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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/07/20140721science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Miille_Bakken1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19557\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Miille_Bakken1.jpg\" alt=\"A BNSF train with tank cars crosses a trestle in the Feather River Canyon in Northern California. (Courtesy of Jake Miille)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A BNSF train with tank cars crosses a trestle in the Feather River Canyon in Northern California. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Friday, July 25:\u003c/strong> On Wednesday, the federal Department of Transportation \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/23/feds-propose-new-safety-rules-for-oil-trains/\">proposed new regulations\u003c/a> aimed at improving the safety of trains carrying oil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original story (Monday, July 21):\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe number of trains carrying crude oil across California is increasing rapidly, and two official reports say the state is not ready. Regulators are preparing, with funds for disaster response and more track inspectors, but they’re limited in how much they can do to make rail transport safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My view is it’s pretty undeniably bringing in extra risks to the state,” said Paul King, deputy director for rail safety at the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These trains explode,” King said. “If that were to happen in a town, there’s no telling the damage. And of course we know what happened in little Lac-Mégantic.” That’s the town in Quebec where a train carrying crude from North Dakota’s Bakken formation derailed last July. The explosion killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These trains explode.’\u003ccite>— Paul King, California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bakken crude is volatile. In the past year, trains transporting crude from the Bakken have also exploded in North Dakota, Virginia and Alabama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trains carrying Bakken crude traverse California, too, bringing the oil to refineries here. And while the CPUC regulates rail in California, the state can’t actually do much when it comes telling the railroads how they can operate. Almost all of those rules are up to the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Our Hands in California Are Tied’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state can’t set speed limits on crude oil trains. It can’t tell railroads to choose less hazardous routes. It can’t tell oil companies not to bring trains carrying the volatile crude through cities. It can’t tell oil companies to ship that crude in stronger tank cars. It can’t require upgraded braking systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither can local governments, though the cities of Davis, Richmond and Berkeley have all passed resolutions expressing their opposition to the transport of crude oil by rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I almost feel like our hands in California are tied, yet all these trains are going through our communities,” State Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson, a democrat from Santa Barbara, said at a hearing last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trains carried nearly 6.3 million barrels of oil into California in 2013. That’s more than five times more than in 2012. According to the California Energy Commission, by 2016 that number could balloon to more than 100 million barrels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there’s an oil boom in the middle part of the continent, and to get that crude from Alberta and North Dakota to California, oil companies have to use trains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19558\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/lacmegantic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19558\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/lacmegantic.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighters douse blazes after in Lac-Megantic on July 6, 2013. (François Laplante-Delagrave/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters douse blazes in Lac-Megantic on July 6, 2013. (François Laplante-Delagrave/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Steps Towards Safer Shipping\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are ways to make the trains safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the tank cars used to transport crude oil, including the volatile Bakken crude, are old, and can’t protect against explosions. After the disaster in Lac-Mégantic, \u003ca href=\"https://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/railsafety/tsb-2014-962.html\">Canada required\u003c/a> that the most dangerous of the cars — the same tank cars that carry as much as 82 percent of crude oil in the U.S. — be removed from service, and that the rest be retrofitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is considering stricter tank car standards. Last week, the advocacy group Earthjustice sent a \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/PetitionforEmergencyOrderReBakkenCrudeRailCars.pdf\">letter to the U.S. Department of Transportation\u003c/a>, urging the agency to move faster by issuing an emergency order immediately banning the use of the unsafe cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California can’t require any of this. The CPUC intends to urge the DOT to “move expeditiously” to update its tank car regulations. That, and other recommendations, are laid out in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardousMaterials/Pages/Oil-By-Rail.aspx\">recent report on crude-by-rail\u003c/a> safety in the state. The state wants the feds to require that there be newer braking technology on oil trains and a GPS-based system that prevents accidents on oil train routes. According to King, the CPUC will submit those recommendations to the Federal Railroad Administration soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The railroads have already adopted some \u003ca href=\"https://www.aar.org/newsandevents/Press-Releases/Pages/Freight-Railroads-Join-U-S-Transportation-Secretary-Foxx-in-Announcing-Industry-Crude-By-Rail-Safety-Initiative.aspx#.U8huG7GU58E\">voluntary safety measures\u003c/a>, including lower speed limits and increased track inspections. And Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, the company that is currently transporting large amounts of Bakken crude in California, is asking railcar manufacturers to submit bids to build 5,000 safer cars. (The railroads typically don’t own the cars used to ship material; the oil companies themselves either own or lease them.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CPUC has done one of the main things it can: hire more railroad safety inspectors. The CPUC keeps a list of the most hazardous sections of track, and according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/06621650-B00C-42F5-ABA2-AE617FF39392/0/RailroadLocalSafetyHazardAnnualReportfor2013Final7114.pdf\">a recent report\u003c/a>, the most frequent cause of derailments at those sites are track problems. The new state budget adds seven positions, bringing the CPUC’s inspection staff to 38. CPUC staff checks all the tracks in California once a year and, going forward, will check the tracks on Bakken oil train routes twice a year.[contextly_sidebar id=”sRuVMXrfcyA2EbJyn8ugfGCUznnKPsll”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Past Disaster\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California once tried to introduce stricter railroad regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, 1991, a train derailed in Northern California at a bend in the track where it crosses the Upper Sacramento River, near the town of Dunsmuir. It spilled 19,000 gallons of a pesticide called metam sodium into the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It killed everything down to the bacteria,” said Mark Stopher, who was hired by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to assess the damage to the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poison killed more than a million fish, and every insect and plant in the river for 40 miles. “Nobody’s ever seen anything like that before,” he said. In \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/k4UucmnSXSo\">video\u003c/a> from the time, you can see fish struggling to escape the river and get into tributaries. Stopher said they all died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a blow to the heart to lose the river,” said Phil Dietrich, executive director of a conservation group called River Exchange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Upper Sacramento had been a popular fishing destination. So when the fish were gone, the tourists, and their money, disappeared too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was a pulse of poison; metam sodium doesn’t linger. A few years later, the fish were back. The tourists are back, too. It could have been worse, if what spilled had been a substance that lasts in the environment for a longer time. Oil, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the accident, the CPUC tried to require stronger track at Cantara Loop, to keep it from happening again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were trying to adopt regulations where there were none,” said King. But they couldn’t. The railroad sued the CPUC, and eventually the court sided with the railroad, reinforcing the Federal Railroad Administration’s jurisdiction. There is a large rail in place on the bridge now, to help keep trains from derailing into the river. According to the CPUC, there have been four derailments in the area since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our role is limited,” King said. “Our role is to ensure that the regulations that the federal government has in place are followed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beefing Up Clean-Up \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the the state can’t do all it wants to keep an accident from happening, it can prepare to respond to one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, dozens of fire fighters, public health experts and Red Cross volunteers gathered near Cantara Loop to run a drill. The scenario was that an oil train had collided with an illegal marijuana grower’s truck at the site of the ’91 spill. The truck wrecked, and the train derailed and spilled oil into the river. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters pulled the casualties (volunteers marked with paint) away from the scene, a helicopter brought tools to treat people who’d been doused in dangerous chemicals and a team deployed a drone to get a view of the (largely imaginary) disaster scene from above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to make sure California’s prepared to respond,” said Alexia Rettalack of California’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR). “Spills happen. When product moves, things happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OSPR got more money in this year’s budget, so that it can prepare for inland oil spills. Until now, the agency focused only on marine accidents. The state Office of Emergency Services is also looking for ways to better prepare emergency responders, many of whom are volunteers, for an oil train explosion. And state lawmakers are considering a couple of crude-by-rail bills that would improve emergency responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dietrich emphasizes that what happened in Dunsmuir in 1991 was a rare event, and yet, the memory lingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to we care about our river and about our towns,” he said. “And we hope that the agencies and the railroad are on top of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state can't set speed limits on trains. It can't tell railroads to choose less hazardous routes. It can't tell oil companies not to bring trains carrying volatile crude through cities. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Miille_Bakken1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19557\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Miille_Bakken1.jpg\" alt=\"A BNSF train with tank cars crosses a trestle in the Feather River Canyon in Northern California. (Courtesy of Jake Miille)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A BNSF train with tank cars crosses a trestle in the Feather River Canyon in Northern California. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Friday, July 25:\u003c/strong> On Wednesday, the federal Department of Transportation \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/23/feds-propose-new-safety-rules-for-oil-trains/\">proposed new regulations\u003c/a> aimed at improving the safety of trains carrying oil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original story (Monday, July 21):\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe number of trains carrying crude oil across California is increasing rapidly, and two official reports say the state is not ready. Regulators are preparing, with funds for disaster response and more track inspectors, but they’re limited in how much they can do to make rail transport safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My view is it’s pretty undeniably bringing in extra risks to the state,” said Paul King, deputy director for rail safety at the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These trains explode,” King said. “If that were to happen in a town, there’s no telling the damage. And of course we know what happened in little Lac-Mégantic.” That’s the town in Quebec where a train carrying crude from North Dakota’s Bakken formation derailed last July. The explosion killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These trains explode.’\u003ccite>— Paul King, California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bakken crude is volatile. In the past year, trains transporting crude from the Bakken have also exploded in North Dakota, Virginia and Alabama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trains carrying Bakken crude traverse California, too, bringing the oil to refineries here. And while the CPUC regulates rail in California, the state can’t actually do much when it comes telling the railroads how they can operate. Almost all of those rules are up to the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Our Hands in California Are Tied’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state can’t set speed limits on crude oil trains. It can’t tell railroads to choose less hazardous routes. It can’t tell oil companies not to bring trains carrying the volatile crude through cities. It can’t tell oil companies to ship that crude in stronger tank cars. It can’t require upgraded braking systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither can local governments, though the cities of Davis, Richmond and Berkeley have all passed resolutions expressing their opposition to the transport of crude oil by rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I almost feel like our hands in California are tied, yet all these trains are going through our communities,” State Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson, a democrat from Santa Barbara, said at a hearing last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trains carried nearly 6.3 million barrels of oil into California in 2013. That’s more than five times more than in 2012. According to the California Energy Commission, by 2016 that number could balloon to more than 100 million barrels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there’s an oil boom in the middle part of the continent, and to get that crude from Alberta and North Dakota to California, oil companies have to use trains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19558\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/lacmegantic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19558\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/lacmegantic.