Republican Party, said the proposed program is a reflection of how Sacramento is “disconnected” from middle-class California residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"75\">Gomez said undocumented people do “work hard,” but he thinks providing them with unemployment benefits could attract more unauthorized immigration and hurt California’s citizen workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"76\">“I think there could be negative impacts on unions and union members if you continue incentivizing people to come here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"77\">But the UC Merced researchers say there isn’t any evidence this would happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"87\">“It hasn’t happened when we expanded health coverage. It hasn’t happened when we removed exclusions to the CalEITC [Earned Income Tax Credit],” said Ana Padilla, executive director of the UC Merced Community and Labor Center. “There is no reason to believe it would happen in this case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"88\">In addition, Padilla said, many recent migrants have been moving away from California in recent decades due to the high cost of living, which is causing the state’s workforce to shrink.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 data-reader-unique-id=\"89\">‘There’s no water, there are no jobs,’ say some Valley farmworkers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"90\">An estimated 852,065 immigrants in California lost their jobs when the pandemic first hit in the spring of 2020, including 357,867 undocumented workers, according to \u003ca href=\"https://ssha.ucmerced.edu/sites/ssha.ucmerced.edu/files/documents/persisting_joblessness.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"91\">a separate June 2020 policy report\u003c/a> from the UC Merced Community and Labor Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"92\">The state’s frontline workers are facing additional threats posed by climate change phenomena, which will affect the number of jobs available to such workers, resulting in displacement and income loss, said the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"93\">Already an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article259078183.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"94\">8,745 full- and part-time jobs were lost last year\u003c/a> due to the drought in the Central Valley, the Russian River basin, and northern intermountain valleys regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"95\">The undocumented workforce has been in decline over the past decade, according to Flores of UC Merced, and the number of people retiring is growing — developments that are causing “seismic” demographic changes in the state’s workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"96\">“We need to have a workforce that’s supported by the state that can continue to [afford to] live in the state,” he said. “Otherwise, the state’s workforce is going to continue to shrink and the economy is going to have trouble growing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"97\">Carlos Morales left his home in Coquimatlán, Colima, a small coastal state in Mexico, to work in California’s Central Valley over 15 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"98\">The 40-year-old has worked in Fresno County’s agriculture fields, harvesting crops like peaches, nectarines, plums and more. Now he worries about future job prospects for himself and his fellow undocumented workers. “There are many fields where the farmers have stopped growing,” Morales said in Spanish in an interview with The Fresno Bee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"99\">Word is starting to spread among certain parts of the county workforce that “no hay agua, no hay trabajo,” said Morales: There’s no water, there are no jobs.\u003cbr data-reader-unique-id=\"100\">\u003cbr data-reader-unique-id=\"101\">If the proposed Excluded Workers Pilot Program is approved, California would join states such as New York and Colorado that have recently launched similar initiatives. New York’s \u003ca href=\"https://dol.ny.gov/EWF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"102\">Excluded Workers Fund\u003c/a> has distributed $2 billion dollars to over 128,000 undocumented New Yorkers, while \u003ca href=\"https://undocuhub.us/leftbehindworkerfund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"103\">Colorado\u003c/a>’s Left Behind Workers Fund distributed millions of dollars to thousands of undocumented workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"104\">As for Morales, he said he wants state and federal leaders to know that undocumented workers have labored constantly during the pandemic, and should be helped in return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"105\">“Supposedly we were essential workers,” Morales said. “We’re making this country strong.”\u003cbr data-reader-unique-id=\"106\">\u003cbr data-reader-unique-id=\"107\">“Volteen a vernos un poquito más,” he said: Turn around to see us a little bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"108\">\u003cem data-reader-unique-id=\"109\">Melissa Montalvo is a reporter with The Fresno Bee and a Report for America corps member. This article is part of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/projects/the-california-divide/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"110\">\u003cem data-reader-unique-id=\"111\">The California Divide\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem data-reader-unique-id=\"112\">, a collaboration among newsrooms examining income inequity and economic survival in California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California's undocumented immigrants risked their lives working during the pandemic. Lawmakers want to pay them unemployment benefits.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"6\">Paula Cortez Medrano has worked in the agriculture industry since she arrived in the U.S. over 25 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"7\">She has labored in the heat of Fresno summers, picking onions, tomatoes, grapes and garlic, and in the freezing temperatures of local produce-packing houses, where she would wear two layers of pants to stay warm while assembling frozen fruits and vegetables to be sold in grocery stores across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"8\">She contracted COVID-19 during the pandemic and was sent home from work with only two weeks of paid sick leave. It took her 40 days to recover, but when she returned to her packing house job, she was turned away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"9\">“They told me that they had no more work for me, that it was really slow,” she said in Spanish in an interview with The Fresno Bee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"10\">The 66-year-old said she thinks she was turned away because of her age; they never called her back to work. Today, she sells tamales as a street vendor in central Fresno, earning an average of $80 a day, much less than the $15 per hour she earned in the packing house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘When workers don’t have access to unemployment benefits, they’re more vulnerable.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"11\">Because of workers like Cortez Medrano, California Democratic lawmakers want to extend unemployment benefits to undocumented workers, a proposal backed by \u003ca href=\"https://clc.ucmerced.edu/sites/clc.ucmerced.edu/files/page/documents/essential_fairness.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"12\">a new report by the UC Merced Community and Labor Center\u003c/a>, which makes the case for why the California economy, the workforce, and families would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"16\">Introduced last month by Assemblymember Eduardo Garcia, a Democrat from Coachella, and currently under review in the legislature, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB2847\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"17\">AB 2847\u003c/a> would create the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article258943743.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"18\">Excluded Workers Pilot Program\u003c/a>, a two-year program that would provide funds to undocumented workers who lose their job or have their hours reduced during the calendar year 2023. The proposal, estimated at $597 million plus administrative costs, would allow qualifying, unemployed individuals to receive up to $300 a week for 20 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"19\">The report, released Thursday, argues that undocumented workers play a key role in California’s economy, contributing an estimated $3.7 billion in annual state and local tax revenues. Additionally, these workers hold one in 16 jobs in the state, and many were deemed “essential workers” during the COVID-19 pandemic because of the risks they took working in agriculture fields, meatpacking houses, and other key industries.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>An estimated 2 million undocumented individuals live in California, with about 1.1 million of that population participating in the workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"21\">Of the 1.6 million workers in the central San Joaquin Valley, an estimated 7% are undocumented, the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"22\">Nearly 38% of noncitizen workers, and more than 61% of children living with noncitizen workers, live in households earning less than a living wage and face chronic and severe housing and food insecurity, the report states: “Unfortunately, such workers face high rates of extreme hardship and do not have access to unemployment benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"23\">The report concludes that the challenges facing undocumented workers are only likely to increase as a result of a number of environmental challenges like wildfires, earthquakes, extreme heat and drought, piled on top of the ongoing public health crisis the state is already grappling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"24\">Cortez Medrano said access to unemployment benefits from a pilot program would be “la gloria,” or glory, and that she would use such funds to pay rent and bills and buy food during her time without stable work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"25\">“I need the help, urgently,” she said in Spanish. “It’s high time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"26\">Beyond access to unemployment, Cortez Medrano said what she really wants is a work permit to make her job search easier. “I can still work,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 data-reader-unique-id=\"27\">High risk, few safeguards for undocumented workforce\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"28\">UC Merced researchers found a relationship among in-person work, unemployment benefits usage and the undocumented workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"29\">Workers in the industries with the highest COVID-related deaths also reported the lowest rates of unemployment insurance use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"30\">Immigrants made up nearly 60% of coronavirus-related deaths in California’s industries with the highest rates of pandemic-related deaths. Immigrants were the majority of deaths in: agriculture at 83%; landscaping, 81%; food processing, 69%; restaurants and food services, 53%; and building services, 52%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"31\">Undocumented workers in these industries were especially vulnerable because they had no source of wage replacement in the event of job loss. They are excluded from collecting benefits, even though they contribute to the unemployment insurance system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"32\">“Lacking a safety net benefit system, many undocumented workers often felt as if they had no choice but to continue working — facing unlawful working conditions that caused serious risks to their own and others’ health — in order to meet their financial commitments,” researchers said in the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"39\">Access to unemployment benefits could have prevented some of these deaths. “When workers don’t have access to unemployment benefits, they’re more vulnerable,” said Edward Flores, researcher and professor of sociology at the UC Merced Community and Labor Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"40\">On the flip side, researchers found that workers in industries that have low rates of in-person work and higher rates of unemployment use didn’t see such high increases in pandemic-related death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"41\">Researchers concluded that “economic aid is an important tool that safeguards the health and wellbeing of workers and their families during a public health crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"49\">California offered some support during the pandemic. Undocumented workers were eligible to receive up to $1,700 in state funds: a $500 COVID-19 disaster relief prepaid card, and $1,200 from the Golden State Stimulus fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"50\">Still, the report calculated that these benefits were 20 times less than the $36,000 in economic aid that California citizen workers received from a mix of unemployment insurance, federal pandemic unemployment compensation, and federal stimulus aid during the first year of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"51\">Meanwhile employers in these industries reported record profits during the pandemic. In 2021, Fresno County \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnobee.com/news/business/agriculture/article255867051.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"52\">saw record-breaking production\u003c/a>, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/blog/2021/12/10/recent-data-show-dominant-meat-processing-companies-are-taking-advantage-of-market-power-to-raise-prices-and-grow-profit-margins/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"53\">meat-processing company profits soared\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"54\">“Low earnings and a lack of a safety net, however, pose an ongoing threat to the economic stability and wellbeing of workers who created such wealth,” said the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure data-reader-unique-id=\"55\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"59\">Part of the solution, according to the UC Merced researchers, is for the state to address this “policy gap” by taking advantage of the budget surplus and lessons learned from the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"60\">“It took the Great Depression to create the New Deal and a lot of the worker protections that exist today, like unemployment [insurance] or Social Security,” said Flores of UC Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"61\">“Our state is at a similar historical juncture where we experienced a once-in-a-lifetime crisis, but then have an abundance of wealth to think about how to manage,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"62\">California saw a $38 billion state budget surplus in 2021 and a $31 billion surplus in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"63\">“This is an opportunity now for policymakers to close on the policy gaps not just for now, but also for any subsequent public emergencies that happen in the future,” Flores said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"64\">California has extended state benefits to undocumented immigrants. In 2020, the state allowed qualifying lower-income undocumented immigrants to qualify for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article245364385.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"65\">California Earned Income Tax Credit\u003c/a>, a state tax credit worth hundreds of dollars. Last year the state made the historic move of offering \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article252476343.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"66\">public health care to undocumented Californians 50 years and older\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"67\">But not everyone agrees with the idea of extending benefits to the undocumented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"72\">During the initial months of the pandemic, when California announced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnobee.com/news/coronavirus/article242332131.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"73\">$125 million emergency relief fund that provided assistance to undocumented workers\u003c/a>, The Center for American Liberty and Dhillon Law Group filed a lawsuit to try to block the aid package Newsom had already approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"74\">Eulalio Gomez, a spokesperson for the Fresno County Republican Party, said the proposed program is a reflection of how Sacramento is “disconnected” from middle-class California residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"75\">Gomez said undocumented people do “work hard,” but he thinks providing them with unemployment benefits could attract more unauthorized immigration and hurt California’s citizen workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"76\">“I think there could be negative impacts on unions and union members if you continue incentivizing people to come here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"77\">But the UC Merced researchers say there isn’t any evidence this would happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"87\">“It hasn’t happened when we expanded health coverage. It hasn’t happened when we removed exclusions to the CalEITC [Earned Income Tax Credit],” said Ana Padilla, executive director of the UC Merced Community and Labor Center. “There is no reason to believe it would happen in this case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"88\">In addition, Padilla said, many recent migrants have been moving away from California in recent decades due to the high cost of living, which is causing the state’s workforce to shrink.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 data-reader-unique-id=\"89\">‘There’s no water, there are no jobs,’ say some Valley farmworkers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"90\">An estimated 852,065 immigrants in California lost their jobs when the pandemic first hit in the spring of 2020, including 357,867 undocumented workers, according to \u003ca href=\"https://ssha.ucmerced.edu/sites/ssha.ucmerced.edu/files/documents/persisting_joblessness.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"91\">a separate June 2020 policy report\u003c/a> from the UC Merced Community and Labor Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"92\">The state’s frontline workers are facing additional threats posed by climate change phenomena, which will affect the number of jobs available to such workers, resulting in displacement and income loss, said the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"93\">Already an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article259078183.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"94\">8,745 full- and part-time jobs were lost last year\u003c/a> due to the drought in the Central Valley, the Russian River basin, and northern intermountain valleys regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"95\">The undocumented workforce has been in decline over the past decade, according to Flores of UC Merced, and the number of people retiring is growing — developments that are causing “seismic” demographic changes in the state’s workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"96\">“We need to have a workforce that’s supported by the state that can continue to [afford to] live in the state,” he said. “Otherwise, the state’s workforce is going to continue to shrink and the economy is going to have trouble growing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"97\">Carlos Morales left his home in Coquimatlán, Colima, a small coastal state in Mexico, to work in California’s Central Valley over 15 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"98\">The 40-year-old has worked in Fresno County’s agriculture fields, harvesting crops like peaches, nectarines, plums and more. Now he worries about future job prospects for himself and his fellow undocumented workers. “There are many fields where the farmers have stopped growing,” Morales said in Spanish in an interview with The Fresno Bee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"99\">Word is starting to spread among certain parts of the county workforce that “no hay agua, no hay trabajo,” said Morales: There’s no water, there are no jobs.\u003cbr data-reader-unique-id=\"100\">\u003cbr data-reader-unique-id=\"101\">If the proposed Excluded Workers Pilot Program is approved, California would join states such as New York and Colorado that have recently launched similar initiatives. New York’s \u003ca href=\"https://dol.ny.gov/EWF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"102\">Excluded Workers Fund\u003c/a> has distributed $2 billion dollars to over 128,000 undocumented New Yorkers, while \u003ca href=\"https://undocuhub.us/leftbehindworkerfund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"103\">Colorado\u003c/a>’s Left Behind Workers Fund distributed millions of dollars to thousands of undocumented workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"104\">As for Morales, he said he wants state and federal leaders to know that undocumented workers have labored constantly during the pandemic, and should be helped in return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"105\">“Supposedly we were essential workers,” Morales said. “We’re making this country strong.”\u003cbr data-reader-unique-id=\"106\">\u003cbr data-reader-unique-id=\"107\">“Volteen a vernos un poquito más,” he said: Turn around to see us a little bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp data-reader-unique-id=\"108\">\u003cem data-reader-unique-id=\"109\">Melissa Montalvo is a reporter with The Fresno Bee and a Report for America corps member. This article is part of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/projects/the-california-divide/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-reader-unique-id=\"110\">\u003cem data-reader-unique-id=\"111\">The California Divide\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem data-reader-unique-id=\"112\">, a collaboration among newsrooms examining income inequity and economic survival in California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Each morning for months, Amelia Morán Ceja has peered out her window, searching Sonoma’s wine country for dark clouds or the residue of rain on the leaves of her grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her searching has proved futile, and now she’s worried as California faces its third consecutive summer with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dry conditions threaten her thirsty vines at Ceja Vineyards and elevate the risk from fire and heat waves. The triple threat is a “perfect storm during harvest,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from wildfires can ruin a year’s worth of wine and is harmful to the health of harvesters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cejavineyards.com/about/amelia-moran-ceja\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ceja\u003c/a> is banking that last October and December’s heavy storms filled aquifers below her vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nonetheless, we’re still conserving,” she said. “We literally only water the vines when they need it, and it’s barely a couple of gallons of water at most.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceja is just one example of the millions of Bay Area residents learning to live with seemingly perpetual dry times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Brian Garcia, NWS Bay Area']‘We are looking at the driest start to a calendar year in recorded history.\u003c/span>‘[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is far below average again this year. Less than 31% of the snowpack remains, and state reservoirs are about 48% full. Millions of Bay Area residents rely on this water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have less snow than we did last year,” said Sean de Guzman, manager of the state’s Snow Surveys and Water Supply Forecasting section. “California’s only received about half the amount of rainfall recorded in comparison to 2013, which ended up turning into the driest calendar year on record.