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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01202-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-19306\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01202-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"An oil well next to orchards in Shafter, California, where oil companies have been fracking. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to orchards in Shafter, California. Oil companies have been fracking in this area. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s new regulations for hydraulic fracturing will be delayed by six months, after state legislators approved \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB861\">a bill\u003c/a> in late June authorizing the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">wide-reaching regulations\u003c/a> were scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2015. Now, the regulations will begin on July 1, 2015, though the Department of Conservation must still finalize them by the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators say the change will help align the efforts of two agencies that are writing the new fracking regulations. The deadlines for the agencies were spelled out in \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/sen/sb_0001-0050/sb_4_bill_20130920_chaptered.pdf\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">State Legislature passed\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to getting a permit for fracking from the Department of Conservation, oil operators will be required to write a groundwater monitoring plan that specifies how they’ll test water quality if they drill in an area with usable groundwater. The requirement was prompted by concerns that fracking could contaminate groundwater supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groundwater monitoring plans must be approved by water regulators with the State Water Quality Control Board. That agency is currently developing the criteria to judge the plans with, but it has until July 1, 2015 to create them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, it’s a logical matching up of a couple deadlines,” says Jason Marshall of the Department of Conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this hadn’t been pushed back, my department would have been getting applications for well stimulation,” he says. “And the operator would have gone to water board to get the plan approved and the water board would have said ‘You need to wait six months, because we don’t have criteria developed yet.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5697ba67ae0e6ed4824285bcba7ff081″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under temporary fracking regulations now in place, oil operators must submit groundwater monitoring plans, but currently they’re approved by oil and gas regulators under a set of more minimal requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is groundwater monitoring going on right now, but is it to the full degree that it will be in July (2015)? Probably not,” Marshall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups have mixed feelings about the timeline change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was 50 years of non-regulation, and it’s an extra six months,” says Bill Allayaud of the Environmental Working Group. “It’s not the most desirable thing, but we are getting relatively good public disclosure about fracking for the first time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hollin Kretzmann, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, says no regulation can ensure fracking is safe and he’d prefer to see it halted altogether in California. Nonetheless, he says the final regulations do include important rules that will now, unfortunately, also be delayed. Those include a requirement that oil operators monitor seismic activity during fracking and must stop operations if there’s an earthquake registering 2.0 or greater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kretzmann says it’s unusual for temporary regulations to be in place for so long. “It’s confounding that their so-called emergency regulations will now be in effect for 18 months,” he says. “Under California law, the limit for emergency regulations is 12 months, so they had to make a statutory exemption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Rid of the “Magic Wand”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill that approved the delay—what lawmakers call a trailer bill—made another change that some environmentalists are cheering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under SB 4, the fracking regulation bill, oil and gas regulators had so-called “magic wand” power to decide on the level of environmental review a fracking operation must undergo. Several environmental groups pulled their support for the bill when that provision was added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The (oil and gas) supervisor would have been able to waive environmental review based on prior environmental reviews,” Allayaud says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California oil and gas regulators are currently reviewing the potential impacts of fracking statewide in an environmental impact report. Environmental groups expressed concerned that regulators would cite this broad statewide review as an adequate basis for granting fracking permits, as opposed to requiring a more site-specific review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, under the new provision approved in late June, the level of environmental review will be decided on a case-by-case basis as permit requests come in, says the Department of Conservation’s Jason Marshall. “It’s going to depend on where in the state you’re talking about,” he says. “We have wildly differing amounts of information about the impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other agencies will also be able to weigh in on environmental impacts, under the new language. “The change makes clear that there is still opportunity for other agencies or local governments to conduct their own environmental review or impose mitigation measures,” says Kretzmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say they’ll be watching closely. “There are still going to be some questions down the road,” Allayaud says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19299\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Quagga_fouled_outdrive.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19299\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Quagga_fouled_outdrive.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga_fouled_outdrive\" width=\"719\" height=\"481\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels colonize rapidly on hard surfaces such as this boat motor. (Courtesy of National Park Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently Tahoe watercraft inspectors found the highly invasive \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/quagga.shtml\">quagga mussel\u003c/a> on a boat coming from \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/invasives/quaggamussel/\">quagga-infested Lake Mead\u003c/a>. They were able to decontaminate the boat and stop the species from entering the lake. Inspector say this discovery emphasizes the importance of\u003ca href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/\"> mandatory boat inspections\u003c/a> for boaters wishing to launch their vessels into Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We have to keep our environment pristine in order for people to enjoy this beautiful resource.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Our economy depends on tourism. We have to keep our environment pristine in order for people to enjoy this beautiful resource” says Julie Regan of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a>, or TRPA. At popular tourist destinations such as Lake Tahoe, she says, invasive species are of particular concern. They have the potential to negatively impact the area not only ecologically, but also economically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the primary goals of the TRPA is to protect the lake from aquatic invasive species, says Regan. “We have one of the most protective programs in the entire united states,” she says. “We are a national model for prevention of invasive species”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/watercraft-inspector.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/watercraft-inspector.jpg\" alt=\"watercraft inspector\" width=\"228\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tahoe watercraft inspectors check that boats are clean and free of mussels. (Courtesy of Tahoe Resource Conservation District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The TRPA collaborates with the \u003ca href=\"http://tahoercd.org/\">Tahoe Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> to run a watercraft inspection program. Funding for the program is split between the federal government and fees from boaters in Lake Tahoe. Since the start of the boating season in May, inspectors have intercepted invasive species on boats 24 times. Regan describes the program as the front line of defense for protecting the lake from invasive species such as the quagga mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quagga mussels are of particular concern because they are small and hard to detect. They are prolific breeders and have the potential to change the ecology of the lake by consuming food that would otherwise go to native species. They can also cause damage to water infrastructure, potentially affecting drinking water quality for area residents. When quagga mussels do invade a water body, it is virtually impossible to eradicate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19299\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Quagga_fouled_outdrive.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19299\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Quagga_fouled_outdrive.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga_fouled_outdrive\" width=\"719\" height=\"481\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels colonize rapidly on hard surfaces such as this boat motor. (Courtesy of National Park Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently Tahoe watercraft inspectors found the highly invasive \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/quagga.shtml\">quagga mussel\u003c/a> on a boat coming from \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/invasives/quaggamussel/\">quagga-infested Lake Mead\u003c/a>. They were able to decontaminate the boat and stop the species from entering the lake. Inspector say this discovery emphasizes the importance of\u003ca href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/\"> mandatory boat inspections\u003c/a> for boaters wishing to launch their vessels into Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We have to keep our environment pristine in order for people to enjoy this beautiful resource.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Our economy depends on tourism. We have to keep our environment pristine in order for people to enjoy this beautiful resource” says Julie Regan of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a>, or TRPA. At popular tourist destinations such as Lake Tahoe, she says, invasive species are of particular concern. They have the potential to negatively impact the area not only ecologically, but also economically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the primary goals of the TRPA is to protect the lake from aquatic invasive species, says Regan. “We have one of the most protective programs in the entire united states,” she says. “We are a national model for prevention of invasive species”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/watercraft-inspector.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/watercraft-inspector.jpg\" alt=\"watercraft inspector\" width=\"228\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tahoe watercraft inspectors check that boats are clean and free of mussels. (Courtesy of Tahoe Resource Conservation District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The TRPA collaborates with the \u003ca href=\"http://tahoercd.org/\">Tahoe Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> to run a watercraft inspection program. Funding for the program is split between the federal government and fees from boaters in Lake Tahoe. Since the start of the boating season in May, inspectors have intercepted invasive species on boats 24 times. Regan describes the program as the front line of defense for protecting the lake from invasive species such as the quagga mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quagga mussels are of particular concern because they are small and hard to detect. They are prolific breeders and have the potential to change the ecology of the lake by consuming food that would otherwise go to native species. They can also cause damage to water infrastructure, potentially affecting drinking water quality for area residents. When quagga mussels do invade a water body, it is virtually impossible to eradicate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Sonner\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long accustomed to dealing with bad news “garbage” bears that become hooked on improperly stored trash at homes and businesses around Lake Tahoe, Nevada wildlife officials say they’re increasingly responding to a new kind of troublemaker they’ve started calling “drought” bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19310\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/7-9-14-Glenbrook-Bear-on-Beach-Euthenized.jpg\" alt=\"The drought is driving hungry bears like this one out of the woods and down to Lake Tahoe. (Courtesy of Nevada Department of Wildlife)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19310\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The drought is driving hungry bears like this one out of the woods and down to Lake Tahoe. (Courtesy of Nevada Department of Wildlife) \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Nevada Department of Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts have been predicting for months the lingering drought will lead to significantly more bear problems throughout the Sierra Nevada this summer. Three consecutive years of abnormally dry conditions have reduced most mountain creeks to a trickle and eliminated many natural food sources, forcing bears to greatly expand their search for food into urban neighborhoods, said Carl Lackey, chief wildlife biologist for the Nevada Department of Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, wildlife officials captured their seventh problem bear in the last 10 days at Tahoe. An eighth was hit and killed by a car last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re calling a lot of these ‘drought’ bears,” Nevada Department of Wildlife spokesman Chris Healy told The Associated Press. “These are bears that want to be wild, they are doing their best to be wild and trying to stay up in the hills, but they just don’t have any food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the bears can be relocated and released to the wild, including a 3-year-old female trapped on Tahoe’s east shore near Glenbrook early Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another bear had to be killed on Wednesday because it was trying to break into homes and cars, and even wandered onto a busy private beach in a gated community before wardens shot it with a tranquilizer dart and later euthanized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beach bear, a 3-year-old male, “was very bold in its behavior and not showing any fear of humans at all,” Healy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was approaching people on an occupied beach and actually opened a backpack and took food,” he said. “He had become a dangerous bear because of the lure of human trash.