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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/rewoodshot3-1024x573.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/rewoodshot3-1024x573.jpg\" alt=\"Poachers have chopped the burl from the base of this redwood. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"573\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poachers have chopped the burl from the base of this redwood. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is home to the tallest trees in the world: coast redwoods. To forest visitors, staring up at the towering canopy of a 300-foot-tall old-growth redwood can feel surreal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a lot of people this is an almost religious experience,” said ranger Brett Silver, standing recently in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park in Humboldt County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of heavy logging in the 1800s and early 1900s, only about five percent of the old-growth redwoods remain, with much of that acreage in state and national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forests have also been designated an International Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site. But in spite of their status, these sacred groves are facing another threat: poachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18710\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/redw_rings.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18710 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/redw_rings.jpg\" alt=\"New trees can sprout from the dense bud material in a burl. (National Park Service.)\" width=\"300\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New trees can sprout from the dense bud material within a burl. (National Park Service.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stealing Seedlings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sneak into the forest, most likely at night, authorities say. They carry chainsaws and wear night-vision goggles. They’re after the trees’ precious burl — the knobby growths typically found at the base of a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, rangers have discovered a few instances of burl poaching, here and there. But in the past two years, they’ve noticed an increasing number of cuts, some huge gashes up to eight feet across at the base of the trees, some of which are nearly 1000 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with cutting the burls off isn’t that it kills the tree. Rather it hurts the chances of a new clone of that tree taking life in the same space. Burls contain dormant bud tissue and can sprout new seedlings. Redwoods are unique in that they regenerate not only through their seed cones, but also their burls, said Jeff Denny, a ranger at Redwood National and State Parks. There are thousands of seeds carried in each grape-sized cone, but seeds rarely penetrate the thick layer of forest debris. Burls offer the best chance for a redwood to regenerate, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denny brushed his hand over the bright red, exposed heartwood where a burl was cut from an old-growth tree on the south end of the park. These cuts also expose the tree to disease and fire damage, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Lure of Burl\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood burl is prized by woodworkers for its swirling grains and deep-red hues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has a very unique pattern, very different than the circular rings that you’ll find at the base of a tree,” Denny said. “It produces a very attractive piece.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18716\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/burl-bed-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-18716\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/burl-bed-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Artisan Burlwood in Berkeley sells redwood burl bed frames, tables and other furniture to clients around the world. (Jim Parodi)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artisan Burlwood in Berkeley sells redwood burl bed frames, tables and other furniture to clients around the world. (Jim Parodi)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>South of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park is the once-booming logging town of Orick. The town boasts one motel and about eight redwood burl shops. Rangers have investigated the shops over the past couple of years. But until recently, the question of who was committing these crimes was a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rangers attribute the rise in burl poaching to increased drug addiction and unemployment in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rural economies, as we’ve all gone through transitions, you leave behind poverty,” said Jaqueline Debets, economic development director for Humboldt County. The timber industry was once the lifeblood of Humboldt County’s economy. Now, due to environmental protections and decreased supply of wood, timber has shrunk to a small fraction of the economy, Debets said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a breezy April afternoon, Rod Price stood at his outdoor carving shop on the outskirts of Orick. He rushed to a trailer behind his shop, and came out with a raw piece of “bird’s eye redwood” cut into the shape of a feather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Watch this,” he said. He poured water over the dry wood. The grains shimmered and popped as the wood soaked up the liquid. “The grains move,” he said excitedly, tilting the piece in the sunlight. “Sometimes they are golden.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small burl chunks are often shined and shaped into salad bowls or bear figurines. Craftsmen use larger pieces to make one-of-a-kind furniture. Large burl slabs can sell for hundreds, or even thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18713\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 114px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Orick-map-114x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-18713\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Orick-map-114x162.jpg\" alt=\"The town of Orick, Ca., is about 40 miles north of Eureka, and just south of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. (Google Maps)\" width=\"114\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The town of Orick, Ca., is about 40 miles north of Eureka, and just south of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Are the Poachers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, authorities arrested Danny Garcia, 43, and Larry Morrow, 34, both of Orick. The arrests were the culmination of a year-long investigation. After receiving an anonymous tip, rangers found burl pieces at a local shop that matched the shape and size of a burl cut discovered last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of a plea deal, both men pleaded guilty to felony vandalism charges. Garcia was sentenced earlier this month to 700 hours of community service and required to pay a $11,178 in restitution. Morrow was sentenced to three years of probation and ordered to pay $1,600 in restitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three groups, the Center for Biological Diversity, Redwood Parks Association and Save the Redwoods League, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/league/press_detail.php?id=559\">offering a $5,000 reward\u003c/a> for information leading to the prosecution of redwood poachers. The parks’ law enforcement tip line is 707-464-7353.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rangers believe there are still several other individuals who are poaching. Ranger Silver says the theft is comparable to robbing a church. “When [people] see the damage that’s going on it really breaks their heart,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"single-video\">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AG5F9SeGI50\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/watch/archive/277985\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED NEWSROOM\u003c/a> is a weekly news magazine program on television, radio and online. Watch Fridays at 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM and watch on demand \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/watch/archive/277985\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/rewoodshot3-1024x573.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/rewoodshot3-1024x573.jpg\" alt=\"Poachers have chopped the burl from the base of this redwood. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"573\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poachers have chopped the burl from the base of this redwood. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is home to the tallest trees in the world: coast redwoods. To forest visitors, staring up at the towering canopy of a 300-foot-tall old-growth redwood can feel surreal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a lot of people this is an almost religious experience,” said ranger Brett Silver, standing recently in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park in Humboldt County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of heavy logging in the 1800s and early 1900s, only about five percent of the old-growth redwoods remain, with much of that acreage in state and national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forests have also been designated an International Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site. But in spite of their status, these sacred groves are facing another threat: poachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18710\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/redw_rings.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18710 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/redw_rings.jpg\" alt=\"New trees can sprout from the dense bud material in a burl. (National Park Service.)\" width=\"300\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New trees can sprout from the dense bud material within a burl. (National Park Service.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stealing Seedlings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sneak into the forest, most likely at night, authorities say. They carry chainsaws and wear night-vision goggles. They’re after the trees’ precious burl — the knobby growths typically found at the base of a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, rangers have discovered a few instances of burl poaching, here and there. But in the past two years, they’ve noticed an increasing number of cuts, some huge gashes up to eight feet across at the base of the trees, some of which are nearly 1000 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with cutting the burls off isn’t that it kills the tree. Rather it hurts the chances of a new clone of that tree taking life in the same space. Burls contain dormant bud tissue and can sprout new seedlings. Redwoods are unique in that they regenerate not only through their seed cones, but also their burls, said Jeff Denny, a ranger at Redwood National and State Parks. There are thousands of seeds carried in each grape-sized cone, but seeds rarely penetrate the thick layer of forest debris. Burls offer the best chance for a redwood to regenerate, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denny brushed his hand over the bright red, exposed heartwood where a burl was cut from an old-growth tree on the south end of the park. These cuts also expose the tree to disease and fire damage, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Lure of Burl\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood burl is prized by woodworkers for its swirling grains and deep-red hues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has a very unique pattern, very different than the circular rings that you’ll find at the base of a tree,” Denny said. “It produces a very attractive piece.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18716\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/burl-bed-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-18716\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/burl-bed-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Artisan Burlwood in Berkeley sells redwood burl bed frames, tables and other furniture to clients around the world. (Jim Parodi)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artisan Burlwood in Berkeley sells redwood burl bed frames, tables and other furniture to clients around the world. (Jim Parodi)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>South of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park is the once-booming logging town of Orick. The town boasts one motel and about eight redwood burl shops. Rangers have investigated the shops over the past couple of years. But until recently, the question of who was committing these crimes was a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rangers attribute the rise in burl poaching to increased drug addiction and unemployment in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rural economies, as we’ve all gone through transitions, you leave behind poverty,” said Jaqueline Debets, economic development director for Humboldt County. The timber industry was once the lifeblood of Humboldt County’s economy. Now, due to environmental protections and decreased supply of wood, timber has shrunk to a small fraction of the economy, Debets said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a breezy April afternoon, Rod Price stood at his outdoor carving shop on the outskirts of Orick. He rushed to a trailer behind his shop, and came out with a raw piece of “bird’s eye redwood” cut into the shape of a feather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Watch this,” he said. He poured water over the dry wood. The grains shimmered and popped as the wood soaked up the liquid. “The grains move,” he said excitedly, tilting the piece in the sunlight. “Sometimes they are golden.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small burl chunks are often shined and shaped into salad bowls or bear figurines. Craftsmen use larger pieces to make one-of-a-kind furniture. Large burl slabs can sell for hundreds, or even thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18713\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 114px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Orick-map-114x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-18713\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Orick-map-114x162.jpg\" alt=\"The town of Orick, Ca., is about 40 miles north of Eureka, and just south of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. (Google Maps)\" width=\"114\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The town of Orick, Ca., is about 40 miles north of Eureka, and just south of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Are the Poachers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, authorities arrested Danny Garcia, 43, and Larry Morrow, 34, both of Orick. The arrests were the culmination of a year-long investigation. After receiving an anonymous tip, rangers found burl pieces at a local shop that matched the shape and size of a burl cut discovered last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of a plea deal, both men pleaded guilty to felony vandalism charges. Garcia was sentenced earlier this month to 700 hours of community service and required to pay a $11,178 in restitution. Morrow was sentenced to three years of probation and ordered to pay $1,600 in restitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three groups, the Center for Biological Diversity, Redwood Parks Association and Save the Redwoods League, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/league/press_detail.php?id=559\">offering a $5,000 reward\u003c/a> for information leading to the prosecution of redwood poachers. The parks’ law enforcement tip line is 707-464-7353.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rangers believe there are still several other individuals who are poaching. Ranger Silver says the theft is comparable to robbing a church. “When [people] see the damage that’s going on it really breaks their heart,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"single-video\">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AG5F9SeGI50\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/watch/archive/277985\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED NEWSROOM\u003c/a> is a weekly news magazine program on television, radio and online. Watch Fridays at 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM and watch on demand \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/watch/archive/277985\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Revealed: Routes for Trains Hauling Volatile Crude Oil in California",
"headTitle": "Revealed: Routes for Trains Hauling Volatile Crude Oil in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18669\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\" alt=\"A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"700\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State officials have released routing information for trains carrying a volatile grade of crude oil through California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly released information reveals that tank cars loaded with oil from the Bakken formation, a volatile crude that has a history of exploding, rumble through downtown Sacramento and through Stockton about once a week. Before they get there, they travel along the Feather River, a major tributary of the Sacramento and a key source of drinking water. They pass through rural Northern California counties — Modoc, Lassen, Placer, Plumas, Yuba and Butte — before reaching their destination in Contra Costa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first time that information about the trains’ routing in California and their frequency has been made public. About once a week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bnsf.com/\">Burlington Northern Santa Fe\u003c/a> (BNSF) train enters the state from Oregon, headed for the Kinder Morgan rail yard in Richmond. Each train is carrying a million gallons or more of Bakken crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The purpose of the information is really to give first responders better awareness of what’s coming through their counties,” says Kelly Huston, a deputy director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calema.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx\">Governor’s Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notifications (shown below) provided by BNSF to the state list the counties through which the trains pass, and the average number of trains per week. They’re retrospective, reporting what’s already happened, rather than looking ahead to what trains could be coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now the information, because it’s not very specific, is being used as an awareness tool,” said Huston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.gov/briefing-room/emergency-order\">emergency order\u003c/a> issued by the federal Department of Transportation requires railroads to notify emergency responders about large shipments of Bakken crude. BNSF had asked the OES to sign a non-disclosure agreement, which state officials refused to do. After keeping the notifications secret from the public for a few weeks, the state decided to release them on Wednesday, following the lead of \u003ca href=\"http://m.apnews.com/ap/db_268743/contentdetail.htm?contentguid=fh2TcnV0\">other states\u003c/a> that had already done so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it is very important that those responsible for security and emergency planning have such information to ensure that proper planning and training are in place for public safety,” Roxanne Butler, a spokeswoman for BNSF, wrote in an email. “But we also continue to urge discretion in the wider distribution of specific details.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOT issued the order after a series of fiery derailments involving Bakken crude in Alabama, North Dakota and Virginia, among other states. Last July, a train carrying oil from the Bakken exploded in a town in Quebec, killing 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>MAP: State officials have confirmed that crude is traveling by rail in the counties shaded gray on the map, below. Also shown are rail lines owned by California’s two major railroads, BNSF and UP, which share some of the lines. Click on the rail lines or counties to see identifying information. Not all lines shown in the shaded areas carry Bakken crude. (Map produced by Lisa Pickoff-White)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/crudebyrail/crudebyrail.