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s traditional rainy season is over, and California’s summer forecast looks to be hotter than average. Meteorologists expect a heat wave this week, which poses a critical threat to what’s left of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Weather_West/status/1511040977628110849\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The odds of any rain or snow making a dent in the drought are “slim to none,” said Brian Garcia, warning coordination meteorologist for the National Weather Service located in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking at the driest start to a calendar year in recorded history,” he said, referring to records that date back to the mid-1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Megadrought bakes the West\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Regionally, the American Southwest is in the grips of a \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/megadrought-southwestern-north-america\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">22-year megadrought\u003c/a>, the worst in recorded history and the driest since at least the year 800, according to a new analysis of tree ring records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take several wet years to end the drought cycle, said UCLA hydroclimatologist Park Williams, the study’s lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without climate change, \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/megadrought-southwestern-north-america\">the past 22 years would have probably still been the driest period in 300 years\u003c/a>,” Williams noted in a release. “But it wouldn’t be holding a candle to the megadroughts of the 1500s, 1200s, or 1100s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burning of fossil fuels — the lead driver of climate change — must be stopped, or quickly shifted away from, according to the most recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/04/1090577162/climate-change-un-ipcc-report\">UN climate report\u003c/a>, in order for the world to reach its goal of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming beyond that point will mean even more severe droughts, water scarcity and increased wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bay Area drought deepens\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With around 8 million residents across nine counties, each part of the Bay Area is grappling with the drought differently. To the south and north, Santa Cruz and Mendocino counties are similarly affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the multiyear drought ending in 2017, Gov. Jerry Brown mandated that all residents curb water use by 25% — a goal that Californians nearly met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, people are less adherent. Gov. Gavin Newsom has asked for a 15% water reduction, but urban water users saved less than half of that from June to January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977229/healdsburg-cut-its-water-use-in-half-whats-in-the-citys-secret-water-saving-sauce\">some cities, like Healdsburg, saved more than 50%\u003c/a> last summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s administration is entrusting local water agencies to impose restrictions, compelling them to save water through a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/03/28/as-western-drought-worsens-governor-newsom-moves-to-bolster-regional-conservation-efforts/\">late\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/03/28/as-western-drought-worsens-governor-newsom-moves-to-bolster-regional-conservation-efforts/\">March\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/03/28/as-western-drought-worsens-governor-newsom-moves-to-bolster-regional-conservation-efforts/\">executive\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/03/28/as-western-drought-worsens-governor-newsom-moves-to-bolster-regional-conservation-efforts/\">order\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979001 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563.jpg\" alt=\"Man holds a hollow blue pole that when pierces the ground tells how much water is in snow in a certain spot. Blue skies and green mountains in the distance. A patch of snow in view. \" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean de Guzman, manager of the California Department of Water Resources Snow Surveys and Water Supply Forecasting unit uses a tape measure to pinpoint the next measuring location during the fourth media snow survey of the 2022 season. \u003ccite>(Kenneth James / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we learned from the last drought is, it’s really important to listen to locals,” said Jared Blumenfeld, secretary of the California Environmental Protection Agency, on a recent press call. “We live in a state that has many different hydrological zones, many different water usage scenarios, and that the one-size-fits-all doesn’t really work in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order presses major water retailers and agencies to conserve an average of 10%-20% come June. More than half of the state’s urban water providers don’t yet have restrictions to provide this kind of savings, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, state leaders are touting efforts to build new dams, reinstalling the drought salinity barrier in the delta — literally a pile of rocks blocking saltwater from tainting the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. They also are granting millions of dollars in drought aid and using innovative climate forecasting models to inform how they manage reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get to expand the time horizon of our decision-making,” said Nicholas Malasavage, chief of the operations and readiness division at the San Francisco District of the Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there are two weeks of dry weather, and we got a lot of water coming into the lake, we don’t need to make space for the next storm because there isn’t one,” he added of efforts to better manage reservoirs in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Digging out of a hole. Again.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Local water leaders will decide how deep restrictions should cut in the upcoming weeks. At 10%, San Francisco and parts of the East Bay have the lowest conservation targets in the Bay Area. Cities in the North Bay like Sonoma and Healdsburg are at 20% or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janet Pauli, who co-manages the water district at the eastern headwaters of the Russian River in Mendocino County — which is reliant on rain — says the creeks that feed into the river are already dry. Valley pastures are browning and fire-scarred trees on the hills surround the agriculture basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pauli says it looked similar last year when crops “were dramatically impacted — pears and vineyards,” she said. “We’re certainly not looking forward to going through this again this year. But it looks as if we’re moving in that direction pretty quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further south in Sonoma County, the region’s largest reservoir, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomawater.org/current-water-supply-levels\">Lake Sonoma, is 60% full\u003c/a> but has less water than last April.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Janet Pauli, co-chair, Potter Valley Irrigation District']‘We’re certainly not looking forward to going through this again this year. But it looks as if we’re moving in that direction pretty quickly.\u003c/span>‘[/pullquote]“We have a huge hole we got to dig out of,” said Brad Sherwood, spokesperson for Sonoma Water. “It’s almost like Groundhog’s Day in the situation that we’re facing in Sonoma County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South of Sonoma, Marin County got a stroke of luck this past rainy season when two atmospheric rivers parked themselves over the county, dumping more than 40 inches of rain, said Adriane Mertens, spokesperson for Marin Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975556\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A white-haired woman in blue flannel and blue jeans leans on a cement bridge with a river and greenery behind her. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Janet Pauli, with the Potter Valley Irrigation District, says farmers are already feeling the impacts of drought. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before those two brief, very wet storms, the county was contemplating emergency desalination or piping water from elsewhere over the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. Now their reservoirs are filled to 91%, a two-year water supply, Mertens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were projecting to deplete our local reservoir supplies by summer of this year,” she said. “The rain was a gift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 70 miles south of Marin in Santa Clara County, the drought scenario is more dire — and a lot dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water supplies for the South Bay are particularly precarious because local reservoirs are only a quarter full — the largest, Anderson Reservoir, is out of commission for seismic retrofitting for the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials expect that Valley Water, which supplies water to around 2 million people, won’t receive any of the imports it typically relies on, except for what’s absolutely necessary for health and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, more than half of the county’s water originates from the Sierra Nevada snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley Water put in place a 15% mandatory water restriction last June, but residents have not met the target, said John Varela, Valley Water chief pro tem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since then, through January 2022, residents, businesses and farmers reduced overall water usage by only 8%,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost no measurable rain has landed on San Jose this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water restrictions could intensify in Santa Clara County, said the water supplier’s spokesperson Matt Keller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can hope for rain, but you know hope is not enough — we have to take action,” he said. “Everything is on the table heading into the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean boosting mandatory water restrictions or increasing penalties for water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose Water already charges residential customers $7.13 for each 748-gallon unit of water used over their limit, but the restrictions don’t apply to businesses. Ninety percent of the agency’s customers are residential, said Liann Walborsky, director of corporate communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mother Nature has not been very helpful,” she said of the lack of rain this winter. Customers used 2% more water in February than before the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going in the wrong direction,” she said. “We’ve had people focus on outside irrigation. It’s very hard to cut water use inside your house because that starts to affect your quality of life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nibbling around the edge\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Restricting water and limiting flows to farms, parks or golf courses are quick ways to deal with the drought, but they are not long-term solutions. If restrictions are overused, they can lose their desired effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water experts like Susan Leal say we need to stop nibbling around the edges and rethink how California and the Bay Area use water. Twelve years ago, she co-authored the book “\u003ca href=\"https://www.susanleal.com/books/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Running Out of Water\u003c/a>,” and raised remedies for the very crisis the state is in today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe we will still be able to deliver water to people, but they’ll have to use less of it,” she said. The climate whiplash the state experienced this past year — flooding rains followed by months of dry conditions — stresses the state’s water system, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may get to the point where we have to start subsidizing water because the cost of recycled water is going to be much more expensive,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979019 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An Asian man in a white polo shirt holds a beaker full of water that's been filtered. A system of tubes behind him.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Associate Engineer Zachary Helsley holds a beaker of treated wastewater at the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San Jose on Sept. 23, 2021. \u003ccite>(Beth LeBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Leal was once the general manager of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. She wants the state to invest billions in cleaning wastewater for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycled water encompasses only a small fraction of the state’s water supply; the majority is in Southern California. Valley Water pledged to double the amount of water it recycles over the next decade, but even that would only augment 10% of its supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t actually put some dough into it now, it won’t happen,” Leal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can take decades to change or build infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Close the loop so we don’t depend on snowpack\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/newshaajami\">Newsha\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/newshaajami\">Ajami\u003c/a> studies water in the West as the chief development officer for research at the Earth and Environmental Sciences Area of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. She says water agencies will have to start valuing people over a revenue based model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we shift this mindset, eventually these utilities [will] survive these new realities they’re facing with climate change,” she said. “If they don’t, then eventually they will fall apart. Because every drought leads to a reduction in demand.”\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Newsha Ajami, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory']‘If we shift this mindset, eventually these utilities can become an entity that can survive these new realities they’re facing with climate change. If they don’t, then eventually they will fall apart.’\u003c/span>[/pullquote]Ajami would like to see agencies split operational costs among all customers equally, while having people cover the energy costs necessary to get their water to them. This would make the price of water more equitable, she says, and allow water agencies to flourish instead of merely remaining afloat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It separates people who are actually mindful from the people who use more and put a lot more pressure on the system,” she said. “If you and I live in the same building, and I’m using 10 units of water, and you’re using two, I’m putting a lot more demand on the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Josh Becker, D-San Mateo, co-authored a bill that aims to \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB1469\">decouple California water agency sales and revenue\u003c/a>. He wants to incentivize water conservation and force water utilities to restructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make sure that we’re decoupling water use from profits, because otherwise, we get perverse incentives,” he said. “We want people to use less water. And so decoupling helps us achieve that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the bill doesn’t pass this year, Becker and Ajami believe it’s doing something good: It’s rethinking how California uses water. Their hope is that these ideas become reality.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Each morning for months, Amelia Morán Ceja has peered out her window, searching Sonoma’s wine country for dark clouds or the residue of rain on the leaves of her grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her searching has proved futile, and now she’s worried as California faces its third consecutive summer with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dry conditions threaten her thirsty vines at Ceja Vineyards and elevate the risk from fire and heat waves. The triple threat is a “perfect storm during harvest,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from wildfires can ruin a year’s worth of wine and is harmful to the health of harvesters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cejavineyards.com/about/amelia-moran-ceja\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ceja\u003c/a> is banking that last October and December’s heavy storms filled aquifers below her vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nonetheless, we’re still conserving,” she said. “We literally only water the vines when they need it, and it’s barely a couple of gallons of water at most.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceja is just one example of the millions of Bay Area residents learning to live with seemingly perpetual dry times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is far below average again this year. Less than 31% of the snowpack remains, and state reservoirs are about 48% full. Millions of Bay Area residents rely on this water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have less snow than we did last year,” said Sean de Guzman, manager of the state’s Snow Surveys and Water Supply Forecasting section. “California’s only received about half the amount of rainfall recorded in comparison to 2013, which ended up turning into the driest calendar year on record.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s traditional rainy season is over, and California’s summer forecast looks to be hotter than average. Meteorologists expect a heat wave this week, which poses a critical threat to what’s left of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The odds of any rain or snow making a dent in the drought are “slim to none,” said Brian Garcia, warning coordination meteorologist for the National Weather Service located in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking at the driest start to a calendar year in recorded history,” he said, referring to records that date back to the mid-1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Megadrought bakes the West\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Regionally, the American Southwest is in the grips of a \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/megadrought-southwestern-north-america\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">22-year megadrought\u003c/a>, the worst in recorded history and the driest since at least the year 800, according to a new analysis of tree ring records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take several wet years to end the drought cycle, said UCLA hydroclimatologist Park Williams, the study’s lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without climate change, \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/megadrought-southwestern-north-america\">the past 22 years would have probably still been the driest period in 300 years\u003c/a>,” Williams noted in a release. “But it wouldn’t be holding a candle to the megadroughts of the 1500s, 1200s, or 1100s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burning of fossil fuels — the lead driver of climate change — must be stopped, or quickly shifted away from, according to the most recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/04/1090577162/climate-change-un-ipcc-report\">UN climate report\u003c/a>, in order for the world to reach its goal of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming beyond that point will mean even more severe droughts, water scarcity and increased wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bay Area drought deepens\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With around 8 million residents across nine counties, each part of the Bay Area is grappling with the drought differently. To the south and north, Santa Cruz and Mendocino counties are similarly affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the multiyear drought ending in 2017, Gov. Jerry Brown mandated that all residents curb water use by 25% — a goal that Californians nearly met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, people are less adherent. Gov. Gavin Newsom has asked for a 15% water reduction, but urban water users saved less than half of that from June to January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977229/healdsburg-cut-its-water-use-in-half-whats-in-the-citys-secret-water-saving-sauce\">some cities, like Healdsburg, saved more than 50%\u003c/a> last summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s administration is entrusting local water agencies to impose restrictions, compelling them to save water through a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/03/28/as-western-drought-worsens-governor-newsom-moves-to-bolster-regional-conservation-efforts/\">late\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/03/28/as-western-drought-worsens-governor-newsom-moves-to-bolster-regional-conservation-efforts/\">March\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/03/28/as-western-drought-worsens-governor-newsom-moves-to-bolster-regional-conservation-efforts/\">executive\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/03/28/as-western-drought-worsens-governor-newsom-moves-to-bolster-regional-conservation-efforts/\">order\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979001 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563.jpg\" alt=\"Man holds a hollow blue pole that when pierces the ground tells how much water is in snow in a certain spot. Blue skies and green mountains in the distance. A patch of snow in view. \" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/KJ2_0563-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean de Guzman, manager of the California Department of Water Resources Snow Surveys and Water Supply Forecasting unit uses a tape measure to pinpoint the next measuring location during the fourth media snow survey of the 2022 season. \u003ccite>(Kenneth James / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we learned from the last drought is, it’s really important to listen to locals,” said Jared Blumenfeld, secretary of the California Environmental Protection Agency, on a recent press call. “We live in a state that has many different hydrological zones, many different water usage scenarios, and that the one-size-fits-all doesn’t really work in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order presses major water retailers and agencies to conserve an average of 10%-20% come June. More than half of the state’s urban water providers don’t yet have restrictions to provide this kind of savings, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, state leaders are touting efforts to build new dams, reinstalling the drought salinity barrier in the delta — literally a pile of rocks blocking saltwater from tainting the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. They also are granting millions of dollars in drought aid and using innovative climate forecasting models to inform how they manage reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get to expand the time horizon of our decision-making,” said Nicholas Malasavage, chief of the operations and readiness division at the San Francisco District of the Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there are two weeks of dry weather, and we got a lot of water coming into the lake, we don’t need to make space for the next storm because there isn’t one,” he added of efforts to better manage reservoirs in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Digging out of a hole. Again.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Local water leaders will decide how deep restrictions should cut in the upcoming weeks. At 10%, San Francisco and parts of the East Bay have the lowest conservation targets in the Bay Area. Cities in the North Bay like Sonoma and Healdsburg are at 20% or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janet Pauli, who co-manages the water district at the eastern headwaters of the Russian River in Mendocino County — which is reliant on rain — says the creeks that feed into the river are already dry. Valley pastures are browning and fire-scarred trees on the hills surround the agriculture basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pauli says it looked similar last year when crops “were dramatically impacted — pears and vineyards,” she said. “We’re certainly not looking forward to going through this again this year. But it looks as if we’re moving in that direction pretty quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further south in Sonoma County, the region’s largest reservoir, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomawater.org/current-water-supply-levels\">Lake Sonoma, is 60% full\u003c/a> but has less water than last April.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We have a huge hole we got to dig out of,” said Brad Sherwood, spokesperson for Sonoma Water. “It’s almost like Groundhog’s Day in the situation that we’re facing in Sonoma County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South of Sonoma, Marin County got a stroke of luck this past rainy season when two atmospheric rivers parked themselves over the county, dumping more than 40 inches of rain, said Adriane Mertens, spokesperson for Marin Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1975556\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A white-haired woman in blue flannel and blue jeans leans on a cement bridge with a river and greenery behind her. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/IMG_3530-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Janet Pauli, with the Potter Valley Irrigation District, says farmers are already feeling the impacts of drought. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before those two brief, very wet storms, the county was contemplating emergency desalination or piping water from elsewhere over the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. Now their reservoirs are filled to 91%, a two-year water supply, Mertens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were projecting to deplete our local reservoir supplies by summer of this year,” she said. “The rain was a gift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 70 miles south of Marin in Santa Clara County, the drought scenario is more dire — and a lot dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water supplies for the South Bay are particularly precarious because local reservoirs are only a quarter full — the largest, Anderson Reservoir, is out of commission for seismic retrofitting for the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials expect that Valley Water, which supplies water to around 2 million people, won’t receive any of the imports it typically relies on, except for what’s absolutely necessary for health and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, more than half of the county’s water originates from the Sierra Nevada snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley Water put in place a 15% mandatory water restriction last June, but residents have not met the target, said John Varela, Valley Water chief pro tem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since then, through January 2022, residents, businesses and farmers reduced overall water usage by only 8%,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost no measurable rain has landed on San Jose this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water restrictions could intensify in Santa Clara County, said the water supplier’s spokesperson Matt Keller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can hope for rain, but you know hope is not enough — we have to take action,” he said. “Everything is on the table heading into the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean boosting mandatory water restrictions or increasing penalties for water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose Water already charges residential customers $7.13 for each 748-gallon unit of water used over their limit, but the restrictions don’t apply to businesses. Ninety percent of the agency’s customers are residential, said Liann Walborsky, director of corporate communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mother Nature has not been very helpful,” she said of the lack of rain this winter. Customers used 2% more water in February than before the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going in the wrong direction,” she said. “We’ve had people focus on outside irrigation. It’s very hard to cut water use inside your house because that starts to affect your quality of life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nibbling around the edge\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Restricting water and limiting flows to farms, parks or golf courses are quick ways to deal with the drought, but they are not long-term solutions. If restrictions are overused, they can lose their desired effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water experts like Susan Leal say we need to stop nibbling around the edges and rethink how California and the Bay Area use water. Twelve years ago, she co-authored the book “\u003ca href=\"https://www.susanleal.com/books/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Running Out of Water\u003c/a>,” and raised remedies for the very crisis the state is in today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe we will still be able to deliver water to people, but they’ll have to use less of it,” she said. The climate whiplash the state experienced this past year — flooding rains followed by months of dry conditions — stresses the state’s water system, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may get to the point where we have to start subsidizing water because the cost of recycled water is going to be much more expensive,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979019 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An Asian man in a white polo shirt holds a beaker full of water that's been filtered. A system of tubes behind him.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/RS51686_038_SanJose_WaterPurificationCenter_09232021-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Associate Engineer Zachary Helsley holds a beaker of treated wastewater at the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San Jose on Sept. 23, 2021. \u003ccite>(Beth LeBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Leal was once the general manager of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. She wants the state to invest billions in cleaning wastewater for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycled water encompasses only a small fraction of the state’s water supply; the majority is in Southern California. Valley Water pledged to double the amount of water it recycles over the next decade, but even that would only augment 10% of its supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t actually put some dough into it now, it won’t happen,” Leal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can take decades to change or build infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Close the loop so we don’t depend on snowpack\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/newshaajami\">Newsha\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/newshaajami\">Ajami\u003c/a> studies water in the West as the chief development officer for research at the Earth and Environmental Sciences Area of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. She says water agencies will have to start valuing people over a revenue based model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we shift this mindset, eventually these utilities [will] survive these new realities they’re facing with climate change,” she said. “If they don’t, then eventually they will fall apart. Because every drought leads to a reduction in demand.”\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘If we shift this mindset, eventually these utilities can become an entity that can survive these new realities they’re facing with climate change. If they don’t, then eventually they will fall apart.’\u003c/span>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Ajami would like to see agencies split operational costs among all customers equally, while having people cover the energy costs necessary to get their water to them. This would make the price of water more equitable, she says, and allow water agencies to flourish instead of merely remaining afloat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It separates people who are actually mindful from the people who use more and put a lot more pressure on the system,” she said. “If you and I live in the same building, and I’m using 10 units of water, and you’re using two, I’m putting a lot more demand on the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Josh Becker, D-San Mateo, co-authored a bill that aims to \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB1469\">decouple California water agency sales and revenue\u003c/a>. He wants to incentivize water conservation and force water utilities to restructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make sure that we’re decoupling water use from profits, because otherwise, we get perverse incentives,” he said. “We want people to use less water. And so decoupling helps us achieve that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the bill doesn’t pass this year, Becker and Ajami believe it’s doing something good: It’s rethinking how California uses water. Their hope is that these ideas become reality.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>Deep in their underground nests, honeypot ants stuff members of their own colony until they look like golden water balloons. Drop by drop, worker ants deliver nectar and other liquid food into their largest sisters’ mouths. When food is scarce in the desert, the colony will feed from these living storage tanks, known as repletes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Deep inside their underground nest, honeypot ants are stuffing their own kin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The glistening globes hanging from the ceiling are actually part of the ants’ bodies. These portly ants are known as repletes. The elixir inside them will nourish the colony when food is scarce in the ants’ arid homelands in the Southwest and Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To feed a hungry nestmate, a plump replete opens its mandibles wide and regurgitates a tiny droplet that the other one slurps up. As the liquid drains, the ant’s belly deflates. The whole thing happens while the replete is hanging by the tips of its legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do these ants become living storage tanks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all starts with this giantess – the queen. All these workers are her daughters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She lays thousands of tiny white eggs. Workers tend to them as they grow into squirming larvae and then pupae wrapped in fuzzy cocoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They choose the biggest newborns to stuff until they swell into repletes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To fill them up, workers venture out at night to forage. Dead insects provide protein and fat. Desert plants give them sweet nectar. Or dinner might be red artificial nectar, if a human is keeping the ants as pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers carry the nectar back. And they feed it, drop by drop, to their sisters, the ones they’re turning into repletes. They make up about one fifth of the colony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nectar flows into a pouch called the crop. The crop will swell into a storage tank because valves prevent most of the liquid from flowing into the stomach, where it would be digested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As their belly grows, this flexible membrane stretches. The hard sclerites that protect the ant’s abdomen move away from one another, until they end up like a chain of islands on a tiny planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suspending themselves allows the air to circulate around them, maybe preventing a fungi attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To our human eyes, these living chandeliers might seem like captives, hanging in the dark for weeks or months. Or it might look like they have it easy, just chilling while droplets are lovingly delivered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truth is that every worker in a colony has a key job. And all of them, even a replete in its cozy home, can face a sudden demise … by a badger that digs up the nest … or someone delighting in a special treat, as humans have done for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabriela: Mmm.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep in their underground nests, honeypot ants stuff members of their own colony until they look like golden water balloons. Drop by drop, worker ants deliver nectar and other liquid food into their largest sisters’ mouths. When food is scarce in the desert, the colony will feed from these living storage tanks, known as repletes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Deep inside their underground nest, honeypot ants are stuffing their own kin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The glistening globes hanging from the ceiling are actually part of the ants’ bodies. These portly ants are known as repletes. The elixir inside them will nourish the colony when food is scarce in the ants’ arid homelands in the Southwest and Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To feed a hungry nestmate, a plump replete opens its mandibles wide and regurgitates a tiny droplet that the other one slurps up. As the liquid drains, the ant’s belly deflates. The whole thing happens while the replete is hanging by the tips of its legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do these ants become living storage tanks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all starts with this giantess – the queen. All these workers are her daughters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She lays thousands of tiny white eggs. Workers tend to them as they grow into squirming larvae and then pupae wrapped in fuzzy cocoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They choose the biggest newborns to stuff until they swell into repletes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To fill them up, workers venture out at night to forage. Dead insects provide protein and fat. Desert plants give them sweet nectar. Or dinner might be red artificial nectar, if a human is keeping the ants as pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers carry the nectar back. And they feed it, drop by drop, to their sisters, the ones they’re turning into repletes. They make up about one fifth of the colony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nectar flows into a pouch called the crop. The crop will swell into a storage tank because valves prevent most of the liquid from flowing into the stomach, where it would be digested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As their belly grows, this flexible membrane stretches. The hard sclerites that protect the ant’s abdomen move away from one another, until they end up like a chain of islands on a tiny planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suspending themselves allows the air to circulate around them, maybe preventing a fungi attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To our human eyes, these living chandeliers might seem like captives, hanging in the dark for weeks or months. Or it might look like they have it easy, just chilling while droplets are lovingly delivered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truth is that every worker in a colony has a key job. And all of them, even a replete in its cozy home, can face a sudden demise … by a badger that digs up the nest … or someone delighting in a special treat, as humans have done for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabriela: Mmm.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Fires Intensify, Psychologists Are Concerned About Suicide Risk Among Firefighters",
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"content": "\u003cp>As climate change fuels \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020GL089858\">more severe wildfires\u003c/a> that burn through larger swaths of forestland and homes each year, firefighters are facing increasingly unpredictable, catastrophic blazes, leading many to speak out about suicide among their ranks, an occupational hazard they once kept to themselves. But a dearth of studies investigating the psychological costs of battling these blazes is hindering efforts to provide firefighters with help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters routinely endure treacherous, emotionally taxing conditions. But those conditions have become increasingly untenable as fires grow bigger and fiercer, and keep firefighters battling erratic blazes with no relief for weeks on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current federal wildland fire workforce is understaffed and overworked,” Riva Duncan, a retired U.S. Forest Service fire staff officer and executive secretary of the nonprofit Grassroots Wildland Firefighters, testified before the House Natural Resources Committee last April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small']\u003cem>If you or someone you love is having thoughts of suicide, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-TALK (8255) or text 741741 to connect with a trained crisis counselor.\u003c/em>[/pullquote]People are “at their breaking point,” Duncan said, “leaving a wake of mental health issues, suicides, high divorce rates and very concerning numbers surrounding high incidences of cancer and cardiovascular disease, all from a career of undocumented exposure to smoke, particulate matter and other effects from hazardous conditions we face every operational shift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires across the West Coast reached historic proportions during the 2020 fire season, burning an unprecedented 4 million acres in California and leaving a dozen Oregon counties battling “\u003ca href=\"https://www.oregon.gov/gov/policies/Documents/sep2020-wildfires-aar-execsumm-050521.pdf\">conflagrations\u003c/a>” during a single day. That year, Duncan testified, “I had more firefighters reach out for help with thoughts of suicide, depression and traumatic events than at any other time in my career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, despite anecdotal reports of a rising mental health crisis among wildland firefighters, surprisingly few studies have investigated suicide risk among the people who put their lives on the line to fight increasingly devastating infernos. In a \u003ca href=\"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/2/e051227\">small survey of wildland firefighters\u003c/a> in British Columbia, published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/\">BMJ Open\u003c/a> in February, 78% of respondents identified mental health risks associated with their job as one of the most important research priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have hard numbers on completed suicides among wildland firefighters,” said Patricia O’Brien, an Oregon psychologist who worked as a wildland firefighter for 15 years, including a decade with the specially trained Lolo “\u003ca href=\"https://gacc.nifc.gov/swcc/dc/nmsdc/documents/Crews/NMSDC_Hotshot_Crew_History_2013.pdf\">hotshots\u003c/a>” in Missoula, Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Studying a quiet epidemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason it’s hard to get accurate numbers, said Marilyn Wooley, a California psychologist who specializes in treating first responders, is because there’s still a “huge stigma” around suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stigma persists partly because of enduring misperceptions surrounding suicide, including the notion that it’s a weak or selfish act, when in fact people who take their own lives often believe the world would be better off without them. These myths make people reluctant to seek help and prevent some families from reporting a loved one’s suicide. “There may be a lot of suicides that nobody knows about,” Wooley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"small\" citation=\"Patricia O'Brien, psychologist and former 'hotshot' firefighter\"]‘It’s a job skill to be able to manage personal discomfort, physical discomfort, emotional discomfort and stress while working in high-demand, high-consequence occupations. But it can be really difficult to shift gears and switch that off.’[/pullquote]A large body of research on other first responders, including police officers, urban firefighters and emergency medical technicians, \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26719976/\">reveals an elevated risk for suicide\u003c/a>. More than half of the firefighters who responded in a \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29573853/#:~:text=A%20total%20of%201.8%25%20(n,burdensomeness%2C%20statistically%20explained%20this%20link.\">2018 study\u003c/a> said they’d considered suicide, but only 20 wildland firefighters participated in that survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nature of wildland firefighting makes it difficult to study the people who risk their lives to keep communities safe. Wildland firefighters are employed by numerous federal, state, local and tribal agencies whose crews expand and contract in response to need over the fire season. Many are seasonal workers or volunteers. As a result, no one knows exactly how many people fight wildfires in a given year, though estimates range from 35,000 to 50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a population that’s really hard to track, to describe, even just to get some numbers on,” said O’Brien.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Skip to: \u003ca href=\"#legislation\">A bill proposing mental health services for federal wildland firefighters\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of firefighters killed in the line of duty fighting fires in forests and grasslands averaged around 13 per year between 2010 and 2019, according to the U.S. Fire Administration. At some point, suicides seemed to surpass that, said Charles Palmer, a University of Montana professor who worked nearly two decades as a wildland firefighter. If the number of people who died doing the job is now lower than the number of individuals who took their own lives, Palmer said, “that should be extremely well publicized, well researched and validated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Palmer hasn’t seen the type of investments needed to determine whether the data support what has become conventional wisdom. If it were any other problem related to wildland firefighting, he said, it would be well funded and researched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer attributes the dearth of data partly to the way suicide is treated in general. “It’s just this elephant in the room that nobody seems to want to talk about,” he said. “It touches everyone in some way, yet we seem reluctant to sit down and figure out a plan to address it, to find out more about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if researchers never get accurate numbers on how many wildland firefighters are taking their own lives, O’Brien said, it’s clear that they’re exposed to trauma and other factors that increase risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s safe to assume that as climate change drives higher-intensity fires, more frequent fires and longer fire seasons, firefighters will experience changes in their working conditions that affect how much time they can spend with family and doing things that are important to them “outside of fire,” she said. “And it’s those kinds of family connections and community involvement that buffer people from negative mental health experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Understanding risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People are attracted to wildland firefighting for “a multitude of different reasons,” Palmer said, but the quick bonds people forge working in high-risk, remote environments is part of the allure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a brotherhood and a sisterhood,” said Palmer, who spent several years parachuting from planes into fire zones as part of a rarified cadre of highly trained “smokejumpers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer loved going to work “every single day,” even when he got banged up. He recalled one jump when he steered his parachute into a fire north of Yellowstone National Park. “I made some mistakes on my flight,” he said. His right side crashed into a log, followed by his ribs and leg. “The log didn’t give,” Palmer said. “My body did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first Palmer didn’t let on that he was hurt. “I limped myself up the hill with my gear, then realized I had done more damage than I thought,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer alerted one of his “brothers,” who had trained as an emergency medical technician, that he needed help. The EMT did what he could and radioed for an emergency evacuation, but they were in such a remote area that the medivac didn’t reach Palmer until the middle of the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most wildland firefighters, Palmer relied on an iron will and steely resolve to get through his ordeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a job skill to be able to manage personal discomfort, physical discomfort, emotional discomfort and stress while working in high-demand, high-consequence occupations,” O’Brien said. “But it can be really difficult to shift gears and switch that off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same ability to bury distress that helps firefighters manage emergency situations can prove counterproductive in the long run, especially when traumatic events, persistent injuries and chronic illnesses from the job begin to take a psychological toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what may be the largest study of its kind, O’Brien surveyed more than 2,600 wildland firefighters about factors related to physical and mental health. Although O’Brien’s research, completed in 2019 as part of her doctoral program, has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal, it remains \u003ca href=\"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11445/\">the most extensive investigation of wildland firefighters’ health and psychological challenges\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters are at increased risk of heart disease, so a primary aim of O’Brien’s work was to identify risk factors for those illnesses. But she also wanted to gauge the prevalence of mental health problems and unhealthy behaviors that could increase cardiovascular risk, including depression, poor diet and substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that binge-drinking rates for wildland firefighters were twice as high as those reported in the general population, while smokeless tobacco use was 10 times higher. Depression, anxiety and PTSD, all risk factors for suicide, were common among her survey respondents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 1 in 5 firefighters had “probable” depression — that is, they had not been diagnosed but reported feeling down and having trouble sleeping and concentrating, among other symptoms. That’s about twice the rate observed in the general population, O’Brien said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that there’s so much undiagnosed depression is concerning because it’s treatable, she said. And wildland firefighters, at least those working in federal agencies, can access treatment through programs like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/resources/taking-care-of-our-own/employee-assistance-program\">Employee Assistance Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly a third of O’Brien’s respondents had considered killing themselves since starting to work as a wildland firefighter. Close to 40% reported knowing someone well in the wildland fire service who died by suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation now in Congress would provide mental health education and services for federal wildland firefighters. \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5631/text?r=1&s=1\">HR 5631\u003c/a>, co-sponsored by five California Democrats, is currently in the Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry and would include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>mental health education and training;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>a peer-to-peer mental health support network for firefighters and their families;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>services from skilled mental health professionals who are readily available to firefighters and their families; and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>seven days of mental health leave for federal firefighters.