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighters douse blazes after in Lac-Megantic on July 6, 2013. (François Laplante-Delagrave/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters douse blazes in Lac-Megantic on July 6, 2013. (François Laplante-Delagrave/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Steps Towards Safer Shipping\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are ways to make the trains safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the tank cars used to transport crude oil, including the volatile Bakken crude, are old, and can’t protect against explosions. After the disaster in Lac-Mégantic, \u003ca href=\"https://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/railsafety/tsb-2014-962.html\">Canada required\u003c/a> that the most dangerous of the cars — the same tank cars that carry as much as 82 percent of crude oil in the U.S. — be removed from service, and that the rest be retrofitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is considering stricter tank car standards. Last week, the advocacy group Earthjustice sent a \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/PetitionforEmergencyOrderReBakkenCrudeRailCars.pdf\">letter to the U.S. Department of Transportation\u003c/a>, urging the agency to move faster by issuing an emergency order immediately banning the use of the unsafe cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California can’t require any of this. The CPUC intends to urge the DOT to “move expeditiously” to update its tank car regulations. That, and other recommendations, are laid out in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardousMaterials/Pages/Oil-By-Rail.aspx\">recent report on crude-by-rail\u003c/a> safety in the state. The state wants the feds to require that there be newer braking technology on oil trains and a GPS-based system that prevents accidents on oil train routes. According to King, the CPUC will submit those recommendations to the Federal Railroad Administration soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The railroads have already adopted some \u003ca href=\"https://www.aar.org/newsandevents/Press-Releases/Pages/Freight-Railroads-Join-U-S-Transportation-Secretary-Foxx-in-Announcing-Industry-Crude-By-Rail-Safety-Initiative.aspx#.U8huG7GU58E\">voluntary safety measures\u003c/a>, including lower speed limits and increased track inspections. And Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, the company that is currently transporting large amounts of Bakken crude in California, is asking railcar manufacturers to submit bids to build 5,000 safer cars. (The railroads typically don’t own the cars used to ship material; the oil companies themselves either own or lease them.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CPUC has done one of the main things it can: hire more railroad safety inspectors. The CPUC keeps a list of the most hazardous sections of track, and according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/06621650-B00C-42F5-ABA2-AE617FF39392/0/RailroadLocalSafetyHazardAnnualReportfor2013Final7114.pdf\">a recent report\u003c/a>, the most frequent cause of derailments at those sites are track problems. The new state budget adds seven positions, bringing the CPUC’s inspection staff to 38. CPUC staff checks all the tracks in California once a year and, going forward, will check the tracks on Bakken oil train routes twice a year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Past Disaster\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California once tried to introduce stricter railroad regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, 1991, a train derailed in Northern California at a bend in the track where it crosses the Upper Sacramento River, near the town of Dunsmuir. It spilled 19,000 gallons of a pesticide called metam sodium into the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It killed everything down to the bacteria,” said Mark Stopher, who was hired by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to assess the damage to the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poison killed more than a million fish, and every insect and plant in the river for 40 miles. “Nobody’s ever seen anything like that before,” he said. In \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/k4UucmnSXSo\">video\u003c/a> from the time, you can see fish struggling to escape the river and get into tributaries. Stopher said they all died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a blow to the heart to lose the river,” said Phil Dietrich, executive director of a conservation group called River Exchange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Upper Sacramento had been a popular fishing destination. So when the fish were gone, the tourists, and their money, disappeared too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was a pulse of poison; metam sodium doesn’t linger. A few years later, the fish were back. The tourists are back, too. It could have been worse, if what spilled had been a substance that lasts in the environment for a longer time. Oil, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the accident, the CPUC tried to require stronger track at Cantara Loop, to keep it from happening again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were trying to adopt regulations where there were none,” said King. But they couldn’t. The railroad sued the CPUC, and eventually the court sided with the railroad, reinforcing the Federal Railroad Administration’s jurisdiction. There is a large rail in place on the bridge now, to help keep trains from derailing into the river. According to the CPUC, there have been four derailments in the area since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our role is limited,” King said. “Our role is to ensure that the regulations that the federal government has in place are followed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beefing Up Clean-Up \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the the state can’t do all it wants to keep an accident from happening, it can prepare to respond to one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, dozens of fire fighters, public health experts and Red Cross volunteers gathered near Cantara Loop to run a drill. The scenario was that an oil train had collided with an illegal marijuana grower’s truck at the site of the ’91 spill. The truck wrecked, and the train derailed and spilled oil into the river. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters pulled the casualties (volunteers marked with paint) away from the scene, a helicopter brought tools to treat people who’d been doused in dangerous chemicals and a team deployed a drone to get a view of the (largely imaginary) disaster scene from above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to make sure California’s prepared to respond,” said Alexia Rettalack of California’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR). “Spills happen. When product moves, things happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OSPR got more money in this year’s budget, so that it can prepare for inland oil spills. Until now, the agency focused only on marine accidents. The state Office of Emergency Services is also looking for ways to better prepare emergency responders, many of whom are volunteers, for an oil train explosion. And state lawmakers are considering a couple of crude-by-rail bills that would improve emergency responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dietrich emphasizes that what happened in Dunsmuir in 1991 was a rare event, and yet, the memory lingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to we care about our river and about our towns,” he said. “And we hope that the agencies and the railroad are on top of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Katharine Mieszkowski\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"CIR - main\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\">The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RS10794_3329-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RS10794_3329-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Crops being watered near Tule Lake in northern California. The Tulelake Irrigation District is one threatened with legal action by environmentalists. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crops being watered near Tulelake in northern California. The Tulelake Irrigation District was once threatened with legal action by environmentalists. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After largely ignoring a conservation law passed during the last drought, some of California’s largest agricultural water districts are facing a lawsuit that would force them to measure how much water farmers use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2009 law was designed to push the state’s biggest water users to conserve by closely monitoring their use. Then, the state’s agricultural water districts are supposed to charge the farmers, at least in part, based on that use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state doesn’t actually know how many agricultural water districts are meeting the new requirements or even inching toward doing so, because \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/sb7/docs/2014/7714%20AWMP_AgencyListLocation_Color.pdf\">more than 20 of them\u003c/a> have failed to turn in what’s called a water management plan. The plans were due more than 18 months ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Law Foundation, an Oakland nonprofit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1217473-environmental-law-foundation-letters-to-districts.html\">sent letters\u003c/a> Friday to the management of nearly two dozen districts that the state listed as not following the law. With the state facing a historic drought, the nonprofit is threatening legal action before the end of the month if districts don’t prove they’re complying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially in this time of drought, everybody needs to pull their weight,” said James Wheaton, the foundation’s board president and legal director. “The Legislature five years ago ordered agricultural water districts to take the most fundamental, simple conservation measures, which are make a plan, measure how much water and price it accordingly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economic theory behind the 2009 law is that if you aren’t paying for how much water you actually use, you have little incentive to use less. Most residents of California, whose water use is metered, have long seen their actual water consumption reflected in their bills. With agriculture, which accounts for 80 percent of the water that humans use in the state, it is a different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Law Foundation decided to file suit after The Center of Investigative Reporting \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201405280850/b\">revealed in May\u003c/a> that agricultural districts were \u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/reports/amid-drought-laws-track-californias-biggest-water-users-ignored-6390\">widely ignoring two water laws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers at the agricultural districts in question say they’re already using water efficiently and the drought is forcing them to be even more careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We comply with the vast majority of what the law requires. We just haven’t filed some paperwork to document it,” said Robert Kunde, engineer-manager for the Wheeler Ridge-Maricopa Water Storage District in Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district is investing its time and money in coping with the drought, he said. It provides water to more than 72,000 acres of farmland at the southern end of the San JoaquinValley, where Kunde says water prices have tripled because of the drought. “If that’s not an economic driver for conserving water, there isn’t any one available.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts simply decided not to bother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While districts that have not turned in their water management plans have lost access to $472 million in state grants, there is little else the state can do to force them to comply. But under the law, a third party, like the Environmental Law Foundation, can sue districts that fail to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ll respond. I just don’t know how yet.’ \u003ccite>— Mark Mulkay, Western Canal Water Dist.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some districts say they’re already following the law while others say they’re getting there. Nine of the 22 districts targeted by the nonprofit have provided documentation to the group that they’re following the law and will not be sued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Trimble, general manager of the Western Canal Water District in Oroville, said his district is working on creating a regional plan with other water districts in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Mulkay, general manager of the Kern Delta Water District in Bakersfield, said his district has been measuring water deliveries and charging customers on that basis since the district was created in 1965. But he’s not sure whether the district’s water management planning meets the state requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll respond,” he said. “I just don’t know how yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Andrew Donohue and Robert Salladay. It was copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca title=\"CIR - main\" href=\"http://www.cironline.org\">The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, an independent, nonprofit newsroom based in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mieszkowski can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:kmieszkowski@cironline.org\">kmieszkowski@cironline.org\u003c/a>. Follow her on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003cem>@kmieszkowski.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Katharine Mieszkowski\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"CIR - main\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\">The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RS10794_3329-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RS10794_3329-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Crops being watered near Tule Lake in northern California. The Tulelake Irrigation District is one threatened with legal action by environmentalists. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crops being watered near Tulelake in northern California. The Tulelake Irrigation District was once threatened with legal action by environmentalists. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After largely ignoring a conservation law passed during the last drought, some of California’s largest agricultural water districts are facing a lawsuit that would force them to measure how much water farmers use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2009 law was designed to push the state’s biggest water users to conserve by closely monitoring their use. Then, the state’s agricultural water districts are supposed to charge the farmers, at least in part, based on that use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state doesn’t actually know how many agricultural water districts are meeting the new requirements or even inching toward doing so, because \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/sb7/docs/2014/7714%20AWMP_AgencyListLocation_Color.pdf\">more than 20 of them\u003c/a> have failed to turn in what’s called a water management plan. The plans were due more than 18 months ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Law Foundation, an Oakland nonprofit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1217473-environmental-law-foundation-letters-to-districts.html\">sent letters\u003c/a> Friday to the management of nearly two dozen districts that the state listed as not following the law. With the state facing a historic drought, the nonprofit is threatening legal action before the end of the month if districts don’t prove they’re complying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially in this time of drought, everybody needs to pull their weight,” said James Wheaton, the foundation’s board president and legal director. “The Legislature five years ago ordered agricultural water districts to take the most fundamental, simple conservation measures, which are make a plan, measure how much water and price it accordingly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economic theory behind the 2009 law is that if you aren’t paying for how much water you actually use, you have little incentive to use less. Most residents of California, whose water use is metered, have long seen their actual water consumption reflected in their bills. With agriculture, which accounts for 80 percent of the water that humans use in the state, it is a different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Law Foundation decided to file suit after The Center of Investigative Reporting \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201405280850/b\">revealed in May\u003c/a> that agricultural districts were \u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/reports/amid-drought-laws-track-californias-biggest-water-users-ignored-6390\">widely ignoring two water laws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers at the agricultural districts in question say they’re already using water efficiently and the drought is forcing them to be even more careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We comply with the vast majority of what the law requires. We just haven’t filed some paperwork to document it,” said Robert Kunde, engineer-manager for the Wheeler Ridge-Maricopa Water Storage District in Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district is investing its time and money in coping with the drought, he said. It provides water to more than 72,000 acres of farmland at the southern end of the San JoaquinValley, where Kunde says water prices have tripled because of the drought. “If that’s not an economic driver for conserving water, there isn’t any one available.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts simply decided not to bother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While districts that have not turned in their water management plans have lost access to $472 million in state grants, there is little else the state can do to force them to comply. But under the law, a third party, like the Environmental Law Foundation, can sue districts that fail to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ll respond. I just don’t know how yet.’ \u003ccite>— Mark Mulkay, Western Canal Water Dist.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some districts say they’re already following the law while others say they’re getting there. Nine of the 22 districts targeted by the nonprofit have provided documentation to the group that they’re following the law and will not be sued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Trimble, general manager of the Western Canal Water District in Oroville, said his district is working on creating a regional plan with other water districts in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Mulkay, general manager of the Kern Delta Water District in Bakersfield, said his district has been measuring water deliveries and charging customers on that basis since the district was created in 1965. But he’s not sure whether the district’s water management planning meets the state requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll respond,” he said. “I just don’t know how yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Andrew Donohue and Robert Salladay. It was copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca title=\"CIR - main\" href=\"http://www.cironline.org\">The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, an independent, nonprofit newsroom based in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mieszkowski can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:kmieszkowski@cironline.org\">kmieszkowski@cironline.org\u003c/a>. Follow her on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003cem>@kmieszkowski.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19450\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/181586432-1024x685.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19450 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/181586432-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\" \" width=\"1024\" height=\"685\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Over-watering lawns could now come with a cost.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watering your lawn or washing your car may become a lot more expensive. State regulators have approved new fines aimed at water wasters, hoping the penalties will lead to a reduction in water use amid one of the severest droughts in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2014/jul/071514_10_staffpres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New data shows \u003c/a>that even though Gov. Jerry Brown has asked Californians to cut back on water use by 20 percent earlier this year, overall water consumption actually edged up in May 2014 compared to the previous three Mays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ypoWGe7fEoicLUBXqphT4JCcapHONj4J”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board is now authorizing fines of up to $500 for excessive water use, like washing down sidewalks or too much lawn watering. It’s the first time these types of restrictions have been imposed on a statewide level. But a lot of questions remain about how they’ll play out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not creating a giant regulatory scheme where we do a lot of ‘mother may I?’ said board chair Felicia Marcus. “We’re trying to set the bar, raise the floor, to make clear to people that we are in a very serious drought and everybody should be helping out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the state isn’t telling local governments how to police the new regulations, or how much to fine violators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the people who spoke at the board’s Sacramento session backed the fines. Dan Cosgrove of Contra Costa County had concerns, though. He runs a pressure washing company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our slogan is, ‘our dirt is your gold,’” he said. “We literally clean sidewalks, we clean walls. We clean roofs. We clean hard surfaces. And they’re saying, no, you can’t clean hard surfaces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board apparently took Cosgrove’s concerns into consideration. Amended language clarified that fines are focused on sidewalk and driveway cleaning, not industrial washing operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restrictions do make it clear that cleaning tied to public health or safety is still OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations will go into effect early next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/158979821&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the state isn’t telling local governments how to police the new regulations, or how much to fine violators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the people who spoke at the board’s Sacramento session backed the fines. Dan Cosgrove of Contra Costa County had concerns, though. He runs a pressure washing company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our slogan is, ‘our dirt is your gold,’” he said. “We literally clean sidewalks, we clean walls. We clean roofs. We clean hard surfaces. And they’re saying, no, you can’t clean hard surfaces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board apparently took Cosgrove’s concerns into consideration. Amended language clarified that fines are focused on sidewalk and driveway cleaning, not industrial washing operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restrictions do make it clear that cleaning tied to public health or safety is still OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations will go into effect early next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/158979821&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DixonHay_4603.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DixonHay_4603.jpg\" alt=\"A hayfield being mowed in the Sacramento Valley. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hayfield being mowed in the Sacramento Valley. The drought has pushed up prices for alfalfa hay in California by about 20 percent, but most food prices have remained more stable. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Economists estimate that the California drought will inflict about $2.2 billion of losses on the state’s farm economy this year, including the loss of more than 17,000 jobs. \u003ca title=\"UCD - ag drought rpt\" href=\"http://bit.ly/U7vqFy\">The analysis\u003c/a>, produced by UC Davis and the consulting firm ERA Economics, projects that about 430,000 farm acres will go unplanted for lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, the same Davis study team was already projecting that the current drought would take about 410,000 acres of Central Valley farm land out of production — nearly twice the area fallowed during the 2009 drought, about doubling the agricultural job losses as well. Karen Ross, who heads California’s Department of Food and Agriculture, which commissioned the study, says this is the first time the state has attempted a thorough assessment of the socioeconomic impacts of a California drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19437 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DroughtImpactsChart_UCD.jpg\" alt=\"(UCD/ERA Economics)\" width=\"474\" height=\"348\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(UCD/ERA Economics)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the overall impact is a relatively small fraction of California’s $42 billion farm economy, economist Richard Howitt, one of the study’s co-authors, says the drought will produce “pockets of extreme deprivation,” especially in the San Joaquin Valley and the arid corner of the Valley’s farm belt known as the Tulare Basin. Ross says it’s already evident from lines forming at food banks in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Don’t count on El Niño for anything.’ \u003ccite>— Jay Lund, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Howitt says that the drought is so far having a lesser affect on food prices and is unlikely to produce shortages in supermarkets — at least not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a drought, you’re never really sure when it’s gonna end,” cautions Jay Lund, co-founder of the Center for Watershed Studies at UC Davis. His calculations \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/15/oddsmaking-on-a-fourth-drought-year-for-california/\">favor the odds of a fourth dry year\u003c/a>, with the chance of a “critically dry” year — like this one — about one in three. That’s despite talk of possible El Niño conditions forming in the Pacific, often seen mistakenly as a harbinger of rain. “Don’t count on El Niño for anything,” says Lund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groundwater at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fourth year of drought would change the game dramatically. A major reason for that is the aggressive pumping of groundwater that farmers have turned to in the absence of normal deliveries from reservoirs and canals. The Davis team estimates that increased pumping from aquifers could offset three-quarters of the surface water shortfall. But that can’t go on forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite clear that the underground groundwater is the reserve bank account,” says Howitt. “We’re like somebody who is so rich, they don’t have to balance their checkbook,” he told reporters in a briefing at the National Press Club, “because we still think we’re in a groundwater-rich era. Every other Western state has started to measure its groundwater and we don’t even measure our groundwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may well be the year that changes. California \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/22/california-edging-closer-to-regulating-groundwater-for-the-first-time/\">may be closer than ever\u003c/a> to some political consensus toward tracking and regulating groundwater pumping. By next year at this time, farmers may not have as much leeway to pump, with or without state regulation. The price of pumping is rising steadily as shrinking aquifers require deeper wells. And the Davis team estimates that in some areas, as many as 15 percent of shallower wells could run dry within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the drought relief bill under consideration in Congress, Ross said it appears to be “on pause” currently and gave it a 50-50 chance of eventual passage. Ross, Lund and Howitt are in Washington D.C. to meet with lawmakers about the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a cruel paradox, federal climate watchers reported that overall, the contiguous U.S. just had its sixth wettest June on record, though drought persists throughout much of the southwest.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Economists estimate that the drought will cost the state's farm economy about $2.2 billion this year, including the loss of more than 17,000 jobs.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DixonHay_4603.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DixonHay_4603.jpg\" alt=\"A hayfield being mowed in the Sacramento Valley. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hayfield being mowed in the Sacramento Valley. The drought has pushed up prices for alfalfa hay in California by about 20 percent, but most food prices have remained more stable. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Economists estimate that the California drought will inflict about $2.2 billion of losses on the state’s farm economy this year, including the loss of more than 17,000 jobs. \u003ca title=\"UCD - ag drought rpt\" href=\"http://bit.ly/U7vqFy\">The analysis\u003c/a>, produced by UC Davis and the consulting firm ERA Economics, projects that about 430,000 farm acres will go unplanted for lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, the same Davis study team was already projecting that the current drought would take about 410,000 acres of Central Valley farm land out of production — nearly twice the area fallowed during the 2009 drought, about doubling the agricultural job losses as well. Karen Ross, who heads California’s Department of Food and Agriculture, which commissioned the study, says this is the first time the state has attempted a thorough assessment of the socioeconomic impacts of a California drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19437 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DroughtImpactsChart_UCD.jpg\" alt=\"(UCD/ERA Economics)\" width=\"474\" height=\"348\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(UCD/ERA Economics)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the overall impact is a relatively small fraction of California’s $42 billion farm economy, economist Richard Howitt, one of the study’s co-authors, says the drought will produce “pockets of extreme deprivation,” especially in the San Joaquin Valley and the arid corner of the Valley’s farm belt known as the Tulare Basin. Ross says it’s already evident from lines forming at food banks in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Don’t count on El Niño for anything.’ \u003ccite>— Jay Lund, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Howitt says that the drought is so far having a lesser affect on food prices and is unlikely to produce shortages in supermarkets — at least not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a drought, you’re never really sure when it’s gonna end,” cautions Jay Lund, co-founder of the Center for Watershed Studies at UC Davis. His calculations \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/15/oddsmaking-on-a-fourth-drought-year-for-california/\">favor the odds of a fourth dry year\u003c/a>, with the chance of a “critically dry” year — like this one — about one in three. That’s despite talk of possible El Niño conditions forming in the Pacific, often seen mistakenly as a harbinger of rain. “Don’t count on El Niño for anything,” says Lund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groundwater at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fourth year of drought would change the game dramatically. A major reason for that is the aggressive pumping of groundwater that farmers have turned to in the absence of normal deliveries from reservoirs and canals. The Davis team estimates that increased pumping from aquifers could offset three-quarters of the surface water shortfall. But that can’t go on forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite clear that the underground groundwater is the reserve bank account,” says Howitt. “We’re like somebody who is so rich, they don’t have to balance their checkbook,” he told reporters in a briefing at the National Press Club, “because we still think we’re in a groundwater-rich era. Every other Western state has started to measure its groundwater and we don’t even measure our groundwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may well be the year that changes. California \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/22/california-edging-closer-to-regulating-groundwater-for-the-first-time/\">may be closer than ever\u003c/a> to some political consensus toward tracking and regulating groundwater pumping. By next year at this time, farmers may not have as much leeway to pump, with or without state regulation. The price of pumping is rising steadily as shrinking aquifers require deeper wells. And the Davis team estimates that in some areas, as many as 15 percent of shallower wells could run dry within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the drought relief bill under consideration in Congress, Ross said it appears to be “on pause” currently and gave it a 50-50 chance of eventual passage. Ross, Lund and Howitt are in Washington D.C. to meet with lawmakers about the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a cruel paradox, federal climate watchers reported that overall, the contiguous U.S. just had its sixth wettest June on record, though drought persists throughout much of the southwest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's New Fracking Regulations Delayed Half a Year",
"headTitle": "California’s New Fracking Regulations Delayed Half a Year | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01202-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-19306\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01202-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"An oil well next to orchards in Shafter, California, where oil companies have been fracking. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to orchards in Shafter, California. Oil companies have been fracking in this area. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s new regulations for hydraulic fracturing will be delayed by six months, after state legislators approved \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB861\">a bill\u003c/a> in late June authorizing the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">wide-reaching regulations\u003c/a> were scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2015. Now, the regulations will begin on July 1, 2015, though the Department of Conservation must still finalize them by the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators say the change will help align the efforts of two agencies that are writing the new fracking regulations. The deadlines for the agencies were spelled out in \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/sen/sb_0001-0050/sb_4_bill_20130920_chaptered.pdf\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">State Legislature passed\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to getting a permit for fracking from the Department of Conservation, oil operators will be required to write a groundwater monitoring plan that specifies how they’ll test water quality if they drill in an area with usable groundwater. The requirement was prompted by concerns that fracking could contaminate groundwater supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groundwater monitoring plans must be approved by water regulators with the State Water Quality Control Board. That agency is currently developing the criteria to judge the plans with, but it has until July 1, 2015 to create them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, it’s a logical matching up of a couple deadlines,” says Jason Marshall of the Department of Conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this hadn’t been pushed back, my department would have been getting applications for well stimulation,” he says. “And the operator would have gone to water board to get the plan approved and the water board would have said ‘You need to wait six months, because we don’t have criteria developed yet.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5697ba67ae0e6ed4824285bcba7ff081″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under temporary fracking regulations now in place, oil operators must submit groundwater monitoring plans, but currently they’re approved by oil and gas regulators under a set of more minimal requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is groundwater monitoring going on right now, but is it to the full degree that it will be in July (2015)? Probably not,” Marshall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups have mixed feelings about the timeline change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was 50 years of non-regulation, and it’s an extra six months,” says Bill Allayaud of the Environmental Working Group. “It’s not the most desirable thing, but we are getting relatively good public disclosure about fracking for the first time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hollin Kretzmann, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, says no regulation can ensure fracking is safe and he’d prefer to see it halted altogether in California. Nonetheless, he says the final regulations do include important rules that will now, unfortunately, also be delayed. Those include a requirement that oil operators monitor seismic activity during fracking and must stop operations if there’s an earthquake registering 2.0 or greater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kretzmann says it’s unusual for temporary regulations to be in place for so long. “It’s confounding that their so-called emergency regulations will now be in effect for 18 months,” he says. “Under California law, the limit for emergency regulations is 12 months, so they had to make a statutory exemption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Rid of the “Magic Wand”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill that approved the delay—what lawmakers call a trailer bill—made another change that some environmentalists are cheering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under SB 4, the fracking regulation bill, oil and gas regulators had so-called “magic wand” power to decide on the level of environmental review a fracking operation must undergo. Several environmental groups pulled their support for the bill when that provision was added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The (oil and gas) supervisor would have been able to waive environmental review based on prior environmental reviews,” Allayaud says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California oil and gas regulators are currently reviewing the potential impacts of fracking statewide in an environmental impact report. Environmental groups expressed concerned that regulators would cite this broad statewide review as an adequate basis for granting fracking permits, as opposed to requiring a more site-specific review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, under the new provision approved in late June, the level of environmental review will be decided on a case-by-case basis as permit requests come in, says the Department of Conservation’s Jason Marshall. “It’s going to depend on where in the state you’re talking about,” he says. “We have wildly differing amounts of information about the impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other agencies will also be able to weigh in on environmental impacts, under the new language. “The change makes clear that there is still opportunity for other agencies or local governments to conduct their own environmental review or impose mitigation measures,” says Kretzmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say they’ll be watching closely. “There are still going to be some questions down the road,” Allayaud says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "State lawmakers approved the delay in late June, and at the same time tightened up the environmental review process for fracking permits.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01202-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-19306\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01202-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"An oil well next to orchards in Shafter, California, where oil companies have been fracking. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to orchards in Shafter, California. Oil companies have been fracking in this area. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s new regulations for hydraulic fracturing will be delayed by six months, after state legislators approved \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB861\">a bill\u003c/a> in late June authorizing the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">wide-reaching regulations\u003c/a> were scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2015. Now, the regulations will begin on July 1, 2015, though the Department of Conservation must still finalize them by the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators say the change will help align the efforts of two agencies that are writing the new fracking regulations. The deadlines for the agencies were spelled out in \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/sen/sb_0001-0050/sb_4_bill_20130920_chaptered.pdf\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">State Legislature passed\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to getting a permit for fracking from the Department of Conservation, oil operators will be required to write a groundwater monitoring plan that specifies how they’ll test water quality if they drill in an area with usable groundwater. The requirement was prompted by concerns that fracking could contaminate groundwater supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groundwater monitoring plans must be approved by water regulators with the State Water Quality Control Board. That agency is currently developing the criteria to judge the plans with, but it has until July 1, 2015 to create them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, it’s a logical matching up of a couple deadlines,” says Jason Marshall of the Department of Conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this hadn’t been pushed back, my department would have been getting applications for well stimulation,” he says. “And the operator would have gone to water board to get the plan approved and the water board would have said ‘You need to wait six months, because we don’t have criteria developed yet.