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View California Crude-by-Rail Shipments on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/231307617/California-Crude-by-Rail-Shipments\">California Crude-by-Rail Shipments\u003c/a> by \u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View KQED News's profile on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/KQED_News\">KQED News\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the rail companies to do everything they can to ensure public safety,” said Diane Bailey of the Natural Resources Defense Council. She says there are three things that would help assuage her concerns: safer rail cars, slower speed limits, and making sure the trains are always staffed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler said the railroads themselves have also pushed to phase out the DOT-111 railcars that have been involved in the accidents. “The rail industry also implemented a number of additional safety operating practices several months ago to reduce the risk of moving crude by rail,” she wrote, “including lower speed limits and had addressed the train securement issue in August of 2013 as part of the Federal Railroad Administration’s emergency order.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers have introduced bills that would provide more money for oil spill response, and require more information from railroads about hazardous materials. The recently-passed California budget includes a fee on oil entering California by rail, which would help fund the state’s Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response. It also provides more money to the California Public Utilities Commission for rail safety inspectors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transporting crude oil by rail is a burgeoning business, thanks to an oil boom in North Dakota. In 2013, more than \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">6 million barrels of crude oil\u003c/a> came into California by rail. In 2008, there were none.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_44377\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/231307617/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-p9uOwxCWVdsVftFjCJ5m&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View California Crude-by-Rail Weekly Tracking on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/231308092/California-Crude-by-Rail-Weekly-Tracking\">California Crude-by-Rail Weekly Tracking\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_1951\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/231308092/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this article incorrectly included Davis in the list of cities the trains pass through.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18669\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\" alt=\"A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"700\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State officials have released routing information for trains carrying a volatile grade of crude oil through California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly released information reveals that tank cars loaded with oil from the Bakken formation, a volatile crude that has a history of exploding, rumble through downtown Sacramento and through Stockton about once a week. Before they get there, they travel along the Feather River, a major tributary of the Sacramento and a key source of drinking water. They pass through rural Northern California counties — Modoc, Lassen, Placer, Plumas, Yuba and Butte — before reaching their destination in Contra Costa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first time that information about the trains’ routing in California and their frequency has been made public. About once a week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bnsf.com/\">Burlington Northern Santa Fe\u003c/a> (BNSF) train enters the state from Oregon, headed for the Kinder Morgan rail yard in Richmond. Each train is carrying a million gallons or more of Bakken crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The purpose of the information is really to give first responders better awareness of what’s coming through their counties,” says Kelly Huston, a deputy director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calema.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx\">Governor’s Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notifications (shown below) provided by BNSF to the state list the counties through which the trains pass, and the average number of trains per week. They’re retrospective, reporting what’s already happened, rather than looking ahead to what trains could be coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now the information, because it’s not very specific, is being used as an awareness tool,” said Huston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.gov/briefing-room/emergency-order\">emergency order\u003c/a> issued by the federal Department of Transportation requires railroads to notify emergency responders about large shipments of Bakken crude. BNSF had asked the OES to sign a non-disclosure agreement, which state officials refused to do. After keeping the notifications secret from the public for a few weeks, the state decided to release them on Wednesday, following the lead of \u003ca href=\"http://m.apnews.com/ap/db_268743/contentdetail.htm?contentguid=fh2TcnV0\">other states\u003c/a> that had already done so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it is very important that those responsible for security and emergency planning have such information to ensure that proper planning and training are in place for public safety,” Roxanne Butler, a spokeswoman for BNSF, wrote in an email. “But we also continue to urge discretion in the wider distribution of specific details.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOT issued the order after a series of fiery derailments involving Bakken crude in Alabama, North Dakota and Virginia, among other states. Last July, a train carrying oil from the Bakken exploded in a town in Quebec, killing 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>MAP: State officials have confirmed that crude is traveling by rail in the counties shaded gray on the map, below. Also shown are rail lines owned by California’s two major railroads, BNSF and UP, which share some of the lines. Click on the rail lines or counties to see identifying information. Not all lines shown in the shaded areas carry Bakken crude. (Map produced by Lisa Pickoff-White)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/crudebyrail/crudebyrail.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View California Crude-by-Rail Shipments on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/231307617/California-Crude-by-Rail-Shipments\">California Crude-by-Rail Shipments\u003c/a> by \u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View KQED News's profile on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/KQED_News\">KQED News\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the rail companies to do everything they can to ensure public safety,” said Diane Bailey of the Natural Resources Defense Council. She says there are three things that would help assuage her concerns: safer rail cars, slower speed limits, and making sure the trains are always staffed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler said the railroads themselves have also pushed to phase out the DOT-111 railcars that have been involved in the accidents. “The rail industry also implemented a number of additional safety operating practices several months ago to reduce the risk of moving crude by rail,” she wrote, “including lower speed limits and had addressed the train securement issue in August of 2013 as part of the Federal Railroad Administration’s emergency order.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers have introduced bills that would provide more money for oil spill response, and require more information from railroads about hazardous materials. The recently-passed California budget includes a fee on oil entering California by rail, which would help fund the state’s Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response. It also provides more money to the California Public Utilities Commission for rail safety inspectors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transporting crude oil by rail is a burgeoning business, thanks to an oil boom in North Dakota. In 2013, more than \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">6 million barrels of crude oil\u003c/a> came into California by rail. In 2008, there were none.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_44377\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/231307617/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-p9uOwxCWVdsVftFjCJ5m&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View California Crude-by-Rail Weekly Tracking on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/231308092/California-Crude-by-Rail-Weekly-Tracking\">California Crude-by-Rail Weekly Tracking\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_1951\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/231308092/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this article incorrectly included Davis in the list of cities the trains pass through.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "It's a Busy Time for Bird Rescue",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18632\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/babybirds-e1403561882519.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/babybirds-e1403561882519.jpg\" alt=\"Baby birds at International Bird Rescue. (Cheryl Reynolds/International Bird Rescue)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18632\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baby birds at International Bird Rescue. (Cheryl Reynolds/International Bird Rescue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bird rescue volunteer Karen Sheldon peered down into a duckling box, a white wooden rectangle that has a small pool in one half and a dry deck with heat lamps in the other. Three little yellow-and-brown fluff-balls popped out of the water, cheeping, and huddled together in the corner of the deck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s baby season so we tend to get a lot of birds,” said Sheldon, a former forensic scientist who has volunteered at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bird-rescue.org/\">International Bird Rescue\u003c/a> in Fairfield for about seven years. “These are three little Canada goslings that are being kept warm by heat lamps, since they don’t have a mother to keep them warm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Bird Lovers Become Bird Healers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Bird Rescue (IBR) is an aquatic bird rehabilitation center that treats more than 2,500 birds each year. Anyone can bring an injured aquatic bird here for medical care and treatment, until, ideally, it can be released back into the wild. In early June, for example, IBR volunteers \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Rehabilitated-herons-hurt-during-pruning-freed-5536398.php?cmpid=twitter-premium&t=eed7f4eb801210a92f#/0\">released four baby herons\u003c/a> that had been injured when tree-cutters cut down their nests outside an Oakland post office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the International Bird Rescue’s workforce are volunteers, and they make a significant contribution to the healing and treatment process, said dental hygienist Martha Grimson, who has volunteered at the center for four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn things like how to draw blood, how to give IVs,” Grimson said, “how to do tube feeding where we’re actually inserting a tube down to their stomach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18631\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvet-e1403561757678.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvet-e1403561757678.jpg\" alt=\"Lauren Adams is a staff member at International Bird Rescue. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18631\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lauren Adams is a staff member at International Bird Rescue. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On one recent day, a volunteer did an examination of a large Canada goose, palpating the spine to feel for fractures, and stretching out the wing to look for evidence of fresh wounds or old ones. Meanwhile, other volunteers administered eye medicine to a gosling, and assisted the vet with surgery on an eared grebe. And that was a slow day, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guess What: You Can Put the Baby Bird Back in the Nest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are getting into our busiest time of the year now,” Grimson said. “The baby birds are all hatching, so many orphaned birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water birds often settle in residential areas, and then when the little ones hatch, the family must embark on a journey to find the closest body of water. On the way, they encounter cars, pets and storm drains, any of which can leave a baby injured or a group of babies orphaned.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The best thing is to try to return the bird to the nest, if it’s safe, if the nest is not going to fall.’\u003ccite>— Karen Sheldon, Volunteer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Sheldon says a lot baby birds come into the center with humans who have unknowingly abducted them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve picked it up,” Sheldon said, “They think now that they’ve touched it, this bird cannot be put back into the nest or be left for the parents and that’s just a misunderstanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds have a very poorly developed sense of smell,” Grimson explained. “Most birds,” Sheldon amended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both volunteers agreed the best thing to do with a baby bird is return it to the nest, as long as the nest appears safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18602\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvolunteers-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvolunteers-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Karen Sheldon, left, a retired forensic scientist, has volunteered at International Bird Rescure for more than seven years. Martha Grimson, a semi-retired dental hygenist, has been there for 4 years. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18602\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karen Sheldon, left, a retired forensic scientist, has volunteered at International Bird Rescure for more than seven years. Martha Grimson, a semi-retired dental hygenist, has been there for 4 years. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Joy of Seeing Birds Back in the Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sheldon says after helping heal birds that have been hit by cars, shot, wrapped in fishing line or covered in oil, her prime motivation now is to help mitigate the human impact on birds, and see them return to life in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a bird-watching visit to Santa Cruz this year, Sheldon spotted one of IBR’s birds, a pelican wearing a blue band. All birds treated at IBR get the blue identity band when they are released. This particular bird, Sheldon discovered, had been released near San Francisco about 16 months earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It came in starving as a little juvenile pelican and stayed with us for just a couple weeks while it got fattened up,” Sheldon said. “And here it is almost a year-and-a-half later down in Santa Cruz doing quite well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the pelican was behaving like a pelican, sitting with other birds, not begging for food from humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still get chills thinking about this,” Sheldon said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18632\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/babybirds-e1403561882519.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/babybirds-e1403561882519.jpg\" alt=\"Baby birds at International Bird Rescue. (Cheryl Reynolds/International Bird Rescue)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18632\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baby birds at International Bird Rescue. (Cheryl Reynolds/International Bird Rescue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bird rescue volunteer Karen Sheldon peered down into a duckling box, a white wooden rectangle that has a small pool in one half and a dry deck with heat lamps in the other. Three little yellow-and-brown fluff-balls popped out of the water, cheeping, and huddled together in the corner of the deck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s baby season so we tend to get a lot of birds,” said Sheldon, a former forensic scientist who has volunteered at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bird-rescue.org/\">International Bird Rescue\u003c/a> in Fairfield for about seven years. “These are three little Canada goslings that are being kept warm by heat lamps, since they don’t have a mother to keep them warm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Bird Lovers Become Bird Healers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Bird Rescue (IBR) is an aquatic bird rehabilitation center that treats more than 2,500 birds each year. Anyone can bring an injured aquatic bird here for medical care and treatment, until, ideally, it can be released back into the wild. In early June, for example, IBR volunteers \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Rehabilitated-herons-hurt-during-pruning-freed-5536398.php?cmpid=twitter-premium&t=eed7f4eb801210a92f#/0\">released four baby herons\u003c/a> that had been injured when tree-cutters cut down their nests outside an Oakland post office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the International Bird Rescue’s workforce are volunteers, and they make a significant contribution to the healing and treatment process, said dental hygienist Martha Grimson, who has volunteered at the center for four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn things like how to draw blood, how to give IVs,” Grimson said, “how to do tube feeding where we’re actually inserting a tube down to their stomach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18631\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvet-e1403561757678.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvet-e1403561757678.jpg\" alt=\"Lauren Adams is a staff member at International Bird Rescue. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18631\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lauren Adams is a staff member at International Bird Rescue. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On one recent day, a volunteer did an examination of a large Canada goose, palpating the spine to feel for fractures, and stretching out the wing to look for evidence of fresh wounds or old ones. Meanwhile, other volunteers administered eye medicine to a gosling, and assisted the vet with surgery on an eared grebe. And that was a slow day, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guess What: You Can Put the Baby Bird Back in the Nest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are getting into our busiest time of the year now,” Grimson said. “The baby birds are all hatching, so many orphaned birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water birds often settle in residential areas, and then when the little ones hatch, the family must embark on a journey to find the closest body of water. On the way, they encounter cars, pets and storm drains, any of which can leave a baby injured or a group of babies orphaned.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The best thing is to try to return the bird to the nest, if it’s safe, if the nest is not going to fall.’\u003ccite>— Karen Sheldon, Volunteer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Sheldon says a lot baby birds come into the center with humans who have unknowingly abducted them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve picked it up,” Sheldon said, “They think now that they’ve touched it, this bird cannot be put back into the nest or be left for the parents and that’s just a misunderstanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds have a very poorly developed sense of smell,” Grimson explained. “Most birds,” Sheldon amended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both volunteers agreed the best thing to do with a baby bird is return it to the nest, as long as the nest appears safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18602\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvolunteers-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvolunteers-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Karen Sheldon, left, a retired forensic scientist, has volunteered at International Bird Rescure for more than seven years. Martha Grimson, a semi-retired dental hygenist, has been there for 4 years. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18602\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karen Sheldon, left, a retired forensic scientist, has volunteered at International Bird Rescure for more than seven years. Martha Grimson, a semi-retired dental hygenist, has been there for 4 years. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Joy of Seeing Birds Back in the Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sheldon says after helping heal birds that have been hit by cars, shot, wrapped in fishing line or covered in oil, her prime motivation now is to help mitigate the human impact on birds, and see them return to life in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a bird-watching visit to Santa Cruz this year, Sheldon spotted one of IBR’s birds, a pelican wearing a blue band. All birds treated at IBR get the blue identity band when they are released. This particular bird, Sheldon discovered, had been released near San Francisco about 16 months earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It came in starving as a little juvenile pelican and stayed with us for just a couple weeks while it got fattened up,” Sheldon said. “And here it is almost a year-and-a-half later down in Santa Cruz doing quite well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the pelican was behaving like a pelican, sitting with other birds, not begging for food from humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still get chills thinking about this,” Sheldon said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Water Prices Soar, Some Profit From California’s Drought",