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A call for support\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Palmer lost a fellow smokejumper to suicide in 2017. Ian Pohowsky was 42 years old when he took his life. He was the fifth smokejumper to die by suicide in the seven years prior. Only two smokejumpers died on the job over the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ian was unbelievably talented,” Palmer said. “He was extremely interested in giving back and helping young firefighters develop. He was a beautiful person, as are too many of the people that end up taking their own lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tight-knit world of wildland firefighters, when someone dies or gets injured, Palmer said, “it strikes the community hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First responders are naturally resilient, said Wooley, the California psychologist. “But with these epic fires, they’re out for weeks, they don’t see their families and they’re just exhausted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some firefighters who feel suicidal told her they’ve lost hope. They feel like they’ve “been in hell forever,” said Wooley, who survived the Carr Fire “tornado” that incinerated two California towns in 2018. Then they go home, and it’s hard to adjust to the mundane rhythms of daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it gets to the point that they’re feeling isolated and exhausted, and engaging in behaviors that alienate people, that’s when they can feel suicidal, Wooley said: “And they stop seeing other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s time for suicide to move from being “the elephant in the room” to something that’s recognized as a risk to the workforce and finally gets the attention and resources it deserves, Palmer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There should be a slot on crews for people trained to provide psychological support just like there is for EMTs, he said. “We’ve been trying hard to get an athletic trainer for every crew,” he said, referring to someone who’s trained to prevent injuries. “But even that hasn’t happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Brien said that even though she’s seen a shift in willingness in talk about suicide, “I don’t really know of any formalized interventions that have been done with wildland firefighters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She would like to see programs that focus on depression, anxiety, PTSD and substance abuse treated as if they’re no different from firefighters’ physical drills. And firefighting crew members need to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/warning-signs-of-suicide\">trained to spot warning signs\u003c/a>, such as colleagues’ increasing use of alcohol or drugs, sleeping issues or talking about being a burden to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The psychological demands of the job will only grow as warmer, drier conditions fuel more severe, unpredictable fires, experts say. And the boom in destructive wildfires is increasing the demand for wildland firefighters, even as agencies scramble to fill vacancies, placing an even greater burden on crews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet researchers are just starting to understand wildland firefighters’ unique mental health challenges, O’Brien said. Because people volunteered in her study and self-reported their symptoms, the results could be skewed based on who responded. “But it’s the best data that we have at this point,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s worrying that 20% of those who responded reported having thoughts of suicide in the past year. “That alone, whether it’s worse or lower than anyone else,” she said, “is worthy of attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you or someone you love is having thoughts of suicide, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-TALK (8255) or text 741741 to connect with a trained crisis counselor.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As climate change fuels \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020GL089858\">more severe wildfires\u003c/a> that burn through larger swaths of forestland and homes each year, firefighters are facing increasingly unpredictable, catastrophic blazes, leading many to speak out about suicide among their ranks, an occupational hazard they once kept to themselves. But a dearth of studies investigating the psychological costs of battling these blazes is hindering efforts to provide firefighters with help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters routinely endure treacherous, emotionally taxing conditions. But those conditions have become increasingly untenable as fires grow bigger and fiercer, and keep firefighters battling erratic blazes with no relief for weeks on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current federal wildland fire workforce is understaffed and overworked,” Riva Duncan, a retired U.S. Forest Service fire staff officer and executive secretary of the nonprofit Grassroots Wildland Firefighters, testified before the House Natural Resources Committee last April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>People are “at their breaking point,” Duncan said, “leaving a wake of mental health issues, suicides, high divorce rates and very concerning numbers surrounding high incidences of cancer and cardiovascular disease, all from a career of undocumented exposure to smoke, particulate matter and other effects from hazardous conditions we face every operational shift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires across the West Coast reached historic proportions during the 2020 fire season, burning an unprecedented 4 million acres in California and leaving a dozen Oregon counties battling “\u003ca href=\"https://www.oregon.gov/gov/policies/Documents/sep2020-wildfires-aar-execsumm-050521.pdf\">conflagrations\u003c/a>” during a single day. That year, Duncan testified, “I had more firefighters reach out for help with thoughts of suicide, depression and traumatic events than at any other time in my career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, despite anecdotal reports of a rising mental health crisis among wildland firefighters, surprisingly few studies have investigated suicide risk among the people who put their lives on the line to fight increasingly devastating infernos. In a \u003ca href=\"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/2/e051227\">small survey of wildland firefighters\u003c/a> in British Columbia, published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/\">BMJ Open\u003c/a> in February, 78% of respondents identified mental health risks associated with their job as one of the most important research priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have hard numbers on completed suicides among wildland firefighters,” said Patricia O’Brien, an Oregon psychologist who worked as a wildland firefighter for 15 years, including a decade with the specially trained Lolo “\u003ca href=\"https://gacc.nifc.gov/swcc/dc/nmsdc/documents/Crews/NMSDC_Hotshot_Crew_History_2013.pdf\">hotshots\u003c/a>” in Missoula, Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Studying a quiet epidemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason it’s hard to get accurate numbers, said Marilyn Wooley, a California psychologist who specializes in treating first responders, is because there’s still a “huge stigma” around suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stigma persists partly because of enduring misperceptions surrounding suicide, including the notion that it’s a weak or selfish act, when in fact people who take their own lives often believe the world would be better off without them. These myths make people reluctant to seek help and prevent some families from reporting a loved one’s suicide. “There may be a lot of suicides that nobody knows about,” Wooley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A large body of research on other first responders, including police officers, urban firefighters and emergency medical technicians, \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26719976/\">reveals an elevated risk for suicide\u003c/a>. More than half of the firefighters who responded in a \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29573853/#:~:text=A%20total%20of%201.8%25%20(n,burdensomeness%2C%20statistically%20explained%20this%20link.\">2018 study\u003c/a> said they’d considered suicide, but only 20 wildland firefighters participated in that survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nature of wildland firefighting makes it difficult to study the people who risk their lives to keep communities safe. Wildland firefighters are employed by numerous federal, state, local and tribal agencies whose crews expand and contract in response to need over the fire season. Many are seasonal workers or volunteers. As a result, no one knows exactly how many people fight wildfires in a given year, though estimates range from 35,000 to 50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a population that’s really hard to track, to describe, even just to get some numbers on,” said O’Brien.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Skip to: \u003ca href=\"#legislation\">A bill proposing mental health services for federal wildland firefighters\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of firefighters killed in the line of duty fighting fires in forests and grasslands averaged around 13 per year between 2010 and 2019, according to the U.S. Fire Administration. At some point, suicides seemed to surpass that, said Charles Palmer, a University of Montana professor who worked nearly two decades as a wildland firefighter. If the number of people who died doing the job is now lower than the number of individuals who took their own lives, Palmer said, “that should be extremely well publicized, well researched and validated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Palmer hasn’t seen the type of investments needed to determine whether the data support what has become conventional wisdom. If it were any other problem related to wildland firefighting, he said, it would be well funded and researched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer attributes the dearth of data partly to the way suicide is treated in general. “It’s just this elephant in the room that nobody seems to want to talk about,” he said. “It touches everyone in some way, yet we seem reluctant to sit down and figure out a plan to address it, to find out more about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if researchers never get accurate numbers on how many wildland firefighters are taking their own lives, O’Brien said, it’s clear that they’re exposed to trauma and other factors that increase risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s safe to assume that as climate change drives higher-intensity fires, more frequent fires and longer fire seasons, firefighters will experience changes in their working conditions that affect how much time they can spend with family and doing things that are important to them “outside of fire,” she said. “And it’s those kinds of family connections and community involvement that buffer people from negative mental health experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Understanding risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People are attracted to wildland firefighting for “a multitude of different reasons,” Palmer said, but the quick bonds people forge working in high-risk, remote environments is part of the allure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a brotherhood and a sisterhood,” said Palmer, who spent several years parachuting from planes into fire zones as part of a rarified cadre of highly trained “smokejumpers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer loved going to work “every single day,” even when he got banged up. He recalled one jump when he steered his parachute into a fire north of Yellowstone National Park. “I made some mistakes on my flight,” he said. His right side crashed into a log, followed by his ribs and leg. “The log didn’t give,” Palmer said. “My body did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first Palmer didn’t let on that he was hurt. “I limped myself up the hill with my gear, then realized I had done more damage than I thought,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer alerted one of his “brothers,” who had trained as an emergency medical technician, that he needed help. The EMT did what he could and radioed for an emergency evacuation, but they were in such a remote area that the medivac didn’t reach Palmer until the middle of the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most wildland firefighters, Palmer relied on an iron will and steely resolve to get through his ordeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a job skill to be able to manage personal discomfort, physical discomfort, emotional discomfort and stress while working in high-demand, high-consequence occupations,” O’Brien said. “But it can be really difficult to shift gears and switch that off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same ability to bury distress that helps firefighters manage emergency situations can prove counterproductive in the long run, especially when traumatic events, persistent injuries and chronic illnesses from the job begin to take a psychological toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what may be the largest study of its kind, O’Brien surveyed more than 2,600 wildland firefighters about factors related to physical and mental health. Although O’Brien’s research, completed in 2019 as part of her doctoral program, has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal, it remains \u003ca href=\"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11445/\">the most extensive investigation of wildland firefighters’ health and psychological challenges\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters are at increased risk of heart disease, so a primary aim of O’Brien’s work was to identify risk factors for those illnesses. But she also wanted to gauge the prevalence of mental health problems and unhealthy behaviors that could increase cardiovascular risk, including depression, poor diet and substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that binge-drinking rates for wildland firefighters were twice as high as those reported in the general population, while smokeless tobacco use was 10 times higher. Depression, anxiety and PTSD, all risk factors for suicide, were common among her survey respondents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 1 in 5 firefighters had “probable” depression — that is, they had not been diagnosed but reported feeling down and having trouble sleeping and concentrating, among other symptoms. That’s about twice the rate observed in the general population, O’Brien said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that there’s so much undiagnosed depression is concerning because it’s treatable, she said. And wildland firefighters, at least those working in federal agencies, can access treatment through programs like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/resources/taking-care-of-our-own/employee-assistance-program\">Employee Assistance Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly a third of O’Brien’s respondents had considered killing themselves since starting to work as a wildland firefighter. Close to 40% reported knowing someone well in the wildland fire service who died by suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation now in Congress would provide mental health education and services for federal wildland firefighters. \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5631/text?r=1&s=1\">HR 5631\u003c/a>, co-sponsored by five California Democrats, is currently in the Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry and would include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>mental health education and training;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>a peer-to-peer mental health support network for firefighters and their families;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>services from skilled mental health professionals who are readily available to firefighters and their families; and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>seven days of mental health leave for federal firefighters.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A call for support\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Palmer lost a fellow smokejumper to suicide in 2017. Ian Pohowsky was 42 years old when he took his life. He was the fifth smokejumper to die by suicide in the seven years prior. Only two smokejumpers died on the job over the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ian was unbelievably talented,” Palmer said. “He was extremely interested in giving back and helping young firefighters develop. He was a beautiful person, as are too many of the people that end up taking their own lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tight-knit world of wildland firefighters, when someone dies or gets injured, Palmer said, “it strikes the community hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First responders are naturally resilient, said Wooley, the California psychologist. “But with these epic fires, they’re out for weeks, they don’t see their families and they’re just exhausted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some firefighters who feel suicidal told her they’ve lost hope. They feel like they’ve “been in hell forever,” said Wooley, who survived the Carr Fire “tornado” that incinerated two California towns in 2018. Then they go home, and it’s hard to adjust to the mundane rhythms of daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it gets to the point that they’re feeling isolated and exhausted, and engaging in behaviors that alienate people, that’s when they can feel suicidal, Wooley said: “And they stop seeing other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s time for suicide to move from being “the elephant in the room” to something that’s recognized as a risk to the workforce and finally gets the attention and resources it deserves, Palmer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There should be a slot on crews for people trained to provide psychological support just like there is for EMTs, he said. “We’ve been trying hard to get an athletic trainer for every crew,” he said, referring to someone who’s trained to prevent injuries. “But even that hasn’t happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Brien said that even though she’s seen a shift in willingness in talk about suicide, “I don’t really know of any formalized interventions that have been done with wildland firefighters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She would like to see programs that focus on depression, anxiety, PTSD and substance abuse treated as if they’re no different from firefighters’ physical drills. And firefighting crew members need to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/warning-signs-of-suicide\">trained to spot warning signs\u003c/a>, such as colleagues’ increasing use of alcohol or drugs, sleeping issues or talking about being a burden to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The psychological demands of the job will only grow as warmer, drier conditions fuel more severe, unpredictable fires, experts say. And the boom in destructive wildfires is increasing the demand for wildland firefighters, even as agencies scramble to fill vacancies, placing an even greater burden on crews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet researchers are just starting to understand wildland firefighters’ unique mental health challenges, O’Brien said. Because people volunteered in her study and self-reported their symptoms, the results could be skewed based on who responded. “But it’s the best data that we have at this point,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s worrying that 20% of those who responded reported having thoughts of suicide in the past year. “That alone, whether it’s worse or lower than anyone else,” she said, “is worthy of attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you or someone you love is having thoughts of suicide, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-TALK (8255) or text 741741 to connect with a trained crisis counselor.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Berkeley's Cherished Peregrine Falcon Grinnell Dies — but His Mate May Have Found a New Match",