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healy said it’s a perfect example of how bears that typically don’t cause any trouble in the wild will resort to raiding garbage cans when extended drought provides no alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are doing all we can to give them a break. Our goal is to keep them alive and wild,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics argue the state is too quick to resort to euthanizing bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“NDOW is putting down way too many bears,” Ann Bryant, founder of the nonprofit organization The Bear League, told the Reno Gazette-Journal. “We don’t agree killing is the answer. It takes away the respect for bears and that is what people need to live with them.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Sonner\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long accustomed to dealing with bad news “garbage” bears that become hooked on improperly stored trash at homes and businesses around Lake Tahoe, Nevada wildlife officials say they’re increasingly responding to a new kind of troublemaker they’ve started calling “drought” bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19310\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/7-9-14-Glenbrook-Bear-on-Beach-Euthenized.jpg\" alt=\"The drought is driving hungry bears like this one out of the woods and down to Lake Tahoe. (Courtesy of Nevada Department of Wildlife)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19310\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The drought is driving hungry bears like this one out of the woods and down to Lake Tahoe. (Courtesy of Nevada Department of Wildlife) \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Nevada Department of Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts have been predicting for months the lingering drought will lead to significantly more bear problems throughout the Sierra Nevada this summer. Three consecutive years of abnormally dry conditions have reduced most mountain creeks to a trickle and eliminated many natural food sources, forcing bears to greatly expand their search for food into urban neighborhoods, said Carl Lackey, chief wildlife biologist for the Nevada Department of Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, wildlife officials captured their seventh problem bear in the last 10 days at Tahoe. An eighth was hit and killed by a car last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re calling a lot of these ‘drought’ bears,” Nevada Department of Wildlife spokesman Chris Healy told The Associated Press. “These are bears that want to be wild, they are doing their best to be wild and trying to stay up in the hills, but they just don’t have any food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the bears can be relocated and released to the wild, including a 3-year-old female trapped on Tahoe’s east shore near Glenbrook early Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another bear had to be killed on Wednesday because it was trying to break into homes and cars, and even wandered onto a busy private beach in a gated community before wardens shot it with a tranquilizer dart and later euthanized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beach bear, a 3-year-old male, “was very bold in its behavior and not showing any fear of humans at all,” Healy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was approaching people on an occupied beach and actually opened a backpack and took food,” he said. “He had become a dangerous bear because of the lure of human trash.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healy said it’s a perfect example of how bears that typically don’t cause any trouble in the wild will resort to raiding garbage cans when extended drought provides no alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are doing all we can to give them a break. Our goal is to keep them alive and wild,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics argue the state is too quick to resort to euthanizing bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“NDOW is putting down way too many bears,” Ann Bryant, founder of the nonprofit organization The Bear League, told the Reno Gazette-Journal. “We don’t agree killing is the answer. It takes away the respect for bears and that is what people need to live with them.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Benicia Extends Public Comment Period on Bay Area Crude-by-Rail",
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"content": "\u003cp>Benicia city officials are giving people more time to comment on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BFDE9A332-542E-44C1-BBD0-A94C288675FD%7D\">proposal to bring crude oil by rail\u003c/a> to Valero’s refinery there. The Benicia Planning Commission made the decision on Thursday night after hearing two hours of testimony. All but three speakers were in favor of extending the comment period, citing summer vacations and the complexity of the project’s draft environmental impact report. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero is looking to take advantage of the North American oil boom by bringing the crude in by rail, instead of overseas by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19283\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RS2397_IMG_1928-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia is one of five refineries in the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-19283\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia is one of five refineries in the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project has raised safety concerns in the community. There have been several fiery oil train derailments in other parts of the country in the past year, and last summer a train carrying crude oil exploded in the town of Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, killing 47 people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is not going to happen here,” said Dan Broadwater, business manager for the Napa and Solano County electrical workers union. He pointed out that Valero’s Benicia refinery is one of only two refineries in the state that are recognized by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/cal_vpp/cal_vpp_index.html\">California Voluntary Protection Program\u003c/a> for its safety record. (The other is Valero’s refinery in Wilmington, a neighborhood near Long Beach.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other speakers said that it’s not just about safety at the Valero plant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe this is actually a regional issue,” Lynne Nittler, of Davis, told the commission. “Your decision here has a profound impact on those of us who live up-rail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the project is given the go-ahead, two 50-car trains a day would travel on Union Pacific tracks through the Roseville rail yard near Sacramento. Combined, they would deliver up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day to the Valero refinery, offsetting crude delivered by ship. The refinery also receives crude from the San Joaquin Valley via pipeline. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero representatives have said the trains will be scheduled so that they don’t interfere with traffic in Benicia during rush hour. Union Pacific is responsible for dispatching trains on its tracks, including Amtrak’s Capital Corridor trains, which travel the same route. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero has also said it will use upgraded tank cars, rather than older cars that have been involved in the explosive derailments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public comment period on the project now ends on September 15, a 45-day extension. Comments can be submitted to Amy Million, principal planner: amillion@ci.benicia.ca.us. Fax and snail mail address are available \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Notice_of_Availability_-_Large_Format_061314.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Benicia city officials are giving people more time to comment on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BFDE9A332-542E-44C1-BBD0-A94C288675FD%7D\">proposal to bring crude oil by rail\u003c/a> to Valero’s refinery there. The Benicia Planning Commission made the decision on Thursday night after hearing two hours of testimony. All but three speakers were in favor of extending the comment period, citing summer vacations and the complexity of the project’s draft environmental impact report. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero is looking to take advantage of the North American oil boom by bringing the crude in by rail, instead of overseas by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19283\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RS2397_IMG_1928-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia is one of five refineries in the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-19283\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia is one of five refineries in the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project has raised safety concerns in the community. There have been several fiery oil train derailments in other parts of the country in the past year, and last summer a train carrying crude oil exploded in the town of Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, killing 47 people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is not going to happen here,” said Dan Broadwater, business manager for the Napa and Solano County electrical workers union. He pointed out that Valero’s Benicia refinery is one of only two refineries in the state that are recognized by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/cal_vpp/cal_vpp_index.html\">California Voluntary Protection Program\u003c/a> for its safety record. (The other is Valero’s refinery in Wilmington, a neighborhood near Long Beach.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other speakers said that it’s not just about safety at the Valero plant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe this is actually a regional issue,” Lynne Nittler, of Davis, told the commission. “Your decision here has a profound impact on those of us who live up-rail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the project is given the go-ahead, two 50-car trains a day would travel on Union Pacific tracks through the Roseville rail yard near Sacramento. Combined, they would deliver up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day to the Valero refinery, offsetting crude delivered by ship. The refinery also receives crude from the San Joaquin Valley via pipeline. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero representatives have said the trains will be scheduled so that they don’t interfere with traffic in Benicia during rush hour. Union Pacific is responsible for dispatching trains on its tracks, including Amtrak’s Capital Corridor trains, which travel the same route. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero has also said it will use upgraded tank cars, rather than older cars that have been involved in the explosive derailments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public comment period on the project now ends on September 15, a 45-day extension. Comments can be submitted to Amy Million, principal planner: amillion@ci.benicia.ca.us. Fax and snail mail address are available \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Notice_of_Availability_-_Large_Format_061314.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "State Officials Consider Mandatory Limits on Outdoor Watering",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\" alt=\"Proposed rules from state water regulators would limit outdoor watering by homeowners. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed rules from state water regulators would limit outdoor watering by homeowners. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California water officials, confronting the possibility that the state’s drought will continue into a fourth year, are proposing a strict set of new regulations that would bar residential water users from hosing down sidewalks and overwatering their lawns. Violation of the new rules could carry penalties of $500 per violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations were unveiled Wednesday in Sacramento by Felicia Marcus, chair of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She said the severity of the current drought, now in its third year, makes it imperative to crack down on wasteful water use.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_18562\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/233265512/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=false\" width=\"60%\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" align=\"alignright\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are going to see hundreds of thousands of acres of field fallowed this year,” Marcus said during a conference call with reporters. “Thousands of people out of work. We have communities struggling for water, and bathing out of buckets. We have creeks and rivers running dry. And fish and wildlife is also going to be suffering. We also don’t know when it’s going to rain again.. but it’s prudent to act as if it won’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board could adopt the new rules as early as next week. Under \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/proposed_emergency_regulations_urban_water_conservation_drought.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the proposed regulations\u003c/a>, each of the following actions would be prohibited:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(1) The application of water to outdoor landscapes in a manner that causes runoff\u003cbr>\nsuch that water flows onto adjacent property, non-irrigated areas, private and public\u003cbr>\nwalkways, roadways, parking lots, or structures;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(2) The use of a hose to wash an automobile, except where the hose is fitted with\u003cbr>\na shut-off nozzle or device attached to it that causes it to cease dispensing water\u003cbr>\nimmediately when not in use;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(3) The application of water to any hard surface, including but not limited to\u003cbr>\ndriveways, sidewalks, and asphalt; and\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(4) The use of potable water in a fountain or other decorative water feature,\u003cbr>\nexcept where the water is part of a recirculating system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(b) The taking of any action prohibited in subdivision (a) of this section is an\u003cbr>\ninfraction, punishable by a fine of up to five hundred dollars ($500) for each day in which\u003cbr>\nthe violation occurs\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The water board’s proposal gives local water agencies — for instance, the Santa Clara Valley Water District, the East Bay Municipal Utility District and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission — leeway to impose and enforce their own water-conservation rules. Urbandistricts would get 30 days to impose outdoor irrigation restrictions, either limiting outside watering to two days a week or taking “comparable measures.” The districts would also be required to file monthly reports on per capita water use among customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to take the lightest touch we can to get the point across,” Marcus said. She added that the water board wants to give “direction to the public about what we as members of the community really ought to be doing to help our fellows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Ritchie, assistant general manager of the SFPUC’s water operation, told KQED’s Mina Kim that the state’s proposed restrictions “are good things to do” given the severity of the drought and that they’re similar to measures the agency has already considered. He said his agency will weigh how to enforce the new rules and could adopt a system in which customers get warnings for first violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would be consistent with a lot of other things, even regular police and speeding,” Ritchie said. “Lots of times warnings are given instead of actual penalties. I think we’ll want to be sure the punishment fits the crime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the state is acting now because the voluntary cuts that Gov. Jerry Brown and local water districts have called for have fallen far short of their goals. Brown called for a 20 percent reduction target earlier this year. But a water board report last month said that actual water savings over the previous three years have ranged from 10 percent in the Sacramento region to 2 percent in the Bay Area to 0 percent on the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco water system has set a 10 percent voluntary conservation target for the 2.5 million people it serves, which include residents of the city, most of the Peninsula and parts of southern Alameda County. The SFPUC’s Ritchie says customers are starting to conserve more. He said systemwide water use last week was 234 million gallons, down from 272 million gallons a year ago — a 16 percent reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people are starting to get the message,” Ritchie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Mina Kim spoke to Paul Rogers, managing editor of KQED Science, about the emergency regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/158036788&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Below:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>The Associated Press’s Thursday night report on the state water board’s proposal: \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Don Thompson\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wasting water outdoors amid the state’s drought will begin hitting Californians in the wallet under get-tough restrictions being proposed by state regulators, with fines of up to $500 a day for overwatering front lawns or washing a car without a shut-off nozzle on the hose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> next week is scheduled to consider draft emergency regulations made public Tuesday. The rules are intended to put teeth into conservation efforts that so far have produced disappointing results.