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under temporary fracking regulations now in place, oil operators must submit groundwater monitoring plans, but currently they’re approved by oil and gas regulators under a set of more minimal requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is groundwater monitoring going on right now, but is it to the full degree that it will be in July (2015)? Probably not,” Marshall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups have mixed feelings about the timeline change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was 50 years of non-regulation, and it’s an extra six months,” says Bill Allayaud of the Environmental Working Group. “It’s not the most desirable thing, but we are getting relatively good public disclosure about fracking for the first time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hollin Kretzmann, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, says no regulation can ensure fracking is safe and he’d prefer to see it halted altogether in California. Nonetheless, he says the final regulations do include important rules that will now, unfortunately, also be delayed. Those include a requirement that oil operators monitor seismic activity during fracking and must stop operations if there’s an earthquake registering 2.0 or greater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kretzmann says it’s unusual for temporary regulations to be in place for so long. “It’s confounding that their so-called emergency regulations will now be in effect for 18 months,” he says. “Under California law, the limit for emergency regulations is 12 months, so they had to make a statutory exemption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Rid of the “Magic Wand”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill that approved the delay—what lawmakers call a trailer bill—made another change that some environmentalists are cheering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under SB 4, the fracking regulation bill, oil and gas regulators had so-called “magic wand” power to decide on the level of environmental review a fracking operation must undergo. Several environmental groups pulled their support for the bill when that provision was added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The (oil and gas) supervisor would have been able to waive environmental review based on prior environmental reviews,” Allayaud says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California oil and gas regulators are currently reviewing the potential impacts of fracking statewide in an environmental impact report. Environmental groups expressed concerned that regulators would cite this broad statewide review as an adequate basis for granting fracking permits, as opposed to requiring a more site-specific review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, under the new provision approved in late June, the level of environmental review will be decided on a case-by-case basis as permit requests come in, says the Department of Conservation’s Jason Marshall. “It’s going to depend on where in the state you’re talking about,” he says. “We have wildly differing amounts of information about the impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other agencies will also be able to weigh in on environmental impacts, under the new language. “The change makes clear that there is still opportunity for other agencies or local governments to conduct their own environmental review or impose mitigation measures,” says Kretzmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say they’ll be watching closely. “There are still going to be some questions down the road,” Allayaud says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19299\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Quagga_fouled_outdrive.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19299\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Quagga_fouled_outdrive.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga_fouled_outdrive\" width=\"719\" height=\"481\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels colonize rapidly on hard surfaces such as this boat motor. (Courtesy of National Park Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently Tahoe watercraft inspectors found the highly invasive \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/quagga.shtml\">quagga mussel\u003c/a> on a boat coming from \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/invasives/quaggamussel/\">quagga-infested Lake Mead\u003c/a>. They were able to decontaminate the boat and stop the species from entering the lake. Inspector say this discovery emphasizes the importance of\u003ca href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/\"> mandatory boat inspections\u003c/a> for boaters wishing to launch their vessels into Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We have to keep our environment pristine in order for people to enjoy this beautiful resource.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Our economy depends on tourism. We have to keep our environment pristine in order for people to enjoy this beautiful resource” says Julie Regan of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a>, or TRPA. At popular tourist destinations such as Lake Tahoe, she says, invasive species are of particular concern. They have the potential to negatively impact the area not only ecologically, but also economically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the primary goals of the TRPA is to protect the lake from aquatic invasive species, says Regan. “We have one of the most protective programs in the entire united states,” she says. “We are a national model for prevention of invasive species”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/watercraft-inspector.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/watercraft-inspector.jpg\" alt=\"watercraft inspector\" width=\"228\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tahoe watercraft inspectors check that boats are clean and free of mussels. (Courtesy of Tahoe Resource Conservation District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The TRPA collaborates with the \u003ca href=\"http://tahoercd.org/\">Tahoe Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> to run a watercraft inspection program. Funding for the program is split between the federal government and fees from boaters in Lake Tahoe. Since the start of the boating season in May, inspectors have intercepted invasive species on boats 24 times. Regan describes the program as the front line of defense for protecting the lake from invasive species such as the quagga mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quagga mussels are of particular concern because they are small and hard to detect. They are prolific breeders and have the potential to change the ecology of the lake by consuming food that would otherwise go to native species. They can also cause damage to water infrastructure, potentially affecting drinking water quality for area residents. When quagga mussels do invade a water body, it is virtually impossible to eradicate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Sonner\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long accustomed to dealing with bad news “garbage” bears that become hooked on improperly stored trash at homes and businesses around Lake Tahoe, Nevada wildlife officials say they’re increasingly responding to a new kind of troublemaker they’ve started calling “drought” bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19310\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/7-9-14-Glenbrook-Bear-on-Beach-Euthenized.jpg\" alt=\"The drought is driving hungry bears like this one out of the woods and down to Lake Tahoe. (Courtesy of Nevada Department of Wildlife)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19310\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The drought is driving hungry bears like this one out of the woods and down to Lake Tahoe. (Courtesy of Nevada Department of Wildlife) \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Nevada Department of Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts have been predicting for months the lingering drought will lead to significantly more bear problems throughout the Sierra Nevada this summer. Three consecutive years of abnormally dry conditions have reduced most mountain creeks to a trickle and eliminated many natural food sources, forcing bears to greatly expand their search for food into urban neighborhoods, said Carl Lackey, chief wildlife biologist for the Nevada Department of Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, wildlife officials captured their seventh problem bear in the last 10 days at Tahoe. An eighth was hit and killed by a car last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re calling a lot of these ‘drought’ bears,” Nevada Department of Wildlife spokesman Chris Healy told The Associated Press. “These are bears that want to be wild, they are doing their best to be wild and trying to stay up in the hills, but they just don’t have any food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the bears can be relocated and released to the wild, including a 3-year-old female trapped on Tahoe’s east shore near Glenbrook early Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another bear had to be killed on Wednesday because it was trying to break into homes and cars, and even wandered onto a busy private beach in a gated community before wardens shot it with a tranquilizer dart and later euthanized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beach bear, a 3-year-old male, “was very bold in its behavior and not showing any fear of humans at all,” Healy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was approaching people on an occupied beach and actually opened a backpack and took food,” he said. “He had become a dangerous bear because of the lure of human trash.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healy said it’s a perfect example of how bears that typically don’t cause any trouble in the wild will resort to raiding garbage cans when extended drought provides no alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are doing all we can to give them a break. Our goal is to keep them alive and wild,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics argue the state is too quick to resort to euthanizing bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“NDOW is putting down way too many bears,” Ann Bryant, founder of the nonprofit organization The Bear League, told the Reno Gazette-Journal. “We don’t agree killing is the answer. It takes away the respect for bears and that is what people need to live with them.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Benicia city officials are giving people more time to comment on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BFDE9A332-542E-44C1-BBD0-A94C288675FD%7D\">proposal to bring crude oil by rail\u003c/a> to Valero’s refinery there. The Benicia Planning Commission made the decision on Thursday night after hearing two hours of testimony. All but three speakers were in favor of extending the comment period, citing summer vacations and the complexity of the project’s draft environmental impact report. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero is looking to take advantage of the North American oil boom by bringing the crude in by rail, instead of overseas by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19283\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RS2397_IMG_1928-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia is one of five refineries in the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-19283\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia is one of five refineries in the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project has raised safety concerns in the community. There have been several fiery oil train derailments in other parts of the country in the past year, and last summer a train carrying crude oil exploded in the town of Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, killing 47 people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is not going to happen here,” said Dan Broadwater, business manager for the Napa and Solano County electrical workers union. He pointed out that Valero’s Benicia refinery is one of only two refineries in the state that are recognized by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/cal_vpp/cal_vpp_index.html\">California Voluntary Protection Program\u003c/a> for its safety record. (The other is Valero’s refinery in Wilmington, a neighborhood near Long Beach.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other speakers said that it’s not just about safety at the Valero plant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe this is actually a regional issue,” Lynne Nittler, of Davis, told the commission. “Your decision here has a profound impact on those of us who live up-rail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the project is given the go-ahead, two 50-car trains a day would travel on Union Pacific tracks through the Roseville rail yard near Sacramento. Combined, they would deliver up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day to the Valero refinery, offsetting crude delivered by ship. The refinery also receives crude from the San Joaquin Valley via pipeline. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero representatives have said the trains will be scheduled so that they don’t interfere with traffic in Benicia during rush hour. Union Pacific is responsible for dispatching trains on its tracks, including Amtrak’s Capital Corridor trains, which travel the same route. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero has also said it will use upgraded tank cars, rather than older cars that have been involved in the explosive derailments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public comment period on the project now ends on September 15, a 45-day extension. Comments can be submitted to Amy Million, principal planner: amillion@ci.benicia.ca.us. Fax and snail mail address are available \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Notice_of_Availability_-_Large_Format_061314.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Benicia city officials are giving people more time to comment on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BFDE9A332-542E-44C1-BBD0-A94C288675FD%7D\">proposal to bring crude oil by rail\u003c/a> to Valero’s refinery there. The Benicia Planning Commission made the decision on Thursday night after hearing two hours of testimony. All but three speakers were in favor of extending the comment period, citing summer vacations and the complexity of the project’s draft environmental impact report. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero is looking to take advantage of the North American oil boom by bringing the crude in by rail, instead of overseas by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19283\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RS2397_IMG_1928-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia is one of five refineries in the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-19283\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia is one of five refineries in the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project has raised safety concerns in the community. There have been several fiery oil train derailments in other parts of the country in the past year, and last summer a train carrying crude oil exploded in the town of Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, killing 47 people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is not going to happen here,” said Dan Broadwater, business manager for the Napa and Solano County electrical workers union. He pointed out that Valero’s Benicia refinery is one of only two refineries in the state that are recognized by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/cal_vpp/cal_vpp_index.html\">California Voluntary Protection Program\u003c/a> for its safety record. (The other is Valero’s refinery in Wilmington, a neighborhood near Long Beach.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other speakers said that it’s not just about safety at the Valero plant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe this is actually a regional issue,” Lynne Nittler, of Davis, told the commission. “Your decision here has a profound impact on those of us who live up-rail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the project is given the go-ahead, two 50-car trains a day would travel on Union Pacific tracks through the Roseville rail yard near Sacramento. Combined, they would deliver up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day to the Valero refinery, offsetting crude delivered by ship. The refinery also receives crude from the San Joaquin Valley via pipeline. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero representatives have said the trains will be scheduled so that they don’t interfere with traffic in Benicia during rush hour. Union Pacific is responsible for dispatching trains on its tracks, including Amtrak’s Capital Corridor trains, which travel the same route. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero has also said it will use upgraded tank cars, rather than older cars that have been involved in the explosive derailments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public comment period on the project now ends on September 15, a 45-day extension. Comments can be submitted to Amy Million, principal planner: amillion@ci.benicia.ca.us. Fax and snail mail address are available \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Notice_of_Availability_-_Large_Format_061314.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "california-considering-fines-for-wasting-water",
