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"title": "Drought Outlook: 'Disastrous Consequences' If 2015 Is Dry",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18284\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8926_Drought_JoshC-4394-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18284\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8926_Drought_JoshC-4394-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"An idle tractor appears to stand vigil over fallowed farm acreage in the San Joaquin Valley. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An idle tractor appears to stand vigil over fallowed farm acreage in the San Joaquin Valley. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The assertion in a new report on California’s long-term water woes likely comes as no surprise to most Californians:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A dry 2015 would have disastrous consequences for agencies and sectors up and down the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ominous prediction is part of a “\u003ca title=\"ACWA - policy paper\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/sites/default/files/post/water-supply-challenges/2014/06/final-drought-action-report.pdf\">drought action report\u003c/a>” released this week by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, whose members manage about 90 percent of Californians’ water. The document attempts to identify key vulnerabilities to the state’s water system and offers recommendations that its authors say could stave off the worst impacts of a protracted drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hundreds of thousands of acres of annual and permanent crops throughout the state would be idled,” the report goes on, “affecting the growers, local communities, related industries and the statewide economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By example, it specifically mentions the Oakdale Irrigation District, which the report says will likely run through all its water reserves just to get through this year, “so if 2015 is dry, the district would likely need to idle nearly one-third of its acreage, or 20,000 acres.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It gets worse:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In a worst case scenario for the agricultural industry, cotton production in California’s San Joaquin Valley could cease completely, resulting in severe economic losses from crop revenue, employment, shipping and more. Even agencies with \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">access to groundwater\u003c/a> in 2014 would likely have to contend with an increasing number of challenges including reduced water quality, higher energy costs, and subsidence.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>These kinds of projections loom especially scary since there’s no way to know what next year will bring. California has had \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/megadroughts-four-points-to-put-californias-dry-times-in-perspective/\">multi-decade “megadroughts”\u003c/a> in the distant past and weathered a six-year drought from 1987-92 — but that drought did not have the precipitous nature of this one. Three years into \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/?=science_widget\">the current dry spell\u003c/a>, the state has already logged its driest calendar year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18263\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/sutterslough-4986-112_crop_DWR.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/sutterslough-4986-112_crop_DWR.jpg\" alt=\"A rock barrier to block saltwater migration in 1976. (DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rock barrier installed to block saltwater migration into the Delta in 1976. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another year like this one would almost certainly force some extreme countermeasures that officials hope to avoid. Earlier this year, plans were laid for a $30 million series of rock barriers, designed to keep saltwater from pushing deeper into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta — something that hasn’t been necessary since the epic drought of 1976-77. Officials shelved those plans when river flows perked up after some rains in February, but would most likely need to revive the plan after another dry winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The odds of another 2014 are really low.’ \u003ccite>— Jeanine Jones, DWR\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But forecasters say the odds are on our side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Statistically speaking the odds of a fourth dry year are low and the odds of ‘another 2014’ are really low,” says Jeanine Jones, deputy drought manager with the California Department of Water Resources. What’s more likely, says Jones, is a “mixed cycle” comprising several consecutive dry years, interspersed with an occasional wet one, akin to what the Colorado River has seen over the past 11 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/08/california-drought-hopes-rising-for-el-nino/\">don’t count on El Niño\u003c/a> to bail us out. Although the legendary harbinger of rain has been on everyone’s lips like a mantra lately, much of the periodic warming in the Pacific Ocean’s link to precipitation is more legend than reality. Though \u003ca title=\"NOAA - CPC - ENSO\" href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\">current forecasts\u003c/a> call for moderate El Niño conditions to be in place by this fall, the correlation between El Niño and California precipitation is relatively shaky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” says Jones, “the science of seasonal climate forecasting is not very good at this point.” It’s likely to be December or later before we have a sense of whether the drought will hang around for a fourth year. If it does, water managers don’t want to contemplate the potential mayhem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked at a Sacramento drought briefing what the farm belt was doing to gird for another drought year, Terry Erlewine, general manager of State Water Contractors said, “There’s no way you can plan for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Ottemoeller, water resources manager at the Friant Water Authority noted that whatever carry-over supply there is this year will be gone after another dry winter. “They’re probably as ready as they can be,” he said of his ag customers in the San Joaquin Valley. “Most of them are just trying to get through this year.” He also predicted that the water wars would intensify in the courts. “A lot of the preparation will be gearing up for the fight.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It gets worse:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In a worst case scenario for the agricultural industry, cotton production in California’s San Joaquin Valley could cease completely, resulting in severe economic losses from crop revenue, employment, shipping and more. Even agencies with \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">access to groundwater\u003c/a> in 2014 would likely have to contend with an increasing number of challenges including reduced water quality, higher energy costs, and subsidence.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>These kinds of projections loom especially scary since there’s no way to know what next year will bring. California has had \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/megadroughts-four-points-to-put-californias-dry-times-in-perspective/\">multi-decade “megadroughts”\u003c/a> in the distant past and weathered a six-year drought from 1987-92 — but that drought did not have the precipitous nature of this one. Three years into \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/?=science_widget\">the current dry spell\u003c/a>, the state has already logged its driest calendar year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18263\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/sutterslough-4986-112_crop_DWR.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/sutterslough-4986-112_crop_DWR.jpg\" alt=\"A rock barrier to block saltwater migration in 1976. (DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rock barrier installed to block saltwater migration into the Delta in 1976. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another year like this one would almost certainly force some extreme countermeasures that officials hope to avoid. Earlier this year, plans were laid for a $30 million series of rock barriers, designed to keep saltwater from pushing deeper into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta — something that hasn’t been necessary since the epic drought of 1976-77. Officials shelved those plans when river flows perked up after some rains in February, but would most likely need to revive the plan after another dry winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The odds of another 2014 are really low.’ \u003ccite>— Jeanine Jones, DWR\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But forecasters say the odds are on our side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Statistically speaking the odds of a fourth dry year are low and the odds of ‘another 2014’ are really low,” says Jeanine Jones, deputy drought manager with the California Department of Water Resources. What’s more likely, says Jones, is a “mixed cycle” comprising several consecutive dry years, interspersed with an occasional wet one, akin to what the Colorado River has seen over the past 11 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/08/california-drought-hopes-rising-for-el-nino/\">don’t count on El Niño\u003c/a> to bail us out. Although the legendary harbinger of rain has been on everyone’s lips like a mantra lately, much of the periodic warming in the Pacific Ocean’s link to precipitation is more legend than reality. Though \u003ca title=\"NOAA - CPC - ENSO\" href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\">current forecasts\u003c/a> call for moderate El Niño conditions to be in place by this fall, the correlation between El Niño and California precipitation is relatively shaky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” says Jones, “the science of seasonal climate forecasting is not very good at this point.” It’s likely to be December or later before we have a sense of whether the drought will hang around for a fourth year. If it does, water managers don’t want to contemplate the potential mayhem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked at a Sacramento drought briefing what the farm belt was doing to gird for another drought year, Terry Erlewine, general manager of State Water Contractors said, “There’s no way you can plan for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Ottemoeller, water resources manager at the Friant Water Authority noted that whatever carry-over supply there is this year will be gone after another dry winter. “They’re probably as ready as they can be,” he said of his ag customers in the San Joaquin Valley. “Most of them are just trying to get through this year.” He also predicted that the water wars would intensify in the courts. “A lot of the preparation will be gearing up for the fight.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What if using cloud computing to store huge amounts of genetic information led to new ways to diagnose and even treat autism? Google is offering just that kind of computing muscle, teaming up with an advocacy group called Autism Speaks. \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Google Offers Cloud Database to Aid Autism Research\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What if using cloud computing to store huge amounts of genetic information led to new ways to diagnose and even treat autism? Google is offering just that kind of computing muscle, teaming up with an advocacy group called Autism Speaks. \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Google Offers Cloud Database to Aid Autism Research\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Dueling Drought Strategies: Save More Water or Store More Water",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/TCCWD-Reservoir-3-011714-fs.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/TCCWD-Reservoir-3-011714-fs.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at a reservoir near Jenner. (Timber Cove County Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at a reservoir near Jenner. (Timber Cove County Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no doubt that in California, water is in short supply this year. How to avoid the same situation when the next drought descends is, on the other hand, a matter of debate. Two competing camps have emerged about how to boost California’s water supplies during dry times: conserve more water or build more water storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California has pursued both strategies in the past, two new reports released Tuesday make differing cases for how the state should spend limited resources to solve California’s water woes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conserve More Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water conservation could save more water than is used by all of California’s cities in a year, \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\">according to a report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Institute and the Natural Resources Defense Council, an estimated 14 million acre-feet (one acre-foot of water is about 326,000 gallons).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve hit peak water.’\u003ccite>–Peter Gleick, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California is already using more water than it has, says Peter Gleick of the Pacific Institute. In any given year, the state runs a 6 million acre-foot water deficit, according to the report. That water shortage is made up by pumping groundwater and drawing water from stressed ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve hit the wall in California,” says Gleick. “We’ve hit ‘peak water.’ Even in a normal year or a wet year, we’re overextended.