\u003cbr>\nMost of the regulations are aimed at reducing outdoor water use in cities and towns, which the board said accounts in some areas for more than half of residents’ daily water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations would prohibit overwatering of lawns and landscaping that causes runoff onto sidewalks or streets, washing sidewalks, driveways and other hard surfaces, using a hose to wash a vehicle unless the hose has a shut-off nozzle and using drinking water in a fountain or decorative water feature unless the water is recirculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re not doing standards here that say you have to kill your lawn. … It just means, think about it.’\u003ccite>— Felicia Marcus,\u003cbr>\nWater Resources Control Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Violations would be infractions punishable by fines of up to $500 a day, and tickets could be written by any public employee empowered to enforce laws. While $500 is the daily maximum, most cities are likely to have a sliding scale that starts with a warning and builds for repeat violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in a drought of historic proportions,” board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus said. “Many urban water users don’t realize how bad this drought is. They’re not seeing the communities that are actually running out of water. … They don’t see the streams and creeks running dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the board adopts the regulations after hearing comments during a July 15 public meeting in Sacramento, the rules would take effect immediately and remain in effect for nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They do not target indoor water use, such as doing the laundry or dishes, although some individual cities and water districts have asked or required their users to reduce overall water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the restrictions to be considered next week represent what the water board considers the minimal level of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not doing standards here that say you have to kill your lawn,” Marcus said. “It doesn’t mean you can’t take a shower. … It just means, think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the board might consider additional steps as the drought continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the proposed rules, urban water agencies would have to implement their water-shortage contingency plans to require mandatory restrictions on outdoor water use, if they have not done so already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies without such a plan would have to act within 30 days to require their residents to restrict outdoor irrigation to no more than two days each week or take other mandatory steps to conserve the same amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies that do not comply could face fines up to $10,000 each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The generally obscure State Water Resources Control Board is assuming a more high-profile role during California’s drought, which has left some communities scrambling for drinking water and led to thousands of farm acres being fallowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board usually regulates such things as wastewater and irrigation discharges to rivers and the ocean, as well as any activity that changes a waterway or harms water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the board’s five members, who are appointed by the governor, are acting under Gov. Jerry Brown’s emergency drought proclamation in January and a related executive order in April, as well as drought legislation he signed in March. Last week, for example, the board adopted a different set of emergency regulations that will accelerate enforcement of orders prohibiting some junior water rights holders from diverting water from rivers and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The additional restrictions the board will consider next week were proposed after a recent survey of water suppliers serving 25 million Californians showed that current voluntary and mandatory conservation efforts had resulted in just a 5 percent decline in use through May. Brown is seeking a 20 percent reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found 30 percent of water suppliers had imposed mandatory restrictions that include limits on outdoor irrigation, washing vehicles and filling ornamental fountains and swimming pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water use already was down the last three years because of dry conditions and poor economic conditions, and the survey found a significant reduction this May compared with the previous three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly all those who responded said they had increased their conservation outreach, while 40 percent had increased their enforcement and monitoring. Two-thirds of the suppliers are requesting 20 percent water conservation, and 7 percent changed their water rates in response to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\" alt=\"Proposed rules from state water regulators would limit outdoor watering by homeowners. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed rules from state water regulators would limit outdoor watering by homeowners. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California water officials, confronting the possibility that the state’s drought will continue into a fourth year, are proposing a strict set of new regulations that would bar residential water users from hosing down sidewalks and overwatering their lawns. Violation of the new rules could carry penalties of $500 per violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations were unveiled Wednesday in Sacramento by Felicia Marcus, chair of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She said the severity of the current drought, now in its third year, makes it imperative to crack down on wasteful water use.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_18562\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/233265512/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=false\" width=\"60%\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" align=\"alignright\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are going to see hundreds of thousands of acres of field fallowed this year,” Marcus said during a conference call with reporters. “Thousands of people out of work. We have communities struggling for water, and bathing out of buckets. We have creeks and rivers running dry. And fish and wildlife is also going to be suffering. We also don’t know when it’s going to rain again.. but it’s prudent to act as if it won’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board could adopt the new rules as early as next week. Under \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/proposed_emergency_regulations_urban_water_conservation_drought.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the proposed regulations\u003c/a>, each of the following actions would be prohibited:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(1) The application of water to outdoor landscapes in a manner that causes runoff\u003cbr>\nsuch that water flows onto adjacent property, non-irrigated areas, private and public\u003cbr>\nwalkways, roadways, parking lots, or structures;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(2) The use of a hose to wash an automobile, except where the hose is fitted with\u003cbr>\na shut-off nozzle or device attached to it that causes it to cease dispensing water\u003cbr>\nimmediately when not in use;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(3) The application of water to any hard surface, including but not limited to\u003cbr>\ndriveways, sidewalks, and asphalt; and\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(4) The use of potable water in a fountain or other decorative water feature,\u003cbr>\nexcept where the water is part of a recirculating system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(b) The taking of any action prohibited in subdivision (a) of this section is an\u003cbr>\ninfraction, punishable by a fine of up to five hundred dollars ($500) for each day in which\u003cbr>\nthe violation occurs\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The water board’s proposal gives local water agencies — for instance, the Santa Clara Valley Water District, the East Bay Municipal Utility District and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission — leeway to impose and enforce their own water-conservation rules. Urbandistricts would get 30 days to impose outdoor irrigation restrictions, either limiting outside watering to two days a week or taking “comparable measures.” The districts would also be required to file monthly reports on per capita water use among customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to take the lightest touch we can to get the point across,” Marcus said. She added that the water board wants to give “direction to the public about what we as members of the community really ought to be doing to help our fellows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Ritchie, assistant general manager of the SFPUC’s water operation, told KQED’s Mina Kim that the state’s proposed restrictions “are good things to do” given the severity of the drought and that they’re similar to measures the agency has already considered. He said his agency will weigh how to enforce the new rules and could adopt a system in which customers get warnings for first violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would be consistent with a lot of other things, even regular police and speeding,” Ritchie said. “Lots of times warnings are given instead of actual penalties. I think we’ll want to be sure the punishment fits the crime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the state is acting now because the voluntary cuts that Gov. Jerry Brown and local water districts have called for have fallen far short of their goals. Brown called for a 20 percent reduction target earlier this year. But a water board report last month said that actual water savings over the previous three years have ranged from 10 percent in the Sacramento region to 2 percent in the Bay Area to 0 percent on the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco water system has set a 10 percent voluntary conservation target for the 2.5 million people it serves, which include residents of the city, most of the Peninsula and parts of southern Alameda County. The SFPUC’s Ritchie says customers are starting to conserve more. He said systemwide water use last week was 234 million gallons, down from 272 million gallons a year ago — a 16 percent reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people are starting to get the message,” Ritchie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Mina Kim spoke to Paul Rogers, managing editor of KQED Science, about the emergency regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/158036788&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Below:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>The Associated Press’s Thursday night report on the state water board’s proposal: \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Don Thompson\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wasting water outdoors amid the state’s drought will begin hitting Californians in the wallet under get-tough restrictions being proposed by state regulators, with fines of up to $500 a day for overwatering front lawns or washing a car without a shut-off nozzle on the hose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> next week is scheduled to consider draft emergency regulations made public Tuesday. The rules are intended to put teeth into conservation efforts that so far have produced disappointing results.\u003cbr>\nMost of the regulations are aimed at reducing outdoor water use in cities and towns, which the board said accounts in some areas for more than half of residents’ daily water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations would prohibit overwatering of lawns and landscaping that causes runoff onto sidewalks or streets, washing sidewalks, driveways and other hard surfaces, using a hose to wash a vehicle unless the hose has a shut-off nozzle and using drinking water in a fountain or decorative water feature unless the water is recirculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re not doing standards here that say you have to kill your lawn. … It just means, think about it.’