"title": "State Officials Consider Mandatory Limits on Outdoor Watering",
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"headTitle": "State Officials Consider Mandatory Limits on Outdoor Watering | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\" alt=\"Proposed rules from state water regulators would limit outdoor watering by homeowners. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed rules from state water regulators would limit outdoor watering by homeowners. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California water officials, confronting the possibility that the state’s drought will continue into a fourth year, are proposing a strict set of new regulations that would bar residential water users from hosing down sidewalks and overwatering their lawns. Violation of the new rules could carry penalties of $500 per violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations were unveiled Wednesday in Sacramento by Felicia Marcus, chair of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She said the severity of the current drought, now in its third year, makes it imperative to crack down on wasteful water use.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_18562\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/233265512/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=false\" width=\"60%\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" align=\"alignright\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are going to see hundreds of thousands of acres of field fallowed this year,” Marcus said during a conference call with reporters. “Thousands of people out of work. We have communities struggling for water, and bathing out of buckets. We have creeks and rivers running dry. And fish and wildlife is also going to be suffering. We also don’t know when it’s going to rain again.. but it’s prudent to act as if it won’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board could adopt the new rules as early as next week. Under \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/proposed_emergency_regulations_urban_water_conservation_drought.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the proposed regulations\u003c/a>, each of the following actions would be prohibited:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(1) The application of water to outdoor landscapes in a manner that causes runoff\u003cbr>\nsuch that water flows onto adjacent property, non-irrigated areas, private and public\u003cbr>\nwalkways, roadways, parking lots, or structures;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(2) The use of a hose to wash an automobile, except where the hose is fitted with\u003cbr>\na shut-off nozzle or device attached to it that causes it to cease dispensing water\u003cbr>\nimmediately when not in use;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(3) The application of water to any hard surface, including but not limited to\u003cbr>\ndriveways, sidewalks, and asphalt; and\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(4) The use of potable water in a fountain or other decorative water feature,\u003cbr>\nexcept where the water is part of a recirculating system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(b) The taking of any action prohibited in subdivision (a) of this section is an\u003cbr>\ninfraction, punishable by a fine of up to five hundred dollars ($500) for each day in which\u003cbr>\nthe violation occurs\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The water board’s proposal gives local water agencies — for instance, the Santa Clara Valley Water District, the East Bay Municipal Utility District and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission — leeway to impose and enforce their own water-conservation rules. Urbandistricts would get 30 days to impose outdoor irrigation restrictions, either limiting outside watering to two days a week or taking “comparable measures.” The districts would also be required to file monthly reports on per capita water use among customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to take the lightest touch we can to get the point across,” Marcus said. She added that the water board wants to give “direction to the public about what we as members of the community really ought to be doing to help our fellows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Ritchie, assistant general manager of the SFPUC’s water operation, told KQED’s Mina Kim that the state’s proposed restrictions “are good things to do” given the severity of the drought and that they’re similar to measures the agency has already considered. He said his agency will weigh how to enforce the new rules and could adopt a system in which customers get warnings for first violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would be consistent with a lot of other things, even regular police and speeding,” Ritchie said. “Lots of times warnings are given instead of actual penalties. I think we’ll want to be sure the punishment fits the crime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the state is acting now because the voluntary cuts that Gov. Jerry Brown and local water districts have called for have fallen far short of their goals. Brown called for a 20 percent reduction target earlier this year. But a water board report last month said that actual water savings over the previous three years have ranged from 10 percent in the Sacramento region to 2 percent in the Bay Area to 0 percent on the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco water system has set a 10 percent voluntary conservation target for the 2.5 million people it serves, which include residents of the city, most of the Peninsula and parts of southern Alameda County. The SFPUC’s Ritchie says customers are starting to conserve more. He said systemwide water use last week was 234 million gallons, down from 272 million gallons a year ago — a 16 percent reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people are starting to get the message,” Ritchie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Mina Kim spoke to Paul Rogers, managing editor of KQED Science, about the emergency regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/158036788&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Below:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>The Associated Press’s Thursday night report on the state water board’s proposal: \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Don Thompson\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wasting water outdoors amid the state’s drought will begin hitting Californians in the wallet under get-tough restrictions being proposed by state regulators, with fines of up to $500 a day for overwatering front lawns or washing a car without a shut-off nozzle on the hose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> next week is scheduled to consider draft emergency regulations made public Tuesday. The rules are intended to put teeth into conservation efforts that so far have produced disappointing results.\u003cbr>\nMost of the regulations are aimed at reducing outdoor water use in cities and towns, which the board said accounts in some areas for more than half of residents’ daily water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations would prohibit overwatering of lawns and landscaping that causes runoff onto sidewalks or streets, washing sidewalks, driveways and other hard surfaces, using a hose to wash a vehicle unless the hose has a shut-off nozzle and using drinking water in a fountain or decorative water feature unless the water is recirculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re not doing standards here that say you have to kill your lawn. … It just means, think about it.’\u003ccite>— Felicia Marcus,\u003cbr>\nWater Resources Control Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Violations would be infractions punishable by fines of up to $500 a day, and tickets could be written by any public employee empowered to enforce laws. While $500 is the daily maximum, most cities are likely to have a sliding scale that starts with a warning and builds for repeat violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in a drought of historic proportions,” board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus said. “Many urban water users don’t realize how bad this drought is. They’re not seeing the communities that are actually running out of water. … They don’t see the streams and creeks running dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the board adopts the regulations after hearing comments during a July 15 public meeting in Sacramento, the rules would take effect immediately and remain in effect for nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They do not target indoor water use, such as doing the laundry or dishes, although some individual cities and water districts have asked or required their users to reduce overall water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the restrictions to be considered next week represent what the water board considers the minimal level of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not doing standards here that say you have to kill your lawn,” Marcus said. “It doesn’t mean you can’t take a shower. … It just means, think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the board might consider additional steps as the drought continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the proposed rules, urban water agencies would have to implement their water-shortage contingency plans to require mandatory restrictions on outdoor water use, if they have not done so already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies without such a plan would have to act within 30 days to require their residents to restrict outdoor irrigation to no more than two days each week or take other mandatory steps to conserve the same amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies that do not comply could face fines up to $10,000 each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The generally obscure State Water Resources Control Board is assuming a more high-profile role during California’s drought, which has left some communities scrambling for drinking water and led to thousands of farm acres being fallowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board usually regulates such things as wastewater and irrigation discharges to rivers and the ocean, as well as any activity that changes a waterway or harms water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the board’s five members, who are appointed by the governor, are acting under Gov. Jerry Brown’s emergency drought proclamation in January and a related executive order in April, as well as drought legislation he signed in March. Last week, for example, the board adopted a different set of emergency regulations that will accelerate enforcement of orders prohibiting some junior water rights holders from diverting water from rivers and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The additional restrictions the board will consider next week were proposed after a recent survey of water suppliers serving 25 million Californians showed that current voluntary and mandatory conservation efforts had resulted in just a 5 percent decline in use through May. Brown is seeking a 20 percent reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found 30 percent of water suppliers had imposed mandatory restrictions that include limits on outdoor irrigation, washing vehicles and filling ornamental fountains and swimming pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water use already was down the last three years because of dry conditions and poor economic conditions, and the survey found a significant reduction this May compared with the previous three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly all those who responded said they had increased their conservation outreach, while 40 percent had increased their enforcement and monitoring. Two-thirds of the suppliers are requesting 20 percent water conservation, and 7 percent changed their water rates in response to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\" alt=\"Proposed rules from state water regulators would limit outdoor watering by homeowners. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed rules from state water regulators would limit outdoor watering by homeowners. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California water officials, confronting the possibility that the state’s drought will continue into a fourth year, are proposing a strict set of new regulations that would bar residential water users from hosing down sidewalks and overwatering their lawns. Violation of the new rules could carry penalties of $500 per violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations were unveiled Wednesday in Sacramento by Felicia Marcus, chair of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She said the severity of the current drought, now in its third year, makes it imperative to crack down on wasteful water use.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_18562\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/233265512/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=false\" width=\"60%\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" align=\"alignright\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are going to see hundreds of thousands of acres of field fallowed this year,” Marcus said during a conference call with reporters. “Thousands of people out of work. We have communities struggling for water, and bathing out of buckets. We have creeks and rivers running dry. And fish and wildlife is also going to be suffering. We also don’t know when it’s going to rain again.. but it’s prudent to act as if it won’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board could adopt the new rules as early as next week. Under \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/proposed_emergency_regulations_urban_water_conservation_drought.