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of the water savings could come from the agricultural sector, which accounts for 80 percent of water used by people in California. Switching more agricultural acres to drip irrigation and using precision scheduling to time irrigation could save 17 to 22 percent – or 5.6 to 6.6 million acre-feet of water annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a million acres of land that’s under flood irrigation that could go to drip,” says Bob Wilkinson, adjunct associate professor of Environmental Science & Management at University of California Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other strategies include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Urban area water efficiency – shifting to drought-tolerant landscaping, accelerating the adoption of water-efficient appliances and fixing leaks in the urban water system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Water reuse – using recycled water to irrigate landscaping and crops, installing graywater systems (to catch water that goes down the drain) in homes and businesses, and using recycled water to recharge groundwater basins.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stormwater capture – catching runoff with rainwater barrels and cisterns at homes and businesses, as well as directing runoff to recharge groundwater.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The report did not examine the cost of the technologies, but Gleick says they’ve been shown to be cost-effective, particularly in comparison to desalination or building new dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Store More Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report hit the streets on the same day as \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/blog/acwa-report-puts-drought-impacts-vulnerabilities-vivid-focus\">another list of suggestions\u003c/a> for long-term water fixes from the state’s local and regional water agencies. While there is common ground between the two reports (both advocate strongly for using more reclaimed water), the manifesto from the Association of California Water Agencies takes a markedly different approach; three of the 10 key recommendations from ACWA involve expanding the state’s infrastructure for storing and moving water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if ACWA accepts the premise that there are millions of acre-feet that could be tapped without pouring more concrete, ACWA executive director Tim Quinn replied, “The bottom line is, we don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not any more true today than it has been in the past that recycling and conservation will save us all by themselves,” Quinn said. “That’s the premise of the NRDC report and…we just don’t buy it.” Nonetheless, Quinn says that water agencies are already pursuing many conservation and recycling strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACWA report recommends immediate funding for “shovel-ready” projects like building interconnections between water systems. It also recommends increasing water storage through groundwater and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/is-raising-shasta-dam-the-best-bet-for-californias-water-supply/\">surface water projects\u003c/a>, like completing Sites Reservoir or modernizing existing dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends some water conservation strategies, like building water recycling projects, desalination plants and increasing conservation efforts by water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding for any of these strategies will be largely tied up in the 2014 Water Bond, still slated for the November ballot. State legislators \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/11/state-senate-panel-passes-democrat-backed-water-bond\">have been debating\u003c/a> how the bond should be revised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/TCCWD-Reservoir-3-011714-fs.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/TCCWD-Reservoir-3-011714-fs.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at a reservoir near Jenner. (Timber Cove County Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at a reservoir near Jenner. (Timber Cove County Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no doubt that in California, water is in short supply this year. How to avoid the same situation when the next drought descends is, on the other hand, a matter of debate. Two competing camps have emerged about how to boost California’s water supplies during dry times: conserve more water or build more water storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California has pursued both strategies in the past, two new reports released Tuesday make differing cases for how the state should spend limited resources to solve California’s water woes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conserve More Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water conservation could save more water than is used by all of California’s cities in a year, \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\">according to a report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Institute and the Natural Resources Defense Council, an estimated 14 million acre-feet (one acre-foot of water is about 326,000 gallons).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve hit peak water.’\u003ccite>–Peter Gleick, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California is already using more water than it has, says Peter Gleick of the Pacific Institute. In any given year, the state runs a 6 million acre-foot water deficit, according to the report. That water shortage is made up by pumping groundwater and drawing water from stressed ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve hit the wall in California,” says Gleick. “We’ve hit ‘peak water.’ Even in a normal year or a wet year, we’re overextended.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of the water savings could come from the agricultural sector, which accounts for 80 percent of water used by people in California. Switching more agricultural acres to drip irrigation and using precision scheduling to time irrigation could save 17 to 22 percent – or 5.6 to 6.6 million acre-feet of water annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a million acres of land that’s under flood irrigation that could go to drip,” says Bob Wilkinson, adjunct associate professor of Environmental Science & Management at University of California Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other strategies include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Urban area water efficiency – shifting to drought-tolerant landscaping, accelerating the adoption of water-efficient appliances and fixing leaks in the urban water system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Water reuse – using recycled water to irrigate landscaping and crops, installing graywater systems (to catch water that goes down the drain) in homes and businesses, and using recycled water to recharge groundwater basins.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stormwater capture – catching runoff with rainwater barrels and cisterns at homes and businesses, as well as directing runoff to recharge groundwater.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The report did not examine the cost of the technologies, but Gleick says they’ve been shown to be cost-effective, particularly in comparison to desalination or building new dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Store More Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report hit the streets on the same day as \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/blog/acwa-report-puts-drought-impacts-vulnerabilities-vivid-focus\">another list of suggestions\u003c/a> for long-term water fixes from the state’s local and regional water agencies. While there is common ground between the two reports (both advocate strongly for using more reclaimed water), the manifesto from the Association of California Water Agencies takes a markedly different approach; three of the 10 key recommendations from ACWA involve expanding the state’s infrastructure for storing and moving water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if ACWA accepts the premise that there are millions of acre-feet that could be tapped without pouring more concrete, ACWA executive director Tim Quinn replied, “The bottom line is, we don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not any more true today than it has been in the past that recycling and conservation will save us all by themselves,” Quinn said. “That’s the premise of the NRDC report and…we just don’t buy it.” Nonetheless, Quinn says that water agencies are already pursuing many conservation and recycling strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACWA report recommends immediate funding for “shovel-ready” projects like building interconnections between water systems. It also recommends increasing water storage through groundwater and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/is-raising-shasta-dam-the-best-bet-for-californias-water-supply/\">surface water projects\u003c/a>, like completing Sites Reservoir or modernizing existing dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends some water conservation strategies, like building water recycling projects, desalination plants and increasing conservation efforts by water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding for any of these strategies will be largely tied up in the 2014 Water Bond, still slated for the November ballot. State legislators \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/11/state-senate-panel-passes-democrat-backed-water-bond\">have been debating\u003c/a> how the bond should be revised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16467\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the Chevron refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Kamala Harris says a $1 billion project to expand and modernize the Chevron refinery in Richmond may pose health and safety risks to the nearby community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a ten-page letter (below) addressed to Richmond’s planning department, Harris called Chevron’s safety analysis “incomplete” and said the project may increase air pollution in a community with some of the Bay Area’s highest rates of asthma-related hospitalizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris says the project could also increase the likelihood of accidents, such as the August 2012 fire that sent 15,000 Richmond residents to local hospitals, many with respiratory complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris’s letter asks whether expanding operations at the refinery runs counter to the state’s broader goals of slowing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding to Harris’s letter, Chevron spokeswoman Melissa Ritchie said the revised project would result in a “newer, safer, cleaner refinery,” that upgrades old equipment, while bringing 1,000 new local construction jobs to a community with a nearly 12 percent unemployment rate, three points above the state average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://chevronmodernization.com/project-documents/\">final environmental impact report\u003c/a> for the project was released on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chevron’s Second Attempt[contextly_sidebar id=”ac5a4b8c280b2ee48f4a624c740d8b04″]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time a state attorney general has weighed in on Chevron’s plans for the Richmond facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, when the refinery first proposed expanding its operations, then-Attorney General Jerry Brown hired a chemist to evaluate the oil company’s plans. Brown’s office issued several letters saying that the project would be harmful to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron’s plans were scuttled in 2010, when a county Superior Court found that the company had failed to disclose whether it intended to process heavier crude oils and inadequately explored whether the project would increase air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s \u003ca href=\"http://chevronmodernization.com/\">revised plans\u003c/a> have been scaled back, according to the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Attorney General’s concerns “have either already been addressed in the draft EIR [environmental impact report] or will be addressed in the final EIR,” said Ritchie, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter, wrote Ritchie, “fails to acknowledge the economic and environmental benefits of the Project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Sue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists, led by Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>, are working from several angles to change the course of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Suit-seeks-to-halt-plans-for-Richmond-oil-5532560.php\">sued \u003c/a>air-quality regulators over a construction permit, released in 2008, which they allege should have been revoked when the initial plans were withdrawn under court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Friday’s letter from the Attorney General.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View AG Chevron letter on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/228877999/AG-Chevron-letter\">AG Chevron letter\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_96437\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/228877999/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In a letter to the city, Harris says she still has questions about the oil company's $1 billion expansion project. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16467\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the Chevron refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Kamala Harris says a $1 billion project to expand and modernize the Chevron refinery in Richmond may pose health and safety risks to the nearby community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a ten-page letter (below) addressed to Richmond’s planning department, Harris called Chevron’s safety analysis “incomplete” and said the project may increase air pollution in a community with some of the Bay Area’s highest rates of asthma-related hospitalizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris says the project could also increase the likelihood of accidents, such as the August 2012 fire that sent 15,000 Richmond residents to local hospitals, many with respiratory complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris’s letter asks whether expanding operations at the refinery runs counter to the state’s broader goals of slowing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding to Harris’s letter, Chevron spokeswoman Melissa Ritchie said the revised project would result in a “newer, safer, cleaner refinery,” that upgrades old equipment, while bringing 1,000 new local construction jobs to a community with a nearly 12 percent unemployment rate, three points above the state average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://chevronmodernization.com/project-documents/\">final environmental impact report\u003c/a> for the project was released on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chevron’s Second Attempt\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time a state attorney general has weighed in on Chevron’s plans for the Richmond facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, when the refinery first proposed expanding its operations, then-Attorney General Jerry Brown hired a chemist to evaluate the oil company’s plans. Brown’s office issued several letters saying that the project would be harmful to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron’s plans were scuttled in 2010, when a county Superior Court found that the company had failed to disclose whether it intended to process heavier crude oils and inadequately explored whether the project would increase air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s \u003ca href=\"http://chevronmodernization.com/\">revised plans\u003c/a> have been scaled back, according to the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Attorney General’s concerns “have either already been addressed in the draft EIR [environmental impact report] or will be addressed in the final EIR,” said Ritchie, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter, wrote Ritchie, “fails to acknowledge the economic and environmental benefits of the Project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Sue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists, led by Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>, are working from several angles to change the course of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Suit-seeks-to-halt-plans-for-Richmond-oil-5532560.php\">sued \u003c/a>air-quality regulators over a construction permit, released in 2008, which they allege should have been revoked when the initial plans were withdrawn under court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Friday’s letter from the Attorney General.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View AG Chevron letter on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/228877999/AG-Chevron-letter\">AG Chevron letter\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_96437\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/228877999/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Saline Shortage Plagues Hospitals",
"headTitle": "Saline Shortage Plagues Hospitals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/06/20140609science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Hospitals across the country are struggling to deal with a shortage of one of their essential medical supplies. Manufacturers are rationing saline — a product used all over the hospital to clean wounds, mix medications or treat dehydration. Now drug companies say they won’t be able to catch up with demand until next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves San Francisco General Hospital’s materials manager, Reid Kennedy, in a fix. Kennedy is in charge of managing all the gloves, bandages, bedpans and IV solutions for all the medical floors, emergency room and operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18169\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18169 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"374\" height=\"249\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He first got a call last year from his vendor telling him they might not be able to deliver his full order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were put on notice that it was going to be tight,” he said, walking through the basement warehouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then things got worse in January. The flu season hit much harder than expected, and sick people flooded into hospitals. Saline bags flew off the shelves to treat dehydration. Demand far outstripped supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flu season knocked us out as an industry,” Kennedy said. Though hospital administrators say the shortage hasn’t affected the quality of patient care, Kennedy uses the word “crisis” to describe the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Harder to Make Than You Think\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple.’\u003ccite>Valerie Jensen, FDA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But can salty water really be that hard to come by? Kennedy pays $1.57 per bag. Why can’t drug companies just whip up some more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple,” said Valerie Jensen, the director of the drug shortage program at the Food and Drug Administration. “It takes about three weeks to make one batch of normal saline from start to finish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the key challenge is making sure saline products are sterile. If you swallow a pill with a little bit of dirt on it, you’ll be fine. But if a nurse injects saline into your vein that’s even a little bit contaminated, you have a big problem. More than 30 steps and a range of supplies are involved in producing sterile saline. Jensen says FDA inspectors have reason to keep a close eye on any drug injected intravenously. She says they’ve found some nasty things in IV drugs: bacteria, mold, glass particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are issues that absolutely would be a safety risk for patients,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the FDA sets strict quality standards for the facilities that manufacture saline and other IV drugs. But the agency has to find a delicate balance between safety and supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some suppliers suggest keeping up with the FDA’s standards is too onerous and may be playing a part in the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of variables came together to create this,” said Scott Crandall, director of medical supply contracts at Novation, a group buying organization in Texas that manages contracts for SF General and 2,000 other hospitals across the country. He’s been hearing from manufacturers that increased FDA scrutiny is interfering with drug production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the last year, all suppliers had issues in their facilities where they had to correct certain things the FDA found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those things were serious. Hospira, one manufacturer of saline, issued a recall earlier this year because of leaks in its saline bags. Before that, Baxter found particles in its saline vials and had to recall four lots. Both companies say the recalls had no bearing on the current shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flu Season Causes Headaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Crandall says inspections and maintenance require shutting down machines. And when machines aren’t operating, less saline is getting shipped. Last winter, he says maintenance closures “slowed production down, 10 to 20 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the industry was already behind when the flu season hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procurement director for a group of dialysis centers says his supplier, Baxter, told him the main problem was winter weather. Snow and ice storms in the Midwest were delaying trucks headed for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the weather got worse, we began to see more and more back-order issues,” said Colin Carthen of Satellite Healthcare, which runs 70 dialysis centers across California and the U.S. Each patient comes in three or four times a week, and each time goes through one to two liters of saline to clean the blood and prevent clotting. At the worst of the shortage, Carthen realized the health of 6,000 patients depended on the administrative magic tricks he could perform behind the scenes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I called up a clinical person that I knew, at like 11:30 at night and said, ‘Well, what happens if we run out of saline?’ Because I was really afraid,” he remembers. “And they were just like, ‘Yeah, it gets ugly, fast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carthen says he’s lucky that didn’t happen. Every day, he spent hours on the phone with suppliers and clinical staff, juggling and rerouting supplies so everyone had what they needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping the Supply from Drying Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals have developed new clinical protocols to conserve supplies during the shortage. Nurses at SF General are using smaller saline bags when possible, and transitioning patients who still need hydration to drink water from cups a little sooner than they did in the past. Kennedy has spent hours talking with pharmaceutical and clinical staff about when to use these conservation measures, to make sure there is enough saline to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pie is a good analogy. Now I’m going to use 16 slices of pie instead of eight slices of pie, and I’ll be able to feed 16 people instead of eight,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is trying to mitigate the shortage by importing saline from Spain and Norway. But FDA economist Marta Wosinska says that’s not a sustainable solution, since those countries have to supply their own hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no spot market. You can’t buy it like pork bellies or grains or oil. You cannot go on a marketplace and order a certain amount,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. companies also don’t have the capacity to ramp up production. They only have so many machines, and a lot of them are tied up producing other essential drugs. Building new facilities is hardly an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking about hundreds of millions of dollars and it would take three to five years,” Wosinska said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug companies don’t face any real penalties if they don’t come through with saline supplies. Contract loopholes release them from paying any fees to their customers if a drug shortage is industry-wide, as this one is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Baxter and Hospira, the top two saline producers in the country, say they are doing all they can to maximize production. Each points a finger at the other for contributing to the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw increased demand amid decreased product availability from competitors as the main driver,” a Baxter spokesman wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Hospira spokesman countered: “Hospira began seeing stronger demand for its saline products in late 2013 when another manufacturer began to experience manufacturing issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospira reported a 20 percent increase in U.S. net sales of its injectable drugs between January and March, citing “increased volume due to competitor supply issues,” in its latest quarterly financial report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Most Expensive Drug Shortage in History”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden ultimately lands on hospitals, clinics, and dialysis centers to come up with their own workarounds. And all that staff time adds up. Hospitals spend $216 million a year on the labor costs of managing drug shortages, according to Erin Fox, a professor at the University of Utah College of Pharmacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the industry has indicated the saline shortage will extend through the end of the year, Fox estimates this will be the most expensive drug shortage in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“IV fluids are used as a supply as well as a treatment, so the shortage impacts the largest number of hospital personnel, as well as patients, compared to any other shortage we have followed,” she said. “IV fluids impact almost every single patient and every single floor. That means you have to educate and get a message out to multiple groups of people rather than a selected group, like for an anesthesia drug or a cancer drug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/saline.jpg\" alt=\"Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For now, the actual cost of saline is steady. Hospitals are protected under contracts that keep prices locked through next year. But Novation’s Scott Crandall says that is very likely to change when those contracts expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The suppliers have already signaled to the market that they plan on increasing price significantly,” he said. “And when I say that, it could double and triple in some aspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox says that would be far better than the current situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is far cheaper for hospitals to pay $3 a bag for saline and have a consistent and quality product — not recalled due to contaminants, or leakage,” she said, “than it is to potentially delay elective surgeries or make workarounds that change weekly or daily due to inconsistent supply.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hospitals use saline for everything from wound care to surgeries, but it could be next year before drug companies can catch up with demand. Turns out, it's not as simple to manufacture salty water as you might think.