"headTitle": "As Water Prices Soar, Some Profit From California’s Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/06/20140623science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18543\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard3.jpg\" alt=\"(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An almond tree that’s been uprooted due to drought near Los Banos, California. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmers who lack water in California are facing a tough summer ahead, but for those who do have water, it can be a windfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is hitting record prices on the open market, prompting some farmers to pump groundwater and sell it — what some call “groundwater mining.” With groundwater already at record-low levels in parts of the state, concerns are rising that these water sales, known as water transfers, may put pressure on California’s overtaxed aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other water deals, farmers are selling the water they get from reservoirs or rivers and are using groundwater instead to irrigate their fields, known as “groundwater substitution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 60 billion gallons of groundwater are being proposed in water sales this year — either sold for profit or substituted for water sold for profit, according to a KQED analysis of documents filed with state and federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drawing the Battle Lines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Anthea Hansen took the podium at a crowded Merced County Board of Supervisors meeting, knowing she was facing a tough crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sorry to bring this issue to your board and cause such a ruckus,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re in crisis mode. I have trees I need to keep alive.’\u003ccite>— Anthea Hansen, Del Puerto Water District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hansen is the general manger of the Del Puerto Water District, which serves about 45,000 acres of farmland on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, an hour south of Stockton. But here she was, 50 miles away in Merced, telling the board why she needs to buy groundwater to save her district’s crops and orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in crisis mode,” she said. “I have trees I need to keep alive. We don’t need large quantities of water to do that. If that doesn’t happen, the trees are gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many water districts with the lowest-priority rights, “junior” water rights, Del Puerto’s normal water supply has dried up this year. Water levels in the federal reservoir system, known as the Central Valley Project, are too low to meet demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Hansen worked out a deal with two ranchers in Merced County. They would pump up to seven billion gallons of their groundwater, put it into canals, and sell it to Hansen’s farmers over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is common practice,” Steve Sloan told the Merced Board of Supervisors at the same meeting. He’s one of the ranchers who stands to make millions from the deal. Under California’s system of water rights, he owns the groundwater under his property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water exchanges, water transfers have been done for over 30 years,” Sloan said. “This is how we survive collectively as an ag industry in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18545\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8927_Drought_JoshC-4395-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8927_Drought_JoshC-4395-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"An unplanted field outside of Los Banos, California. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An unplanted field outside of Los Banos, California. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of Sloan’s neighbors don’t see it that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m within about a five-mile radius of where they’re going be doing the pumping. So, obviously I’m concerned,” Mike Gallo told the board. Gallo runs a farming operation near Sloan’s. “What’s gonna happen when you take this much water out of an aquifer? We’re on the same aquifer. I don’t know what it’s going to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billy Grissom, a farmer and cattle rancher who owns property near Sloan’s, also objected to the water sale. “Water underground should not be sold for monetary gain,” Grissom said. “When the water is gone, all the farming is gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing extensive monitoring,” Sloan responded. “We don’t want to damage the aquifer. We don’t want to damage our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bureau of Reclamation is reviewing the water transfer because the water would move through federal infrastructure. In a preliminary report, the agency found there would be no significant environmental impact, though groundwater levels could be drawn down. While Merced County supervisors are also looking into the water transfer, they have little influence over the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Sales as Lifeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water transfer market is the only way we’re surviving right now,” said Lon Martin, assistant general manager of the San Luis Water District, another Central Valley district that has a zero water allocation this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Water underground should not be sold for monetary gain.’\u003ccite>— Billy Grissom, Farmer and Rancher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Martin is walking among hundreds of uprooted almond trees near Los Banos; the orchard was ripped out because of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we don’t see any more of this,” he said. “Depending on the ability of the water district to bring water supplies — if we’re not successful with that, we may see more orchards taken offline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin says in a dry year like this one, there are fewer water transfers than usual, but one of the few large deals going through may help the trees in his district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine water districts north of Sacramento are planning to sell 26 billion gallons of water, about as much as San Francisco uses in a year. Farmers would fallow crops or would pump and use groundwater instead, freeing up their water in rivers and making it available for buyers down south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten water districts in the San Joaquin Valley would purchase the water, which is about half as much water as they’d tried to arrange to purchase in the transfer earlier this year. The deal is expected to cost $72 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are literally people with no water on their account, so this represents the only lifeline they have this year,” said Ara Azhderian, water policy administrator with the San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority, which negotiated the water transfer for the San Joaquin Valley water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legal Challenge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has neglected its groundwater,” says Barbara Vlamis, director of AquAlliance, a non-profit focused on the Sacramento watershed. Her group is suing to stop the water transfer over groundwater concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard.jpg\" alt=\"An almond orchard that's been uprooted due to drought near Los Banos, California. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orchards in the San Joaquin Valley need water every year just to keep trees alive. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You’re putting an added stress on the groundwater basin,” Vlamis said. “In the last year alone, there have been wells in Glenn County that have dropped 32 feet. Nineteen feet in Butte County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vlamis says the problem is that groundwater isn’t regulated in California, so state and federal agencies don’t have a full picture of the impact transfers can have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s shoddy,” she said. “The agencies that are so casual about moving water out of here need to truly analyze what they’re doing to this region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal challenge has raised anxiety levels for districts that were counting on purchasing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge cloud of uncertainty,” Azhderian said. “You’ve got growers that not only have their livelihoods and farms at risk, but they have then dipped into stressed financial resources to make this transfer happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of California’s Water Market\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water transfers are a way of making water available to people that don’t have old, senior water rights,” said Ellen Hanak, senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water transfers in California first emerged during the 1976-77 drought. “The idea was to stretch the available supplies and do the least economic harm,” Hanak said. “It made sense to allow the market signals to work and allow people to lease that water to folks that were able to pay more for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3b073d41504f8b383e6897c6f4cbe645″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water transfers have since become commonplace. Earlier this year, Governor Jerry Brown ordered state agencies to \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18496\">speed up their environmental review\u003c/a> of water transfers to help with the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As groundwater levels dropped dramatically in the Central Valley, concerns have emerged about any added pressure to pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley has experienced the highest levels of groundwater overdraft, but there’s also increased pumping in the Sacramento Valley, generally perceived to have plenty of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re seeing an expansion of orchard crops, including in places that did not used to be irrigated,” Hanak said, “and it’s relying on groundwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concerns over using groundwater in water transfers tie into larger challenges California is facing in monitoring and managing its underground reservoirs, Hanak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state will look carefully at a transfer to make sure that you aren’t selling water out of a river or lake that someone downstream of you would be using,” she said. “But because California does not have statewide regulation of groundwater, the state doesn’t have the possibility of easily making that assessment about groundwater use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some counties have taken matters into their own hands and have passed rules that effectively ban the sale of groundwater outside county lines. In Merced County, where controversy over the groundwater sale continues, county supervisors have said they’re looking into that policy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fights are breaking out over controversial water sales. Some farmers say they need the water to keep trees alive, while others say groundwater pumping depletes supplies for neighboring farms, and could threaten California's already-stressed aquifers.\r\n",
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"description": "Fights are breaking out over controversial water sales. Some farmers say they need the water to keep trees alive, while others say groundwater pumping depletes supplies for neighboring farms, and could threaten California's already-stressed aquifers.\r\n",
"title": "As Water Prices Soar, Some Profit From California’s Drought | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18543\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard3.jpg\" alt=\"(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An almond tree that’s been uprooted due to drought near Los Banos, California. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmers who lack water in California are facing a tough summer ahead, but for those who do have water, it can be a windfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is hitting record prices on the open market, prompting some farmers to pump groundwater and sell it — what some call “groundwater mining.” With groundwater already at record-low levels in parts of the state, concerns are rising that these water sales, known as water transfers, may put pressure on California’s overtaxed aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other water deals, farmers are selling the water they get from reservoirs or rivers and are using groundwater instead to irrigate their fields, known as “groundwater substitution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 60 billion gallons of groundwater are being proposed in water sales this year — either sold for profit or substituted for water sold for profit, according to a KQED analysis of documents filed with state and federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drawing the Battle Lines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Anthea Hansen took the podium at a crowded Merced County Board of Supervisors meeting, knowing she was facing a tough crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sorry to bring this issue to your board and cause such a ruckus,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re in crisis mode. I have trees I need to keep alive.’\u003ccite>— Anthea Hansen, Del Puerto Water District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hansen is the general manger of the Del Puerto Water District, which serves about 45,000 acres of farmland on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, an hour south of Stockton. But here she was, 50 miles away in Merced, telling the board why she needs to buy groundwater to save her district’s crops and orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in crisis mode,” she said. “I have trees I need to keep alive. We don’t need large quantities of water to do that. If that doesn’t happen, the trees are gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many water districts with the lowest-priority rights, “junior” water rights, Del Puerto’s normal water supply has dried up this year. Water levels in the federal reservoir system, known as the Central Valley Project, are too low to meet demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Hansen worked out a deal with two ranchers in Merced County. They would pump up to seven billion gallons of their groundwater, put it into canals, and sell it to Hansen’s farmers over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is common practice,” Steve Sloan told the Merced Board of Supervisors at the same meeting. He’s one of the ranchers who stands to make millions from the deal. Under California’s system of water rights, he owns the groundwater under his property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water exchanges, water transfers have been done for over 30 years,” Sloan said. “This is how we survive collectively as an ag industry in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18545\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8927_Drought_JoshC-4395-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8927_Drought_JoshC-4395-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"An unplanted field outside of Los Banos, California. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An unplanted field outside of Los Banos, California. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of Sloan’s neighbors don’t see it that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m within about a five-mile radius of where they’re going be doing the pumping. So, obviously I’m concerned,” Mike Gallo told the board. Gallo runs a farming operation near Sloan’s. “What’s gonna happen when you take this much water out of an aquifer? We’re on the same aquifer. I don’t know what it’s going to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billy Grissom, a farmer and cattle rancher who owns property near Sloan’s, also objected to the water sale. “Water underground should not be sold for monetary gain,” Grissom said. “When the water is gone, all the farming is gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing extensive monitoring,” Sloan responded. “We don’t want to damage the aquifer. We don’t want to damage our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bureau of Reclamation is reviewing the water transfer because the water would move through federal infrastructure. In a preliminary report, the agency found there would be no significant environmental impact, though groundwater levels could be drawn down. While Merced County supervisors are also looking into the water transfer, they have little influence over the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Sales as Lifeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water transfer market is the only way we’re surviving right now,” said Lon Martin, assistant general manager of the San Luis Water District, another Central Valley district that has a zero water allocation this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Water underground should not be sold for monetary gain.’\u003ccite>— Billy Grissom, Farmer and Rancher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Martin is walking among hundreds of uprooted almond trees near Los Banos; the orchard was ripped out because of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we don’t see any more of this,” he said. “Depending on the ability of the water district to bring water supplies — if we’re not successful with that, we may see more orchards taken offline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin says in a dry year like this one, there are fewer water transfers than usual, but one of the few large deals going through may help the trees in his district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine water districts north of Sacramento are planning to sell 26 billion gallons of water, about as much as San Francisco uses in a year. Farmers would fallow crops or would pump and use groundwater instead, freeing up their water in rivers and making it available for buyers down south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten water districts in the San Joaquin Valley would purchase the water, which is about half as much water as they’d tried to arrange to purchase in the transfer earlier this year. The deal is expected to cost $72 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are literally people with no water on their account, so this represents the only lifeline they have this year,” said Ara Azhderian, water policy administrator with the San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority, which negotiated the water transfer for the San Joaquin Valley water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legal Challenge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has neglected its groundwater,” says Barbara Vlamis, director of AquAlliance, a non-profit focused on the Sacramento watershed. Her group is suing to stop the water transfer over groundwater concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard.jpg\" alt=\"An almond orchard that's been uprooted due to drought near Los Banos, California. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orchards in the San Joaquin Valley need water every year just to keep trees alive. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You’re putting an added stress on the groundwater basin,” Vlamis said. “In the last year alone, there have been wells in Glenn County that have dropped 32 feet. Nineteen feet in Butte County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vlamis says the problem is that groundwater isn’t regulated in California, so state and federal agencies don’t have a full picture of the impact transfers can have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s shoddy,” she said. “The agencies that are so casual about moving water out of here need to truly analyze what they’re doing to this region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal challenge has raised anxiety levels for districts that were counting on purchasing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge cloud of uncertainty,” Azhderian said. “You’ve got growers that not only have their livelihoods and farms at risk, but they have then dipped into stressed financial resources to make this transfer happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of California’s Water Market\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water transfers are a way of making water available to people that don’t have old, senior water rights,” said Ellen Hanak, senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water transfers in California first emerged during the 1976-77 drought. “The idea was to stretch the available supplies and do the least economic harm,” Hanak said. “It made sense to allow the market signals to work and allow people to lease that water to folks that were able to pay more for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water transfers have since become commonplace. Earlier this year, Governor Jerry Brown ordered state agencies to \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18496\">speed up their environmental review\u003c/a> of water transfers to help with the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As groundwater levels dropped dramatically in the Central Valley, concerns have emerged about any added pressure to pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley has experienced the highest levels of groundwater overdraft, but there’s also increased pumping in the Sacramento Valley, generally perceived to have plenty of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re seeing an expansion of orchard crops, including in places that did not used to be irrigated,” Hanak said, “and it’s relying on groundwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concerns over using groundwater in water transfers tie into larger challenges California is facing in monitoring and managing its underground reservoirs, Hanak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state will look carefully at a transfer to make sure that you aren’t selling water out of a river or lake that someone downstream of you would be using,” she said. “But because California does not have statewide regulation of groundwater, the state doesn’t have the possibility of easily making that assessment about groundwater use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some counties have taken matters into their own hands and have passed rules that effectively ban the sale of groundwater outside county lines. In Merced County, where controversy over the groundwater sale continues, county supervisors have said they’re looking into that policy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A ‘Squid Bloom’ in Monterey Bay Is Good News for Local Fishermen",
"headTitle": "A ‘Squid Bloom’ in Monterey Bay Is Good News for Local Fishermen | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18361\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18361\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\" alt=\"Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens This adult California market squid was photographed in the canyon offshore of La Jolla Shores beach in La Jolla, California.(SWFSC Image Gallery)\" width=\"1283\" height=\"769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Market squid like this one are blooming in Monterey Bay. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple of happy accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half Moon Bay fisherman Michael McHenry says conservation efforts such as closed areas, a ban on weekend fishing and limiting the areas accessible to light boats have allowed the squid population to flourish. While the majority of squid fishing in California takes place in the southern half of the state, he said the bloom of California market squid in Monterey has brought many fishing boats north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these conservation efforts in place, the squid laid enough eggs in the ocean that they actually bloomed out of control,” McHenry said. “We’re able to fill our [yearly] quota six months early, and the squid have six months to spawn without being harassed. It’s a win-win deal. It seems to be a very sustainable fishery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/msfmp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Market Squid Fishery Management Plan\u003c/a>, set forth by the state of California in 2005, limits the annual total \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/squid/species_pages/market_squid.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California market squid\u003c/a> catch to 118,000 tons, most of which is \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/voicesofthebay/pdfs/marketsquid.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exported\u003c/a> to China. When the quota is reached, fishing ceases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no denying that conservation efforts are important in squid fishery management, said \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Gilly, a Biology Professor at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, but he said he thinks there may be other factors that play a larger role in the recent market squid abundance. Gilly has been studying the much larger Humboldt squid for almost 15 years and believes that \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">their recent decline\u003c/a> is related to the increase in market squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there are a lot of Humboldt squid in the Monterey Bay area, the commercial market squid fishing tends to be rather poor,” he said. “That could be a direct predator-prey relationship or it could be environmental. Humboldt squid seem to favor different environmental and oceanic conditions than those favored by market squid, so the two may naturally tend to go in reciprocal cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt squid, which have been absent from Monterey Bay since the last El Niño in 2010, are a natural predator to the California market squid. Since then, California market squid fishing has been very good, indicating a correlation between the two species. Gilly also cites natural seasonal cycles relating to spawning patterns as a factor in market squid population fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a seasonal increase in the California market squid in Monterey Bay every year. They spawn in the bay every spring and throughout the summer and into early fall.” Gilly says that an early start to the fishing season this year may also play a role, essentially giving the Southern California squid unmolested spawning rights for the winter months. It’s a happy accident that’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilly and McHenry agree that the California market squid are important for the ecosystem both as predators and as prey. According to Gilly, they are a keystone species, gobbled by basically everything in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conservation efforts may be indicating favorable results now, Gilly says it is important to monitor population fluctuations in response to other factors such as climate change. “There’s really no substitute for counting the animals in the ocean, which one can do in principle,” he said. “It just takes a ship with the right sonar gear and someone with research support or state support for monitoring to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there are no numbers on how many squid of either type are in the ocean. Data is based on observations of market catch and research surveys conducted by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. However, Gilly said sonar technology that could accurately monitor the biomass of the Humboldt squid and the California market squid does exist. Combined with state support, he said, this technology has the potential to use squid populations as an advanced warning system for climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple happy accidents. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18361\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18361\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\" alt=\"Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens This adult California market squid was photographed in the canyon offshore of La Jolla Shores beach in La Jolla, California.(SWFSC Image Gallery)\" width=\"1283\" height=\"769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Market squid like this one are blooming in Monterey Bay. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple of happy accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half Moon Bay fisherman Michael McHenry says conservation efforts such as closed areas, a ban on weekend fishing and limiting the areas accessible to light boats have allowed the squid population to flourish. While the majority of squid fishing in California takes place in the southern half of the state, he said the bloom of California market squid in Monterey has brought many fishing boats north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these conservation efforts in place, the squid laid enough eggs in the ocean that they actually bloomed out of control,” McHenry said. “We’re able to fill our [yearly] quota six months early, and the squid have six months to spawn without being harassed. It’s a win-win deal. It seems to be a very sustainable fishery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/msfmp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Market Squid Fishery Management Plan\u003c/a>, set forth by the state of California in 2005, limits the annual total \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/squid/species_pages/market_squid.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California market squid\u003c/a> catch to 118,000 tons, most of which is \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/voicesofthebay/pdfs/marketsquid.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exported\u003c/a> to China. When the quota is reached, fishing ceases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no denying that conservation efforts are important in squid fishery management, said \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Gilly, a Biology Professor at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, but he said he thinks there may be other factors that play a larger role in the recent market squid abundance. Gilly has been studying the much larger Humboldt squid for almost 15 years and believes that \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">their recent decline\u003c/a> is related to the increase in market squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there are a lot of Humboldt squid in the Monterey Bay area, the commercial market squid fishing tends to be rather poor,” he said. “That could be a direct predator-prey relationship or it could be environmental. Humboldt squid seem to favor different environmental and oceanic conditions than those favored by market squid, so the two may naturally tend to go in reciprocal cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt squid, which have been absent from Monterey Bay since the last El Niño in 2010, are a natural predator to the California market squid. Since then, California market squid fishing has been very good, indicating a correlation between the two species. Gilly also cites natural seasonal cycles relating to spawning patterns as a factor in market squid population fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a seasonal increase in the California market squid in Monterey Bay every year. They spawn in the bay every spring and throughout the summer and into early fall.” Gilly says that an early start to the fishing season this year may also play a role, essentially giving the Southern California squid unmolested spawning rights for the winter months. It’s a happy accident that’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilly and McHenry agree that the California market squid are important for the ecosystem both as predators and as prey. According to Gilly, they are a keystone species, gobbled by basically everything in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conservation efforts may be indicating favorable results now, Gilly says it is important to monitor population fluctuations in response to other factors such as climate change. “There’s really no substitute for counting the animals in the ocean, which one can do in principle,” he said. “It just takes a ship with the right sonar gear and someone with research support or state support for monitoring to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there are no numbers on how many squid of either type are in the ocean. Data is based on observations of market catch and research surveys conducted by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. However, Gilly said sonar technology that could accurately monitor the biomass of the Humboldt squid and the California market squid does exist. Combined with state support, he said, this technology has the potential to use squid populations as an advanced warning system for climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stanford Sleep Researcher Mourns the Loss of Narcoleptic Dog",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18398\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_3479-e1402697350766.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18398\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_3479-e1402697350766.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3479\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Mignot and Bearichon. (Courtesy of Servane Briand)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bear, the narcoleptic dog who stole the heart of a Stanford specialist in the disease, has died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affectionately called “Bearichon,” the Belgian schipperke was the last member of a storied pack of narcoleptic dogs, assembled by William Dement at the \u003ca href=\"http://sleep.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine\u003c/a> in the 1970’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pack ultimately helped researchers find the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/ngene.html\">gene responsible for narcolepsy\u003c/a>, a disease characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden sleep episodes after experiencing intense emotions) and REM sleep abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on work done with the dogs, Stanford researchers, led by \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/narcolepsy/mignot.html\">Emmanuel Mignot\u003c/a>, a French pharmacologist and director of the Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, learned that the disease can be triggered in genetically predisposed individuals by exposure to the influenza virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bear spent the second half of his life as the family pet of Mignot and his wife Servane Briand. Reached at his office in Palo Alto, Mignot told KQED Science that Bearichon’s death marks the end of an era for sleep research, and a sad transition for his own family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even an unusually sleepy dog like Bear, Mignot says, can leave the house feeling all too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18397\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 623px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BearichonattheBeach-e1402943333557.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18397 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BearichonattheBeach-e1402943333557.jpg\" alt=\"BearichonattheBeach\" width=\"623\" height=\"351\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bearichon asleep on the beach. (Courtesy of Servane Briand)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview was edited for clarity. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did Bear come to you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, a breeder said to me, “I have a dog that’s kind of falling down every time he gets excited. I heard you study narcolepsy. So if you’re interested, we are willing to give it to you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was one year old. It was towards the end [of the study], so Bear was more of a mascot for the facility. Then I just had to convince my wife to adopt him.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘When he was eating he would collapse because he’d get excited about his meal.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was it like living with a narcoleptic dog?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Bear got excited, he’d collapse and become paralyzed. So, for example, when he was eating he would collapse because he’d get excited about his meal. Sometimes we’d try to stimulate him by massaging his back a bit so he didn’t fall into his dish. You could feel when an attack was coming. He’d be more wobbly. This was my dog, I could read his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point he developed a cough that we didn’t understand. I realized that maybe he was almost choking because he had so little time to eat before collapsing into sleep. He was just swallowing this dry stuff without even chewing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think he knew that he was about to fall asleep, so he was rushing to finish his meal?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh yes, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we got him food that was cooked, like rice and a little bit of fish, he was eating better than I was. With soft food, even if you swallow it without chewing it, it’s not a big deal. That solved the problem completely. It was pretty much the only health problem he had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Countless visitors came to see Bear. We’d do a little demonstration and he would collapse. You wouldn’t know if he was looking at you with loving eyes or falling asleep. It was very cute.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You wouldn’t know if he was looking at you with loving eyes or falling asleep. It was very cute.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He had his own personality. He was playful and just the nicest. He loved to be scratched, possibly because he’d been raised in a lab without much interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did you become interested in narcoleptic dogs? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I came to Stanford in 1986. I was looking for drugs that could be used to treat narcolepsy in humans. Initially we were interested in dogs because they were the only known model of narcolepsy in animals. Now that we know the genetic basis, you can create a mouse model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We needed to figure out what was causing narcolepsy in the dogs. I thought one way to find a cause of narcolepsy was to breed these dogs that have the genetic mutation that causes narcolepsy. I started this in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone said this was a crazy project to try and isolate this gene, with current technology. It took me 10 years to find it. We found it in 1989. It was the receptor for a chemical called hypocretin. The receptor in the brain that normally responds to this chemical wasn’t functioning. They were going into REM sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there other narcoleptic animals out there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are accounts of narcoleptic horses and a bull that has been described. But they’re too impractical to study in labs. Everyone loves dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How common is narcolepsy in dogs? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very rare. Probably about one dog in a million. But who knows? It could be much more frequent and people just don’t know it. Some dogs, like Bear, might have mild narcolepsy. Bear had hundreds of attacks but in general, they were very brief. Attacks could last a couple of seconds or minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember dogs that were more seriously affected. There was one who would walk two steps and then fall asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you looking for another narcoleptic dog to replace Bear?