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the proposed regulations\u003c/a>, each of the following actions would be prohibited:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(1) The application of water to outdoor landscapes in a manner that causes runoff\u003cbr>\nsuch that water flows onto adjacent property, non-irrigated areas, private and public\u003cbr>\nwalkways, roadways, parking lots, or structures;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(2) The use of a hose to wash an automobile, except where the hose is fitted with\u003cbr>\na shut-off nozzle or device attached to it that causes it to cease dispensing water\u003cbr>\nimmediately when not in use;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(3) The application of water to any hard surface, including but not limited to\u003cbr>\ndriveways, sidewalks, and asphalt; and\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(4) The use of potable water in a fountain or other decorative water feature,\u003cbr>\nexcept where the water is part of a recirculating system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(b) The taking of any action prohibited in subdivision (a) of this section is an\u003cbr>\ninfraction, punishable by a fine of up to five hundred dollars ($500) for each day in which\u003cbr>\nthe violation occurs\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The water board’s proposal gives local water agencies — for instance, the Santa Clara Valley Water District, the East Bay Municipal Utility District and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission — leeway to impose and enforce their own water-conservation rules. Urbandistricts would get 30 days to impose outdoor irrigation restrictions, either limiting outside watering to two days a week or taking “comparable measures.” The districts would also be required to file monthly reports on per capita water use among customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to take the lightest touch we can to get the point across,” Marcus said. She added that the water board wants to give “direction to the public about what we as members of the community really ought to be doing to help our fellows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Ritchie, assistant general manager of the SFPUC’s water operation, told KQED’s Mina Kim that the state’s proposed restrictions “are good things to do” given the severity of the drought and that they’re similar to measures the agency has already considered. He said his agency will weigh how to enforce the new rules and could adopt a system in which customers get warnings for first violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would be consistent with a lot of other things, even regular police and speeding,” Ritchie said. “Lots of times warnings are given instead of actual penalties. I think we’ll want to be sure the punishment fits the crime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the state is acting now because the voluntary cuts that Gov. Jerry Brown and local water districts have called for have fallen far short of their goals. Brown called for a 20 percent reduction target earlier this year. But a water board report last month said that actual water savings over the previous three years have ranged from 10 percent in the Sacramento region to 2 percent in the Bay Area to 0 percent on the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco water system has set a 10 percent voluntary conservation target for the 2.5 million people it serves, which include residents of the city, most of the Peninsula and parts of southern Alameda County. The SFPUC’s Ritchie says customers are starting to conserve more. He said systemwide water use last week was 234 million gallons, down from 272 million gallons a year ago — a 16 percent reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people are starting to get the message,” Ritchie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Mina Kim spoke to Paul Rogers, managing editor of KQED Science, about the emergency regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/158036788&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Below:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>The Associated Press’s Thursday night report on the state water board’s proposal: \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Don Thompson\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wasting water outdoors amid the state’s drought will begin hitting Californians in the wallet under get-tough restrictions being proposed by state regulators, with fines of up to $500 a day for overwatering front lawns or washing a car without a shut-off nozzle on the hose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> next week is scheduled to consider draft emergency regulations made public Tuesday. The rules are intended to put teeth into conservation efforts that so far have produced disappointing results.\u003cbr>\nMost of the regulations are aimed at reducing outdoor water use in cities and towns, which the board said accounts in some areas for more than half of residents’ daily water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations would prohibit overwatering of lawns and landscaping that causes runoff onto sidewalks or streets, washing sidewalks, driveways and other hard surfaces, using a hose to wash a vehicle unless the hose has a shut-off nozzle and using drinking water in a fountain or decorative water feature unless the water is recirculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re not doing standards here that say you have to kill your lawn. … It just means, think about it.’\u003ccite>— Felicia Marcus,\u003cbr>\nWater Resources Control Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Violations would be infractions punishable by fines of up to $500 a day, and tickets could be written by any public employee empowered to enforce laws. While $500 is the daily maximum, most cities are likely to have a sliding scale that starts with a warning and builds for repeat violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in a drought of historic proportions,” board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus said. “Many urban water users don’t realize how bad this drought is. They’re not seeing the communities that are actually running out of water. … They don’t see the streams and creeks running dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the board adopts the regulations after hearing comments during a July 15 public meeting in Sacramento, the rules would take effect immediately and remain in effect for nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They do not target indoor water use, such as doing the laundry or dishes, although some individual cities and water districts have asked or required their users to reduce overall water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the restrictions to be considered next week represent what the water board considers the minimal level of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not doing standards here that say you have to kill your lawn,” Marcus said. “It doesn’t mean you can’t take a shower. … It just means, think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the board might consider additional steps as the drought continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the proposed rules, urban water agencies would have to implement their water-shortage contingency plans to require mandatory restrictions on outdoor water use, if they have not done so already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies without such a plan would have to act within 30 days to require their residents to restrict outdoor irrigation to no more than two days each week or take other mandatory steps to conserve the same amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies that do not comply could face fines up to $10,000 each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The generally obscure State Water Resources Control Board is assuming a more high-profile role during California’s drought, which has left some communities scrambling for drinking water and led to thousands of farm acres being fallowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board usually regulates such things as wastewater and irrigation discharges to rivers and the ocean, as well as any activity that changes a waterway or harms water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the board’s five members, who are appointed by the governor, are acting under Gov. Jerry Brown’s emergency drought proclamation in January and a related executive order in April, as well as drought legislation he signed in March. Last week, for example, the board adopted a different set of emergency regulations that will accelerate enforcement of orders prohibiting some junior water rights holders from diverting water from rivers and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The additional restrictions the board will consider next week were proposed after a recent survey of water suppliers serving 25 million Californians showed that current voluntary and mandatory conservation efforts had resulted in just a 5 percent decline in use through May. Brown is seeking a 20 percent reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found 30 percent of water suppliers had imposed mandatory restrictions that include limits on outdoor irrigation, washing vehicles and filling ornamental fountains and swimming pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water use already was down the last three years because of dry conditions and poor economic conditions, and the survey found a significant reduction this May compared with the previous three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly all those who responded said they had increased their conservation outreach, while 40 percent had increased their enforcement and monitoring. Two-thirds of the suppliers are requesting 20 percent water conservation, and 7 percent changed their water rates in response to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19144\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-1-1024x877.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-1-1024x877.png\" alt=\"Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Lab will develop an implantable device that will use electrical signals to communicate with individual neurons in the brain. UCLA scientists will use the device to study and repair memory function in brain trauma patients. (Courtesy of LLNL)\" width=\"640\" height=\"549\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Lab will develop an implantable device that will use electrical signals to communicate with individual neurons in the brain. (Courtesy of LLNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Misplace your car keys? Forget to buy milk at the store? Temporary lapses in memory can be such a nuisance. But for those coping with a memory-impairing disease or traumatic brain injury, this kind of memory loss can become debilitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who has witnessed the effects of memory loss in another person knows its toll and how few options are available to treat it,” says Justin Sanchez, program manager at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, better known as DARPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday DARPA announced a new multi-million dollar effort to develop and test a new generation of therapeutic brain implants that will help service members, veterans and civilians recover from memory loss caused by brain trauma or disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This project, although it sounds a little bit Buck Rogers, is actually not far off from what’s happening already.’\u003ccite>— Robert Fisher, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here’s the tricky thing about treating memory loss: Scientists still don’t completely understand how the brain goes about capturing, storing and retrieving memories. Sure, they know that regions such as the hippocampus are important for the process. But developing precise medical interventions will require a much deeper understanding of how memory works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How deep? Try single neuron deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the DARPA-funded project, researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and UCLA are developing an implantable brain device that will be able to eavesdrop on single neurons as they communicate with their neighbors. As the researchers decipher this cryptic neural language, they will use finely tuned electrical signals to join the conversation and help restore memory function. They are slated to begin clinical trials in the final year of the four-year project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project, although it sounds a little bit Buck Rogers, is actually not far off from what’s happening already,” says Robert Fisher, professor of neurology and director of the Stanford Epilepsy Center. He’s tested similar brain implants for epilepsy patients, but is not involved in this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You need to interface with neurons on their level.’\u003ccite>— Satinderpall Pannu, LLNL\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Parkinson’s patients are already receiving neural pacemakers. And similar therapies are being studied to treat a number of conditions, not only epilepsy, but also depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while existing deep brain stimulation techniques target large groups of neurons, the new research will require technologies that can communicate with single neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to interface with neurons on their level,” says Satinderpall Pannu, director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Center for Bioengineering. Current deep brain stimulation devices have electrodes that are a hundred times bigger than individual neurons. To talk to single neurons, the electrodes need to be as small as the neurons themselves — smaller than the width of a single hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19145\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-2-1024x682.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19145\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-2-1024x682.jpeg\" alt=\"Lawrence Livermore engineers Angela Tooker and Vanessa Tolosa load silicon wafers into a metal deposition chamber during the development of the neural device. (Courtesy of LLNL)\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lawrence Livermore engineers Angela Tooker and Vanessa Tolosa load silicon wafers into a metal deposition chamber during the development of the neural device. (Courtesy of LLNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pannu and his colleagues will create the incredibly small device that the UCLA scientists need for their research and clinical trials. Pannu says the technology will be very similar to what he is \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/news/527561/military-funds-brain-computer-interfaces-to-control-feelings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently developing with UCSF scientists\u003c/a> to treat a variety of psychoneurological diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the UCLA and UCSF projects are funded by DARPA and support President Obama’s BRAIN initiative.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19144\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-1-1024x877.