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Hospitals across the country are struggling to deal with a shortage of one of their essential medical supplies. Manufacturers are rationing saline — a product used all over the hospital to clean wounds, mix medications or treat dehydration. Now drug companies say they won’t be able to catch up with demand until next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves San Francisco General Hospital’s materials manager, Reid Kennedy, in a fix. Kennedy is in charge of managing all the gloves, bandages, bedpans and IV solutions for all the medical floors, emergency room and operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18169\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18169 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"374\" height=\"249\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He first got a call last year from his vendor telling him they might not be able to deliver his full order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were put on notice that it was going to be tight,” he said, walking through the basement warehouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then things got worse in January. The flu season hit much harder than expected, and sick people flooded into hospitals. Saline bags flew off the shelves to treat dehydration. Demand far outstripped supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flu season knocked us out as an industry,” Kennedy said. Though hospital administrators say the shortage hasn’t affected the quality of patient care, Kennedy uses the word “crisis” to describe the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Harder to Make Than You Think\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple.’\u003ccite>Valerie Jensen, FDA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But can salty water really be that hard to come by? Kennedy pays $1.57 per bag. Why can’t drug companies just whip up some more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple,” said Valerie Jensen, the director of the drug shortage program at the Food and Drug Administration. “It takes about three weeks to make one batch of normal saline from start to finish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the key challenge is making sure saline products are sterile. If you swallow a pill with a little bit of dirt on it, you’ll be fine. But if a nurse injects saline into your vein that’s even a little bit contaminated, you have a big problem. More than 30 steps and a range of supplies are involved in producing sterile saline. Jensen says FDA inspectors have reason to keep a close eye on any drug injected intravenously. She says they’ve found some nasty things in IV drugs: bacteria, mold, glass particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are issues that absolutely would be a safety risk for patients,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the FDA sets strict quality standards for the facilities that manufacture saline and other IV drugs. But the agency has to find a delicate balance between safety and supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some suppliers suggest keeping up with the FDA’s standards is too onerous and may be playing a part in the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of variables came together to create this,” said Scott Crandall, director of medical supply contracts at Novation, a group buying organization in Texas that manages contracts for SF General and 2,000 other hospitals across the country. He’s been hearing from manufacturers that increased FDA scrutiny is interfering with drug production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the last year, all suppliers had issues in their facilities where they had to correct certain things the FDA found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those things were serious. Hospira, one manufacturer of saline, issued a recall earlier this year because of leaks in its saline bags. Before that, Baxter found particles in its saline vials and had to recall four lots. Both companies say the recalls had no bearing on the current shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flu Season Causes Headaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Crandall says inspections and maintenance require shutting down machines. And when machines aren’t operating, less saline is getting shipped. Last winter, he says maintenance closures “slowed production down, 10 to 20 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the industry was already behind when the flu season hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procurement director for a group of dialysis centers says his supplier, Baxter, told him the main problem was winter weather. Snow and ice storms in the Midwest were delaying trucks headed for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the weather got worse, we began to see more and more back-order issues,” said Colin Carthen of Satellite Healthcare, which runs 70 dialysis centers across California and the U.S. Each patient comes in three or four times a week, and each time goes through one to two liters of saline to clean the blood and prevent clotting. At the worst of the shortage, Carthen realized the health of 6,000 patients depended on the administrative magic tricks he could perform behind the scenes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I called up a clinical person that I knew, at like 11:30 at night and said, ‘Well, what happens if we run out of saline?’ Because I was really afraid,” he remembers. “And they were just like, ‘Yeah, it gets ugly, fast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carthen says he’s lucky that didn’t happen. Every day, he spent hours on the phone with suppliers and clinical staff, juggling and rerouting supplies so everyone had what they needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping the Supply from Drying Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals have developed new clinical protocols to conserve supplies during the shortage. Nurses at SF General are using smaller saline bags when possible, and transitioning patients who still need hydration to drink water from cups a little sooner than they did in the past. Kennedy has spent hours talking with pharmaceutical and clinical staff about when to use these conservation measures, to make sure there is enough saline to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pie is a good analogy. Now I’m going to use 16 slices of pie instead of eight slices of pie, and I’ll be able to feed 16 people instead of eight,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is trying to mitigate the shortage by importing saline from Spain and Norway. But FDA economist Marta Wosinska says that’s not a sustainable solution, since those countries have to supply their own hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no spot market. You can’t buy it like pork bellies or grains or oil. You cannot go on a marketplace and order a certain amount,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. companies also don’t have the capacity to ramp up production. They only have so many machines, and a lot of them are tied up producing other essential drugs. Building new facilities is hardly an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking about hundreds of millions of dollars and it would take three to five years,” Wosinska said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug companies don’t face any real penalties if they don’t come through with saline supplies. Contract loopholes release them from paying any fees to their customers if a drug shortage is industry-wide, as this one is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Baxter and Hospira, the top two saline producers in the country, say they are doing all they can to maximize production. Each points a finger at the other for contributing to the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw increased demand amid decreased product availability from competitors as the main driver,” a Baxter spokesman wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Hospira spokesman countered: “Hospira began seeing stronger demand for its saline products in late 2013 when another manufacturer began to experience manufacturing issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospira reported a 20 percent increase in U.S. net sales of its injectable drugs between January and March, citing “increased volume due to competitor supply issues,” in its latest quarterly financial report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Most Expensive Drug Shortage in History”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden ultimately lands on hospitals, clinics, and dialysis centers to come up with their own workarounds. And all that staff time adds up. Hospitals spend $216 million a year on the labor costs of managing drug shortages, according to Erin Fox, a professor at the University of Utah College of Pharmacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the industry has indicated the saline shortage will extend through the end of the year, Fox estimates this will be the most expensive drug shortage in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“IV fluids are used as a supply as well as a treatment, so the shortage impacts the largest number of hospital personnel, as well as patients, compared to any other shortage we have followed,” she said. “IV fluids impact almost every single patient and every single floor. That means you have to educate and get a message out to multiple groups of people rather than a selected group, like for an anesthesia drug or a cancer drug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/saline.jpg\" alt=\"Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For now, the actual cost of saline is steady. Hospitals are protected under contracts that keep prices locked through next year. But Novation’s Scott Crandall says that is very likely to change when those contracts expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The suppliers have already signaled to the market that they plan on increasing price significantly,” he said. “And when I say that, it could double and triple in some aspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox says that would be far better than the current situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is far cheaper for hospitals to pay $3 a bag for saline and have a consistent and quality product — not recalled due to contaminants, or leakage,” she said, “than it is to potentially delay elective surgeries or make workarounds that change weekly or daily due to inconsistent supply.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Crude-by-Rail: More Information Coming to California",
"headTitle": "Crude-by-Rail: More Information Coming to California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18141\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/bnsf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18141\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/bnsf.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars travel near the Feather River in Northern California. (Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography http://jakemiillephotography.com/) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars travel near Lake Oroville in Northern California. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beginning Saturday, railroads must notify states when certain large shipments of crude oil come through by train. The new rule is in response to safety concerns with crude-by-rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.gov/briefing-room/emergency-order\">emergency order\u003c/a>, issued by the federal Department of Transportation last month, applies to trains carrying a million gallons or more of crude from the Bakken formation in North Dakota. That’s the oil that has exploded in numerous fiery derailments, including one in Quebec last summer that killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brad Alexander, spokesman for California’s Office of Emergency Services, says the state hasn’t received any notifications yet, but has gotten a non-disclosure agreement from Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a public entity, we can’t sign a non-disclosure agreement,” he said. “But we want to let BNSF know that we will be treating this information with great respect and keeping it in accordance with federal and California laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BNSF said Friday the company will comply with the order, even if states don’t sign the agreement. The railway operates oil terminals in Richmond, Sacramento and Bakersfield. The other major railroad in California, Union Pacific, said through a spokesman that it does not currently transport any Bakken oil through California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail is Expanding in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from BNSF’s facilities, there are three other existing crude-by-rail operations in California that could take in crude oil from the Bakken or from other mid-continent fields. Other fields produce less volatile crude than the Bakken formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And five more crude-by-rail terminals have been proposed, including two in the Bay Area: the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">Valero refinery in Benicia\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">WesPac oil terminal in Pittsburg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude-by-rail has been a growing industry — and concern — as a North American oil boom has developed. Without pipelines to transport oil from Alberta’s tar sands and North Dakota’s Bakken, oil companies have turned to trains to get crude to coastal refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2013, about 156,000 barrels of oil came into California by rail. By the end of the year, that number had increased nearly eight-fold. In December 2013, oil companies brought more than a million barrels into the state by rail. Now, that still accounted for only one percent of all the oil refined in the state in 2013. But if all the proposed oil terminals go through, crude-by-rail could account for 23 percent of California’s oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the number of trains carrying oil across the country has gone up, so have accidents. Lynchburg, Virginia and Casselton, North Dakota were both recent sites of derailments and explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diane Bailey of the Natural Resources Defense Council said she’s concerned about safety in California, too. “None of these massive oil infrastructure projects should be moving forward while we’re still working to understand and address the public safety risks at local, state and federal levels,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Flurry of Legislation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the DOT’s emergency order, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration sent proposed regulations on crude-by-rail to the White House earlier this year. Those are expected to be made public later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, legislation from Congressman Mike Thompson, a Bay Area Democrat, has passed the House as part of the Intelligence Authorization Act. If passed by the Senate, it would require the Department of Homeland Security to study the safety of oil refineries and railroads that connect to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the state level, Senator Fran Pavley, a Democrat from Agoura Hills, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_1319&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley_%3Cpavley%3E\">introduced a bill\u003c/a> that would focus California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/ospr/\">Office of Spill Prevention and Response\u003c/a> (OSPR) not only on marine oil spills, but on inland spills as well, like those that might occur from rail. That bill has passed the Senate and is now in the Assembly. In his budget proposal earlier this year, Governor Jerry Brown put $6.7 million towards OSPR, citing the rise of crude-by-rail. Finally, Assemblyman Roger Dickinson, a Sacramento Democrat, introduced \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=ab_380&sess=CUR&house=B&author=dickinson_%3Cdickinson%3E\">AB 380\u003c/a>, which would require railroads to give more information about crude-by-rail shipments to emergency responders. That bill is in a Senate committee.