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, Bear is irreplaceable. But yes, ideally because we have all these teaching events and we love to show the dogs. [Audiences] love it. It’s a good way to communicate what narcolepsy is. If I had another opportunity to have a dog, I would adopt a dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our house is very silent without a dog; you always are looking for something, especially when you are alone. The dog is like a person that’s always there, like a shadow. We’ll probably get another one but I think we have to wait a little bit. One of the good things about dogs is that they make you reflect on mortality, that’s for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TA_GeHhfrSo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18398\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_3479-e1402697350766.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18398\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_3479-e1402697350766.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3479\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Mignot and Bearichon. (Courtesy of Servane Briand)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bear, the narcoleptic dog who stole the heart of a Stanford specialist in the disease, has died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affectionately called “Bearichon,” the Belgian schipperke was the last member of a storied pack of narcoleptic dogs, assembled by William Dement at the \u003ca href=\"http://sleep.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine\u003c/a> in the 1970’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pack ultimately helped researchers find the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/ngene.html\">gene responsible for narcolepsy\u003c/a>, a disease characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden sleep episodes after experiencing intense emotions) and REM sleep abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on work done with the dogs, Stanford researchers, led by \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/narcolepsy/mignot.html\">Emmanuel Mignot\u003c/a>, a French pharmacologist and director of the Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, learned that the disease can be triggered in genetically predisposed individuals by exposure to the influenza virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bear spent the second half of his life as the family pet of Mignot and his wife Servane Briand. Reached at his office in Palo Alto, Mignot told KQED Science that Bearichon’s death marks the end of an era for sleep research, and a sad transition for his own family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even an unusually sleepy dog like Bear, Mignot says, can leave the house feeling all too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18397\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 623px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BearichonattheBeach-e1402943333557.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18397 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BearichonattheBeach-e1402943333557.jpg\" alt=\"BearichonattheBeach\" width=\"623\" height=\"351\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bearichon asleep on the beach. (Courtesy of Servane Briand)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview was edited for clarity. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did Bear come to you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, a breeder said to me, “I have a dog that’s kind of falling down every time he gets excited. I heard you study narcolepsy. So if you’re interested, we are willing to give it to you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was one year old. It was towards the end [of the study], so Bear was more of a mascot for the facility. Then I just had to convince my wife to adopt him.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘When he was eating he would collapse because he’d get excited about his meal.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was it like living with a narcoleptic dog?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Bear got excited, he’d collapse and become paralyzed. So, for example, when he was eating he would collapse because he’d get excited about his meal. Sometimes we’d try to stimulate him by massaging his back a bit so he didn’t fall into his dish. You could feel when an attack was coming. He’d be more wobbly. This was my dog, I could read his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point he developed a cough that we didn’t understand. I realized that maybe he was almost choking because he had so little time to eat before collapsing into sleep. He was just swallowing this dry stuff without even chewing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think he knew that he was about to fall asleep, so he was rushing to finish his meal?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh yes, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we got him food that was cooked, like rice and a little bit of fish, he was eating better than I was. With soft food, even if you swallow it without chewing it, it’s not a big deal. That solved the problem completely. It was pretty much the only health problem he had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Countless visitors came to see Bear. We’d do a little demonstration and he would collapse. You wouldn’t know if he was looking at you with loving eyes or falling asleep. It was very cute.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You wouldn’t know if he was looking at you with loving eyes or falling asleep. It was very cute.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He had his own personality. He was playful and just the nicest. He loved to be scratched, possibly because he’d been raised in a lab without much interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did you become interested in narcoleptic dogs? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I came to Stanford in 1986. I was looking for drugs that could be used to treat narcolepsy in humans. Initially we were interested in dogs because they were the only known model of narcolepsy in animals. Now that we know the genetic basis, you can create a mouse model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We needed to figure out what was causing narcolepsy in the dogs. I thought one way to find a cause of narcolepsy was to breed these dogs that have the genetic mutation that causes narcolepsy. I started this in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone said this was a crazy project to try and isolate this gene, with current technology. It took me 10 years to find it. We found it in 1989. It was the receptor for a chemical called hypocretin. The receptor in the brain that normally responds to this chemical wasn’t functioning. They were going into REM sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there other narcoleptic animals out there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are accounts of narcoleptic horses and a bull that has been described. But they’re too impractical to study in labs. Everyone loves dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How common is narcolepsy in dogs? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very rare. Probably about one dog in a million. But who knows? It could be much more frequent and people just don’t know it. Some dogs, like Bear, might have mild narcolepsy. Bear had hundreds of attacks but in general, they were very brief. Attacks could last a couple of seconds or minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember dogs that were more seriously affected. There was one who would walk two steps and then fall asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you looking for another narcoleptic dog to replace Bear?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, Bear is irreplaceable. But yes, ideally because we have all these teaching events and we love to show the dogs. [Audiences] love it. It’s a good way to communicate what narcolepsy is. If I had another opportunity to have a dog, I would adopt a dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our house is very silent without a dog; you always are looking for something, especially when you are alone. The dog is like a person that’s always there, like a shadow. We’ll probably get another one but I think we have to wait a little bit. One of the good things about dogs is that they make you reflect on mortality, that’s for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/TA_GeHhfrSo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/TA_GeHhfrSo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Dries Up Honey Supply",
"headTitle": "California Drought Dries Up Honey Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/06/20140616science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18342\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\" alt=\"A beekeeper for Bradshaw Honey Farm wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees. The bees don't have enough wildflowers to make honey. Instead, owner David Bradshaw is just trying to keep his bees alive.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Chris DePrada wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees for Bradshaw Honey Farm.(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are hard times for honeybees; colonies are collapsing for reasons ranging from pesticides to parasites. And with this year’s pitiful rainfall in California, bees are facing another plight: There’s a lot less natural forage to make honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second-generation beekeeper David Bradshaw pulls his truck up alongside wooden boxes of beehives on a farm outside the Central Valley town of Visalia. Soon, a loud mechanical sound – some would say a beekeeper’s buzz kill – drowns out the lively drone of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pump,” explains Bradshaw. His hungry insects aren’t getting enough natural nectar, so Bradshaw has to feed them. “It sucks the syrup blend out of that tank, and pumps it into that garden hose. Then we go from hive to hive and fill up these little feeders here. They hold about a gallon of syrup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw will spend about $80,000 on artificial nectar this summer just to keep his colonies from starving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a normal year, Bradshaw takes his bees to hills laden with wildflowers. But this year, those hills are bone dry and they look barren. Plants are mostly dormant, and that means the natural nectar production line is shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When wildflowers do bloom, they make nectar from sugar and water. Bees use the nectar to make honey. But a drought means less water, less nectar and less honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Bradshaw is keeping his bees on the valley floor. In addition to the syrup, he’s feeding them a doughy protein supplement: soy flour, brewer’s yeast, vitamins and minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18343 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees a doughy protein supplement in addition to a sugary syrup. Bradshaw says he'll spend about $80,000 to feed his bees this summer. Typically he would take them to hills laden with wildflowers but this year those hills are bone dry because of the drought. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The protein supplement that beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees sits on top of a hive. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s good enough to keep the bees going, but it’s no substitute for the nectar used to make honey. That’s one reason Bradshaw sent 700 of his hives to Kansas, to feast on bee pastures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just load them up on a semi truck and send them off,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like sending his kids off to summer camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry! If they run into some bad weather where it gets too hot,” Bradshaw says. “You don’t want to be stuck on the side of the road in a broken truck with a bunch of angry bees in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can tell the bees are hungry.’ \u003ccite>— David Bradshaw, Beekeeper\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw’s been keeping bees for 40 years. His 3,800 hives typically produce about 250 barrels of honey a year. In the past three years, because of the drought and lack of wildflower nectar, his bees have been producing one-tenth of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell the bees are hungry,” Bradshaw says. “They’re all over the truck. If there was nectar available, they wouldn’t even be around the truck. They smell the syrup there so they’re all over it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His bees fed, Bradshaw gets back in his truck. As he drives over a bridge spanning an empty riverbed, he says small packers from Santa Cruz to Ojai have called him begging for honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially the more exotic honeys like sage honey or buckwheat honey,” he says. “Even alfalfa honey is gonna be in very, very short supply this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops like alfalfa and cotton are less abundant this year because there’s not enough water to irrigate them. So beekeepers are leaning heavily on one crop: oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beekeeper Steve Godlin watches the sticky orange blossom honey move slowly down a chute at his warehouse outside the little town of Exeter, not far from the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to the production line where the wax gets separated from the honey and the honey gets pumped down to a tank. “That’s where we fill the barrels,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In wet years, Godlin runs his bees from the Coast Ranges to the Mojave Desert and he can make a million pounds of honey. This year he’ll produce half that much, and with less variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On those wet years, there’s sage, buckwheat, blue curl, tarweed, manzanita, a lot of different plants,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On dry years, oranges are his best bet. But oranges are a crowded field. Beekeepers come from all over the country to plant their hives amid the sweet-smelling orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody and their brother wanted to bring their bees to the oranges,” Godlin says. “I do my best to protect my areas but it’s a free country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”916b3d5922f79e5bc384a9570b517551″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene Brandi, vice president of the American Beekeeping Federation, says California is typically a major honey-producing state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In years when California receives adequate rainfall and especially in years when California receives above-normal rainfall, like the El Niño years, California is the number one honey-producing state in the nation,” Brandi says. “We’ve done that many times in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honey production in the state varies considerably from year to year, but in a drought year it typically gets cut by about half. This year, Brandi says, it might be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen a year like this when it’s not only dry but the irrigation water is so scarce,” Brandi says. “I think the honey production in California will likely be one of the lowest levels we’ve seen in a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile wholesale honey prices are the highest Brandi has ever seen, averaging $2 a pound. That’s great for beekeepers, he says, if only they had more to sell.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Mountain meadows that would normally be covered with wildflowers have nothing to offer the bees this year, as the flowers lie dormant in the drought. Beekeepers are looking at drastically reduced production, and in some cases are just trying to keep their bees alive.\r\n",
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"description": "Mountain meadows that would normally be covered with wildflowers have nothing to offer the bees this year, as the flowers lie dormant in the drought. Beekeepers are looking at drastically reduced production, and in some cases are just trying to keep their bees alive.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18342\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\" alt=\"A beekeeper for Bradshaw Honey Farm wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees. The bees don't have enough wildflowers to make honey. Instead, owner David Bradshaw is just trying to keep his bees alive.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Chris DePrada wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees for Bradshaw Honey Farm.(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are hard times for honeybees; colonies are collapsing for reasons ranging from pesticides to parasites. And with this year’s pitiful rainfall in California, bees are facing another plight: There’s a lot less natural forage to make honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second-generation beekeeper David Bradshaw pulls his truck up alongside wooden boxes of beehives on a farm outside the Central Valley town of Visalia. Soon, a loud mechanical sound – some would say a beekeeper’s buzz kill – drowns out the lively drone of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pump,” explains Bradshaw. His hungry insects aren’t getting enough natural nectar, so Bradshaw has to feed them. “It sucks the syrup blend out of that tank, and pumps it into that garden hose. Then we go from hive to hive and fill up these little feeders here. They hold about a gallon of syrup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw will spend about $80,000 on artificial nectar this summer just to keep his colonies from starving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a normal year, Bradshaw takes his bees to hills laden with wildflowers. But this year, those hills are bone dry and they look barren. Plants are mostly dormant, and that means the natural nectar production line is shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When wildflowers do bloom, they make nectar from sugar and water. Bees use the nectar to make honey. But a drought means less water, less nectar and less honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Bradshaw is keeping his bees on the valley floor. In addition to the syrup, he’s feeding them a doughy protein supplement: soy flour, brewer’s yeast, vitamins and minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18343 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees a doughy protein supplement in addition to a sugary syrup. Bradshaw says he'll spend about $80,000 to feed his bees this summer. Typically he would take them to hills laden with wildflowers but this year those hills are bone dry because of the drought. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The protein supplement that beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees sits on top of a hive. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s good enough to keep the bees going, but it’s no substitute for the nectar used to make honey. That’s one reason Bradshaw sent 700 of his hives to Kansas, to feast on bee pastures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just load them up on a semi truck and send them off,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like sending his kids off to summer camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry! If they run into some bad weather where it gets too hot,” Bradshaw says. “You don’t want to be stuck on the side of the road in a broken truck with a bunch of angry bees in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can tell the bees are hungry.’ \u003ccite>— David Bradshaw, Beekeeper\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw’s been keeping bees for 40 years. His 3,800 hives typically produce about 250 barrels of honey a year. In the past three years, because of the drought and lack of wildflower nectar, his bees have been producing one-tenth of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell the bees are hungry,” Bradshaw says. “They’re all over the truck. If there was nectar available, they wouldn’t even be around the truck. They smell the syrup there so they’re all over it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His bees fed, Bradshaw gets back in his truck. As he drives over a bridge spanning an empty riverbed, he says small packers from Santa Cruz to Ojai have called him begging for honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially the more exotic honeys like sage honey or buckwheat honey,” he says. “Even alfalfa honey is gonna be in very, very short supply this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops like alfalfa and cotton are less abundant this year because there’s not enough water to irrigate them. So beekeepers are leaning heavily on one crop: oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beekeeper Steve Godlin watches the sticky orange blossom honey move slowly down a chute at his warehouse outside the little town of Exeter, not far from the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to the production line where the wax gets separated from the honey and the honey gets pumped down to a tank. “That’s where we fill the barrels,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In wet years, Godlin runs his bees from the Coast Ranges to the Mojave Desert and he can make a million pounds of honey. This year he’ll produce half that much, and with less variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On those wet years, there’s sage, buckwheat, blue curl, tarweed, manzanita, a lot of different plants,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On dry years, oranges are his best bet. But oranges are a crowded field. Beekeepers come from all over the country to plant their hives amid the sweet-smelling orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody and their brother wanted to bring their bees to the oranges,” Godlin says. “I do my best to protect my areas but it’s a free country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene Brandi, vice president of the American Beekeeping Federation, says California is typically a major honey-producing state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In years when California receives adequate rainfall and especially in years when California receives above-normal rainfall, like the El Niño years, California is the number one honey-producing state in the nation,” Brandi says. “We’ve done that many times in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honey production in the state varies considerably from year to year, but in a drought year it typically gets cut by about half. This year, Brandi says, it might be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen a year like this when it’s not only dry but the irrigation water is so scarce,” Brandi says. “I think the honey production in California will likely be one of the lowest levels we’ve seen in a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile wholesale honey prices are the highest Brandi has ever seen, averaging $2 a pound. That’s great for beekeepers, he says, if only they had more to sell.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Fourth Drought Year for California: What Are the Odds?",