\u003ccite>— Felicia Marcus,\u003cbr>\nWater Resources Control Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Violations would be infractions punishable by fines of up to $500 a day, and tickets could be written by any public employee empowered to enforce laws. While $500 is the daily maximum, most cities are likely to have a sliding scale that starts with a warning and builds for repeat violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in a drought of historic proportions,” board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus said. “Many urban water users don’t realize how bad this drought is. They’re not seeing the communities that are actually running out of water. … They don’t see the streams and creeks running dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the board adopts the regulations after hearing comments during a July 15 public meeting in Sacramento, the rules would take effect immediately and remain in effect for nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They do not target indoor water use, such as doing the laundry or dishes, although some individual cities and water districts have asked or required their users to reduce overall water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the restrictions to be considered next week represent what the water board considers the minimal level of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not doing standards here that say you have to kill your lawn,” Marcus said. “It doesn’t mean you can’t take a shower. … It just means, think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the board might consider additional steps as the drought continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the proposed rules, urban water agencies would have to implement their water-shortage contingency plans to require mandatory restrictions on outdoor water use, if they have not done so already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies without such a plan would have to act within 30 days to require their residents to restrict outdoor irrigation to no more than two days each week or take other mandatory steps to conserve the same amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies that do not comply could face fines up to $10,000 each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The generally obscure State Water Resources Control Board is assuming a more high-profile role during California’s drought, which has left some communities scrambling for drinking water and led to thousands of farm acres being fallowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board usually regulates such things as wastewater and irrigation discharges to rivers and the ocean, as well as any activity that changes a waterway or harms water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the board’s five members, who are appointed by the governor, are acting under Gov. Jerry Brown’s emergency drought proclamation in January and a related executive order in April, as well as drought legislation he signed in March. Last week, for example, the board adopted a different set of emergency regulations that will accelerate enforcement of orders prohibiting some junior water rights holders from diverting water from rivers and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The additional restrictions the board will consider next week were proposed after a recent survey of water suppliers serving 25 million Californians showed that current voluntary and mandatory conservation efforts had resulted in just a 5 percent decline in use through May. Brown is seeking a 20 percent reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found 30 percent of water suppliers had imposed mandatory restrictions that include limits on outdoor irrigation, washing vehicles and filling ornamental fountains and swimming pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water use already was down the last three years because of dry conditions and poor economic conditions, and the survey found a significant reduction this May compared with the previous three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly all those who responded said they had increased their conservation outreach, while 40 percent had increased their enforcement and monitoring. Two-thirds of the suppliers are requesting 20 percent water conservation, and 7 percent changed their water rates in response to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19144\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-1-1024x877.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-1-1024x877.png\" alt=\"Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Lab will develop an implantable device that will use electrical signals to communicate with individual neurons in the brain. UCLA scientists will use the device to study and repair memory function in brain trauma patients. (Courtesy of LLNL)\" width=\"640\" height=\"549\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Lab will develop an implantable device that will use electrical signals to communicate with individual neurons in the brain. (Courtesy of LLNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Misplace your car keys? Forget to buy milk at the store? Temporary lapses in memory can be such a nuisance. But for those coping with a memory-impairing disease or traumatic brain injury, this kind of memory loss can become debilitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who has witnessed the effects of memory loss in another person knows its toll and how few options are available to treat it,” says Justin Sanchez, program manager at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, better known as DARPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday DARPA announced a new multi-million dollar effort to develop and test a new generation of therapeutic brain implants that will help service members, veterans and civilians recover from memory loss caused by brain trauma or disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This project, although it sounds a little bit Buck Rogers, is actually not far off from what’s happening already.’\u003ccite>— Robert Fisher, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here’s the tricky thing about treating memory loss: Scientists still don’t completely understand how the brain goes about capturing, storing and retrieving memories. Sure, they know that regions such as the hippocampus are important for the process. But developing precise medical interventions will require a much deeper understanding of how memory works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How deep? Try single neuron deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the DARPA-funded project, researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and UCLA are developing an implantable brain device that will be able to eavesdrop on single neurons as they communicate with their neighbors. As the researchers decipher this cryptic neural language, they will use finely tuned electrical signals to join the conversation and help restore memory function. They are slated to begin clinical trials in the final year of the four-year project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project, although it sounds a little bit Buck Rogers, is actually not far off from what’s happening already,” says Robert Fisher, professor of neurology and director of the Stanford Epilepsy Center. He’s tested similar brain implants for epilepsy patients, but is not involved in this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You need to interface with neurons on their level.’\u003ccite>— Satinderpall Pannu, LLNL\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Parkinson’s patients are already receiving neural pacemakers. And similar therapies are being studied to treat a number of conditions, not only epilepsy, but also depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while existing deep brain stimulation techniques target large groups of neurons, the new research will require technologies that can communicate with single neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to interface with neurons on their level,” says Satinderpall Pannu, director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Center for Bioengineering. Current deep brain stimulation devices have electrodes that are a hundred times bigger than individual neurons. To talk to single neurons, the electrodes need to be as small as the neurons themselves — smaller than the width of a single hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19145\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-2-1024x682.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19145\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-2-1024x682.jpeg\" alt=\"Lawrence Livermore engineers Angela Tooker and Vanessa Tolosa load silicon wafers into a metal deposition chamber during the development of the neural device. (Courtesy of LLNL)\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lawrence Livermore engineers Angela Tooker and Vanessa Tolosa load silicon wafers into a metal deposition chamber during the development of the neural device. (Courtesy of LLNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pannu and his colleagues will create the incredibly small device that the UCLA scientists need for their research and clinical trials. Pannu says the technology will be very similar to what he is \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/news/527561/military-funds-brain-computer-interfaces-to-control-feelings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently developing with UCSF scientists\u003c/a> to treat a variety of psychoneurological diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the UCLA and UCSF projects are funded by DARPA and support President Obama’s BRAIN initiative.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19144\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-1-1024x877.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-1-1024x877.png\" alt=\"Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Lab will develop an implantable device that will use electrical signals to communicate with individual neurons in the brain. UCLA scientists will use the device to study and repair memory function in brain trauma patients. (Courtesy of LLNL)\" width=\"640\" height=\"549\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Lab will develop an implantable device that will use electrical signals to communicate with individual neurons in the brain. (Courtesy of LLNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Misplace your car keys? Forget to buy milk at the store? Temporary lapses in memory can be such a nuisance. But for those coping with a memory-impairing disease or traumatic brain injury, this kind of memory loss can become debilitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who has witnessed the effects of memory loss in another person knows its toll and how few options are available to treat it,” says Justin Sanchez, program manager at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, better known as DARPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday DARPA announced a new multi-million dollar effort to develop and test a new generation of therapeutic brain implants that will help service members, veterans and civilians recover from memory loss caused by brain trauma or disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This project, although it sounds a little bit Buck Rogers, is actually not far off from what’s happening already.’\u003ccite>— Robert Fisher, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here’s the tricky thing about treating memory loss: Scientists still don’t completely understand how the brain goes about capturing, storing and retrieving memories. Sure, they know that regions such as the hippocampus are important for the process. But developing precise medical interventions will require a much deeper understanding of how memory works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How deep? Try single neuron deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the DARPA-funded project, researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and UCLA are developing an implantable brain device that will be able to eavesdrop on single neurons as they communicate with their neighbors. As the researchers decipher this cryptic neural language, they will use finely tuned electrical signals to join the conversation and help restore memory function. They are slated to begin clinical trials in the final year of the four-year project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project, although it sounds a little bit Buck Rogers, is actually not far off from what’s happening already,” says Robert Fisher, professor of neurology and director of the Stanford Epilepsy Center. He’s tested similar brain implants for epilepsy patients, but is not involved in this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You need to interface with neurons on their level.’\u003ccite>— Satinderpall Pannu, LLNL\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Parkinson’s patients are already receiving neural pacemakers. And similar therapies are being studied to treat a number of conditions, not only epilepsy, but also depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while existing deep brain stimulation techniques target large groups of neurons, the new research will require technologies that can communicate with single neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to interface with neurons on their level,” says Satinderpall Pannu, director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Center for Bioengineering. Current deep brain stimulation devices have electrodes that are a hundred times bigger than individual neurons. To talk to single neurons, the electrodes need to be as small as the neurons themselves — smaller than the width of a single hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19145\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-2-1024x682.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19145\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-2-1024x682.jpeg\" alt=\"Lawrence Livermore engineers Angela Tooker and Vanessa Tolosa load silicon wafers into a metal deposition chamber during the development of the neural device. (Courtesy of LLNL)\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lawrence Livermore engineers Angela Tooker and Vanessa Tolosa load silicon wafers into a metal deposition chamber during the development of the neural device. (Courtesy of LLNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pannu and his colleagues will create the incredibly small device that the UCLA scientists need for their research and clinical trials. Pannu says the technology will be very similar to what he is \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/news/527561/military-funds-brain-computer-interfaces-to-control-feelings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently developing with UCSF scientists\u003c/a> to treat a variety of psychoneurological diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the UCLA and UCSF projects are funded by DARPA and support President Obama’s BRAIN initiative.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Efficient Is Your Sprinkler?",
"headTitle": "How Efficient Is Your Sprinkler? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0728-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18975 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0728-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The Department of Water Resources and UC Davis held a training for landscapers in Walnut Creek. They did a demonstration on measuring the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Department of Water Resources and UC Davis held a training for landscapers in Walnut Creek. The workshop included a demonstration on how to tell whether your sprinkler is delivering more water than the soil can absorb. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What’s better: water your lawn for 20 minutes, or water your lawn for four minutes, five times a day? If you think it doesn’t make a difference, think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water conservation experts say the clay soil predominant in the Bay Area can’t absorb water as fast as some sprinklers put it out—and that’s your opportunity to save water and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscaping makes up half the water bill for most homeowners, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">researchers at University of California, Davis\u003c/a>. And it’s often the most wasteful piece of the water picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/events/industry/get-ahead-workshop/riverside/Get%20Ahead%20or%20Get%20Parched\">state-sponsored workshop\u003c/a> on how to conserve water in yards and gardens, trainer Jim Borneman handed around a high aerial photo showing a lawn that was being watered for so long, water was pouring out across the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem,” Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most landscapes are over-watered by about 50 percent, according to water conservationist Scott Sommerfeld with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>, and some are over-watered by as much as 400 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sommerfeld, who spoke at the workshop about how to interpret your water bill, said most customers he talks to don’t really know how much water they’re using, even though EBMUD prints a “water budget” on bills for irrigation customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is right there, and nobody seems to look at that,” he said. “There’s a huge opportunity [to save] in irrigation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem.’