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18141\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/bnsf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18141\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/bnsf.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars travel near the Feather River in Northern California. (Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography http://jakemiillephotography.com/) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars travel near Lake Oroville in Northern California. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beginning Saturday, railroads must notify states when certain large shipments of crude oil come through by train. The new rule is in response to safety concerns with crude-by-rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.gov/briefing-room/emergency-order\">emergency order\u003c/a>, issued by the federal Department of Transportation last month, applies to trains carrying a million gallons or more of crude from the Bakken formation in North Dakota. That’s the oil that has exploded in numerous fiery derailments, including one in Quebec last summer that killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brad Alexander, spokesman for California’s Office of Emergency Services, says the state hasn’t received any notifications yet, but has gotten a non-disclosure agreement from Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a public entity, we can’t sign a non-disclosure agreement,” he said. “But we want to let BNSF know that we will be treating this information with great respect and keeping it in accordance with federal and California laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BNSF said Friday the company will comply with the order, even if states don’t sign the agreement. The railway operates oil terminals in Richmond, Sacramento and Bakersfield. The other major railroad in California, Union Pacific, said through a spokesman that it does not currently transport any Bakken oil through California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail is Expanding in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from BNSF’s facilities, there are three other existing crude-by-rail operations in California that could take in crude oil from the Bakken or from other mid-continent fields. Other fields produce less volatile crude than the Bakken formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And five more crude-by-rail terminals have been proposed, including two in the Bay Area: the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">Valero refinery in Benicia\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">WesPac oil terminal in Pittsburg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude-by-rail has been a growing industry — and concern — as a North American oil boom has developed. Without pipelines to transport oil from Alberta’s tar sands and North Dakota’s Bakken, oil companies have turned to trains to get crude to coastal refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2013, about 156,000 barrels of oil came into California by rail. By the end of the year, that number had increased nearly eight-fold. In December 2013, oil companies brought more than a million barrels into the state by rail. Now, that still accounted for only one percent of all the oil refined in the state in 2013. But if all the proposed oil terminals go through, crude-by-rail could account for 23 percent of California’s oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the number of trains carrying oil across the country has gone up, so have accidents. Lynchburg, Virginia and Casselton, North Dakota were both recent sites of derailments and explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diane Bailey of the Natural Resources Defense Council said she’s concerned about safety in California, too. “None of these massive oil infrastructure projects should be moving forward while we’re still working to understand and address the public safety risks at local, state and federal levels,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Flurry of Legislation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the DOT’s emergency order, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration sent proposed regulations on crude-by-rail to the White House earlier this year. Those are expected to be made public later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, legislation from Congressman Mike Thompson, a Bay Area Democrat, has passed the House as part of the Intelligence Authorization Act. If passed by the Senate, it would require the Department of Homeland Security to study the safety of oil refineries and railroads that connect to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the state level, Senator Fran Pavley, a Democrat from Agoura Hills, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_1319&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley_%3Cpavley%3E\">introduced a bill\u003c/a> that would focus California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/ospr/\">Office of Spill Prevention and Response\u003c/a> (OSPR) not only on marine oil spills, but on inland spills as well, like those that might occur from rail. That bill has passed the Senate and is now in the Assembly. In his budget proposal earlier this year, Governor Jerry Brown put $6.7 million towards OSPR, citing the rise of crude-by-rail. Finally, Assemblyman Roger Dickinson, a Sacramento Democrat, introduced \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=ab_380&sess=CUR&house=B&author=dickinson_%3Cdickinson%3E\">AB 380\u003c/a>, which would require railroads to give more information about crude-by-rail shipments to emergency responders. That bill is in a Senate committee.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/06/04/138382/how_a_scientist_of_psychedelics_became_the_godfather_of_ecstasy?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> Source: \u003ca title=\"How A Scientist Of Psychedelics Became The 'Godfather Of Ecstasy'\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/06/04/138382/how_a_scientist_of_psychedelics_became_the_godfather_of_ecstasy?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "California to Protect Gray Wolves as Endangered Species",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18058\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OR7pups.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18058\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OR7pups.jpg\" alt=\"Wildlife officials confirm that OR7, a wolf that has visited California, has had two pups in southwest Oregon. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife officials confirm that OR7, a wolf that has visited California, has had two pups in southwest Oregon. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California wildlife officials voted on Wednesday to protect gray wolves as an endangered species in the state. The Fish and Game Commission approved the listing under California’s Endangered Species Act against the recommendations of the department’s staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no wolves are known to be in California currently, the state was thrust into the debate when \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">a lone, radio-collared wolf known as OR7\u003c/a> wandered across the Oregon-California border in 2011, becoming California’s first wolf since the 1920s. OR7 has since returned to Oregon and earlier this year was spotted with a possible mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as public testimony ramped up at the commission meeting on Wednesday, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service confirmed that OR7 and a mate have produced at least two pups in southwest Oregon, the first litter observed since wolves returned to that area.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Wolves are re-establishing themselves in California no matter what we do.’\u003ccite>— Michael Sutton, California Fish and Game Commission president\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The new pack raises the odds that wolves will expand into California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect that in a decade or less there will be wolf populations in California,” said Chuck Bonham, the director of the state Department of Fish and Wildlife. “That is nature taking its course. They are migrating across the West and from the Northwest, south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate centered around whether a species that’s recovering in neighboring states and isn’t currently found in California is eligible for protection under state law. Several commissioners rejected that argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wolves are re-establishing themselves in California no matter what we do,” Michael Sutton, the president of the commission, said. “We owe it to them, in my opinion, to do everything we can to help them recolonize their historic range in our state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staff at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife had recommended that \u003ca href=\"http://www.fgc.ca.gov/meetings/2014/jun/060414docs.aspx\">wolves not be listed\u003c/a> as endangered. They argued that, given existing scientific information on wolves in California, listing wasn’t warranted based on current threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they recommended wolves be designated as a “species of special concern” and that the commissioners use existing authority to prohibit killing or “taking” of wolves in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department is also working on developing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">California Wolf Plan\u003c/a> with a range of stakeholders. The plan, expected to be finalized by the end of the year, will include recommendations on how to manage wolves and potential human conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves are protected under the federal Endangered Species Act, but the Obama Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-wolf-science-attacked-20140207-story.html\">has proposed removing protections\u003c/a> for wolves in the lower 48 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could not be more thrilled with the decision that the commission has made,” said Pam Flick of Defenders of Wildlife. “Gray wolves are just starting to recover in the Pacific Northwest states and this is one positive step toward a future of wolves on the California landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Though there are no wild wolves in California, state officials, expecting them to get here eventually, voted to protect them. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18058\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OR7pups.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18058\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OR7pups.jpg\" alt=\"Wildlife officials confirm that OR7, a wolf that has visited California, has had two pups in southwest Oregon. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife officials confirm that OR7, a wolf that has visited California, has had two pups in southwest Oregon. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California wildlife officials voted on Wednesday to protect gray wolves as an endangered species in the state. The Fish and Game Commission approved the listing under California’s Endangered Species Act against the recommendations of the department’s staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no wolves are known to be in California currently, the state was thrust into the debate when \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">a lone, radio-collared wolf known as OR7\u003c/a> wandered across the Oregon-California border in 2011, becoming California’s first wolf since the 1920s. OR7 has since returned to Oregon and earlier this year was spotted with a possible mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as public testimony ramped up at the commission meeting on Wednesday, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service confirmed that OR7 and a mate have produced at least two pups in southwest Oregon, the first litter observed since wolves returned to that area.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Wolves are re-establishing themselves in California no matter what we do.’