"headTitle": "A Fourth Drought Year for California: What Are the Odds? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8915_Drought_JoshC-4450-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18427\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8915_Drought_JoshC-4450-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at San Luis Reservoir in February, 2014. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at San Luis Reservoir in February, 2014. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vegas has nothing on Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As talk turns to whether California’s drought will \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/11/drought-outlook-disasterous-consequences-if-2015-is-dry/\">stretch into a fourth year\u003c/a>, two co-founders of the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis decided to handicap it. Their conclusion: don’t bet on wet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Lund, who specializes in the engineering side of water and geologist Jeff Mount, now a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, looked at more than a hundred years of precipitation records and drought patterns in the Sacramento Valley, and calculate that the chances of another winter with below-average precipitation to be nearly three in four. Lund and Mount figure there’s about a one-in-four chance of a “critically dry” year, using the five-category nomenclature of state water managers. “There’s a good chance that if you’re in a dry year this year, you’ll be in a dry year next year,” says Lund. They write on the center’s \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS - post\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/\">California Water Blog\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, there’s a 71 percent chance that next [water] year will be Below Normal or drier and only a 29 percent chance of experiencing an Above Normal or Wet year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on 106 years of record, only 13 percent of years have been Critically Dry. But the odds facing California for next year aren’t as good. In the Sacramento Valley — the state’s largest source of water supply — there’s a 29 percent chance that the 2014-15 water year will also be Critically Dry, and a 64 percent chance that it will be Dry or Critically Dry — not favorable conditions for water management.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, I asked Lund if history is a reliable gauge anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well if history is no gauge, then maybe it’s a 50-50 chance,” says Lund. “But I think history is probably a better gauge than we’d like to think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 592px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/DroughtOdds_CWS_table1_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18436\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/DroughtOdds_CWS_table1_crop.jpg\" alt=\"(Center for Watershed Sciences, U. C. Davis)\" width=\"592\" height=\"372\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Center for Watershed Sciences, U. C. Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clearly as things stand, anything on the dry side would be bad news. “Even if we have a wet year next year, we’re not out of the drought,” warns Mount, a specialist in river hydrology. “We’ve drawn down so much on our groundwater, we have such low reserves within our reservoirs, and our soils are very, very dry.” The two say that the likelihood of a longer drought isn’t merely statistical. For instance, after an extended dry spell, soils tend to soak up more of the rain that does fall, and that reduces runoff into reservoirs. The current 2014 “water year” (ending September 30) is on track to be the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund and Mount agree that betting on El Niño to bring rain and snow is \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">a chump’s game\u003c/a>. In fact, says Mount, he and Lund were motivated to make their calculations in part because of all the “media froth” over the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/08/california-drought-hopes-rising-for-el-nino/\">prospects for a rainmaking El Niño\u003c/a> condition in the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could actually hear the response of people saying, ‘We’re going to have an El Niño next year, so everything’s going to be fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not necessarily, says Mount, noting that Central and Northern California lie “at the swing point,” where effects from the legendary oscillation are less predictable than in far Southern California or the Pacific Northwest. As for the Las Vegas metaphor, “Only a fool would make book on the weather,” cautions Mount. “Our predictive capacity for year-to-year weather is very, very low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8915_Drought_JoshC-4450-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18427\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8915_Drought_JoshC-4450-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at San Luis Reservoir in February, 2014. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at San Luis Reservoir in February, 2014. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vegas has nothing on Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As talk turns to whether California’s drought will \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/11/drought-outlook-disasterous-consequences-if-2015-is-dry/\">stretch into a fourth year\u003c/a>, two co-founders of the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis decided to handicap it. Their conclusion: don’t bet on wet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Lund, who specializes in the engineering side of water and geologist Jeff Mount, now a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, looked at more than a hundred years of precipitation records and drought patterns in the Sacramento Valley, and calculate that the chances of another winter with below-average precipitation to be nearly three in four. Lund and Mount figure there’s about a one-in-four chance of a “critically dry” year, using the five-category nomenclature of state water managers. “There’s a good chance that if you’re in a dry year this year, you’ll be in a dry year next year,” says Lund. They write on the center’s \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS - post\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/\">California Water Blog\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, there’s a 71 percent chance that next [water] year will be Below Normal or drier and only a 29 percent chance of experiencing an Above Normal or Wet year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on 106 years of record, only 13 percent of years have been Critically Dry. But the odds facing California for next year aren’t as good. In the Sacramento Valley — the state’s largest source of water supply — there’s a 29 percent chance that the 2014-15 water year will also be Critically Dry, and a 64 percent chance that it will be Dry or Critically Dry — not favorable conditions for water management.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, I asked Lund if history is a reliable gauge anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well if history is no gauge, then maybe it’s a 50-50 chance,” says Lund. “But I think history is probably a better gauge than we’d like to think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 592px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/DroughtOdds_CWS_table1_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18436\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/DroughtOdds_CWS_table1_crop.jpg\" alt=\"(Center for Watershed Sciences, U. C. Davis)\" width=\"592\" height=\"372\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Center for Watershed Sciences, U. C. Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clearly as things stand, anything on the dry side would be bad news. “Even if we have a wet year next year, we’re not out of the drought,” warns Mount, a specialist in river hydrology. “We’ve drawn down so much on our groundwater, we have such low reserves within our reservoirs, and our soils are very, very dry.” The two say that the likelihood of a longer drought isn’t merely statistical. For instance, after an extended dry spell, soils tend to soak up more of the rain that does fall, and that reduces runoff into reservoirs. The current 2014 “water year” (ending September 30) is on track to be the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund and Mount agree that betting on El Niño to bring rain and snow is \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">a chump’s game\u003c/a>. In fact, says Mount, he and Lund were motivated to make their calculations in part because of all the “media froth” over the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/08/california-drought-hopes-rising-for-el-nino/\">prospects for a rainmaking El Niño\u003c/a> condition in the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could actually hear the response of people saying, ‘We’re going to have an El Niño next year, so everything’s going to be fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not necessarily, says Mount, noting that Central and Northern California lie “at the swing point,” where effects from the legendary oscillation are less predictable than in far Southern California or the Pacific Northwest. As for the Las Vegas metaphor, “Only a fool would make book on the weather,” cautions Mount. “Our predictive capacity for year-to-year weather is very, very low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS3535_IMG_4245-scr-e1402709630380.jpg\" alt=\"Oracle's headquarters in Redwood Shores is built on landfill in an area that was once marsh. (Molly Samuel/KQED with aerial support from LightHawk)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oracle’s headquarters in Redwood Shores is built on landfill in an area that was once marsh. (Molly Samuel/KQED with aerial support from LightHawk)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rising seas will likely lead to unprecedented flooding along parts of California’s coast within 20-60 years, according to new research by Climate Central.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driven by climate change, global sea levels have already risen several inches over the past century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help people learn about flooding risks in their communities, \u003ca href=\"http://ss2.climatecentral.org/index.html#9/37.7631/-122.0856?show=satellite&level=3&pois=show\">Climate Central\u003c/a> has released a new version of an online tool that explores flood risks by zip code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using an interactive map, Bay Area residents can zoom in on their region to find out if flooding will impact their homes as well as nearby schools, power plants, and hospitals. The “\u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Surging Seas\u003c/a>” website includes an interactive map, graphics, and other information to help people better understand the potential risks of sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The online tool also highlights who will be affected by severe flooding. Ngoc Nguyen of \u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/news/environment/sea-level-rise/index.php\">New America Media\u003c/a>, which collaborated on the interactive tool, says that low-income and communities of color will be most impacted by sea level rise. “We found that communities are responding, but there is a dangerous information gap about sea level rise and policies to address it among impacted ethnic communities,” says Nguyen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the map below, you can adjust the blue water level slider to see how rising water will affect coastal land. But don’t crank the slider up to 10 just yet. According to Dr. Ben Strauss of Climate Central, setting the water level to 3 feet will give a more realistic view of Bay Area flooding risks in the next few decades. Zoom in on San Mateo County and you can see how it could be ground zero for flooding in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0px;width: 100%;height: 530px\" src=\"http://ss2.climatecentral.org/widget.html#9/37.7631/-122.0856?show=satellite&level=3&pois=show\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using projected sea level rise and historic storm data, Climate Central’s research found that floods would reach greater than 3 feet above the high tide line every year by 2060 at study sites from San Diego to Los Angeles, and by 2070 in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Strauss, the interactive map should not be taken as a specific prediction of what is to come, but rather as an indication of future flood risk. Drawing on data from more than 10 federal agencies, Climate Central is creating tools for every coastal state in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS3535_IMG_4245-scr-e1402709630380.jpg\" alt=\"Oracle's headquarters in Redwood Shores is built on landfill in an area that was once marsh. (Molly Samuel/KQED with aerial support from LightHawk)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oracle’s headquarters in Redwood Shores is built on landfill in an area that was once marsh. (Molly Samuel/KQED with aerial support from LightHawk)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rising seas will likely lead to unprecedented flooding along parts of California’s coast within 20-60 years, according to new research by Climate Central.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driven by climate change, global sea levels have already risen several inches over the past century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help people learn about flooding risks in their communities, \u003ca href=\"http://ss2.climatecentral.org/index.html#9/37.7631/-122.0856?show=satellite&level=3&pois=show\">Climate Central\u003c/a> has released a new version of an online tool that explores flood risks by zip code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using an interactive map, Bay Area residents can zoom in on their region to find out if flooding will impact their homes as well as nearby schools, power plants, and hospitals. The “\u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Surging Seas\u003c/a>” website includes an interactive map, graphics, and other information to help people better understand the potential risks of sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The online tool also highlights who will be affected by severe flooding. Ngoc Nguyen of \u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/news/environment/sea-level-rise/index.php\">New America Media\u003c/a>, which collaborated on the interactive tool, says that low-income and communities of color will be most impacted by sea level rise. “We found that communities are responding, but there is a dangerous information gap about sea level rise and policies to address it among impacted ethnic communities,” says Nguyen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the map below, you can adjust the blue water level slider to see how rising water will affect coastal land. But don’t crank the slider up to 10 just yet. According to Dr. Ben Strauss of Climate Central, setting the water level to 3 feet will give a more realistic view of Bay Area flooding risks in the next few decades. Zoom in on San Mateo County and you can see how it could be ground zero for flooding in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0px;width: 100%;height: 530px\" src=\"http://ss2.climatecentral.org/widget.html#9/37.7631/-122.0856?show=satellite&level=3&pois=show\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using projected sea level rise and historic storm data, Climate Central’s research found that floods would reach greater than 3 feet above the high tide line every year by 2060 at study sites from San Diego to Los Angeles, and by 2070 in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Strauss, the interactive map should not be taken as a specific prediction of what is to come, but rather as an indication of future flood risk. Drawing on data from more than 10 federal agencies, Climate Central is creating tools for every coastal state in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Berkeley Considers CO2 Warning Labels at Gas Pumps",