\u003ccite>— Jim Borneman, water conservation trainer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Center for Urban Horticulture\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">holding trainings\u003c/a> across the state for landscapers and homeowners to make their watering systems more efficient. The workshops are held in English and Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscapers for government, commercial and private properties attended a recent workshop in Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residential landscape designer Robert Dye came to learn how to maintain his clients’ yards in Contra Costa County, where the water district has requested a that customers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/customerservice/drought2.asp\">voluntarily reduce water use by 15 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s trying to keep their yards alive and survive this mess,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trainer Jim Borneman, who works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewing1.com/\">Ewing Irrigation and Landscape Products\u003c/a>, led a sold-out session for about 100 landscapers, demonstrating how to measure the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system and check to be sure it’s watering evenly. He said landscapers want to learn how to conserve water, because their livelihoods depend upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18976\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 312px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18976 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Jamie Bayona (left) with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson (middle), a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"312\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jamie Bayona with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson, a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A dead lawn doesn’t need to be mowed,” Borneman said, “and the gardener who used to take care of that has to look for employment elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borneman emphasized that spray-head sprinklers should never run for more than four minutes at a time, because clay soil can only absorb so much water. Handing around photos of sprinklers irrigating lawns and showing the excess water pooling on the sidewalk, Borneman said sprinklers should run on several timed cycles throughout the day, in order to avoid runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matching application rates to soil intake rates—that’s what we have to do,” he told the audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the minimal equipment needed to ensure your lawn is watered evenly, forty to fifty percent of sprinkler systems have never been checked for water pressure and spacing of the sprinklers, Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis’ \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">landscaping resources page\u003c/a> offers tips for everyone from home gardeners to professionals.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0728-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18975 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0728-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The Department of Water Resources and UC Davis held a training for landscapers in Walnut Creek. They did a demonstration on measuring the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Department of Water Resources and UC Davis held a training for landscapers in Walnut Creek. The workshop included a demonstration on how to tell whether your sprinkler is delivering more water than the soil can absorb. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What’s better: water your lawn for 20 minutes, or water your lawn for four minutes, five times a day? If you think it doesn’t make a difference, think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water conservation experts say the clay soil predominant in the Bay Area can’t absorb water as fast as some sprinklers put it out—and that’s your opportunity to save water and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscaping makes up half the water bill for most homeowners, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">researchers at University of California, Davis\u003c/a>. And it’s often the most wasteful piece of the water picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/events/industry/get-ahead-workshop/riverside/Get%20Ahead%20or%20Get%20Parched\">state-sponsored workshop\u003c/a> on how to conserve water in yards and gardens, trainer Jim Borneman handed around a high aerial photo showing a lawn that was being watered for so long, water was pouring out across the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem,” Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most landscapes are over-watered by about 50 percent, according to water conservationist Scott Sommerfeld with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>, and some are over-watered by as much as 400 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sommerfeld, who spoke at the workshop about how to interpret your water bill, said most customers he talks to don’t really know how much water they’re using, even though EBMUD prints a “water budget” on bills for irrigation customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is right there, and nobody seems to look at that,” he said. “There’s a huge opportunity [to save] in irrigation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem.’\u003ccite>— Jim Borneman, water conservation trainer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Center for Urban Horticulture\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">holding trainings\u003c/a> across the state for landscapers and homeowners to make their watering systems more efficient. The workshops are held in English and Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscapers for government, commercial and private properties attended a recent workshop in Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residential landscape designer Robert Dye came to learn how to maintain his clients’ yards in Contra Costa County, where the water district has requested a that customers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/customerservice/drought2.asp\">voluntarily reduce water use by 15 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s trying to keep their yards alive and survive this mess,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trainer Jim Borneman, who works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewing1.com/\">Ewing Irrigation and Landscape Products\u003c/a>, led a sold-out session for about 100 landscapers, demonstrating how to measure the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system and check to be sure it’s watering evenly. He said landscapers want to learn how to conserve water, because their livelihoods depend upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18976\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 312px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18976 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Jamie Bayona (left) with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson (middle), a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"312\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jamie Bayona with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson, a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A dead lawn doesn’t need to be mowed,” Borneman said, “and the gardener who used to take care of that has to look for employment elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borneman emphasized that spray-head sprinklers should never run for more than four minutes at a time, because clay soil can only absorb so much water. Handing around photos of sprinklers irrigating lawns and showing the excess water pooling on the sidewalk, Borneman said sprinklers should run on several timed cycles throughout the day, in order to avoid runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matching application rates to soil intake rates—that’s what we have to do,” he told the audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the minimal equipment needed to ensure your lawn is watered evenly, forty to fifty percent of sprinkler systems have never been checked for water pressure and spacing of the sprinklers, Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis’ \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">landscaping resources page\u003c/a> offers tips for everyone from home gardeners to professionals.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Way to Save Endangered Species: Make Predators Puke",
"headTitle": "New Way to Save Endangered Species: Make Predators Puke | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/07/20140707science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01412.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01412.jpg\" alt=\"Fake marbled murrelet eggs being put out by a California State Parks field team. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fake marbled murrelet eggs with a rude surprise inside. The patch of velcro helps the California State Parks field team attach the eggs to tree branches. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists in California state parks are using an unconventional strategy to save an endangered bird: food poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marbled murrelets are rare seabirds that nest only in old-growth redwood trees on the West Coast. Their eggs are a favorite food item for another bird: Steller’s jays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to teach jays not to eat murrelet eggs, researchers are putting out “mimic eggs” containing an unpleasant surprise: a chemical that makes jays vomit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decoy eggs are painted to look like a marbled murrelet egg. “They’re just chicken eggs,” says Portia Halbert, an environmental scientist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/\">California State Parks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiking in a quiet redwood forest, Halbert spots one of the blue eggs with black spots on the ground in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=536\">Butano State Park\u003c/a>, about an hour south of San Francisco. She picks it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was knocked off the tree likely by a bird,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19044\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Juvenile_Marbled_Murrelet2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Juvenile_Marbled_Murrelet2.jpg\" alt=\"A juvenile marbled murrelet. The birds spend most of their time at sea, but nest in old-growth redwood trees. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile marbled murrelet. The birds are mostly at sea, but nest in old-growth redwood trees. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A small amount of the chemical Carbocal inside the egg is enough to give any jay tummy trouble. The idea is that jays will learn to avoid murrelet eggs, much like a person might stay away from a restaurant after getting food poisoning there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Murrelet Populations Have Plummeted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creative approach came about because marbled murrelets are so challenging to save. They’re secretive, spending most of their time out at sea, diving for fish. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/california_hotspot/habitat_redwoods_marbled_murrelet.htm\">didn’t know they nested in redwood trees\u003c/a> until 1974. The birds usually lay just one egg a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murrelet populations have plummeted because much of their habitat has disappeared. Ninety-five percent of California’s old-growth redwood forests have been logged. At the same time, Steller’s jay populations have boomed in state parks, thanks to the crumbs left behind in picnic areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got people on the edge of the park with backyard bird feeders and then you also have increased availability of food from park visitors,” Halbert says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks has set up a new program to control trash from visitors. The experimental decoy eggs are also looking promising. In a controlled lab study at Humboldt State University done by Pia Gabriel and Richard Golightly, the jays seemed to alter their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five percent of the birds that had been exposed to the eggs refused to eat them again,” Halbert says. “That’s a real success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halbert’s field team is putting out 1,400 fake eggs this spring and summer in three parks. It’s the third year of the project. But the danger of outwitting a jay is that the bird can outwit you back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Einsteins of the Bird World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ravens, crows, jays – they’re really, really smart,” says Elena West, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and fellow researcher Harrison Jones have captured a blue and black Steller’s jay at a campsite in Butano State Park. They’re studying hundreds of jays in the area in an effort to learn how their behavior changes around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coaxing so many study subjects into nets isn’t easy. “They know our tricks,” says West. “We’ve glued Cheetos to plates. We’ve glued peanuts to plates. We’ve had to devise unique ways of catching these guys over the years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2013_Butano-State-Park_Gabriel-Golightly-Halbert-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19046\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2013_Butano-State-Park_Gabriel-Golightly-Halbert-2.jpg\" alt=\"A Steller's jay investigates a fake murrelet egg at Butano State Park, captured by a remote camera. (Image: Pia Gabriel, Richard Golightly & Portia Halbert)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Steller’s jay investigates a fake murrelet egg at Butano State Park, captured by a remote camera. (Courtesy of Pia Gabriel, Richard Golightly and Portia Halbert)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Working with the Einsteins of the bird world is a doubled-edged sword, West says. The jays are fast learners and may actually remember that murrelet eggs taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But real murrelet nests are hundreds of feet up a redwood tree, higher than the decoy eggs are being placed. The jays might figure out they only need to avoid the eggs down low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really help murrelets, the behavior change may have to come from people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West’s blood and feather samples show the jays rely on human food for up to half of their diet, especially during the summer camping season. Researcher Harrison Jones says the birds actually stake out territories near the busiest campsites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll come down and do a song and dance for campers when they arrive at the campgrounds to try to get them to feed them,” says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19048\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01431.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01431.jpg\" alt=\"Elena West measured the wing of a captured Steller's jay at Butano State Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elena West measures the wing of a captured Steller’s jay at Butano State Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lawsuit Over Camping\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns over the decline of murrelets prompted the Center for Biological Diversity, a non-profit advocacy group, \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2013/marbled-murrelet-06-19-2013.html\">to file a lawsuit last year\u003c/a> against California State Parks, saying the agency wasn’t doing enough to protect the endangered birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most visitors to the park would be very upset to know that their trash was pushing these birds, these amazing seabirds closer to extinction,” says the Center’s Shaye Wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolf’s group wanted to see campgrounds in several state parks moved out of redwood forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The camping in those parks is concentrated in the heart of the best nesting habitat for murrelets and this is a highly endangered population,” Wolf says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2014/marbled-murrelet-03-11-2014.html\">lawsuit settlement\u003c/a> requires a trash control program be put in place. It includes new sealed trash cans and a “Keep It Crumb Clean” public education campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big question is whether 2,000 campers in Big Basin State Park on a busy weekend located in the best nesting murrelet habitat – if that is workable,” says Wolf. “And we’ll find that out over the next five to ten years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks is hoping that trash control, along with the stomach-turning decoy eggs, will be enough to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Marbled murrelets are rare seabirds that lay just one egg a year, and those eggs are a favorite food item for another bird: Steller’s jays. Scientists are hoping to trick the jays into avoiding the murrelet eggs using decoy eggs with a rude surprise inside.",