\u003ccite>— Michael Sutton, California Fish and Game Commission president\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The new pack raises the odds that wolves will expand into California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect that in a decade or less there will be wolf populations in California,” said Chuck Bonham, the director of the state Department of Fish and Wildlife. “That is nature taking its course. They are migrating across the West and from the Northwest, south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate centered around whether a species that’s recovering in neighboring states and isn’t currently found in California is eligible for protection under state law. Several commissioners rejected that argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wolves are re-establishing themselves in California no matter what we do,” Michael Sutton, the president of the commission, said. “We owe it to them, in my opinion, to do everything we can to help them recolonize their historic range in our state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staff at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife had recommended that \u003ca href=\"http://www.fgc.ca.gov/meetings/2014/jun/060414docs.aspx\">wolves not be listed\u003c/a> as endangered. They argued that, given existing scientific information on wolves in California, listing wasn’t warranted based on current threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they recommended wolves be designated as a “species of special concern” and that the commissioners use existing authority to prohibit killing or “taking” of wolves in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department is also working on developing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">California Wolf Plan\u003c/a> with a range of stakeholders. The plan, expected to be finalized by the end of the year, will include recommendations on how to manage wolves and potential human conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves are protected under the federal Endangered Species Act, but the Obama Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-wolf-science-attacked-20140207-story.html\">has proposed removing protections\u003c/a> for wolves in the lower 48 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could not be more thrilled with the decision that the commission has made,” said Pam Flick of Defenders of Wildlife. “Gray wolves are just starting to recover in the Pacific Northwest states and this is one positive step toward a future of wolves on the California landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Brown Pelican Population Plunges in California",
"headTitle": "Brown Pelican Population Plunges in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Associated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18053\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18053\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/pelicans.jpg\" alt=\"Brown pelican populations rebounded after DDT was phased out. (MSMcCarthy Photography/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brown pelicans rebounded after DDT was phased out. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/msmccarthyphotography/6027728528/in/photolist-abDFFW-eYp4eu-4HD3B3-aKaeqM-fG7RhD-xCpoi-aCNc7a-8XGr5D-UeW2N-6djABh-e4QEHj-eXM3Xu-72KTM7-5uvwBB-9ja1k9-9rRpds-72KTMf-9awpim-dvahHe-9xCnAA-du1UtF-cxDcH7-bSGP9X-5n8Ee1-9hRoeD-du1V3Z-9VmMwg-kTrdAX-6VuMeZ-9awrZs------cN2VFJ-5P1qq8-821FC4-756vSX-kAHrgD-5Actk8-gmcs7J-93Ndix-5Mgmsj-gm5DAi-7cH7WV-5ztTro-7CYw5W-cQFuzs-6cKBXr\">MSMcCarthy Photography\u003c/a>/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>brown pelicans, which were driven to the brink of extinction in the last century, are in trouble again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An annual survey completed last month found a drastic plunge in the population of breeding pairs, according to a statement released Friday by the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey in Mexico’s Gulf of California — where about 90 percent of the\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>pelicans\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>typically breed and raise their chicks — found that areas that typically host hundreds or thousands of nesting pairs held far fewer, and a few places were completely empty, the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s what we call a failure, a bust. The bottom dropped out,” said Dan Anderson, a wildlife biologist and UC Davis professor emeritus who conducted the survey along with members of Mexico’s National Commission of Natural Protected Areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for the decline could range from food supply shifts to changes in water temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many birds arrived late to the Mexico breeding grounds this spring and “of those who nested, many abandoned their nests when they could not find enough food to sustain their stay,” the UC Davis statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bird’s range extends from Mexico to Canada, according to the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, thousands of California\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>brown pelicans\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>moved up the Southern California coast and even as far north as Washington, hunting their main prey of sardines and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeding population crashes of the\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>pelicans\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>often are associated with a warming of the central Pacific Ocean, known as El Niño, but that isn’t expected to begin until this summer and the drop also was much steeper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During most El Niño events we’ve seen, numbers of nesting attempts drop by at least half to two-thirds, and production goes down, too,” Anderson said, according to the UC Davis statement. “But it drops from thousands to hundreds, not to 10 or less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>brown pelican\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>was declared an endangered species in 1970 after its population was pushed to the brink of extinction by the pesticide DDT, which caused the bird’s eggshells to become so thin that they broke. After DDT was outlawed, the bird made a recovery and was taken off the list in 2009, when the West Coast population was 150,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the species has faced new challenges since then because of a decline in sardines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, wildlife rescue centers in California were filled with emaciated\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>pelicans. The same year, young\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>pelicans\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>attacked murre nesting colonies in Oregon, shaking the chicks until they regurgitated fish, then eating the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did it again in 2011 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, scientists said they were concerned that a crash in the West Coast population of sardines might also be starving the\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>brown pelicans. The 2013 Northwest survey by the Oregon Coast National Wildlife Refuge Complex found 7,018\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>brown pelicans, half the average of the past decade, and the lowest number since 1999.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California brown pelicans, which were driven to the brink of extinction in the last century, are in trouble again. The reason for the decline could range from food supply shifts to changes in water temperature.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Associated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18053\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18053\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/pelicans.jpg\" alt=\"Brown pelican populations rebounded after DDT was phased out. (MSMcCarthy Photography/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brown pelicans rebounded after DDT was phased out. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/msmccarthyphotography/6027728528/in/photolist-abDFFW-eYp4eu-4HD3B3-aKaeqM-fG7RhD-xCpoi-aCNc7a-8XGr5D-UeW2N-6djABh-e4QEHj-eXM3Xu-72KTM7-5uvwBB-9ja1k9-9rRpds-72KTMf-9awpim-dvahHe-9xCnAA-du1UtF-cxDcH7-bSGP9X-5n8Ee1-9hRoeD-du1V3Z-9VmMwg-kTrdAX-6VuMeZ-9awrZs------cN2VFJ-5P1qq8-821FC4-756vSX-kAHrgD-5Actk8-gmcs7J-93Ndix-5Mgmsj-gm5DAi-7cH7WV-5ztTro-7CYw5W-cQFuzs-6cKBXr\">MSMcCarthy Photography\u003c/a>/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>brown pelicans, which were driven to the brink of extinction in the last century, are in trouble again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An annual survey completed last month found a drastic plunge in the population of breeding pairs, according to a statement released Friday by the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey in Mexico’s Gulf of California — where about 90 percent of the\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>pelicans\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>typically breed and raise their chicks — found that areas that typically host hundreds or thousands of nesting pairs held far fewer, and a few places were completely empty, the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s what we call a failure, a bust. The bottom dropped out,” said Dan Anderson, a wildlife biologist and UC Davis professor emeritus who conducted the survey along with members of Mexico’s National Commission of Natural Protected Areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for the decline could range from food supply shifts to changes in water temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many birds arrived late to the Mexico breeding grounds this spring and “of those who nested, many abandoned their nests when they could not find enough food to sustain their stay,” the UC Davis statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bird’s range extends from Mexico to Canada, according to the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, thousands of California\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>brown pelicans\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>moved up the Southern California coast and even as far north as Washington, hunting their main prey of sardines and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeding population crashes of the\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>pelicans\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>often are associated with a warming of the central Pacific Ocean, known as El Niño, but that isn’t expected to begin until this summer and the drop also was much steeper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During most El Niño events we’ve seen, numbers of nesting attempts drop by at least half to two-thirds, and production goes down, too,” Anderson said, according to the UC Davis statement. “But it drops from thousands to hundreds, not to 10 or less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>brown pelican\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>was declared an endangered species in 1970 after its population was pushed to the brink of extinction by the pesticide DDT, which caused the bird’s eggshells to become so thin that they broke. After DDT was outlawed, the bird made a recovery and was taken off the list in 2009, when the West Coast population was 150,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the species has faced new challenges since then because of a decline in sardines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, wildlife rescue centers in California were filled with emaciated\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>pelicans. The same year, young\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>pelicans\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>attacked murre nesting colonies in Oregon, shaking the chicks until they regurgitated fish, then eating the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did it again in 2011 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, scientists said they were concerned that a crash in the West Coast population of sardines might also be starving the\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>brown pelicans. The 2013 Northwest survey by the Oregon Coast National Wildlife Refuge Complex found 7,018\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>brown pelicans, half the average of the past decade, and the lowest number since 1999.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18016\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/10592_transform-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/10592_transform-1.jpg\" alt=\"alt here\" width=\"240\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Apple WWDC 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple has launched a new health platform called HealthKit. The announcement came at the company’s annual Developers Conference in San Francisco today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital health is already a crowded field with more than forty thousand health apps and devices monitoring everything from your activity level and sleep to your weight. Apple’s new health application will pull in data from third-party apps and consolidate them into one health profile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For digital health this is a huge move to see the world’s largest tech company entering directly into this space,” says Malay Gandhi of Rock Health, a San Francisco-based research and start-up incubator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HealthKit, says Gandhi, is an attempt “to clean up a fragmented ecosytem for consumers, as well as solve data-transport issues for the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent report from Rock Health finds that \u003ca href=\"http://rockhealth.com/2014/01/2013-digital-health-funding-report/\">funding for the mobile health market has doubled in the past year\u003c/a> to more than two billion dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With HealthKit, Apple is also partnering with healthcare. The company has named the Mayo Clinic and Epic, a giant health record company, as early partners. “This platform really sits between the consumer’s view of the world, with all these devices and apps, and the healthcare system, which has all this clinical data that has never really been presented to consumers in a meaningful way,” says Gandhi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new HealthKit could potentially interact with wearable devices like Apple’s much-anticipated iWatch.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With HealthKit, Apple is also partnering with healthcare. The company has named the Mayo Clinic and Epic, a giant health record company, as early partners. “This platform really sits between the consumer’s view of the world, with all these devices and apps, and the healthcare system, which has all this clinical data that has never really been presented to consumers in a meaningful way,” says Gandhi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new HealthKit could potentially interact with wearable devices like Apple’s much-anticipated iWatch.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Drives Drilling Frenzy for Groundwater in California",