"headTitle": "Berkeley Considers CO2 Warning Labels at Gas Pumps | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18370\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/gaspump_hosetalker2-e1402694020933.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18370 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/gaspump_hosetalker2-e1402694020933.jpg\" alt=\"A working concept of a gas pump climate change warning labels that the City of Berkeley is considering. (Courtesy 350 Bay Area)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A working concept of gas pump climate change warning labels that the City of Berkeley is considering. (Courtesy Raymond Pajek)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The City of Berkeley is considering requiring gas stations to display climate change warning labels on gas pumps. Environmental group \u003ca href=\"http://www.350bayarea.org/\">350 Bay Area\u003c/a>, which is leading the “Beyond The Pump” campaign, says the goal is to inform the public about the harmful effects of CO2 emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to change the social context of burning gasoline,” says Jamie Brooks, with 350 Bay Area. Putting messages at the point of sale of gas will influence human behavior, he says. He compared the proposed stickers to the warning labels on cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18384\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Gas-Label-cropped-image1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18384 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Gas-Label-cropped-image1.jpg\" alt=\"A working concept of Berkeley's gas pump warning label. (Courtesy Raymond Pajek)\" width=\"298\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A working concept of Berkeley’s gas pump warning label. (Credit: 350 Bay Area)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Western States Petroleum Association sent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Planning_and_Development/Level_3_-_Commissions/Commission_for_Community_Environmental_Advisory/2014%2006%2012_CEAC_AGN_Item%20XII.b.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> to the City of Berkeley arguing that the ordinance is unconstitutional. The oil lobby group says it would violate a gas station owner’s right to free speech by compelling them to display statements about “alleged” impacts of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 350 members say the labels would simply cite state laws, such as AB 32, which state that emissions are harmful to humans and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that the message is accurate and noncontroversial,” said Jack Fleck, a retired transportation engineer and 350 Bay Area member. “It is simply a fact that the state has found that greenhouse gases pose a serious threat to the public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Community_Environmental_Advisory_Commission/\">Community Environmental Advisory Commission\u003c/a> voted Thursday in favor of drafting an ordinance. The city council could vote on the proposal as early as this fall.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Environmentalists want Berkeley drivers to see a connection between pumping gas and dumping carbon into the atmosphere.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18370\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/gaspump_hosetalker2-e1402694020933.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18370 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/gaspump_hosetalker2-e1402694020933.jpg\" alt=\"A working concept of a gas pump climate change warning labels that the City of Berkeley is considering. (Courtesy 350 Bay Area)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A working concept of gas pump climate change warning labels that the City of Berkeley is considering. (Courtesy Raymond Pajek)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The City of Berkeley is considering requiring gas stations to display climate change warning labels on gas pumps. Environmental group \u003ca href=\"http://www.350bayarea.org/\">350 Bay Area\u003c/a>, which is leading the “Beyond The Pump” campaign, says the goal is to inform the public about the harmful effects of CO2 emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to change the social context of burning gasoline,” says Jamie Brooks, with 350 Bay Area. Putting messages at the point of sale of gas will influence human behavior, he says. He compared the proposed stickers to the warning labels on cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18384\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Gas-Label-cropped-image1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18384 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Gas-Label-cropped-image1.jpg\" alt=\"A working concept of Berkeley's gas pump warning label. (Courtesy Raymond Pajek)\" width=\"298\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A working concept of Berkeley’s gas pump warning label. (Credit: 350 Bay Area)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Western States Petroleum Association sent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Planning_and_Development/Level_3_-_Commissions/Commission_for_Community_Environmental_Advisory/2014%2006%2012_CEAC_AGN_Item%20XII.b.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> to the City of Berkeley arguing that the ordinance is unconstitutional. The oil lobby group says it would violate a gas station owner’s right to free speech by compelling them to display statements about “alleged” impacts of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 350 members say the labels would simply cite state laws, such as AB 32, which state that emissions are harmful to humans and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that the message is accurate and noncontroversial,” said Jack Fleck, a retired transportation engineer and 350 Bay Area member. “It is simply a fact that the state has found that greenhouse gases pose a serious threat to the public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Community_Environmental_Advisory_Commission/\">Community Environmental Advisory Commission\u003c/a> voted Thursday in favor of drafting an ordinance. The city council could vote on the proposal as early as this fall.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Not Ready for Influx of Oil Trains, Says Report",
"headTitle": "California’s Not Ready for Influx of Oil Trains, Says Report | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/tankcarsrichmond-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars parked in Richmond. BNSF Railway has been bringing crude oil to this railyard. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trains carrying oil can pose serious risks to public safety and the environment, and California isn’t prepared, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardousMaterials/Pages/Oil-By-Rail.aspx\">report released by state agencies\u003c/a> this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude-by-rail is a growing concern, as an oil boom in North Dakota has meant increasing amounts of crude traveling to refineries by rail. A series of fiery derailments in the past year, including one that killed 47 people in a Quebec town, has focused attention on the need to prevent accidents and be prepared for emergency response.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Even though we haven’t had an accident, which is great, we want to be able to respond to it when there is an accident.’\u003ccite>— Kelly Huston, Office of Emergency Services\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The report warns that a derailment in California could kill people, destroy neighborhoods, damage water supplies and threaten natural areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though we haven’t had an accident, which is great, we want to be able to respond to it when there is an accident,” said Kelly Huston, a deputy director at the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (OES). “With the increase in the amount of crude oil on rail coming through California’s cities and counties, we believe there should be some increased training for first responders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was released by an inter-agency group that includes the OES, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife and the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), among others. It recommends boosting funding for emergency responder training, and for equipment to handle hazardous material accidents. It also supports an item in Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget that would provide more money to the Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response, which has focused on marine oil spills in the past, but is now preparing for the possibility of inland spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not all about accident response; there are also recommendations for prevention. Most rail regulation is up to the federal government; the CPUC helps enforce safety rules with its own rail inspectors. There are 52 of them, responsible for monitoring more than 5,400 miles of track in the state. “This staffing level is seriously inadequate,” the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul King, deputy director for the rail safety at the CPUC, said the Governor’s budget aims to help. “To meet the volume of trains and the magnitude of the risk that [crude-by-rail] presents,” King said, “the Governor has put in his budget for extra staffing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ac3ac42f887db458c1a7bc05dd24482c”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other gaps the state cannot fill alone. As the CPUC pointed out \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/7945B5AC-B200-431B-A8C4-648AB1BEAB2D/0/2013AnnualReporttotheLegRNCV.pdf\">in a report released last year\u003c/a>, there is only one federal railroad bridge inspector for 11 Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also raised the need for more information. As of last weekend, railroads that are transporting large shipments of Bakken, the volatile crude oil from North Dakota, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/06/crude-by-rail-more-information-coming-to-california/\">must notify states\u003c/a>. Huston of the OES said he got the first batch of documents Monday, but he said they’re of limited use and not timely enough. He said the OES is following up with BNSF and the federal Department of Transportation, the agency that issued the notification order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huston said he’d also like to see a map that the public could access, showing where the oil train shipments are headed. The railroads are \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/06/09/6470835/fight-over-crude-oil-transports.html\">resisting releasing information\u003c/a> about crude shipments to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of California’s oil comes either from within the state or overseas, and travels to refineries here by pipeline or ship. And that’s still the case. According the the California Energy Commission, only about one percent of California’s crude came by train in 2013. But trains carrying oil are becoming more frequent, and the CEC projects that by 2016, trains could be bringing in about 23 percent of California’s crude.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Crude-by-rail has been a growing concern as an oil boom in North Dakota has meant more and more crude is traveling to refineries by rail. A series of fiery derailments in the past year has focused attention on the need for accident prevention and emergency response preparation. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/tankcarsrichmond-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars parked in Richmond. BNSF Railway has been bringing crude oil to this railyard. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trains carrying oil can pose serious risks to public safety and the environment, and California isn’t prepared, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardousMaterials/Pages/Oil-By-Rail.aspx\">report released by state agencies\u003c/a> this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude-by-rail is a growing concern, as an oil boom in North Dakota has meant increasing amounts of crude traveling to refineries by rail. A series of fiery derailments in the past year, including one that killed 47 people in a Quebec town, has focused attention on the need to prevent accidents and be prepared for emergency response.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Even though we haven’t had an accident, which is great, we want to be able to respond to it when there is an accident.’\u003ccite>— Kelly Huston, Office of Emergency Services\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The report warns that a derailment in California could kill people, destroy neighborhoods, damage water supplies and threaten natural areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though we haven’t had an accident, which is great, we want to be able to respond to it when there is an accident,” said Kelly Huston, a deputy director at the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (OES). “With the increase in the amount of crude oil on rail coming through California’s cities and counties, we believe there should be some increased training for first responders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was released by an inter-agency group that includes the OES, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife and the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), among others. It recommends boosting funding for emergency responder training, and for equipment to handle hazardous material accidents. It also supports an item in Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget that would provide more money to the Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response, which has focused on marine oil spills in the past, but is now preparing for the possibility of inland spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not all about accident response; there are also recommendations for prevention. Most rail regulation is up to the federal government; the CPUC helps enforce safety rules with its own rail inspectors. There are 52 of them, responsible for monitoring more than 5,400 miles of track in the state. “This staffing level is seriously inadequate,” the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul King, deputy director for the rail safety at the CPUC, said the Governor’s budget aims to help. “To meet the volume of trains and the magnitude of the risk that [crude-by-rail] presents,” King said, “the Governor has put in his budget for extra staffing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other gaps the state cannot fill alone. As the CPUC pointed out \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/7945B5AC-B200-431B-A8C4-648AB1BEAB2D/0/2013AnnualReporttotheLegRNCV.pdf\">in a report released last year\u003c/a>, there is only one federal railroad bridge inspector for 11 Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also raised the need for more information. As of last weekend, railroads that are transporting large shipments of Bakken, the volatile crude oil from North Dakota, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/06/crude-by-rail-more-information-coming-to-california/\">must notify states\u003c/a>. Huston of the OES said he got the first batch of documents Monday, but he said they’re of limited use and not timely enough. He said the OES is following up with BNSF and the federal Department of Transportation, the agency that issued the notification order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huston said he’d also like to see a map that the public could access, showing where the oil train shipments are headed. The railroads are \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/06/09/6470835/fight-over-crude-oil-transports.html\">resisting releasing information\u003c/a> about crude shipments to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of California’s oil comes either from within the state or overseas, and travels to refineries here by pipeline or ship. And that’s still the case. According the the California Energy Commission, only about one percent of California’s crude came by train in 2013. But trains carrying oil are becoming more frequent, and the CEC projects that by 2016, trains could be bringing in about 23 percent of California’s crude.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Biodegradable Plastics: Too Good to Be True?",
"title": "Biodegradable Plastics: Too Good to Be True?",
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"content": "\u003cp>The next time you drop a bottle marketed as biodegradable into your reusable grocery bag, pause. \u003ca href=\"http://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/bio-plastics-not-so-good-biodegrading-ohio-state-study\" target=\"_blank\">New research\u003c/a> shows that not all of these plastics are made equal: some don’t actually biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution is a global issue. Long-lasting plastics \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/campaign/recycling-landfills\" target=\"_blank\">cramp landfills\u003c/a>, pile up in city streets, and create toxic problems in rivers, oceans, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/Portals/34/document/newspdfs/n_cdd_leachate_evaluation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">drinking water\u003c/a>. Americans generate over 30 million tons of plastic waste each year, and only 8 percent of that is recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, plastics are the largest component going into the waste stream, according to recycling expert \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/home/recycle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Terrie Termeer with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. \u003c/a>Concerns about this influx throughout the U.S. have given rise to a new kind of “biodegradable” plastic, which Termeer says is gaining in popularity. Companies are actively designing products that degrade quickly and that are sometimes made from plant feedstocks, appealing to consumers who don’t want to leave behind piles of waste or use materials that are “bad” for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers picked up on the trend, too, some of whom felt it was cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was always curious about, you know, do they actually biodegrade?” said \u003ca href=\"http://fabe.osu.edu/our-people/frederick-michel-jr\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Michel\u003c/a>, a waste-management expert and professor at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradability, a measure of how well something breaks down in compost, soil, or landfills, is an ambiguous term at best. Everything biodegrades completely over time, but your car might take a few thousand years longer to fall apart than, say, a tissue. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has attempted to clarify the term to prevent misleading advertising, but the definition is complex. According to the FTC, a product is biodegradable if it breaks down in certain environments, like compost bins, within a \"reasonable\" amount of time. But each environment dictates different interpretations of “reasonable.” Ultimately, the FTC notes that no matter where something breaks down, it needs to be completely returned to nature within a one-year timeframe in order to be marketed as “degradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70919\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp-431x360.jpg\" alt=\"Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene.\" width=\"364\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene. Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make a plastic biodegradable, manufacturers have started putting in additives that supposedly allow even the sturdiest plastics to degrade in a backyard compost pile. To Michel, this seemed like an example of \u003ca href=\"http://hbr.org/product/the-drivers-of-greenwashing/an/CMR494-PDF-ENG?N=4294958507&Ntt=+&Nao=1540\" target=\"_blank\">greenwashing\u003c/a>-- a term that refers to misleading marketing tactics that appeal to the Captain Planet in each of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was skeptical about it from the beginning because those materials don’t usually biodegrade,” Michel said. “It’s difficult to imagine a material you could add to them that would magically make them biodegradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, biodegradable additives work by \u003ca href=\"http://www.goecopure.com/technology/\" target=\"_blank\">attracting microbes that in turn attract more microbes\u003c/a>, increasing the rate of degradation. Some manufacturers also claim the additives are organic and nontoxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michel reviewed the research but was unable to find evidence to support manufacturers’ claims, so he ran his own experiment. Michel and his team rounded up all sorts of plastics to test their biodegradability: a motley collection of natural fibers, petroleum-based materials with the biodegradability additives, and plastics that shouldn’t biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391013003066\" target=\"_blank\">results of the research\u003c/a>, published in December 2013, were disconcerting. Traditional plastics with the “biodegradable” additives didn’t break down any more quickly than those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t surprised,” Michel said, “but it’s just interesting that there are materials in the market like that, that have claims that don’t seem to be justified in our testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC soon caught wind of the results and began investigating ECM BioFilms, an Ohio-based manufacturer that makes a plastic additive analyzed in Michel’s experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ECM investigation, which remains tied up in court, represents the first time the FTC has ever pursued plastic biodegradability claims. Meanwhile, the FTC has also begun a closed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/05/ftc-approves-final-order-settling-charges-company-made-misleading\" target=\"_blank\">investigation into plastic bag manufacturer American Plastic Manufacturing, Inc.\u003c/a> for misleading claims, which might set precedent for future interactions with plastic manufacturers. Manufacturers of other materials have been charged \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/10/ftc-cracks-down-misleading-unsubstantiated-environmental\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of thousands of dollars in civil penalties\u003c/a> for misleading marketing, but as a first-time offender, \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/advertising_science/blog/plastic_companys_unscientific_biodegradability_claims_barred_by_ftc-135566\" target=\"_blank\">APM was not fined but simply ordered to stop making false claims. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, the marketplace is full of these misleading claims,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.msu.edu/user/narayan/\" target=\"_blank\">Ramani Narayan\u003c/a>, a biochemical engineering professor at Michigan State University and chairman of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">ASTM Subcommittee\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bpiworld.org/BPI-Public\" target=\"_blank\">Biodegradable Products Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helped develop international biodegradability standards. He says it’s often difficult to come across strong research about plastics, but he is pleased with Michel’s paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has given very clear scientific data,” he said. “It’s shown that nothing happens [when these additives are used].