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"title": "New Way to Save Endangered Species: Make Predators Puke | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01412.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01412.jpg\" alt=\"Fake marbled murrelet eggs being put out by a California State Parks field team. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fake marbled murrelet eggs with a rude surprise inside. The patch of velcro helps the California State Parks field team attach the eggs to tree branches. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists in California state parks are using an unconventional strategy to save an endangered bird: food poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marbled murrelets are rare seabirds that nest only in old-growth redwood trees on the West Coast. Their eggs are a favorite food item for another bird: Steller’s jays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to teach jays not to eat murrelet eggs, researchers are putting out “mimic eggs” containing an unpleasant surprise: a chemical that makes jays vomit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decoy eggs are painted to look like a marbled murrelet egg. “They’re just chicken eggs,” says Portia Halbert, an environmental scientist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/\">California State Parks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiking in a quiet redwood forest, Halbert spots one of the blue eggs with black spots on the ground in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=536\">Butano State Park\u003c/a>, about an hour south of San Francisco. She picks it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was knocked off the tree likely by a bird,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19044\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Juvenile_Marbled_Murrelet2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Juvenile_Marbled_Murrelet2.jpg\" alt=\"A juvenile marbled murrelet. The birds spend most of their time at sea, but nest in old-growth redwood trees. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile marbled murrelet. The birds are mostly at sea, but nest in old-growth redwood trees. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A small amount of the chemical Carbocal inside the egg is enough to give any jay tummy trouble. The idea is that jays will learn to avoid murrelet eggs, much like a person might stay away from a restaurant after getting food poisoning there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Murrelet Populations Have Plummeted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creative approach came about because marbled murrelets are so challenging to save. They’re secretive, spending most of their time out at sea, diving for fish. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/california_hotspot/habitat_redwoods_marbled_murrelet.htm\">didn’t know they nested in redwood trees\u003c/a> until 1974. The birds usually lay just one egg a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murrelet populations have plummeted because much of their habitat has disappeared. Ninety-five percent of California’s old-growth redwood forests have been logged. At the same time, Steller’s jay populations have boomed in state parks, thanks to the crumbs left behind in picnic areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got people on the edge of the park with backyard bird feeders and then you also have increased availability of food from park visitors,” Halbert says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks has set up a new program to control trash from visitors. The experimental decoy eggs are also looking promising. In a controlled lab study at Humboldt State University done by Pia Gabriel and Richard Golightly, the jays seemed to alter their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five percent of the birds that had been exposed to the eggs refused to eat them again,” Halbert says. “That’s a real success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halbert’s field team is putting out 1,400 fake eggs this spring and summer in three parks. It’s the third year of the project. But the danger of outwitting a jay is that the bird can outwit you back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Einsteins of the Bird World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ravens, crows, jays – they’re really, really smart,” says Elena West, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and fellow researcher Harrison Jones have captured a blue and black Steller’s jay at a campsite in Butano State Park. They’re studying hundreds of jays in the area in an effort to learn how their behavior changes around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coaxing so many study subjects into nets isn’t easy. “They know our tricks,” says West. “We’ve glued Cheetos to plates. We’ve glued peanuts to plates. We’ve had to devise unique ways of catching these guys over the years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2013_Butano-State-Park_Gabriel-Golightly-Halbert-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19046\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2013_Butano-State-Park_Gabriel-Golightly-Halbert-2.jpg\" alt=\"A Steller's jay investigates a fake murrelet egg at Butano State Park, captured by a remote camera. (Image: Pia Gabriel, Richard Golightly & Portia Halbert)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Steller’s jay investigates a fake murrelet egg at Butano State Park, captured by a remote camera. (Courtesy of Pia Gabriel, Richard Golightly and Portia Halbert)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Working with the Einsteins of the bird world is a doubled-edged sword, West says. The jays are fast learners and may actually remember that murrelet eggs taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But real murrelet nests are hundreds of feet up a redwood tree, higher than the decoy eggs are being placed. The jays might figure out they only need to avoid the eggs down low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really help murrelets, the behavior change may have to come from people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West’s blood and feather samples show the jays rely on human food for up to half of their diet, especially during the summer camping season. Researcher Harrison Jones says the birds actually stake out territories near the busiest campsites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll come down and do a song and dance for campers when they arrive at the campgrounds to try to get them to feed them,” says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19048\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01431.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01431.jpg\" alt=\"Elena West measured the wing of a captured Steller's jay at Butano State Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elena West measures the wing of a captured Steller’s jay at Butano State Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lawsuit Over Camping\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns over the decline of murrelets prompted the Center for Biological Diversity, a non-profit advocacy group, \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2013/marbled-murrelet-06-19-2013.html\">to file a lawsuit last year\u003c/a> against California State Parks, saying the agency wasn’t doing enough to protect the endangered birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most visitors to the park would be very upset to know that their trash was pushing these birds, these amazing seabirds closer to extinction,” says the Center’s Shaye Wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolf’s group wanted to see campgrounds in several state parks moved out of redwood forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The camping in those parks is concentrated in the heart of the best nesting habitat for murrelets and this is a highly endangered population,” Wolf says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2014/marbled-murrelet-03-11-2014.html\">lawsuit settlement\u003c/a> requires a trash control program be put in place. It includes new sealed trash cans and a “Keep It Crumb Clean” public education campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big question is whether 2,000 campers in Big Basin State Park on a busy weekend located in the best nesting murrelet habitat – if that is workable,” says Wolf. “And we’ll find that out over the next five to ten years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks is hoping that trash control, along with the stomach-turning decoy eggs, will be enough to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water Snakes Invading California Threaten Native Species",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18816\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 895px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\" alt=\"The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\" width=\"895\" height=\"508\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water snakes from the eastern United States are being found in increasing numbers throughout California’s waterways, and biologists at the University of California at Davis are growing concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and the southern water snake thrive in suburban areas and human-disturbed habitats but are harmless to humans. However, they may pose a threat to native aquatic species, including some types of frogs, snakes and salamanders because they compete for the same food source or directly pray on the native species. The invasive water snakes have been found in some areas near Sacramento as well as near Long Beach in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California’\u003ccite>— Jonathan Rose, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California where many of our native aquatic species are being replaced by non-native species,” says \u003ca href=\"http://toddlab.ucdavis.edu/jrose.html\">Jonathan Rose\u003c/a>, a doctoral candidate at UC Davis. Rose has been working under\u003ca href=\"http://wfcb.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/todd.php\"> Dr. Brian Todd\u003c/a>, an Assistant Professor of Wildlife Biology, to analyze the snake’s potential to spread through California and the Western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0100277\">The study\u003c/a> by Rose and Todd lists which areas will be affected if populations of the invasive water snakes continue to spread. According to their projections, invasive snakes could spread throughout the western United States, overlapping with the habitats of native aquatic dwellers like the foothill yellow-legged frog, the giant garter snake, the California giant salamander and the California tiger salamander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These non-native water snakes present yet another threat or stress to many already imperiled species,” Rose says. Many of the native aquatic species are already at risk due to changes in their habitats and the introduction of other non-native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18843\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 465px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\" alt=\"WatersnakeSalamander_JDW (1)\" width=\"465\" height=\"349\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southern water snake, which commonly feeds on the endangered mole salamander, is one of two water snake species invading California’s waterways. (J.D. Willson/University of Arkansas)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Non-native water snakes have been present in California for quite a while now. As of 2008 it is unlawful to possess one of these water snakes as a pet, but Rose says they were likely introduced as a result of people releasing their pet snakes before this ban was in place. It is unclear exactly how many of these snakes are in California presently, but there are roughly 300 in the Sacramento area, according to Rose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they currently pose no immediate threat to native species, non-native species often pass a threshold at which the population grows rapidly and starts spreading. According to Rose, we are at the early stage where snakes haven’t spread out of control as far as we know. The snakes aren’t having any negative effects on native species but that could change at any time. “These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower’\u003ccite>Jonathan Rose\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The common water snake is of particular concern, says Rose, because it is geographically widespread and able to survive in a variety of climates. Rose says that some snakes are capable of producing litters of 50 or more offspring. They also reach sexual maturity at two or three years of age, so their populations can grow rapidly and bounce back from negative influences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Rose, it is possible that the snakes have already spread throughout the state without our knowledge. If they are more established than we realize, they will eventually start to compete with aquatic species. But it may not be too late. Rose explained that the best case scenario is that fish and wildlife agencies put together a management plan to determine where these species are and act quickly to eradicate their populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. Sightings and pictures of introduced water snakes can be reported to \u003ca href=\"mailto:californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\">californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18816\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 895px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\" alt=\"The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\" width=\"895\" height=\"508\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water snakes from the eastern United States are being found in increasing numbers throughout California’s waterways, and biologists at the University of California at Davis are growing concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and the southern water snake thrive in suburban areas and human-disturbed habitats but are harmless to humans. However, they may pose a threat to native aquatic species, including some types of frogs, snakes and salamanders because they compete for the same food source or directly pray on the native species. The invasive water snakes have been found in some areas near Sacramento as well as near Long Beach in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California’\u003ccite>— Jonathan Rose, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California where many of our native aquatic species are being replaced by non-native species,” says \u003ca href=\"http://toddlab.ucdavis.edu/jrose.html\">Jonathan Rose\u003c/a>, a doctoral candidate at UC Davis. Rose has been working under\u003ca href=\"http://wfcb.