"headTitle": "Drought Drives Drilling Frenzy for Groundwater in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Rig_DeLaCruz_SK.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17878\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17878 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Rig_DeLaCruz_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Rig_DeLaCruz_SK\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juan de La Cruz operates a drilling rig probing for groundwater 2,500 feet beneath Fresno County. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Steve Arthur practically lives out of his truck these days. But he’s not homeless. He runs one of Fresno’s busiest \u003ca href=\"http://www.arthurandorum.com/\">well drilling companies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s officially getting crazy. We go and we go but it just seems like we can’t go fast enough,” he says, sitting behind the steering wheel as he hustles up and down Highway 99 to check on drilling rigs that run 24 hours a day, probing for water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some days, Arthur doesn’t even have time to stop for gas; he’s got an extra tank hooked up to the flatbed of his pickup. He says he’s lucky if he gets three hours of sleep a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toward the end of the week, I start to get run down pretty good,” he sighs. “On a Friday afternoon, you might see me parked on the side of the road taking a cat nap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties in the farm-rich Central Valley are issuing record numbers of permits for new water wells. Arthur says his company’s got an eight-month waiting list. Some of his competitors are backlogged more than a year. Drillers like Arthur say they’re even busier than they were\u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/watertransfers/docs/9_drought-1976-77.pdf\"> during the drought of 1977, \u003c/a>when Californians drilled \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/well_info_and_other/california_well_standards/b74-81chap1a.html\">28 thousand new wells. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s officially getting crazy. We go and we go but it just seems like we can’t go fast enough.’\u003ccite>— Steve Arthur, Owner, Arthur & Orum Well Drilling\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is off the scales, here,” says Arthur, shaking his head. “It’s just amazing, the amount of people that call and want wells. A customer called this morning and I’m supposed to do two for him, and he said, ‘Add 14 to the list.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>You have to literally grab these guys and drag ‘em to your property and say ‘Please, please drill me a well!,’” laments citrus farmer Matt Fisher, who’s been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/08/cold-then-dry-dealing-california-citrus-farmers-a-double-punch/\">scrambling to keep his trees alive\u003c/a> after learning that he won’t get any water from federal reservoirs this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have even heard of drilling companies that won’t tell growers who’s in front of them, because guys are trying to buy the other guy’s spot in line,” says Fisher. “Its crazy, some of the things that are going on, but if you’re in our shoes, and you have to pay a guy $10,000 for his spot in line, that’s cheap compared to what you’re going to lose if you lose your whole orchard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not always about \u003cem>losing\u003c/em> trees, though. Right where a brand new almond orchard will be planted in rural Fresno County, a 70-foot high drilling rig bores a hole in the earth 2,500 feet deep. This well will cost the farmer about a million dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juan de La Cruz works on this rig 12 hours a day, seven days a week, carefully guiding the drill bit. He’s standing in a little hut next to the drill hole that they call ‘the doghouse.’ It’s where workers keep a log of the layers of sand and clay they find, collecting samples every ten feet as the drill probes deeper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DrillingSamples_SK.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17880\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DrillingSamples_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Drillers collect samples from the bore hole for every 10 feet of depth. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drillers collect samples from the bore hole for every 10 feet of depth — but the records of what they find are considered confidential and not available to the public. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s also home to two other essential pieces of gear: a microwave and a fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>This is basically where we live while we’re working,” says De La Cruz in Spanish. “We’ve got some \u003cem>nopales\u003c/em> (cacti) and zucchinis in here to cook up. The farmers bring us cantaloupes, tomatoes, whatever we want. They are so grateful because when we’re done with this well, these fields will have water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Zimmerer’s company,\u003ca href=\"http://www.zimwells.com/\"> Zim Industries,\u003c/a> owns this rig and a dozen others. He knows there’s a silver lining to the drought for well drillers this year. But he knows it can’t last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t keep sustaining this amount of overdraft, we all know that,” says Zimmerer, standing on the platform next to the drill. “At this point in time, we don’t want to keep going on at this pace. It’s more of a temporary fix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a sobering admission from a well driller.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Groundwater is like a bank account. You can’t take out more than you put in on an ongoing basis.’\u003ccite>— Jerry Cadagan, water activist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California’s aquifers supply 40 percent of the state’s water in normal years but in this drought year, it could be closer to 65 percent. That makes it our biggest water reserve –- bigger than the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are already sounding alarm bells about pumping too much groundwater. State water managers estimate that water tables in some parts of the Valley have dropped 100 feet \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/uploads/1397858208-SUBSIDENCEFULLREPORT_FINAL.pdf\">below historical lows\u003c/a>. As water levels sink, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress/\">the land can sink, too\u003c/a> — in some places by about a foot per year. Groundwater pumping could also put \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v509/n7501/nature13275/metrics/news?message-global=remove\">more stress on the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not the only seismic consequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are a one-way trajectory towards depletion. Toward running out of groundwater in the Central Valley,” warns Jay Famiglietti, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ess.uci.edu/~hydrogroup/\">a hydrologist at UC Irvine\u003c/a>. He points out that California is the only western state that doesn’t really monitor or regulate how much groundwater farmers and residents are using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you own property, you can dig a well and you can pump as much groundwater as you a want,” says Famiglietti, “even if that means you are drawing water in from beneath your neighbor’s property into your well. So it’s not unlike having several straws in a glass, and everyone drinking at the same time, and no one really watching the level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/FullRig_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Drillers are bringing in large rigs like this one from all over the west, to drill deeper wells in the quest for water. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drillers are bringing in large rigs like this one from all over the west, to drill deeper wells in the quest for water. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That could change. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/22/california-edging-closer-to-regulating-groundwater-for-the-first-time/\">A bill\u003c/a> making its way through the state legislature could, for the first time ever, require local agencies to track, and in some cases, even restrict groundwater pumping. Some farmers oppose it, saying it’s a violation of their property rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But retired attorney and water activist Jerry Cadagan says counties should be thinking hard right now about the permits they’re giving to farmers to drill thousands of new wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got to put reasonable restrictions so people are only pumping out a reasonable amount of water that underlies their land,” says Cadagan, who lives in Stanislaus County, and is \u003ca href=\"http://www.modbee.com/2014/04/28/3314605/jump-in-well-permits-in-stanislaus.html\">suing farmers there\u003c/a> for drilling wells without considering the environmental impact. “Groundwater is like a bank account. You can’t take out more than you put in on an ongoing basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers too, are starting to worry. In Merced County, farm leaders are trying to stop two private landowners from \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/05/19/3934223/landowners-try-to-sell-groundwater.html\">selling as much as 7 billion gallons\u003c/a> of well water to farmers in another county. They call it “groundwater mining.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>You have to literally grab these guys and drag ‘em to your property and say ‘Please, please drill me a well!,’” laments citrus farmer Matt Fisher, who’s been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/08/cold-then-dry-dealing-california-citrus-farmers-a-double-punch/\">scrambling to keep his trees alive\u003c/a> after learning that he won’t get any water from federal reservoirs this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have even heard of drilling companies that won’t tell growers who’s in front of them, because guys are trying to buy the other guy’s spot in line,” says Fisher. “Its crazy, some of the things that are going on, but if you’re in our shoes, and you have to pay a guy $10,000 for his spot in line, that’s cheap compared to what you’re going to lose if you lose your whole orchard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not always about \u003cem>losing\u003c/em> trees, though. Right where a brand new almond orchard will be planted in rural Fresno County, a 70-foot high drilling rig bores a hole in the earth 2,500 feet deep. This well will cost the farmer about a million dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juan de La Cruz works on this rig 12 hours a day, seven days a week, carefully guiding the drill bit. He’s standing in a little hut next to the drill hole that they call ‘the doghouse.’ It’s where workers keep a log of the layers of sand and clay they find, collecting samples every ten feet as the drill probes deeper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DrillingSamples_SK.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17880\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DrillingSamples_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Drillers collect samples from the bore hole for every 10 feet of depth. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drillers collect samples from the bore hole for every 10 feet of depth — but the records of what they find are considered confidential and not available to the public. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s also home to two other essential pieces of gear: a microwave and a fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>This is basically where we live while we’re working,” says De La Cruz in Spanish. “We’ve got some \u003cem>nopales\u003c/em> (cacti) and zucchinis in here to cook up. The farmers bring us cantaloupes, tomatoes, whatever we want. They are so grateful because when we’re done with this well, these fields will have water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Zimmerer’s company,\u003ca href=\"http://www.zimwells.com/\"> Zim Industries,\u003c/a> owns this rig and a dozen others. He knows there’s a silver lining to the drought for well drillers this year. But he knows it can’t last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t keep sustaining this amount of overdraft, we all know that,” says Zimmerer, standing on the platform next to the drill. “At this point in time, we don’t want to keep going on at this pace. It’s more of a temporary fix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a sobering admission from a well driller.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Groundwater is like a bank account. You can’t take out more than you put in on an ongoing basis.’