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But greenwashing isn’t always deliberate. The language surrounding “bio-friendliness” is so complex that many are just plain confused, said Michel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to there being confusion among consumers about how these materials may be recycled or composted -- or where they end up -- there's also a certain amount of confusion among industries that are trying to become more sustainable and develop more sustainable products, about the end of life of these materials and products, and how they can best address their sustainability goals with these materials,” Michel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have their products tested and certified by the Biodegradability Products Institute. Those confused about particulars can look to the FTC’s \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong>, documents that outline what the agency might perceive as deceptive practices. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/10/ftc-issues-revised-green-guides\" target=\"_blank\">The FTC revised the guides in 2012\u003c/a> based on input from consumers who wanted to buy “green” products more intelligently, and enhanced its investigations accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70923\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70923\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph-508x360.jpg\" alt=\"The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did?\" width=\"414\" height=\"293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did? Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Being certified by the Institute isn’t mandated, and the \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong> aren’t rules. You can market any product as biodegradable even if it’s not. There is, however, risk of civil lawsuits. If your product seems fishy, the FTC will investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michel isn’t content to simply police eco-friendly claims. He hopes his team’s work gets consumers to consider whether they know how to use plastics correctly, or what these “green” terms even mean. Words like “bioplastic” and “biodegradable” are often used interchangeably, when in fact each implies a very specific method of creation or disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know that something is a bioplastic, all you really know is that it is something made from plant feedstocks. On the other hand, if you know that something is biodegradable, you may not know what it’s made from, but you do have insight into what might happen to it in certain environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have much information about the lifecycles of new biodegradable plastics, and what we do know isn’t widely understood by the public. For instance, not all bioplastics are biodegradable, and leaving one in your compost pile would be a bad move. Worse, if people think biodegradable products can biodegrade anywhere, they might send them to landfills. Biodegradable products usually release carbon dioxide, but if they land in an anaerobic landfill environment, they release methane as they very slowly break down -- a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The bottom line is that you can’t count on something breaking down in your compost bin just because it’s made of coconut fiber, for example. Plastics don’t break down quickly because of what they’re made of but because of how engineers structure the molecules within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I were to draw the chemical structure of polyethylene (PET), derived from plants…or derived from petroleum fossils, [they’d be] identical,” said Narayan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to handle this might be to change package labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A way to improve things would be to have some sort of lifecycle information on the container rather than just the word 'biodegradable,'” Michel said. “How much carbon went into making that material? What are the other impacts? And then, what should be done with it to have the least environmental impact?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that's a lot for a label,” he added, “but those are the things you really need to think about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deciphering Plastic Labels\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plant-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bio-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bioplastic\u003c/strong>: Plastics that are made from one or more plant starches, including feedstocks like corn, coconut, sugarcane, and wood cellulose. Not to be confused with biodegradable. This term describes the content of the material, not how it operates. Many bioplastics biodegrade in a timely way, but not all.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Biodegradable\u003c/strong>: This term does not indicate source material. Rather, it implies that the plastic can be broken down and eaten by microbes in environments like compost piles. All things biodegrade, but some things biodegrade more quickly than others. Biodegradable materials are those that break down in certain environments like compost bins within a reasonable amount of time, as determined by the FTC.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Compostable\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics\" target=\"_blank\">Compostable products\u003c/a> are biodegradable, but even more so. When compostable products biodegrade, they often do so at a quicker pace and leave behind only \u003ca href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/humus/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">humus -- the essential component of soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Recyclable\u003c/strong>: As with biodegradable and compostable products, recyclable products can come from any number of feedstocks, but the term refers to their end-of-life situation. Recyclable products are those whose materials can be reused, either in a similar form or as part of another product. Plastics are recycled \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationofchange.org/numbers-plastic-bottles-what-do-plastic-recycling-symbols-mean-1360168347\" target=\"_blank\">according to their recycling symbol\u003c/a> -- a number 1 through 7 surrounded by three arrows in the shape of a triangle. These symbols correspond with types and structures of plastic, like vinyl (3) or polypropylene (PP).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about green vocabulary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0226-shopping-green#recyclable\" target=\"_blank\">visit the FTC\u003cstrong> Green Guides\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Products advertised as “green” aren't always what they appear to be. New research from Ohio State University adds supposedly biodegradable plastics to that list.",
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"description": "Products advertised as “green” aren't always what they appear to be. New research from Ohio State University adds supposedly biodegradable plastics to that list.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The next time you drop a bottle marketed as biodegradable into your reusable grocery bag, pause. \u003ca href=\"http://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/bio-plastics-not-so-good-biodegrading-ohio-state-study\" target=\"_blank\">New research\u003c/a> shows that not all of these plastics are made equal: some don’t actually biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution is a global issue. Long-lasting plastics \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/campaign/recycling-landfills\" target=\"_blank\">cramp landfills\u003c/a>, pile up in city streets, and create toxic problems in rivers, oceans, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/Portals/34/document/newspdfs/n_cdd_leachate_evaluation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">drinking water\u003c/a>. Americans generate over 30 million tons of plastic waste each year, and only 8 percent of that is recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, plastics are the largest component going into the waste stream, according to recycling expert \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/home/recycle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Terrie Termeer with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. \u003c/a>Concerns about this influx throughout the U.S. have given rise to a new kind of “biodegradable” plastic, which Termeer says is gaining in popularity. Companies are actively designing products that degrade quickly and that are sometimes made from plant feedstocks, appealing to consumers who don’t want to leave behind piles of waste or use materials that are “bad” for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers picked up on the trend, too, some of whom felt it was cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was always curious about, you know, do they actually biodegrade?” said \u003ca href=\"http://fabe.osu.edu/our-people/frederick-michel-jr\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Michel\u003c/a>, a waste-management expert and professor at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradability, a measure of how well something breaks down in compost, soil, or landfills, is an ambiguous term at best. Everything biodegrades completely over time, but your car might take a few thousand years longer to fall apart than, say, a tissue. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has attempted to clarify the term to prevent misleading advertising, but the definition is complex. According to the FTC, a product is biodegradable if it breaks down in certain environments, like compost bins, within a \"reasonable\" amount of time. But each environment dictates different interpretations of “reasonable.” Ultimately, the FTC notes that no matter where something breaks down, it needs to be completely returned to nature within a one-year timeframe in order to be marketed as “degradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70919\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp-431x360.jpg\" alt=\"Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene.\" width=\"364\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene. Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make a plastic biodegradable, manufacturers have started putting in additives that supposedly allow even the sturdiest plastics to degrade in a backyard compost pile. To Michel, this seemed like an example of \u003ca href=\"http://hbr.org/product/the-drivers-of-greenwashing/an/CMR494-PDF-ENG?N=4294958507&Ntt=+&Nao=1540\" target=\"_blank\">greenwashing\u003c/a>-- a term that refers to misleading marketing tactics that appeal to the Captain Planet in each of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was skeptical about it from the beginning because those materials don’t usually biodegrade,” Michel said. “It’s difficult to imagine a material you could add to them that would magically make them biodegradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, biodegradable additives work by \u003ca href=\"http://www.goecopure.com/technology/\" target=\"_blank\">attracting microbes that in turn attract more microbes\u003c/a>, increasing the rate of degradation. Some manufacturers also claim the additives are organic and nontoxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michel reviewed the research but was unable to find evidence to support manufacturers’ claims, so he ran his own experiment. Michel and his team rounded up all sorts of plastics to test their biodegradability: a motley collection of natural fibers, petroleum-based materials with the biodegradability additives, and plastics that shouldn’t biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391013003066\" target=\"_blank\">results of the research\u003c/a>, published in December 2013, were disconcerting. Traditional plastics with the “biodegradable” additives didn’t break down any more quickly than those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t surprised,” Michel said, “but it’s just interesting that there are materials in the market like that, that have claims that don’t seem to be justified in our testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC soon caught wind of the results and began investigating ECM BioFilms, an Ohio-based manufacturer that makes a plastic additive analyzed in Michel’s experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ECM investigation, which remains tied up in court, represents the first time the FTC has ever pursued plastic biodegradability claims. Meanwhile, the FTC has also begun a closed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/05/ftc-approves-final-order-settling-charges-company-made-misleading\" target=\"_blank\">investigation into plastic bag manufacturer American Plastic Manufacturing, Inc.\u003c/a> for misleading claims, which might set precedent for future interactions with plastic manufacturers. Manufacturers of other materials have been charged \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/10/ftc-cracks-down-misleading-unsubstantiated-environmental\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of thousands of dollars in civil penalties\u003c/a> for misleading marketing, but as a first-time offender, \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/advertising_science/blog/plastic_companys_unscientific_biodegradability_claims_barred_by_ftc-135566\" target=\"_blank\">APM was not fined but simply ordered to stop making false claims. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, the marketplace is full of these misleading claims,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.msu.edu/user/narayan/\" target=\"_blank\">Ramani Narayan\u003c/a>, a biochemical engineering professor at Michigan State University and chairman of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">ASTM Subcommittee\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bpiworld.org/BPI-Public\" target=\"_blank\">Biodegradable Products Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helped develop international biodegradability standards. He says it’s often difficult to come across strong research about plastics, but he is pleased with Michel’s paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has given very clear scientific data,” he said. “It’s shown that nothing happens [when these additives are used].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But greenwashing isn’t always deliberate. The language surrounding “bio-friendliness” is so complex that many are just plain confused, said Michel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to there being confusion among consumers about how these materials may be recycled or composted -- or where they end up -- there's also a certain amount of confusion among industries that are trying to become more sustainable and develop more sustainable products, about the end of life of these materials and products, and how they can best address their sustainability goals with these materials,” Michel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have their products tested and certified by the Biodegradability Products Institute. Those confused about particulars can look to the FTC’s \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong>, documents that outline what the agency might perceive as deceptive practices. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/10/ftc-issues-revised-green-guides\" target=\"_blank\">The FTC revised the guides in 2012\u003c/a> based on input from consumers who wanted to buy “green” products more intelligently, and enhanced its investigations accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70923\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70923\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph-508x360.jpg\" alt=\"The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did?\" width=\"414\" height=\"293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did? Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Being certified by the Institute isn’t mandated, and the \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong> aren’t rules. You can market any product as biodegradable even if it’s not. There is, however, risk of civil lawsuits. If your product seems fishy, the FTC will investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michel isn’t content to simply police eco-friendly claims. He hopes his team’s work gets consumers to consider whether they know how to use plastics correctly, or what these “green” terms even mean. Words like “bioplastic” and “biodegradable” are often used interchangeably, when in fact each implies a very specific method of creation or disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know that something is a bioplastic, all you really know is that it is something made from plant feedstocks. On the other hand, if you know that something is biodegradable, you may not know what it’s made from, but you do have insight into what might happen to it in certain environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have much information about the lifecycles of new biodegradable plastics, and what we do know isn’t widely understood by the public. For instance, not all bioplastics are biodegradable, and leaving one in your compost pile would be a bad move. Worse, if people think biodegradable products can biodegrade anywhere, they might send them to landfills. Biodegradable products usually release carbon dioxide, but if they land in an anaerobic landfill environment, they release methane as they very slowly break down -- a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The bottom line is that you can’t count on something breaking down in your compost bin just because it’s made of coconut fiber, for example. Plastics don’t break down quickly because of what they’re made of but because of how engineers structure the molecules within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I were to draw the chemical structure of polyethylene (PET), derived from plants…or derived from petroleum fossils, [they’d be] identical,” said Narayan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to handle this might be to change package labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A way to improve things would be to have some sort of lifecycle information on the container rather than just the word 'biodegradable,'” Michel said. “How much carbon went into making that material? What are the other impacts? And then, what should be done with it to have the least environmental impact?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that's a lot for a label,” he added, “but those are the things you really need to think about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deciphering Plastic Labels\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plant-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bio-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bioplastic\u003c/strong>: Plastics that are made from one or more plant starches, including feedstocks like corn, coconut, sugarcane, and wood cellulose. Not to be confused with biodegradable. This term describes the content of the material, not how it operates. Many bioplastics biodegrade in a timely way, but not all.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Biodegradable\u003c/strong>: This term does not indicate source material. Rather, it implies that the plastic can be broken down and eaten by microbes in environments like compost piles. All things biodegrade, but some things biodegrade more quickly than others. Biodegradable materials are those that break down in certain environments like compost bins within a reasonable amount of time, as determined by the FTC.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Compostable\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics\" target=\"_blank\">Compostable products\u003c/a> are biodegradable, but even more so. When compostable products biodegrade, they often do so at a quicker pace and leave behind only \u003ca href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/humus/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">humus -- the essential component of soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Recyclable\u003c/strong>: As with biodegradable and compostable products, recyclable products can come from any number of feedstocks, but the term refers to their end-of-life situation. Recyclable products are those whose materials can be reused, either in a similar form or as part of another product. Plastics are recycled \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationofchange.org/numbers-plastic-bottles-what-do-plastic-recycling-symbols-mean-1360168347\" target=\"_blank\">according to their recycling symbol\u003c/a> -- a number 1 through 7 surrounded by three arrows in the shape of a triangle. These symbols correspond with types and structures of plastic, like vinyl (3) or polypropylene (PP).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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