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/todd.php\"> Dr. Brian Todd\u003c/a>, an Assistant Professor of Wildlife Biology, to analyze the snake’s potential to spread through California and the Western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0100277\">The study\u003c/a> by Rose and Todd lists which areas will be affected if populations of the invasive water snakes continue to spread. According to their projections, invasive snakes could spread throughout the western United States, overlapping with the habitats of native aquatic dwellers like the foothill yellow-legged frog, the giant garter snake, the California giant salamander and the California tiger salamander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These non-native water snakes present yet another threat or stress to many already imperiled species,” Rose says. Many of the native aquatic species are already at risk due to changes in their habitats and the introduction of other non-native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18843\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 465px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\" alt=\"WatersnakeSalamander_JDW (1)\" width=\"465\" height=\"349\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southern water snake, which commonly feeds on the endangered mole salamander, is one of two water snake species invading California’s waterways. (J.D. Willson/University of Arkansas)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Non-native water snakes have been present in California for quite a while now. As of 2008 it is unlawful to possess one of these water snakes as a pet, but Rose says they were likely introduced as a result of people releasing their pet snakes before this ban was in place. It is unclear exactly how many of these snakes are in California presently, but there are roughly 300 in the Sacramento area, according to Rose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they currently pose no immediate threat to native species, non-native species often pass a threshold at which the population grows rapidly and starts spreading. According to Rose, we are at the early stage where snakes haven’t spread out of control as far as we know. The snakes aren’t having any negative effects on native species but that could change at any time. “These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower’\u003ccite>Jonathan Rose\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The common water snake is of particular concern, says Rose, because it is geographically widespread and able to survive in a variety of climates. Rose says that some snakes are capable of producing litters of 50 or more offspring. They also reach sexual maturity at two or three years of age, so their populations can grow rapidly and bounce back from negative influences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Rose, it is possible that the snakes have already spread throughout the state without our knowledge. If they are more established than we realize, they will eventually start to compete with aquatic species. But it may not be too late. Rose explained that the best case scenario is that fish and wildlife agencies put together a management plan to determine where these species are and act quickly to eradicate their populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. Sightings and pictures of introduced water snakes can be reported to \u003ca href=\"mailto:californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\">californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Carbon-Tracking Satellite Will Monitor Earth's 'Breathing'",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18811\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OCO-2_PIA18374_ip.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OCO-2_PIA18374_ip.jpeg\" alt=\"Artist's conception of the OCO-2 satellite in orbit. Scientists hope it will yield the most precise picture yet of Earth's carbon cycle. (NASA-JPL)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s conception of the OCO-2 satellite in orbit. Scientists hope it will yield the most precise picture yet of Earth’s carbon cycle. (NASA-JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It took five years, two launch vehicles and more than a half-billion dollars, but NASA scientists have at last attained their goal of putting a satellite in orbit that will help track carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, oceans and forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the first attempt five years ago, the first Orbiting Carbon Observatory \u003ca title=\"Spaceflight Now - post\" href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/taurus/oco/failure.html\">never made it into orbit\u003c/a>. A piece of the nose cone designed to protect the satellite during launch never separated. Burdened with the extra weight, the satellite crashed into the ocean somewhere near Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday morning, NASA tried another launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base on California’s Central Coast. This one, \u003ca title=\"NASA - OCO-2 overview\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/overview/#.U7GW2C92elI\">dubbed OCO-2\u003c/a>, is riding a different launch vehicle and has a few tricks that the original OCO lacked. But with less than a minute to go, the scheduled 2:56 a.m. launch was scrubbed by a disruption in the water supply to the launch pad. NASA and contractor United Launch Alliance made another attempt on Wednesday morning that was successful. “Initial telemetry shows the spacecraft is in excellent condition,” NASA said in a post-launch release. They had only a 30-second launch window each day, in order to place the satellite exactly where it needs to be in orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_4655.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18898\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_4655.jpg\" alt=\"The service tower rolls back from the Delta II rocket that will carry the Oribiting Carbon Observatory into space. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The service tower at Vandenberg Air Force Base rolls back from the Delta II rocket that will carry the Orbiting Carbon Observatory into space. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like the original, OCO-2 is designed to circle the Earth from pole to pole, mapping CO2 behavior on a grid similar to the globe’s lines of longitude. CO2 molecules absorb light according to their own unique pattern, so \u003ca title=\"NASA - OCO-2 instuments\" href=\"https://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/observatory/instrument/#\">onboard instruments\u003c/a> will break down reflected sunlight into spectral colors to measure atmospheric carbon with unprecedented precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond that, the $465 million satellite is designed to track the way CO2 is absorbed by earthbound carbon sinks such as plant life and how it’s released by man-made and natural sources. Scientists say this will yield an accurate mosaic of the planet’s “breathing,” which will allow better forecasts of the buildup of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate disruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science is absolutely important,” said Mike Freilich, from a spot overlooking the launch pad on Monday. Freilich heads the Earth Science Division at NASA. “Understanding the naturally distributed sources and sinks of carbon — what the processes are in the ocean, what the processes are on land, is critical for us to be able to understand how the Earth will be able to evolve going in to the future with the 36 gigatons of carbon per year that we put in.” Then he added, “I think it’s a testament to the percieved importance of this mission that we got a second chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OCO-2 will even be able to detect the tiny amount of heat and light emitted by plants during photosynthesis, which mission scientists say is another useful measure of carbon dioxide uptake. It could lead to much improved forecasts for crop yields, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s amazing what you can see from 438 miles up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uP_fqEfYWg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18811\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OCO-2_PIA18374_ip.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OCO-2_PIA18374_ip.jpeg\" alt=\"Artist's conception of the OCO-2 satellite in orbit. Scientists hope it will yield the most precise picture yet of Earth's carbon cycle. (NASA-JPL)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s conception of the OCO-2 satellite in orbit. Scientists hope it will yield the most precise picture yet of Earth’s carbon cycle. (NASA-JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It took five years, two launch vehicles and more than a half-billion dollars, but NASA scientists have at last attained their goal of putting a satellite in orbit that will help track carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, oceans and forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the first attempt five years ago, the first Orbiting Carbon Observatory \u003ca title=\"Spaceflight Now - post\" href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/taurus/oco/failure.html\">never made it into orbit\u003c/a>. A piece of the nose cone designed to protect the satellite during launch never separated. Burdened with the extra weight, the satellite crashed into the ocean somewhere near Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday morning, NASA tried another launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base on California’s Central Coast. This one, \u003ca title=\"NASA - OCO-2 overview\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/overview/#.U7GW2C92elI\">dubbed OCO-2\u003c/a>, is riding a different launch vehicle and has a few tricks that the original OCO lacked. But with less than a minute to go, the scheduled 2:56 a.m. launch was scrubbed by a disruption in the water supply to the launch pad. NASA and contractor United Launch Alliance made another attempt on Wednesday morning that was successful. “Initial telemetry shows the spacecraft is in excellent condition,” NASA said in a post-launch release. They had only a 30-second launch window each day, in order to place the satellite exactly where it needs to be in orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_4655.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18898\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_4655.jpg\" alt=\"The service tower rolls back from the Delta II rocket that will carry the Oribiting Carbon Observatory into space. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The service tower at Vandenberg Air Force Base rolls back from the Delta II rocket that will carry the Orbiting Carbon Observatory into space. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like the original, OCO-2 is designed to circle the Earth from pole to pole, mapping CO2 behavior on a grid similar to the globe’s lines of longitude. CO2 molecules absorb light according to their own unique pattern, so \u003ca title=\"NASA - OCO-2 instuments\" href=\"https://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/observatory/instrument/#\">onboard instruments\u003c/a> will break down reflected sunlight into spectral colors to measure atmospheric carbon with unprecedented precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond that, the $465 million satellite is designed to track the way CO2 is absorbed by earthbound carbon sinks such as plant life and how it’s released by man-made and natural sources. Scientists say this will yield an accurate mosaic of the planet’s “breathing,” which will allow better forecasts of the buildup of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate disruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science is absolutely important,” said Mike Freilich, from a spot overlooking the launch pad on Monday. Freilich heads the Earth Science Division at NASA. “Understanding the naturally distributed sources and sinks of carbon — what the processes are in the ocean, what the processes are on land, is critical for us to be able to understand how the Earth will be able to evolve going in to the future with the 36 gigatons of carbon per year that we put in.” Then he added, “I think it’s a testament to the percieved importance of this mission that we got a second chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OCO-2 will even be able to detect the tiny amount of heat and light emitted by plants during photosynthesis, which mission scientists say is another useful measure of carbon dioxide uptake. It could lead to much improved forecasts for crop yields, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s amazing what you can see from 438 miles up.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/-uP_fqEfYWg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/-uP_fqEfYWg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Associated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court won’t hear a challenge to California’s first-in-the-nation mandate requiring fuel producers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices on Monday turned away appeals from fuel makers that say the law discriminates against out-of-state producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”2751d5643381670982378cacad5cd1e7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandate requires petroleum refiners and fuel distributors to make cleaner-burning fuels for the California market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out-of-state oil refiners and ethanol companies say the law provides an unfair advantage to in-state producers by giving a higher “carbon-intensity score” to fuels transported from other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state says the law simply offers incentives for companies that make cleaner-burning fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.S. district judge agreed with the challengers. The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reversed, saying the law gives all fuel makers options to get their product to market.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Drought Lessons From Down Under",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/06/20140630science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDry_Getty72257254_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDry_Getty72257254_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer John Magill ponders a dried-up reservoir on his farm in Parkes, in 2006. (Ian Waldie/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer John Magill ponders a dried-up reservoir on his farm in Parkes, Australia, in 2006. (Ian Waldie/Getty Images) \u003ccite>(Ian Waldie/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Three years into a historic drought, we’re hearing a lot of talk about resilience in California. For inspiration, Californians might do well to look south — all the way to Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had here a phenomenon that people called ‘bucket back,'” says \u003ca title=\"Stanford - Rebecca Nelson\" href=\"http://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/about/people/rebecca-nelson\">Rebecca Nelson\u003c/a>, describing the back strain Aussies would suffer from catching the excess shower water in buckets and hauling it outside to water the garden. Nelson is a research fellow at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment. She lives in Australia, which recently endured \u003ca title=\"Economist - Big Dry\" href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/9071007\">a nine-year drought\u003c/a> — something that hasn’t happened in California for at least a century. (There were two six-year droughts in the 20th century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bucket back was the least of it. The stretch that came to be known as the Big Dry was \u003ca title=\"Climate History - Big Dry\" href=\"http://climatehistory.com.au/2011/08/03/big-dry-worst-drought-since-european-settlement/\">the worst drought in Australia’s history\u003c/a>. During the first decade of this century, it devastated the farm economy (at one point halving the number of sheep, the nation’s principal livestock) and triggered severe restrictions on urban water use. But Nelson says it also transformed the water culture in that country. She says some ways they found to adapt were relatively painless — and much of it stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are now a couple years out of the drought, so I think people’s attitudes are starting to slide a little,” she admits, “but absolutely, the ethical and moral dimension of water use, I think really built during the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Urban Water Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson lives in Melbourne, which gets just about the same average rainfall as San Francisco — about 23 inches a year. She estimates that about half the homes in Melbourne now have systems to capture and store rain, and newer homes are being built with dual plumbing systems to recycle graywater. (For example, rinse water from the washing machine goes to the toilet for flushing.