"headTitle": "Berkeley’s Cherished Peregrine Falcon Grinnell Dies — but His Mate May Have Found a New Match | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Grinnell, one of a beloved pair of peregrine falcons who made their longtime home atop the bell tower at UC Berkeley, has died, it was announced Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinnell was found dead Thursday afternoon, according to a tweet on the CalFalconCam Twitter account, run by Cal Falcons, a group that monitors the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CalFalconCam/status/1509650552904466447?s=20&t=S5VZ780o5b7-oMrGhOwfZQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinnell and Annie had been nesting atop the university’s 307-foot-tall campanile since late 2016 and produced 13 chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the timing of this within the breeding season, it is doubtful that this nest will succeed with Annie alone,” Cal Falcons’ Twitter account said on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friday, the account reported another falcon spotted in the nest with Annie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CalFalconCam/status/1509929265772568641?s=20&t=S5VZ780o5b7-oMrGhOwfZQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peregrine falcons typically mate for life, although survivors will seek a replacement after a mate dies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinnell was attacked by other falcons last fall and spent nearly three weeks in a wildlife hospital recuperating, while other rivals courted Annie. But he returned and observers felt that the couple was bonding again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in February, Annie vanished from her gravel nest and was briefly presumed injured or dead before returning nearly a week later. Her disappearance made local headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The falcon researchers said they had never seen a female vanish suddenly during peak breeding season and then suddenly return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peregrine falcons are considered the world’s fastest birds. They can reach speeds of 200 mph during a hunting dive known as a stoop. The American birds were declared endangered in 1970 because of ingesting prey poisoned by DDT and other pesticides; the chemical caused the falcons to produce thin-shelled eggs that couldn’t survive until hatching. However, recovery programs brought the bird back from potential extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTNZmnD27is\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s \u003cspan class=\"c-message__sender c-message_kit__sender\" data-qa=\"message_sender\" data-stringify-type=\"replace\" data-stringify-text=\"María Fernanda Bernal\">María Fernanda Bernal and Kevin Stark contributed to this report.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friday, the account reported another falcon spotted in the nest with Annie.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Peregrine falcons typically mate for life, although survivors will seek a replacement after a mate dies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinnell was attacked by other falcons last fall and spent nearly three weeks in a wildlife hospital recuperating, while other rivals courted Annie. But he returned and observers felt that the couple was bonding again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in February, Annie vanished from her gravel nest and was briefly presumed injured or dead before returning nearly a week later. Her disappearance made local headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The falcon researchers said they had never seen a female vanish suddenly during peak breeding season and then suddenly return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peregrine falcons are considered the world’s fastest birds. They can reach speeds of 200 mph during a hunting dive known as a stoop. The American birds were declared endangered in 1970 because of ingesting prey poisoned by DDT and other pesticides; the chemical caused the falcons to produce thin-shelled eggs that couldn’t survive until hatching. However, recovery programs brought the bird back from potential extinction.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/RTNZmnD27is'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/RTNZmnD27is'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s \u003cspan class=\"c-message__sender c-message_kit__sender\" data-qa=\"message_sender\" data-stringify-type=\"replace\" data-stringify-text=\"María Fernanda Bernal\">María Fernanda Bernal and Kevin Stark contributed to this report.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Now Requires You to Compost Food Waste to Reduce Potent Greenhouse Gas",
"headTitle": "California Now Requires You to Compost Food Waste to Reduce Potent Greenhouse Gas | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California has set an ambitious goal: reduce scraps and yard waste that go to \u003ca href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">landfills by 75% by 2025\u003c/a>. The new state composting regulation means waste haulers will handle a lot more moldy leftovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are ready, because they’ve been collecting and processing organic waste for years. Others will need to invest in new infrastructure, which will push up garbage rates. The state plans to help in the form of financial grants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing methane emissions is the state’s main goal. Its composting regulation requires residents, municipalities and soon more businesses to compost or divert food waste and scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a sprawling facility in Tracy, food scraps and yard clippings get turned into something useful. Here, an 18-wheeler backs up onto a ramp, dumping a load of waste into a huge hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of coffee grounds and eggshells and banana peels and things of that nature in there,” said Robert Reed, spokesperson for Recology, the company that hauls away San Francisco’s waste. “All of those materials are natural. Particularly the food scraps are very rich in nutrients, very rich in carbon. They all came from a farm and are to go back to a farm in the form of compost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Municipal solid waste landfills are the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">third-largest source of human-related methane emissions\u003c/a> in the country, accounting for about 15% in 2019, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and engineers see an opportunity to capture methane and use it to create energy. They’re also studying how it can lock carbon in the ground and \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/science/land-management-carbon-sequestration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enhance the soil\u003c/a> in fields, orchards and rangelands to help farmers grow crops and livestock more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One challenge for the state: building enough facilities like Recology’s, especially in Southern California, where composting is less common. Commercial-scale manufacturing businesses are expensive, and require land and heavy machinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978944\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A smiling man with a red hard hat holds a handful of rich, brown compost as a crane dumps more in a large pile behind him.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robert Reed, compost hype man, in Tracy on Jan. 31, 2022. ‘This is what helps grow healthy plants,’ Reed said. \u003ccite>(Raquel Maria Dillon/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recology began composting decades ago, and Reed argues it keeps greenhouse gasses out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what helps grow healthy plants,” he said, plunging his hands into a steaming pile. “We’ve got food to eat and it gets carbon back into the soil where it belongs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this stage, the compost is sorted and dried to a fine dust; it has a rich brown color and smells sweet, like a wet forest floor. But it’s not fully cooked yet. It will sit in windrows, long piles that workers will aerate for weeks while bacteria break the “material down into finished compost,” Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These piles are eight- to 10-feet tall and chock-full of microbial colonies that are breaking the material down into smaller and smaller pieces,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sprinklers add water to make a perfect, spa-like environment for the right microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>New compost rules ‘biggest change’ to CA trash since ’80s\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The bacteria are key to the state’s new composting standards, which require all municipalities to collect green waste separately, to keep it out of the landfill. When food waste “cooks” under the right conditions, the bacteria give off less methane, a potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diverting our organic waste is the single fastest and easiest thing that every single Californian and every American can do to fight climate change,” said Rachel Machi Wagoner, CalRecycle’s director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She called the state’s composting mandate “the biggest change to our trash since we started recycling in the 1980s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state will require businesses to compost and donate edible food to food banks and charities. First, large grocery stores and food wholesalers will have to comply or face fines. Later, that list will include restaurants and cafeterias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California hits its composting goal, the state estimates it would be the equivalent of taking 1 million cars off the road each year in greenhouse gas emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To go after food waste that aggressively is unprecedented, and it’s a big deal,” said Matthew Cotton, an independent \u003ca href=\"https://www.mattcotton.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">commercial composting consultant\u003c/a>. “We have a lot of infrastructure, maybe not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of this new infrastructure will be offset by a $90 million infusion from this year’s state budget. But Cotton said it’s hard to get permits for composting at this scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a popular piece of infrastructure,” he said. “No one says, ‘Hey, let’s put in a composting site.’ It serves a lot of people, but nobody really wants to live by it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting past the ‘yuck factor’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The other big hurdle is getting people to sort their food waste correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big yuck factor,” said Sally Brown, a soil scientist at the University of Washington. “The slimy stuff is slimy and it can smell bad and look gross and then you don’t want to touch it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Composting can be a hard sell, when you’ve been throwing stuff away your whole life, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’ll always be a market for high-quality compost, especially in California, where agriculture is such a big business, she said. But if the final compost product is contaminated, it becomes less desirable to farmers and landscapers. Think plastic bags, rocks and those annoying little stickers on fruits and veggies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The top lid on your Häagen-Dazs container — it feels like cardboard, but is that plastic on the edge?” she said, noting that many people might not care enough to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California’s golden age of compost\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California is in a golden age of compost research and policy, Brown said. Farmers have always known that compost adds nutrients to their fields and orchards. Now scientists are trying to measure how much carbon it locks into soil and how that benefits the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had 16-inch carrots in my garden this year, and that’s because of the healthier, lighter and fluffier soil from years of compost use,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t require genius cold-fusion tech. It requires you to put your broccoli stems into a different bucket. We can handle that — in theory,” Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has set an ambitious goal: reduce scraps and yard waste that go to \u003ca href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">landfills by 75% by 2025\u003c/a>. The new state composting regulation means waste haulers will handle a lot more moldy leftovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are ready, because they’ve been collecting and processing organic waste for years. Others will need to invest in new infrastructure, which will push up garbage rates. The state plans to help in the form of financial grants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing methane emissions is the state’s main goal. Its composting regulation requires residents, municipalities and soon more businesses to compost or divert food waste and scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a sprawling facility in Tracy, food scraps and yard clippings get turned into something useful. Here, an 18-wheeler backs up onto a ramp, dumping a load of waste into a huge hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of coffee grounds and eggshells and banana peels and things of that nature in there,” said Robert Reed, spokesperson for Recology, the company that hauls away San Francisco’s waste. “All of those materials are natural. Particularly the food scraps are very rich in nutrients, very rich in carbon. They all came from a farm and are to go back to a farm in the form of compost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Municipal solid waste landfills are the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">third-largest source of human-related methane emissions\u003c/a> in the country, accounting for about 15% in 2019, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and engineers see an opportunity to capture methane and use it to create energy. They’re also studying how it can lock carbon in the ground and \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/science/land-management-carbon-sequestration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enhance the soil\u003c/a> in fields, orchards and rangelands to help farmers grow crops and livestock more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One challenge for the state: building enough facilities like Recology’s, especially in Southern California, where composting is less common. Commercial-scale manufacturing businesses are expensive, and require land and heavy machinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978944\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A smiling man with a red hard hat holds a handful of rich, brown compost as a crane dumps more in a large pile behind him.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robert Reed, compost hype man, in Tracy on Jan. 31, 2022. ‘This is what helps grow healthy plants,’ Reed said. \u003ccite>(Raquel Maria Dillon/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recology began composting decades ago, and Reed argues it keeps greenhouse gasses out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what helps grow healthy plants,” he said, plunging his hands into a steaming pile. “We’ve got food to eat and it gets carbon back into the soil where it belongs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this stage, the compost is sorted and dried to a fine dust; it has a rich brown color and smells sweet, like a wet forest floor. But it’s not fully cooked yet. It will sit in windrows, long piles that workers will aerate for weeks while bacteria break the “material down into finished compost,” Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These piles are eight- to 10-feet tall and chock-full of microbial colonies that are breaking the material down into smaller and smaller pieces,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sprinklers add water to make a perfect, spa-like environment for the right microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>New compost rules ‘biggest change’ to CA trash since ’80s\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The bacteria are key to the state’s new composting standards, which require all municipalities to collect green waste separately, to keep it out of the landfill. When food waste “cooks” under the right conditions, the bacteria give off less methane, a potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diverting our organic waste is the single fastest and easiest thing that every single Californian and every American can do to fight climate change,” said Rachel Machi Wagoner, CalRecycle’s director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She called the state’s composting mandate “the biggest change to our trash since we started recycling in the 1980s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state will require businesses to compost and donate edible food to food banks and charities. First, large grocery stores and food wholesalers will have to comply or face fines. Later, that list will include restaurants and cafeterias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California hits its composting goal, the state estimates it would be the equivalent of taking 1 million cars off the road each year in greenhouse gas emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To go after food waste that aggressively is unprecedented, and it’s a big deal,” said Matthew Cotton, an independent \u003ca href=\"https://www.mattcotton.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">commercial composting consultant\u003c/a>. “We have a lot of infrastructure, maybe not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of this new infrastructure will be offset by a $90 million infusion from this year’s state budget. But Cotton said it’s hard to get permits for composting at this scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a popular piece of infrastructure,” he said. “No one says, ‘Hey, let’s put in a composting site.’ It serves a lot of people, but nobody really wants to live by it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting past the ‘yuck factor’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The other big hurdle is getting people to sort their food waste correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big yuck factor,” said Sally Brown, a soil scientist at the University of Washington. “The slimy stuff is slimy and it can smell bad and look gross and then you don’t want to touch it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Composting can be a hard sell, when you’ve been throwing stuff away your whole life, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’ll always be a market for high-quality compost, especially in California, where agriculture is such a big business, she said. But if the final compost product is contaminated, it becomes less desirable to farmers and landscapers. Think plastic bags, rocks and those annoying little stickers on fruits and veggies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The top lid on your Häagen-Dazs container — it feels like cardboard, but is that plastic on the edge?” she said, noting that many people might not care enough to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California’s golden age of compost\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California is in a golden age of compost research and policy, Brown said. Farmers have always known that compost adds nutrients to their fields and orchards. Now scientists are trying to measure how much carbon it locks into soil and how that benefits the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had 16-inch carrots in my garden this year, and that’s because of the healthier, lighter and fluffier soil from years of compost use,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Omicron Subvariant BA.2 Has Been in the Bay Area for Weeks — With Limited Impact",
"headTitle": "The Omicron Subvariant BA.2 Has Been in the Bay Area for Weeks — With Limited Impact | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>We’ve seen this play out before: Just as we start letting down our guard, the coronavirus mutates into another insidious version, wreaking havoc on our plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cue BA.2, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-ba2-or-stealth-omicron-subvariant\">stealth omicron\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month when mask mandates started falling away, the subvariant struck parts of Europe and Asia, driving \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/23/omicrons-subvariant-bapoint2-could-spread-wildly-in-europe-epidemiologist.html\">unprecedented spikes\u003c/a>. Now, it’s traveling fast within the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BA.2 is both the dominant strain globally and, now, nationally, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, which credits more than half of U.S. cases to stealth omicron. Infections are edging up in parts of the Northeast, and \u003ca href=\"https://soe-wbe-pilot.wl.r.appspot.com/charts#page=overview\">recent wastewater data\u003c/a> from Palo Alto, Sunnyvale and Davis suggest BA.2 is starting to push cases up around Northern California — the first real sign that it’s having an impact in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the data does not suggest a repeat of last winter’s surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not that sharp, dramatic increase from the beginning of the omicron wave,” said Marlene Wolfe of Emory University, one of the researchers who monitors wastewater sites across Northern California. “It’s something to watch, something to be careful of, something that we are glad we have this data to speak to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Here’s what you need to know about BA.2 across California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>BA.2 is really good at its job: To date, it’s the most transmissible strain of the coronavirus. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.22270044v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danish study\u003c/a> shows the virus spreads very quickly inside households, and a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.22272984v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Swedish study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> shows that the viral loads are twice as high as the original omicron, which helps to explain why the latest strain of COVID-19 is furiously outcompeting its predecessor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is BA.2 does not appear to lead to more severe symptoms than the original omicron. Patients complain of cough, fatigue, congestion, dizziness and a runny nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not causing more intensive care hospital admissions in Europe,” said Dr. Susan Philip, San Francisco’s health officer. “[This is] a positive thing when we look at the characteristics of this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How worried should we be?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not too worried, according to Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of UCSF’s department of medicine. “It might well lead to a small increase in cases, which we should watch carefully,” he said in an email. “It is unlikely to cause a major surge given the extent of [local] vax and infection-related immunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment is shared by other local experts. UCSF epidemiologist Dr. George Rutherford suspects the impact in Northern California will be “relatively minor.” He estimates immunity coverage in the Bay Area is hovering around 90% due to high vaccine rates and the recent omicron wave, which left many people with natural immunity, at least in the short term. Those two factors wrap the region in a protective layer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rutherford points to what he sees as hopeful signs unfolding overseas. “Look at Western European data,” he said. “Cases are going up in some countries and not in others. A surge is not inevitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California cases continue to plummet\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s not time to panic. \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw3IqSBhCoARIsAMBkTb0HWWvfRHDNjPLxgEaX7PUdfx_IgCF7LJ77g3o8FIZ0HxBPJmRdTDIaAtYAEALw_wcB\">Cases across the state\u003c/a> have fallen about 32% over the past two weeks. Hospitalizations are not increasing and death rates continue to fall. Some regions are experiencing very slight upticks, but nothing concerning to public health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, BA.2 poses the highest risk to anyone who is not vaccinated and did not catch omicron during the last surge. “The consequences for hospitalizations and deaths will be largely determined by how many people are vaccinated and how many older people are boosted,” said Bill Hanage, a Harvard epidemiologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means children who are not yet old enough for a vaccine, as well as many disabled and immunocompromised people, remain at high risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an actual surge were to form, regions with low vaccination rates would be the most vulnerable. In California that means rural areas and parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I protect myself?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At this point California health officials are not recommending people make any course corrections to their daily lives. The state has a \u003ca href=\"https://files.covid19.ca.gov/pdf/smarter-plan--en.pdf\">road map for potential surges\u003c/a>, if the situation were to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do start to see concerning increases in cases, increased severity or increasing hospitalization — we may need to reinstate some of our prior tools, things like masking,” California State Epidemiologist Dr. Erica Pan told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She recommends making sure you’re up to date on your vaccinations, and stocking up on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11901928/you-can-now-order-free-covid-at-home-tests-via-usps\"> home testing kits\u003c/a> to protect loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Should I get a 4th dose if I’m over age 50?