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-1-1024x877.png\" alt=\"Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Lab will develop an implantable device that will use electrical signals to communicate with individual neurons in the brain. UCLA scientists will use the device to study and repair memory function in brain trauma patients. (Courtesy of LLNL)\" width=\"640\" height=\"549\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Lab will develop an implantable device that will use electrical signals to communicate with individual neurons in the brain. (Courtesy of LLNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Misplace your car keys? Forget to buy milk at the store? Temporary lapses in memory can be such a nuisance. But for those coping with a memory-impairing disease or traumatic brain injury, this kind of memory loss can become debilitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who has witnessed the effects of memory loss in another person knows its toll and how few options are available to treat it,” says Justin Sanchez, program manager at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, better known as DARPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday DARPA announced a new multi-million dollar effort to develop and test a new generation of therapeutic brain implants that will help service members, veterans and civilians recover from memory loss caused by brain trauma or disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This project, although it sounds a little bit Buck Rogers, is actually not far off from what’s happening already.’\u003ccite>— Robert Fisher, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here’s the tricky thing about treating memory loss: Scientists still don’t completely understand how the brain goes about capturing, storing and retrieving memories. Sure, they know that regions such as the hippocampus are important for the process. But developing precise medical interventions will require a much deeper understanding of how memory works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How deep? Try single neuron deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the DARPA-funded project, researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and UCLA are developing an implantable brain device that will be able to eavesdrop on single neurons as they communicate with their neighbors. As the researchers decipher this cryptic neural language, they will use finely tuned electrical signals to join the conversation and help restore memory function. They are slated to begin clinical trials in the final year of the four-year project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project, although it sounds a little bit Buck Rogers, is actually not far off from what’s happening already,” says Robert Fisher, professor of neurology and director of the Stanford Epilepsy Center. He’s tested similar brain implants for epilepsy patients, but is not involved in this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You need to interface with neurons on their level.’\u003ccite>— Satinderpall Pannu, LLNL\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Parkinson’s patients are already receiving neural pacemakers. And similar therapies are being studied to treat a number of conditions, not only epilepsy, but also depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while existing deep brain stimulation techniques target large groups of neurons, the new research will require technologies that can communicate with single neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to interface with neurons on their level,” says Satinderpall Pannu, director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Center for Bioengineering. Current deep brain stimulation devices have electrodes that are a hundred times bigger than individual neurons. To talk to single neurons, the electrodes need to be as small as the neurons themselves — smaller than the width of a single hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19145\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-2-1024x682.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19145\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RAM-2-1024x682.jpeg\" alt=\"Lawrence Livermore engineers Angela Tooker and Vanessa Tolosa load silicon wafers into a metal deposition chamber during the development of the neural device. (Courtesy of LLNL)\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lawrence Livermore engineers Angela Tooker and Vanessa Tolosa load silicon wafers into a metal deposition chamber during the development of the neural device. (Courtesy of LLNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pannu and his colleagues will create the incredibly small device that the UCLA scientists need for their research and clinical trials. Pannu says the technology will be very similar to what he is \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/news/527561/military-funds-brain-computer-interfaces-to-control-feelings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently developing with UCSF scientists\u003c/a> to treat a variety of psychoneurological diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the UCLA and UCSF projects are funded by DARPA and support President Obama’s BRAIN initiative.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0728-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18975 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0728-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The Department of Water Resources and UC Davis held a training for landscapers in Walnut Creek. They did a demonstration on measuring the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Department of Water Resources and UC Davis held a training for landscapers in Walnut Creek. The workshop included a demonstration on how to tell whether your sprinkler is delivering more water than the soil can absorb. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What’s better: water your lawn for 20 minutes, or water your lawn for four minutes, five times a day? If you think it doesn’t make a difference, think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water conservation experts say the clay soil predominant in the Bay Area can’t absorb water as fast as some sprinklers put it out—and that’s your opportunity to save water and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscaping makes up half the water bill for most homeowners, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">researchers at University of California, Davis\u003c/a>. And it’s often the most wasteful piece of the water picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/events/industry/get-ahead-workshop/riverside/Get%20Ahead%20or%20Get%20Parched\">state-sponsored workshop\u003c/a> on how to conserve water in yards and gardens, trainer Jim Borneman handed around a high aerial photo showing a lawn that was being watered for so long, water was pouring out across the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem,” Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most landscapes are over-watered by about 50 percent, according to water conservationist Scott Sommerfeld with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>, and some are over-watered by as much as 400 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sommerfeld, who spoke at the workshop about how to interpret your water bill, said most customers he talks to don’t really know how much water they’re using, even though EBMUD prints a “water budget” on bills for irrigation customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is right there, and nobody seems to look at that,” he said. “There’s a huge opportunity [to save] in irrigation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem.’\u003ccite>— Jim Borneman, water conservation trainer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Center for Urban Horticulture\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">holding trainings\u003c/a> across the state for landscapers and homeowners to make their watering systems more efficient. The workshops are held in English and Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscapers for government, commercial and private properties attended a recent workshop in Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residential landscape designer Robert Dye came to learn how to maintain his clients’ yards in Contra Costa County, where the water district has requested a that customers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/customerservice/drought2.asp\">voluntarily reduce water use by 15 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s trying to keep their yards alive and survive this mess,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trainer Jim Borneman, who works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewing1.com/\">Ewing Irrigation and Landscape Products\u003c/a>, led a sold-out session for about 100 landscapers, demonstrating how to measure the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system and check to be sure it’s watering evenly. He said landscapers want to learn how to conserve water, because their livelihoods depend upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18976\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 312px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18976 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Jamie Bayona (left) with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson (middle), a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"312\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jamie Bayona with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson, a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A dead lawn doesn’t need to be mowed,” Borneman said, “and the gardener who used to take care of that has to look for employment elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borneman emphasized that spray-head sprinklers should never run for more than four minutes at a time, because clay soil can only absorb so much water. Handing around photos of sprinklers irrigating lawns and showing the excess water pooling on the sidewalk, Borneman said sprinklers should run on several timed cycles throughout the day, in order to avoid runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matching application rates to soil intake rates—that’s what we have to do,” he told the audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the minimal equipment needed to ensure your lawn is watered evenly, forty to fifty percent of sprinkler systems have never been checked for water pressure and spacing of the sprinklers, Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis’ \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">landscaping resources page\u003c/a> offers tips for everyone from home gardeners to professionals.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most landscapes are over-watered by about 50 percent, according to water conservationist Scott Sommerfeld with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>, and some are over-watered by as much as 400 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sommerfeld, who spoke at the workshop about how to interpret your water bill, said most customers he talks to don’t really know how much water they’re using, even though EBMUD prints a “water budget” on bills for irrigation customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is right there, and nobody seems to look at that,” he said. “There’s a huge opportunity [to save] in irrigation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem.’\u003ccite>— Jim Borneman, water conservation trainer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Center for Urban Horticulture\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">holding trainings\u003c/a> across the state for landscapers and homeowners to make their watering systems more efficient. The workshops are held in English and Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscapers for government, commercial and private properties attended a recent workshop in Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residential landscape designer Robert Dye came to learn how to maintain his clients’ yards in Contra Costa County, where the water district has requested a that customers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/customerservice/drought2.asp\">voluntarily reduce water use by 15 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s trying to keep their yards alive and survive this mess,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trainer Jim Borneman, who works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewing1.com/\">Ewing Irrigation and Landscape Products\u003c/a>, led a sold-out session for about 100 landscapers, demonstrating how to measure the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system and check to be sure it’s watering evenly. He said landscapers want to learn how to conserve water, because their livelihoods depend upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18976\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 312px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18976 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Jamie Bayona (left) with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson (middle), a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"312\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jamie Bayona with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson, a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A dead lawn doesn’t need to be mowed,” Borneman said, “and the gardener who used to take care of that has to look for employment elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borneman emphasized that spray-head sprinklers should never run for more than four minutes at a time, because clay soil can only absorb so much water. Handing around photos of sprinklers irrigating lawns and showing the excess water pooling on the sidewalk, Borneman said sprinklers should run on several timed cycles throughout the day, in order to avoid runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matching application rates to soil intake rates—that’s what we have to do,” he told the audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the minimal equipment needed to ensure your lawn is watered evenly, forty to fifty percent of sprinkler systems have never been checked for water pressure and spacing of the sprinklers, Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis’ \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">landscaping resources page\u003c/a> offers tips for everyone from home gardeners to professionals.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\" alt=\"Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" />\u003c/a> Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption]\r\n\r\nHydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">Monterey Shale\u003c/a>.\r\n\r\nIn California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>What is it?\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nFracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">According to the oil industry\u003c/a>, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Concerns\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nEnvironmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">uses large volumes of freshwater\u003c/a>. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Where it Stands\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn November 2013, state regulators \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">released draft rules for fracking\u003c/a> that are now \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/californias-new-fracking-regulations-delayed-half-a-year/\">expected to go into effect in July 2015\u003c/a>. They followed passage of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover.\r\n\r\nUnder the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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