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18793\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMAG0624-L.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMAG0624-L.jpg\" alt=\"Many Australian homes now have rainwater capture systems. (Albert Barlow, Rain Water Systems)\" width=\"275\" height=\"488\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many Australian homes now have rainwater capture systems. (Albert Barlow, Rain Water Systems)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The result is that residential water use in Melbourne is down to about 40 gallons per person, per day — including outside watering. Californians average two to four times that, depending on how much landscaping they have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a lot of lessons we can learn,” says \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - bio\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/about-us/staff-and-board/matthew-g-heberger-p-e/\">Matthew Heberger\u003c/a>, a water analyst at Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - main\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>. He’s written extensively about the Australian experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heberger says the Big Dry inspired major changes: “Lots of initiatives to capture runoff and infiltrate it into the ground, where you can later use it for water supply,” he notes. “Not allowing stormwater to just run off into the sea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Desalination: A Cautionary Tale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government there spent $25 billion on drought countermeasures — that’s twice as much as the contentious water bond that may be on California’s ballot this fall — for a country with a little more than half the population of California. That ambitious program included a string of desalination plants along the coast, a decision that many question in retrospect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Desalination is considered a holy grail by water managers,” says Heberger. “The ocean is essentially a limitless source of water. The problem is that it’s expensive, and it’s energy-intensive to take the salt out of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consequently, when the rains returned, which they did with a vengeance at the end of 2010, desalted seawater could no longer compete price-wise with water that fell from the sky. “And so you’ve got these very expensive projects that have, for now at least, been sort of mothballed,” says Heberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years into California’s drought, the desal train is gaining speed in California. This nation’s \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25859513/nations-largest-ocean-desalination-plant-goes-up-near\">largest plant\u003c/a> is scheduled to go online in 2016 in Carlsbad, with at least a dozen more on the drawing board. Rebecca Nelson says there’s a cautionary tale here: the best decisions for drought planning are not made during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most ordinary citizens would say it’s fantastic to have a climate-independent source of water,” she said. “But the panic that’s generated during drought, many people say, led the [Melbourne] desal plant to be built many, many more times bigger than it really should’ve been. And as a result, it’s very, very costly, even though it’s not being used.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18762\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDryMap_2002-03_ABM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDryMap_2002-03_ABM.jpg\" alt=\"Map shows vast areas with record-low rainfall during the worst of Australia's 'Big Dry.' (Australia Bureau of Meteorology)\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map shows vast areas with record-low rainfall during the worst of Australia’s ‘Big Dry.’ (Australian Bureau of Meteorology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of parallels between here and there when it comes to water. In both places, most of the water is in the north, most of the people in the south. The rain tends not to fall during the growing season. And Australia’s agriculture — like California’s — uses by far the biggest volume of water, more than two thirds in Australia, closer to three quarters in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where transplanting lessons gets a little tricky. Here, farm water is meted out by a longstanding — some would say byzantine — system of property rights: junior, senior, riparian, pre-1914…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That consideration just doesn’t exist in Australia,” says Nelson. “The way that Australian water law manages scarcity is, if there’s less water around, everybody takes a haircut.” She and many water policy experts in California agree, that’s made it easier for Australians to develop an enviable system of water marketing for farmers and ranchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as easy to sell water from your water bank account as it is to just transfer money from a normal bank account,” says Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more than one observer has put it, Californians tend to settle their accounts in the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while Australia may be a useful laboratory for developing drought resilience, does that mean that California needs its own 9-year drought as a kind of shock therapy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t wish that on anyone,” says Heberger. “But it did certainly do a lot to raise awareness. Everyone could tell you, you know, how high the water level in the reservoir is, that people become much more attuned to where our water comes from, that we’re taking it out of the environment and using it. And that has repercussions and an impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Awareness helps. But to make the Golden State truly drought resistant — that will take political will and compromise — something else that is often in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDry_Getty72257254_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDry_Getty72257254_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer John Magill ponders a dried-up reservoir on his farm in Parkes, in 2006. (Ian Waldie/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer John Magill ponders a dried-up reservoir on his farm in Parkes, Australia, in 2006. (Ian Waldie/Getty Images) \u003ccite>(Ian Waldie/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Three years into a historic drought, we’re hearing a lot of talk about resilience in California. For inspiration, Californians might do well to look south — all the way to Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had here a phenomenon that people called ‘bucket back,'” says \u003ca title=\"Stanford - Rebecca Nelson\" href=\"http://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/about/people/rebecca-nelson\">Rebecca Nelson\u003c/a>, describing the back strain Aussies would suffer from catching the excess shower water in buckets and hauling it outside to water the garden. Nelson is a research fellow at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment. She lives in Australia, which recently endured \u003ca title=\"Economist - Big Dry\" href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/9071007\">a nine-year drought\u003c/a> — something that hasn’t happened in California for at least a century. (There were two six-year droughts in the 20th century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bucket back was the least of it. The stretch that came to be known as the Big Dry was \u003ca title=\"Climate History - Big Dry\" href=\"http://climatehistory.com.au/2011/08/03/big-dry-worst-drought-since-european-settlement/\">the worst drought in Australia’s history\u003c/a>. During the first decade of this century, it devastated the farm economy (at one point halving the number of sheep, the nation’s principal livestock) and triggered severe restrictions on urban water use. But Nelson says it also transformed the water culture in that country. She says some ways they found to adapt were relatively painless — and much of it stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are now a couple years out of the drought, so I think people’s attitudes are starting to slide a little,” she admits, “but absolutely, the ethical and moral dimension of water use, I think really built during the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Urban Water Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson lives in Melbourne, which gets just about the same average rainfall as San Francisco — about 23 inches a year. She estimates that about half the homes in Melbourne now have systems to capture and store rain, and newer homes are being built with dual plumbing systems to recycle graywater. (For example, rinse water from the washing machine goes to the toilet for flushing.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18793\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMAG0624-L.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMAG0624-L.jpg\" alt=\"Many Australian homes now have rainwater capture systems. (Albert Barlow, Rain Water Systems)\" width=\"275\" height=\"488\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many Australian homes now have rainwater capture systems. (Albert Barlow, Rain Water Systems)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The result is that residential water use in Melbourne is down to about 40 gallons per person, per day — including outside watering. Californians average two to four times that, depending on how much landscaping they have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a lot of lessons we can learn,” says \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - bio\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/about-us/staff-and-board/matthew-g-heberger-p-e/\">Matthew Heberger\u003c/a>, a water analyst at Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - main\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>. He’s written extensively about the Australian experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heberger says the Big Dry inspired major changes: “Lots of initiatives to capture runoff and infiltrate it into the ground, where you can later use it for water supply,” he notes. “Not allowing stormwater to just run off into the sea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Desalination: A Cautionary Tale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government there spent $25 billion on drought countermeasures — that’s twice as much as the contentious water bond that may be on California’s ballot this fall — for a country with a little more than half the population of California. That ambitious program included a string of desalination plants along the coast, a decision that many question in retrospect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Desalination is considered a holy grail by water managers,” says Heberger. “The ocean is essentially a limitless source of water. The problem is that it’s expensive, and it’s energy-intensive to take the salt out of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consequently, when the rains returned, which they did with a vengeance at the end of 2010, desalted seawater could no longer compete price-wise with water that fell from the sky. “And so you’ve got these very expensive projects that have, for now at least, been sort of mothballed,” says Heberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years into California’s drought, the desal train is gaining speed in California. This nation’s \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25859513/nations-largest-ocean-desalination-plant-goes-up-near\">largest plant\u003c/a> is scheduled to go online in 2016 in Carlsbad, with at least a dozen more on the drawing board. Rebecca Nelson says there’s a cautionary tale here: the best decisions for drought planning are not made during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most ordinary citizens would say it’s fantastic to have a climate-independent source of water,” she said. “But the panic that’s generated during drought, many people say, led the [Melbourne] desal plant to be built many, many more times bigger than it really should’ve been. And as a result, it’s very, very costly, even though it’s not being used.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18762\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDryMap_2002-03_ABM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDryMap_2002-03_ABM.jpg\" alt=\"Map shows vast areas with record-low rainfall during the worst of Australia's 'Big Dry.' (Australia Bureau of Meteorology)\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map shows vast areas with record-low rainfall during the worst of Australia’s ‘Big Dry.’ (Australian Bureau of Meteorology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of parallels between here and there when it comes to water. In both places, most of the water is in the north, most of the people in the south. The rain tends not to fall during the growing season. And Australia’s agriculture — like California’s — uses by far the biggest volume of water, more than two thirds in Australia, closer to three quarters in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where transplanting lessons gets a little tricky. Here, farm water is meted out by a longstanding — some would say byzantine — system of property rights: junior, senior, riparian, pre-1914…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That consideration just doesn’t exist in Australia,” says Nelson. “The way that Australian water law manages scarcity is, if there’s less water around, everybody takes a haircut.” She and many water policy experts in California agree, that’s made it easier for Australians to develop an enviable system of water marketing for farmers and ranchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as easy to sell water from your water bank account as it is to just transfer money from a normal bank account,” says Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more than one observer has put it, Californians tend to settle their accounts in the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while Australia may be a useful laboratory for developing drought resilience, does that mean that California needs its own 9-year drought as a kind of shock therapy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t wish that on anyone,” says Heberger. “But it did certainly do a lot to raise awareness. Everyone could tell you, you know, how high the water level in the reservoir is, that people become much more attuned to where our water comes from, that we’re taking it out of the environment and using it. And that has repercussions and an impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Awareness helps. But to make the Golden State truly drought resistant — that will take political will and compromise — something else that is often in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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