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced Tuesday that it has approved a fourth shot for people over 50. Until now the only people authorized for a fourth dose were those \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/health/immunocompromised-fourth-dose-booster.html\">with weakened immune systems\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF’s Wachter recommends a fourth shot for older adults who didn’t catch omicron in the last wave. This is especially critical if folks are engaging in riskier behaviors like eating inside restaurants. For those who caught the virus recently, Wachter suggests holding off on a fourth shot for a few months because a recent infection offers similar protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.22270232v1.full.pdfre-pharmaceuticals/israeli-study-2nd-vaccine-booster-significantly-lowers-covid-death-rate-2022-03-27/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">compelling mortality data out of Israel\u003c/span>\u003c/a> suggesting a fourth shot dramatically lowers severe illness. However, the available data is preliminary and it’s not clear how long the benefits of a fourth dose will last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Bob_Wachter/status/1508444987783929858?s=20&t=yr0py0rn9KRqRoEXy1Nb6Q\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to get it when I can,” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Bob_Wachter/status/1508446942887485440?s=20&t=yr0py0rn9KRqRoEXy1Nb6Q\">Wachter said in another tweet\u003c/a>. “I see the advantages of the 2nd boost as outweighing the small potential downside.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We’ve seen this play out before: Just as we start letting down our guard, the coronavirus mutates into another insidious version, wreaking havoc on our plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cue BA.2, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-ba2-or-stealth-omicron-subvariant\">stealth omicron\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month when mask mandates started falling away, the subvariant struck parts of Europe and Asia, driving \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/23/omicrons-subvariant-bapoint2-could-spread-wildly-in-europe-epidemiologist.html\">unprecedented spikes\u003c/a>. Now, it’s traveling fast within the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BA.2 is both the dominant strain globally and, now, nationally, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, which credits more than half of U.S. cases to stealth omicron. Infections are edging up in parts of the Northeast, and \u003ca href=\"https://soe-wbe-pilot.wl.r.appspot.com/charts#page=overview\">recent wastewater data\u003c/a> from Palo Alto, Sunnyvale and Davis suggest BA.2 is starting to push cases up around Northern California — the first real sign that it’s having an impact in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the data does not suggest a repeat of last winter’s surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not that sharp, dramatic increase from the beginning of the omicron wave,” said Marlene Wolfe of Emory University, one of the researchers who monitors wastewater sites across Northern California. “It’s something to watch, something to be careful of, something that we are glad we have this data to speak to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Here’s what you need to know about BA.2 across California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>BA.2 is really good at its job: To date, it’s the most transmissible strain of the coronavirus. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.22270044v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danish study\u003c/a> shows the virus spreads very quickly inside households, and a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.22272984v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Swedish study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> shows that the viral loads are twice as high as the original omicron, which helps to explain why the latest strain of COVID-19 is furiously outcompeting its predecessor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is BA.2 does not appear to lead to more severe symptoms than the original omicron. Patients complain of cough, fatigue, congestion, dizziness and a runny nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not causing more intensive care hospital admissions in Europe,” said Dr. Susan Philip, San Francisco’s health officer. “[This is] a positive thing when we look at the characteristics of this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How worried should we be?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not too worried, according to Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of UCSF’s department of medicine. “It might well lead to a small increase in cases, which we should watch carefully,” he said in an email. “It is unlikely to cause a major surge given the extent of [local] vax and infection-related immunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment is shared by other local experts. UCSF epidemiologist Dr. George Rutherford suspects the impact in Northern California will be “relatively minor.” He estimates immunity coverage in the Bay Area is hovering around 90% due to high vaccine rates and the recent omicron wave, which left many people with natural immunity, at least in the short term. Those two factors wrap the region in a protective layer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rutherford points to what he sees as hopeful signs unfolding overseas. “Look at Western European data,” he said. “Cases are going up in some countries and not in others. A surge is not inevitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California cases continue to plummet\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s not time to panic. \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw3IqSBhCoARIsAMBkTb0HWWvfRHDNjPLxgEaX7PUdfx_IgCF7LJ77g3o8FIZ0HxBPJmRdTDIaAtYAEALw_wcB\">Cases across the state\u003c/a> have fallen about 32% over the past two weeks. Hospitalizations are not increasing and death rates continue to fall. Some regions are experiencing very slight upticks, but nothing concerning to public health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, BA.2 poses the highest risk to anyone who is not vaccinated and did not catch omicron during the last surge. “The consequences for hospitalizations and deaths will be largely determined by how many people are vaccinated and how many older people are boosted,” said Bill Hanage, a Harvard epidemiologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means children who are not yet old enough for a vaccine, as well as many disabled and immunocompromised people, remain at high risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an actual surge were to form, regions with low vaccination rates would be the most vulnerable. In California that means rural areas and parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I protect myself?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At this point California health officials are not recommending people make any course corrections to their daily lives. The state has a \u003ca href=\"https://files.covid19.ca.gov/pdf/smarter-plan--en.pdf\">road map for potential surges\u003c/a>, if the situation were to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do start to see concerning increases in cases, increased severity or increasing hospitalization — we may need to reinstate some of our prior tools, things like masking,” California State Epidemiologist Dr. Erica Pan told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She recommends making sure you’re up to date on your vaccinations, and stocking up on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11901928/you-can-now-order-free-covid-at-home-tests-via-usps\"> home testing kits\u003c/a> to protect loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Should I get a 4th dose if I’m over age 50?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced Tuesday that it has approved a fourth shot for people over 50. Until now the only people authorized for a fourth dose were those \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/health/immunocompromised-fourth-dose-booster.html\">with weakened immune systems\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF’s Wachter recommends a fourth shot for older adults who didn’t catch omicron in the last wave. This is especially critical if folks are engaging in riskier behaviors like eating inside restaurants. For those who caught the virus recently, Wachter suggests holding off on a fourth shot for a few months because a recent infection offers similar protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.22270232v1.full.pdfre-pharmaceuticals/israeli-study-2nd-vaccine-booster-significantly-lowers-covid-death-rate-2022-03-27/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">compelling mortality data out of Israel\u003c/span>\u003c/a> suggesting a fourth shot dramatically lowers severe illness. However, the available data is preliminary and it’s not clear how long the benefits of a fourth dose will last.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to get it when I can,” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Bob_Wachter/status/1508446942887485440?s=20&t=yr0py0rn9KRqRoEXy1Nb6Q\">Wachter said in another tweet\u003c/a>. “I see the advantages of the 2nd boost as outweighing the small potential downside.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Youth Vs. Apocalypse Joins Global Day of Action for Climate March",
"headTitle": "Youth Vs. Apocalypse Joins Global Day of Action for Climate March | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Hundreds of Bay Area students marched across San Francisco’s Financial District on Friday, as part of a global day of demonstrations tied to the \u003ca href=\"https://fridaysforfuture.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fridays for Future\u003c/a> youth movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978869\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-800x542.jpg\" alt=\"Two people stand at the center with several protest signs in the background.\" width=\"800\" height=\"542\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-800x542.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-1020x691.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-768x520.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-1536x1040.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sofia Palau and Simon Singh, YVA leaders, pose for a portrait outside the BlackRock building on March 25, 2022, in San Francisco. ‘We’re protesting against BlackRock because of their violation of Native land rights and their heavy investment in fossil fuels. They’re also managing the California Teachers Association’s money and they’re investing it in fossil fuels and destroying the futures of their students without most of the teachers’ knowledge,’ Palau said. \u003ccite>(Amaya Edwards/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oakland’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youthvsapocalypse.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Youth Vs. Apocalypse\u003c/a> organized high schoolers and other young kids from across the region. The students walked from Embarcadero Plaza to the headquarters of the investment management company BlackRock on Howard St. and to the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement office on Sansome St.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protestors painted their hands red and marked the pavement to symbolize how these groups are failing to protect their lives and futures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978868\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"A person with red hands poses for the camera.\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-1536x1015.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kendal Erving poses for a portrait on March 25, 2022. Her hands are covered in red paint, which was provided to students so they could leave handprints at the BlackRock building. This symbolizes the blood advocates say BlackRock has on their hands as a fossil fuel investor. \u003ccite>(Amaya Edwards/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is in a state of crisis,” organizers said in a statement. “The climate crisis threatens the sake of all life on earth. We recognize that the climate crisis does not impact people equally and disproportionately severely impacts communities of color as well as low income communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“BlackRock directly funds the climate crisis and ICE is displacing and committing violence against climate refugees and people seeking safety,” they said. “We demand change now so that we can have a tomorrow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978861\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978861\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A young man with an orange beanie speaks into a mic with the background of protest signs.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin G. Ruano Hernandez speaks during a Youth Vs. Apocalypse climate strike at the Embarcadero Center in San Francisco on March 25, 2022. Hernandez, 18, is an environmental justice organizer in Richmond. \u003ccite>(Amaya Edwards/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>KQED’s María Fernanda Bernal spoke with one youth organizer, Richmond’s Kevin G. Ruano Hernandez, who said the cause is personal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost my uncle and aunt to chronic respiratory disease,” he said. “And that’s my story, [but] there’s millions of stories like it in Richmond. Thousands of stories of students affected by fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The youth group called on BlackRock to divest the California state teachers pension system from the fossil fuel industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Y_Vs_A/status/1507412460289941509?s=20&t=UJlnha6rvos5LAJQwrosTw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calstrs.com/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">CalSTRS\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is the largest educator-only pension fund in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978865\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978865\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A youth organizer points a microphone to the crowd.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simon Singh, a youth organizer with Youth Vs. Apocalypse, leads the crowd in chants calling for climate and migrant justice on March 25, 2022, in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Amaya Edwards/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the ICE building, the group also rallied for a “pathway to citizenship and a respect of people’s right to seek asylum from within the U.S.” and asked “for a livable and equitable future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978867\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978867\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student organizer with YVA leads chants and a large group of student demonstrators during a climate strike in San Francisco on March 25, 2022.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hundreds of Bay Area students marched across San Francisco’s Financial District on Friday, as part of a global day of demonstrations tied to the \u003ca href=\"https://fridaysforfuture.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fridays for Future\u003c/a> youth movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978869\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-800x542.jpg\" alt=\"Two people stand at the center with several protest signs in the background.\" width=\"800\" height=\"542\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-800x542.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-1020x691.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-768x520.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut-1536x1040.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54739_20220325-IMG_7953-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sofia Palau and Simon Singh, YVA leaders, pose for a portrait outside the BlackRock building on March 25, 2022, in San Francisco. ‘We’re protesting against BlackRock because of their violation of Native land rights and their heavy investment in fossil fuels. They’re also managing the California Teachers Association’s money and they’re investing it in fossil fuels and destroying the futures of their students without most of the teachers’ knowledge,’ Palau said. \u003ccite>(Amaya Edwards/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oakland’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youthvsapocalypse.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Youth Vs. Apocalypse\u003c/a> organized high schoolers and other young kids from across the region. The students walked from Embarcadero Plaza to the headquarters of the investment management company BlackRock on Howard St. and to the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement office on Sansome St.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protestors painted their hands red and marked the pavement to symbolize how these groups are failing to protect their lives and futures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978868\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"A person with red hands poses for the camera.\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut-1536x1015.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54742_20220325-IMG_7968-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kendal Erving poses for a portrait on March 25, 2022. Her hands are covered in red paint, which was provided to students so they could leave handprints at the BlackRock building. This symbolizes the blood advocates say BlackRock has on their hands as a fossil fuel investor. \u003ccite>(Amaya Edwards/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is in a state of crisis,” organizers said in a statement. “The climate crisis threatens the sake of all life on earth. We recognize that the climate crisis does not impact people equally and disproportionately severely impacts communities of color as well as low income communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“BlackRock directly funds the climate crisis and ICE is displacing and committing violence against climate refugees and people seeking safety,” they said. “We demand change now so that we can have a tomorrow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978861\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978861\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A young man with an orange beanie speaks into a mic with the background of protest signs.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54707_20220325-IMG_7518-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin G. Ruano Hernandez speaks during a Youth Vs. Apocalypse climate strike at the Embarcadero Center in San Francisco on March 25, 2022. Hernandez, 18, is an environmental justice organizer in Richmond. \u003ccite>(Amaya Edwards/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>KQED’s María Fernanda Bernal spoke with one youth organizer, Richmond’s Kevin G. Ruano Hernandez, who said the cause is personal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost my uncle and aunt to chronic respiratory disease,” he said. “And that’s my story, [but] there’s millions of stories like it in Richmond. Thousands of stories of students affected by fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The youth group called on BlackRock to divest the California state teachers pension system from the fossil fuel industry.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calstrs.com/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">CalSTRS\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is the largest educator-only pension fund in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978865\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978865\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A youth organizer points a microphone to the crowd.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54709_20220325-IMG_7542-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simon Singh, a youth organizer with Youth Vs. Apocalypse, leads the crowd in chants calling for climate and migrant justice on March 25, 2022, in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Amaya Edwards/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the ICE building, the group also rallied for a “pathway to citizenship and a respect of people’s right to seek asylum from within the U.S.” and asked “for a livable and equitable future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978867\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978867\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54751_20220325-IMG_7801-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student organizer with YVA leads chants and a large group of student demonstrators during a climate strike in San Francisco on March 25, 2022.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Here's How You Get Ready to Go to the Moon",
"headTitle": "Here’s How You Get Ready to Go to the Moon | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The last time humans landed on the moon, “The Godfather” was a hit movie and Roberta Flack and Don McLean had hit songs. Apollo 17 Commander Eugene Cernan and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt were the last people to leave footprints on the moon’s cratered surface. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next time humans land on the moon might be only three years from now with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/artemisprogram\">NASA’s Artemis missions\u003c/a>, and this time a woman and a person of color will step down from the landing capsule onto the dusty ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978702\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 566px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/566px-Illustration_of_Orion_over_lunar_surface_with_Earthrise_32125696615_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"566\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/566px-Illustration_of_Orion_over_lunar_surface_with_Earthrise_32125696615_cropped.jpg 566w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/566px-Illustration_of_Orion_over_lunar_surface_with_Earthrise_32125696615_cropped-160x169.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 566px) 100vw, 566px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the Orion spacecraft that will carry astronauts to the moon during NASA’s Artemis missions. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To get ready for the adventures of Artemis, NASA has a lineup of robotic missions to map the trail, testing everything from the orbital mechanics for a space station to navigational technologies that will allow future spacecraft to operate with less dependence on controllers back on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One robotic scout is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/small_spacecraft/capstone\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CAPSTONE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a 55-pound “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/home/CubeSats_initiative\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cubesat\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">” no larger than a desktop computer. CAPSTONE is scheduled to launch this Saturday, on March 19, on a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rocketlabusa.com/launch/electron/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rocket Lab “Electron”\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> rocket from New Zealand. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then, possibly as early as April, the first Artemis test flight is set to launch from Kennedy Space Center on NASA’s new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Space Launch System\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (SLS) rocket. Artemis 1 will send an uncrewed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/orion/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Orion spacecraft\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to within 60 miles of the moon’s surface, testing the system’s flight readiness and orbital trajectories before returning to Earth three weeks later. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mapping a trail for Artemis\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CAPSTONE (ready for this? It’s: Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology Operations and Navigation Experiment) will, among other things, scout out a unique trajectory planned for a moon-orbiting space station, literally breaking trail for the lunar space station. The station, which NASA calls\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/gateway\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Gateway\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, will be a home base for astronauts to live between flights to and from Earth, and landings on the lunar surface. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of Gateway, NASA’s planned moon-orbiting space station, with an Orion spacecraft approaching for docking. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CAPSTONE will maneuver into and maintain this orbit for at least six months, verifying the mathematics and orbital mechanics prior to Gateway’s construction. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA has plotted Gateway’s path with special considerations in mind. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Angelic_halo_orbit_chosen_for_humankind_s_first_lunar_outpost\">orbit is a highly elongated ellipse\u003c/a>, swooping to within 1,000 miles of the moon’s southern polar region and then flinging to a far distance of 43,500 miles, circling the moon every seven days. The orbit takes advantage of the point of balance between the gravity of Earth and the moon, which means it’s a very stable orbit that requires minimal fuel for a spacecraft to maintain over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gateway’s orbit will make it easier for spacecraft flying to and from the moon’s surface — particularly the south polar region that NASA is interested in exploring — to rendezvous with the station. And at the far end of the loop, away from the moon, spacecraft departing for Earth (and future destinations like Mars) won’t need to burn as much fuel to break free of the moon’s gravity. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978703\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 985px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978703\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/capstone-orbit-large.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"985\" height=\"528\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the near rectilinear orbit that NASA’s CAPSTONE will test in preparation for the building of the Gateway space station. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another advantage of Gateway’s orbit is that it keeps an almost constant line of sight with Earth, allowing near continuous communication between the station and controllers at home. The orbit also provides coverage to the moon’s far side, where the body of the moon blocks radio signals from Earth. For future missions that will land on the far side of the moon, Gateway will serve as a Wi-Fi connection in the sky. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Untethering (a little) from Mission Control\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another of CAPSTONE’s goals is to test new navigational technologies that will help future moon-bound spacecraft to operate with less dependence on controllers back on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As part of this test, CAPSTONE will communicate directly with the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which has been circling the moon for over a decade now, making a high-resolution image survey of the lunar surface. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CAPSTONE will use this orbiter as a form of lunar GPS, a navigational reference to determine its own location and orbital trajectory. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Coming up: astronauts aboard Artemis\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Named for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.greekmythology.com/Olympians/Artemis/artemis.html\">Greek moon goddess\u003c/a> and twin sister of the sun god Apollo, the Artemis missions \u003c/span>mark not only the first human-crewed expeditions to the moon since Apollo 17, five decades ago, but also the first time humans have ventured farther than 300 miles from Earth’s surface since that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1041px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978701\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1041\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram illustrating the planned flight of the uncrewed Artemis 1 mission, which will launch as early as April 2022. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artemis 2, planned to launch in May 2024, will carry human astronauts around the moon, then back home again. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/05/Artemis_3_step-by-step\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artemis 3\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> will land astronauts on the lunar surface as early as 2025. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA has announced that the spacecraft will carry the first woman and first person of color to the moon’s surface. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The plan is to send the two astronauts to a site in the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/moon-s-south-pole-in-nasa-s-landing-sites\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">moon’s southern polar region\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, where they will explore for about a week. A third astronaut will remain aloft in Gateway. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why are we going to the moon?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Good question. The moon is a valuable resource, not only as a place for humans to explore, or a repository of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">natural resources \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">to fuel missions on the moon and destinations beyond, such as Mars, but also as a unique \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/LSITP.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">platform for scientific observation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the universe. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978699\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1214px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978699\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1214\" height=\"1214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University.png 1214w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University-800x800.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1214px) 100vw, 1214px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ‘illumination map’ composite image of the moon’s south pole, created from images collected by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter over about four weeks — one full lunar day. The brightness at any spot represents the percentage of a lunar day that spot was in sunlight. Black reveals locations that are in permanent shadow, where no sunlight ever reaches — deep crater floors where water ice may have built up over millennia. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The far side of the moon, which always faces away from Earth, is protected from the radio noise that human civilization generates and spews into space, a natural shelter where \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov/lunar-farside\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sensitive radio observatories\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> may probe the cosmos. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But, until the exciting human expeditions of Artemis come to pass, we can look forward to the adventures through the exploits of our \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/viper\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">robotic explorers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There's actually a lot NASA has to do before landing the next humans on the moon's dusty surface. Among them: Scout a path for the lunar home base that will orbit the moon. ",
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"description": "There's actually a lot NASA has to do before landing the next humans on the moon's dusty surface. Among them: Scout a path for the lunar home base that will orbit the moon. ",
"title": "Here's How You Get Ready to Go to the Moon | KQED",
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"headline": "Here's How You Get Ready to Go to the Moon",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The last time humans landed on the moon, “The Godfather” was a hit movie and Roberta Flack and Don McLean had hit songs. Apollo 17 Commander Eugene Cernan and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt were the last people to leave footprints on the moon’s cratered surface. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next time humans land on the moon might be only three years from now with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/artemisprogram\">NASA’s Artemis missions\u003c/a>, and this time a woman and a person of color will step down from the landing capsule onto the dusty ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978702\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 566px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/566px-Illustration_of_Orion_over_lunar_surface_with_Earthrise_32125696615_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"566\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/566px-Illustration_of_Orion_over_lunar_surface_with_Earthrise_32125696615_cropped.jpg 566w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/566px-Illustration_of_Orion_over_lunar_surface_with_Earthrise_32125696615_cropped-160x169.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 566px) 100vw, 566px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the Orion spacecraft that will carry astronauts to the moon during NASA’s Artemis missions. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To get ready for the adventures of Artemis, NASA has a lineup of robotic missions to map the trail, testing everything from the orbital mechanics for a space station to navigational technologies that will allow future spacecraft to operate with less dependence on controllers back on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One robotic scout is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/small_spacecraft/capstone\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CAPSTONE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a 55-pound “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/home/CubeSats_initiative\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cubesat\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">” no larger than a desktop computer. CAPSTONE is scheduled to launch this Saturday, on March 19, on a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rocketlabusa.com/launch/electron/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rocket Lab “Electron”\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> rocket from New Zealand. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then, possibly as early as April, the first Artemis test flight is set to launch from Kennedy Space Center on NASA’s new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Space Launch System\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (SLS) rocket. Artemis 1 will send an uncrewed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/orion/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Orion spacecraft\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to within 60 miles of the moon’s surface, testing the system’s flight readiness and orbital trajectories before returning to Earth three weeks later. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mapping a trail for Artemis\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CAPSTONE (ready for this? It’s: Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology Operations and Navigation Experiment) will, among other things, scout out a unique trajectory planned for a moon-orbiting space station, literally breaking trail for the lunar space station. The station, which NASA calls\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/gateway\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Gateway\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, will be a home base for astronauts to live between flights to and from Earth, and landings on the lunar surface. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/gateway_orion_approaching-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of Gateway, NASA’s planned moon-orbiting space station, with an Orion spacecraft approaching for docking. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CAPSTONE will maneuver into and maintain this orbit for at least six months, verifying the mathematics and orbital mechanics prior to Gateway’s construction. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA has plotted Gateway’s path with special considerations in mind. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Angelic_halo_orbit_chosen_for_humankind_s_first_lunar_outpost\">orbit is a highly elongated ellipse\u003c/a>, swooping to within 1,000 miles of the moon’s southern polar region and then flinging to a far distance of 43,500 miles, circling the moon every seven days. The orbit takes advantage of the point of balance between the gravity of Earth and the moon, which means it’s a very stable orbit that requires minimal fuel for a spacecraft to maintain over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gateway’s orbit will make it easier for spacecraft flying to and from the moon’s surface — particularly the south polar region that NASA is interested in exploring — to rendezvous with the station. And at the far end of the loop, away from the moon, spacecraft departing for Earth (and future destinations like Mars) won’t need to burn as much fuel to break free of the moon’s gravity. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978703\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 985px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978703\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/capstone-orbit-large.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"985\" height=\"528\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the near rectilinear orbit that NASA’s CAPSTONE will test in preparation for the building of the Gateway space station. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another advantage of Gateway’s orbit is that it keeps an almost constant line of sight with Earth, allowing near continuous communication between the station and controllers at home. The orbit also provides coverage to the moon’s far side, where the body of the moon blocks radio signals from Earth. For future missions that will land on the far side of the moon, Gateway will serve as a Wi-Fi connection in the sky. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Untethering (a little) from Mission Control\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another of CAPSTONE’s goals is to test new navigational technologies that will help future moon-bound spacecraft to operate with less dependence on controllers back on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As part of this test, CAPSTONE will communicate directly with the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which has been circling the moon for over a decade now, making a high-resolution image survey of the lunar surface. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CAPSTONE will use this orbiter as a form of lunar GPS, a navigational reference to determine its own location and orbital trajectory. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Coming up: astronauts aboard Artemis\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Named for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.greekmythology.com/Olympians/Artemis/artemis.html\">Greek moon goddess\u003c/a> and twin sister of the sun god Apollo, the Artemis missions \u003c/span>mark not only the first human-crewed expeditions to the moon since Apollo 17, five decades ago, but also the first time humans have ventured farther than 300 miles from Earth’s surface since that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1041px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978701\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1041\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/artemis_1_map_october_2021-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram illustrating the planned flight of the uncrewed Artemis 1 mission, which will launch as early as April 2022. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artemis 2, planned to launch in May 2024, will carry human astronauts around the moon, then back home again. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/05/Artemis_3_step-by-step\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artemis 3\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> will land astronauts on the lunar surface as early as 2025. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA has announced that the spacecraft will carry the first woman and first person of color to the moon’s surface. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The plan is to send the two astronauts to a site in the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/moon-s-south-pole-in-nasa-s-landing-sites\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">moon’s southern polar region\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, where they will explore for about a week. A third astronaut will remain aloft in Gateway. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why are we going to the moon?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Good question. The moon is a valuable resource, not only as a place for humans to explore, or a repository of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">natural resources \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">to fuel missions on the moon and destinations beyond, such as Mars, but also as a unique \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/LSITP.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">platform for scientific observation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the universe. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978699\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1214px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978699\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1214\" height=\"1214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University.png 1214w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University-800x800.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/lunar_south_pole_lroc-illuminationmap-NASA-GSFC-Arizona-State-University-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1214px) 100vw, 1214px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ‘illumination map’ composite image of the moon’s south pole, created from images collected by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter over about four weeks — one full lunar day. The brightness at any spot represents the percentage of a lunar day that spot was in sunlight. Black reveals locations that are in permanent shadow, where no sunlight ever reaches — deep crater floors where water ice may have built up over millennia. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The far side of the moon, which always faces away from Earth, is protected from the radio noise that human civilization generates and spews into space, a natural shelter where \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov/lunar-farside\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sensitive radio observatories\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> may probe the cosmos. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But, until the exciting human expeditions of Artemis come to pass, we can look forward to the adventures through the exploits of our \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/viper\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">robotic explorers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The vinegaroon – also known as a whip scorpion – looks like a Frankenstein creation of monster body parts. But unlike true scorpions, it doesn’t use venom to defend itself from predators. Instead, it aims its tail at their face and sprays a blast of acid that reeks of – you guessed it – vinegar. Only \u003ci>this\u003c/i> weaponized vinegar is 16 times stronger than what’s in your salad.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Late at night, after a rain in Arizona’s high desert, a dark shape creeps out from its underground lair. It’s as big as your palm, and it’s hungry. And if it feels bothered …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, what just happened?? And seriously, what is this thing? A mutant land lobster?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I mean, it’s got claws like a scorpion. The mouth of a spider?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antennae-like things coming out of its armpits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A long, skinny tail like a … RAT?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This surprising combo of monster body parts is a vinegaroon, also known as a whip scorpion. It’s in a group of animals called arachnids, that includes scorpions and spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t sting like a scorpion, or hunt with a web like many spiders. A vinegaroon has its very own style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tail may look dangerous, but it’s actually a finely tuned sensor. It picks up vibrations and chemicals in the air, in this case, to stalk its prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up front, those antennae-looking things are actually specialized legs. They help the vinegaroon feel its way around. It’s basically blind. So it relies on touch and smell to close in on its meal. It will break through this cricket’s tough exoskeleton with its claws and bristly mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vinegaroon also uses these wicked claws to excavate its burrow. Adults and their young use the burrows for protection from predators, and to stay out of the scorching desert sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vinegaroons and their ancestors have survived this way for hundreds of millions of years. So, what does it need that spray for? Researchers observe it by gently holding the animal with forceps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those frightening looks, this surprising spritz is actually its strongest defense against anything that wants to eat them – like skunks, raccoons or coyotes. Even with poor eyesight, the vinegaroon sprays with incredible accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, two pygidial glands, also known as “stink glands,” hold the foul fluid. The base of the tail is extremely flexible, and can aim the blast in any direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Touché, skunk!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instant it sprays, the gland openings appear as two retractable nozzles. An adult vinegaroon can shoot up to five times before it needs to let its stink glands fill up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spray reeks. That’s because the solution is mostly acetic acid, the same stuff in the vinegar in your salad dressing, except this cocktail is 16 times stronger. A blast of that to the face of a larger predator is like pepper spray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the vinegaroon’s signature defense is unlikely to do any lasting damage, it will certainly leave a lasting impression.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>From birdsong and crashing waves to the whisper of the wind in the trees, the natural world is brimming with diverse soundscapes. But according to author and biologist David George Haskell, many of Earth’s soundscapes are in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noise pollution from mining and industrial shipping in the oceans has become so loud that aquatic creatures struggle to communicate with each other. Birds and insects that fill the night with chirps and caws are steadily decreasing. 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"title": "To Understand Sea Level Rise, This Climate Artist Wants You to Feel It in Your Body",
"headTitle": "To Understand Sea Level Rise, This Climate Artist Wants You to Feel It in Your Body | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>So you’re worried about climate change. You’re ready to act. But you don’t know where to start, or how to actually be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a suggestion: Consider what you’re good at, what you love, and what in the climate world needs doing. Your climate sweet spot is where those things intersect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977320\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1977320\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-800x450.png\" alt='Top circle of Venn diagram says \"what brings you joy?\" A circle on the left says \"What are you good at?\" The final circle on the right says \"What is the work that needs doing?\" Where the three circles overlap is a space named: \"What you should do.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-1536x864.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-2048x1152.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-1920x1080.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine biologist Ayana Elizabeth Johnson created this Venn diagram to help people find their place in climate action. \u003ccite>(Courtesy The All We Can Save Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re bringing you a series of stories of people who are doing that, like artist \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://anateresafernandez.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ana Teresa Fernández\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. When she first heard how much sea levels could rise by 2100 — roughly 6 feet — she grappled with what that would look and feel like. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID='arts_11527370']As someone who communicates through visual and performance art, Fernández wanted to make that number something people could touch. After deliberating for a year on how to do that, she created a project that’s sprouted up on beaches in California and Mexico, and is currently installed at the San Francisco Cliff House as a part of the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">FOR-SITE Foundation\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">’s exhibition “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.for-site.org/project/landsend/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lands End\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.”\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">KQED’s Laura Klivans spoke with Fernández.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The following interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>LAURA KLIVANS: When was your climate awakening?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>ANA TERESA FERNÁNDEZ\u003c/b>:\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> As I was growing up in Tampico, Tamaulipas [in Mexico], we spent every Sunday at the beach. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There were all these refineries. We knew we were getting closer to the beach because there was a stench in the air. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The smell was something that triggered happiness for me, not realizing what a refinery really does and how harmful that is to not only the land, but the world in its entirety. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are these things that you are aware of that are not right; you just know in your body that there’s something wrong. I think that was when I first realized that the world is under pressure. \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many, many years later, I went to the Art and Environment Conference at the Nevada [Museum of Art], where \u003ca href=\"https://anateresafernandez.com/1718-2/\">I was invited to speak about borders\u003c/a> in 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the panelists was talking about climate change. I remember sitting in the audience, just having my arms crossed and thinking, “Huh, six feet. I’m 5’10.'” \u003cem>(Editor’s note: The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1978580/new-sea-level-predictions-show-need-for-environmental-justice-in-climate-change-planning\">latest projections\u003c/a> put sea level rise as high as 6.5 feet by 2100.)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As someone who surfs and who’s constantly in the water, I know what that feels like — when you’re pushed down under a wave and you actually can’t get to the surface of the water to breathe. It gave me this moment where I was like, huhhh! [Gasps audibly.]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I was like, this is the time where I actually have to connect the dots and do something directly in response to this specific statistic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I really began to understand that we have a disassociation from these numbers to our bodies. These numbers sit on a page neatly in line in relation to words, but they don’t sit in relation to a body. So how is it that we can have those numbers come off the page and really become an experience, a somatic experience, a visceral experience?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where did you start when it came to taking action?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It took me about a year to really get the courage to start working on this and start walking towards it and trying to find a way to embody this idea. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Tell me about the installation you ultimately created, called “\u003c/b>\u003ca href=\"https://onthehorizon.org/\">\u003cb>On the Horizon\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cb>.”\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I wanted to actually take a step to try and tackle this issue. And when I say tackle, I mean, how can I hold it, quite literally? Not only the idea of sea levels rising, but specifically grasp and hold 6 feet of ocean water? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I worked with a fabricator to create a design that would be able to hold 6 feet of ocean water. It’s a [plexiglass] cylinder that’s 10 inches in diameter and 6 feet tall. It looks and feels as if this body of seawater is emerging from the sand. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some people address them as pillars, but I see them as “sea bodies” because they’re an extension of the body of water that’s in front of us.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When I’ve done this installation, it’s always at the shoreline — literally where the water ends and the land begins. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978625\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Five clear, cylindrical pillars of ocean water emerge vertically from the sand on a shoreline. Three children sit at the bases of the scattered pillars, while four people hold hands and walk towards them from the left of the frame.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community volunteers help install ‘On the Horizon’ in November 2021, at Playas de Tijuana, Mexico. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Carlos Bravo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What happens during the installations? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the things that became really apparent was that people want to touch it; people want to be a part of it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Every time that we put the piece up at the beach, people would stop us: “What is this?” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When they realize what it’s about, it’s like someone’s knocking them over. Then the second reaction is always walking towards it to touch the water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">People want to see the relationship of their own body to [the sea bodies].\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What do you think that says about the human relationship to climate change? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re missing a way in which we can experience climate change more physically. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate change is usually experienced in really chaotic, violent, sudden, unpredictable ways. But there are not many moments where you can experience climate change in a physical way that is peaceful and calm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But if you can sit with it, if you can talk to it, I think you can slowly alter behaviors — we can change how we respond.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978626\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A mother and child smile while carrying a white bucket painted light blue between them. They walk across a beach toward the camera and away from the ocean. More people carrying buckets follow behind.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel McIntire with daughter Isla were community volunteers in an ‘On the Horizon’ bucket brigade at San Francisco’s Ocean Beach in October 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Colectivo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>You talk about the community being part of the installation process. Why is that important?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the most beautiful parts of this has been that with the installation, I’ve actually gotten closer to my neighbors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As soon as we start inserting [the tubes] into the sand and then the buckets come out [to carry ocean water to fill the tubes], people are like, “Can I help?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’ve worked with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunsetcoop.org/\">Sunset Co-Op [Nursery School]\u003c/a> as well, with the kindergarten kids.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s been really beautiful to see how easy it is to educate people through an experience that’s about them creating the piece. Because ultimately, this piece doesn’t exist without the community, because the community are the ones that are actually pouring life into the piece. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What challenges have you come up against?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s the external hustle of finding the funding and figuring out the fabrication.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s the internal hustle. I sat with this idea for about a year before I let myself try to tackle it because I’m like, “No, it’s too simple. No, it’s not good enough. No, it’s not going to make a difference.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I was like, “I’m not a climatologist. I’m not a scientist. Can I do this?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That was something I had to come to terms with — I had touched issues that are very political, that are very much driven by numbers and by statistics and all these things that might not necessarily be artsy. But why not use art as a way to grapple with these issues, help bring people to it and create an awareness in a different way that sits off the page? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s a lot of science and it’s printed everywhere. But no matter how many times it gets printed, sometimes we just need to experience it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How do you juggle this new work with your life?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like anything, you just make it a priority. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978568\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978568\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Three glass cylinders, or sea bodies, six feet tall, rise from a pile of sand in front of wide glass windows at San Francisco's Cliff House. The sea green ocean beyond the windows is restless with whitecaps. Dark mounds of rock rise from the sea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘On the Horizon’ is installed at the FOR-SITE Foundation’s exhibition ‘Lands End’ in San Francisco’s Cliff House. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What have you gained from this work?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A lot of connectivity to the community, both here along this coastline and around different coastlines. People from Israel have contacted me, people from Sweden. People are really eager to amplify the message of protecting the sea. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A lot of doing these things is starting something and then hoping there’s a ripple effect. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now I’ve been invited to three other exhibitions about climate change. I never thought of myself as a climate artist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The director of the Sunset Co-Op has told me all these stories about the kids talking about the piece and how they’ve been relating to the water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It creates its own constellations that exist beyond you. And that’s the beauty of it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>So you’re worried about climate change. You’re ready to act. But you don’t know where to start, or how to actually be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a suggestion: Consider what you’re good at, what you love, and what in the climate world needs doing. Your climate sweet spot is where those things intersect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977320\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1977320\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-800x450.png\" alt='Top circle of Venn diagram says \"what brings you joy?\" A circle on the left says \"What are you good at?\" The final circle on the right says \"What is the work that needs doing?\" Where the three circles overlap is a space named: \"What you should do.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-1536x864.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-2048x1152.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/Rectangle-1920x1080.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine biologist Ayana Elizabeth Johnson created this Venn diagram to help people find their place in climate action. \u003ccite>(Courtesy The All We Can Save Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re bringing you a series of stories of people who are doing that, like artist \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://anateresafernandez.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ana Teresa Fernández\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. When she first heard how much sea levels could rise by 2100 — roughly 6 feet — she grappled with what that would look and feel like. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As someone who communicates through visual and performance art, Fernández wanted to make that number something people could touch. After deliberating for a year on how to do that, she created a project that’s sprouted up on beaches in California and Mexico, and is currently installed at the San Francisco Cliff House as a part of the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">FOR-SITE Foundation\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">’s exhibition “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.for-site.org/project/landsend/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lands End\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.”\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">KQED’s Laura Klivans spoke with Fernández.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The following interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>LAURA KLIVANS: When was your climate awakening?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>ANA TERESA FERNÁNDEZ\u003c/b>:\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> As I was growing up in Tampico, Tamaulipas [in Mexico], we spent every Sunday at the beach. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There were all these refineries. We knew we were getting closer to the beach because there was a stench in the air. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The smell was something that triggered happiness for me, not realizing what a refinery really does and how harmful that is to not only the land, but the world in its entirety. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are these things that you are aware of that are not right; you just know in your body that there’s something wrong. I think that was when I first realized that the world is under pressure. \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many, many years later, I went to the Art and Environment Conference at the Nevada [Museum of Art], where \u003ca href=\"https://anateresafernandez.com/1718-2/\">I was invited to speak about borders\u003c/a> in 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the panelists was talking about climate change. I remember sitting in the audience, just having my arms crossed and thinking, “Huh, six feet. I’m 5’10.'” \u003cem>(Editor’s note: The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1978580/new-sea-level-predictions-show-need-for-environmental-justice-in-climate-change-planning\">latest projections\u003c/a> put sea level rise as high as 6.5 feet by 2100.)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As someone who surfs and who’s constantly in the water, I know what that feels like — when you’re pushed down under a wave and you actually can’t get to the surface of the water to breathe. It gave me this moment where I was like, huhhh! [Gasps audibly.]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I was like, this is the time where I actually have to connect the dots and do something directly in response to this specific statistic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I really began to understand that we have a disassociation from these numbers to our bodies. These numbers sit on a page neatly in line in relation to words, but they don’t sit in relation to a body. So how is it that we can have those numbers come off the page and really become an experience, a somatic experience, a visceral experience?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where did you start when it came to taking action?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It took me about a year to really get the courage to start working on this and start walking towards it and trying to find a way to embody this idea. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Tell me about the installation you ultimately created, called “\u003c/b>\u003ca href=\"https://onthehorizon.org/\">\u003cb>On the Horizon\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cb>.”\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I wanted to actually take a step to try and tackle this issue. And when I say tackle, I mean, how can I hold it, quite literally? Not only the idea of sea levels rising, but specifically grasp and hold 6 feet of ocean water? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I worked with a fabricator to create a design that would be able to hold 6 feet of ocean water. It’s a [plexiglass] cylinder that’s 10 inches in diameter and 6 feet tall. It looks and feels as if this body of seawater is emerging from the sand. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some people address them as pillars, but I see them as “sea bodies” because they’re an extension of the body of water that’s in front of us.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When I’ve done this installation, it’s always at the shoreline — literally where the water ends and the land begins. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978625\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Five clear, cylindrical pillars of ocean water emerge vertically from the sand on a shoreline. Three children sit at the bases of the scattered pillars, while four people hold hands and walk towards them from the left of the frame.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53889_5_CARLOS-BRAVO-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community volunteers help install ‘On the Horizon’ in November 2021, at Playas de Tijuana, Mexico. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Carlos Bravo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What happens during the installations? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the things that became really apparent was that people want to touch it; people want to be a part of it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Every time that we put the piece up at the beach, people would stop us: “What is this?” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When they realize what it’s about, it’s like someone’s knocking them over. Then the second reaction is always walking towards it to touch the water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">People want to see the relationship of their own body to [the sea bodies].\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What do you think that says about the human relationship to climate change? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re missing a way in which we can experience climate change more physically. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate change is usually experienced in really chaotic, violent, sudden, unpredictable ways. But there are not many moments where you can experience climate change in a physical way that is peaceful and calm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But if you can sit with it, if you can talk to it, I think you can slowly alter behaviors — we can change how we respond.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978626\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A mother and child smile while carrying a white bucket painted light blue between them. They walk across a beach toward the camera and away from the ocean. More people carrying buckets follow behind.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53892_3_Colectivo-Dancers-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel McIntire with daughter Isla were community volunteers in an ‘On the Horizon’ bucket brigade at San Francisco’s Ocean Beach in October 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Colectivo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>You talk about the community being part of the installation process. Why is that important?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the most beautiful parts of this has been that with the installation, I’ve actually gotten closer to my neighbors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As soon as we start inserting [the tubes] into the sand and then the buckets come out [to carry ocean water to fill the tubes], people are like, “Can I help?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’ve worked with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunsetcoop.org/\">Sunset Co-Op [Nursery School]\u003c/a> as well, with the kindergarten kids.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s been really beautiful to see how easy it is to educate people through an experience that’s about them creating the piece. Because ultimately, this piece doesn’t exist without the community, because the community are the ones that are actually pouring life into the piece. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What challenges have you come up against?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s the external hustle of finding the funding and figuring out the fabrication.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s the internal hustle. I sat with this idea for about a year before I let myself try to tackle it because I’m like, “No, it’s too simple. No, it’s not good enough. No, it’s not going to make a difference.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I was like, “I’m not a climatologist. I’m not a scientist. Can I do this?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That was something I had to come to terms with — I had touched issues that are very political, that are very much driven by numbers and by statistics and all these things that might not necessarily be artsy. But why not use art as a way to grapple with these issues, help bring people to it and create an awareness in a different way that sits off the page? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s a lot of science and it’s printed everywhere. But no matter how many times it gets printed, sometimes we just need to experience it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How do you juggle this new work with your life?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like anything, you just make it a priority. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978568\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978568\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Three glass cylinders, or sea bodies, six feet tall, rise from a pile of sand in front of wide glass windows at San Francisco's Cliff House. The sea green ocean beyond the windows is restless with whitecaps. Dark mounds of rock rise from the sea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/02/RS53289_016_SanFrancisco_ClimateAnaTeresaFerndandez_01252022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘On the Horizon’ is installed at the FOR-SITE Foundation’s exhibition ‘Lands End’ in San Francisco’s Cliff House. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What have you gained from this work?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A lot of connectivity to the community, both here along this coastline and around different coastlines. People from Israel have contacted me, people from Sweden. People are really eager to amplify the message of protecting the sea. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A lot of doing these things is starting something and then hoping there’s a ripple effect. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now I’ve been invited to three other exhibitions about climate change. I never thought of myself as a climate artist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The director of the Sunset Co-Op has told me all these stories about the kids talking about the piece and how they’ve been relating to the water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It creates its own constellations that exist beyond you. And that’s the beauty of it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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},
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