\u003ccite>— Jerry Cadagan, water activist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California’s aquifers supply 40 percent of the state’s water in normal years but in this drought year, it could be closer to 65 percent. That makes it our biggest water reserve –- bigger than the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are already sounding alarm bells about pumping too much groundwater. State water managers estimate that water tables in some parts of the Valley have dropped 100 feet \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/uploads/1397858208-SUBSIDENCEFULLREPORT_FINAL.pdf\">below historical lows\u003c/a>. As water levels sink, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress/\">the land can sink, too\u003c/a> — in some places by about a foot per year. Groundwater pumping could also put \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v509/n7501/nature13275/metrics/news?message-global=remove\">more stress on the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not the only seismic consequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are a one-way trajectory towards depletion. Toward running out of groundwater in the Central Valley,” warns Jay Famiglietti, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ess.uci.edu/~hydrogroup/\">a hydrologist at UC Irvine\u003c/a>. He points out that California is the only western state that doesn’t really monitor or regulate how much groundwater farmers and residents are using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you own property, you can dig a well and you can pump as much groundwater as you a want,” says Famiglietti, “even if that means you are drawing water in from beneath your neighbor’s property into your well. So it’s not unlike having several straws in a glass, and everyone drinking at the same time, and no one really watching the level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/FullRig_SK.jpg\" alt=\"Drillers are bringing in large rigs like this one from all over the west, to drill deeper wells in the quest for water. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drillers are bringing in large rigs like this one from all over the west, to drill deeper wells in the quest for water. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That could change. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/22/california-edging-closer-to-regulating-groundwater-for-the-first-time/\">A bill\u003c/a> making its way through the state legislature could, for the first time ever, require local agencies to track, and in some cases, even restrict groundwater pumping. Some farmers oppose it, saying it’s a violation of their property rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But retired attorney and water activist Jerry Cadagan says counties should be thinking hard right now about the permits they’re giving to farmers to drill thousands of new wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got to put reasonable restrictions so people are only pumping out a reasonable amount of water that underlies their land,” says Cadagan, who lives in Stanislaus County, and is \u003ca href=\"http://www.modbee.com/2014/04/28/3314605/jump-in-well-permits-in-stanislaus.html\">suing farmers there\u003c/a> for drilling wells without considering the environmental impact. “Groundwater is like a bank account. You can’t take out more than you put in on an ongoing basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers too, are starting to worry. In Merced County, farm leaders are trying to stop two private landowners from \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/05/19/3934223/landowners-try-to-sell-groundwater.html\">selling as much as 7 billion gallons\u003c/a> of well water to farmers in another county. They call it “groundwater mining.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "New Rules for Power Plants: What They Mean for California",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/MorroBay_3600.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17919\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17919\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/MorroBay_3600.jpg\" alt=\"A natural gas-fired power plant in Morro Bay, on California's Central Coast. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A natural gas-fired power plant looms over Morro Bay, on California’s Central Coast. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATED with post-announcement reaction and details\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following Monday’s roll-out from the federal Environmental Protection Agency, there was optimism — if not clarity — over what \u003ca title=\"EPA - release\" href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/bd4379a92ceceeac8525735900400c27/5bb6d20668b9a18485257ceb00490c98!OpenDocument\">proposed new regulation\u003c/a> of power plant carbon emissions would mean for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of setting higher standards to cut pollution at our power plants is not new,” President Barack Obama said in his weekly address, “It’s just time for Washington to catch up with the rest of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the president refers to “the rest of the country,” California looms large, given the state’s aggressive moves to cut carbon emissions. Those include a power mix with 33 percent renewable energy by 2020, and the nation’s most ambitious cap-and-trade program to throttle industrial emissions of greenhouse gases. California put specific limits on global warming emissions from power plants back in 2006, with a law that Derek Walker of the Environmental Defense Fund calls, “a forerunner” of the new federal standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two use different measuring sticks. California’s broader climate strategy, also passed in 2006, aims to cut emissions back to 1990 levels by 2020. The new \u003ca title=\"EPA - Clean Power Plan\" href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/carbon-pollution-standards\">federal Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> would require a 30 percent cut from 2005 levels by 2030. Nonetheless, Derek Furstenwerth, senior director for environmental services at Calpine, a major power producer in California, told reporters that while Calpine is still sifting details of the plan, California’s program is “sufficiently stringent” so that it should meet the federal goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hit hardest by the new rules will be the nation’s 600-or-so coal-fired power plants. States that depend heavily on coal power will have to find ways to reduce carbon emissions — but how they do it will likely be left largely to them. In her announcement, EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said the proposed rule, “is not a one-size-fits-all solution.” Less coal-dependent states might comply simply by tightening energy efficiency standards. States could also develop more clean energy sources or put a price on carbon with programs similar to California’s cap-and-trade program. That, in turn, could lead to more cap-and-trade partners for the Golden State. Currently Quebec has the only carbon market directly linked to California’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17925\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/epa-nsps-co2-sector-copy.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17925\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17925\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/epa-nsps-co2-sector-copy.jpg\" alt=\"A snapshot of U.S. carbon emissions in 2012. (EIA/C2ES)\" width=\"640\" height=\"372\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snapshot of U.S. carbon emissions in 2012. (EIA/C2ES)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While California utilities have no coal-fired plants inside the state, they do import coal power from plants in neighboring states. As recently as 2005, those imported megawatts accounted for about 33 million metric tons of carbon emissions, a number that’s been dropping dramatically in recent years as utilities in the state have begun weaning themselves from coal power, replacing some of it with renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. (Total \u003ca title=\"CARB - CO2 emissions inventory\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/data.htm\">carbon emissions in California\u003c/a> were about 459 million in 2012, the latest year tallied.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the proportion of electricity that Californians get from natural gas has been rising. The \u003ca title=\"LAT - post\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-san-onofre-cost-20140510-story.html\">shutdown of a major nuclear power plant\u003c/a> in Southern California combined with reduced hydroelectricity from \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/?=science_widget\">the ongoing drought\u003c/a> have forced power producers to replace that missing power with natural gas, pushing its proportion in the state’s power mix to about 70 percent. Though far less carbon-polluting than coal, natural gas is a fossil fuel and produces substantial warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Natural Resources Defense Council has done its own \u003ca title=\"NRDC - report\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution-standards/state-benefits.asp\">tally of prospective benefits\u003c/a>, most of which would accrue to 13 “key states,” where energy is currently more carbon-intensive than in California. Of course, NRDC did its math before the actual rules were unveiled. Conversely (and in similarly speculative fashion), voices from the fossil fuel industry and some utilities have \u003ca title=\"SFBT - post\" href=\"http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/washingtonbureau/2014/05/will-epa-limits-on-power-plant-emissions-kill-jobs.html?page=all\">decried the new regulation\u003c/a> as a job killer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States have until at least 2016 to submit their plans to meet the new standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/MorroBay_3600.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17919\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17919\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/MorroBay_3600.jpg\" alt=\"A natural gas-fired power plant in Morro Bay, on California's Central Coast. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A natural gas-fired power plant looms over Morro Bay, on California’s Central Coast. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATED with post-announcement reaction and details\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following Monday’s roll-out from the federal Environmental Protection Agency, there was optimism — if not clarity — over what \u003ca title=\"EPA - release\" href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/bd4379a92ceceeac8525735900400c27/5bb6d20668b9a18485257ceb00490c98!OpenDocument\">proposed new regulation\u003c/a> of power plant carbon emissions would mean for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of setting higher standards to cut pollution at our power plants is not new,” President Barack Obama said in his weekly address, “It’s just time for Washington to catch up with the rest of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the president refers to “the rest of the country,” California looms large, given the state’s aggressive moves to cut carbon emissions. Those include a power mix with 33 percent renewable energy by 2020, and the nation’s most ambitious cap-and-trade program to throttle industrial emissions of greenhouse gases. California put specific limits on global warming emissions from power plants back in 2006, with a law that Derek Walker of the Environmental Defense Fund calls, “a forerunner” of the new federal standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two use different measuring sticks. California’s broader climate strategy, also passed in 2006, aims to cut emissions back to 1990 levels by 2020. The new \u003ca title=\"EPA - Clean Power Plan\" href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/carbon-pollution-standards\">federal Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> would require a 30 percent cut from 2005 levels by 2030. Nonetheless, Derek Furstenwerth, senior director for environmental services at Calpine, a major power producer in California, told reporters that while Calpine is still sifting details of the plan, California’s program is “sufficiently stringent” so that it should meet the federal goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hit hardest by the new rules will be the nation’s 600-or-so coal-fired power plants. States that depend heavily on coal power will have to find ways to reduce carbon emissions — but how they do it will likely be left largely to them. In her announcement, EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said the proposed rule, “is not a one-size-fits-all solution.” Less coal-dependent states might comply simply by tightening energy efficiency standards. States could also develop more clean energy sources or put a price on carbon with programs similar to California’s cap-and-trade program. That, in turn, could lead to more cap-and-trade partners for the Golden State. Currently Quebec has the only carbon market directly linked to California’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17925\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/epa-nsps-co2-sector-copy.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17925\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17925\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/epa-nsps-co2-sector-copy.jpg\" alt=\"A snapshot of U.S. carbon emissions in 2012. (EIA/C2ES)\" width=\"640\" height=\"372\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snapshot of U.S. carbon emissions in 2012. (EIA/C2ES)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While California utilities have no coal-fired plants inside the state, they do import coal power from plants in neighboring states. As recently as 2005, those imported megawatts accounted for about 33 million metric tons of carbon emissions, a number that’s been dropping dramatically in recent years as utilities in the state have begun weaning themselves from coal power, replacing some of it with renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. (Total \u003ca title=\"CARB - CO2 emissions inventory\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/data.htm\">carbon emissions in California\u003c/a> were about 459 million in 2012, the latest year tallied.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the proportion of electricity that Californians get from natural gas has been rising. The \u003ca title=\"LAT - post\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-san-onofre-cost-20140510-story.html\">shutdown of a major nuclear power plant\u003c/a> in Southern California combined with reduced hydroelectricity from \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/?=science_widget\">the ongoing drought\u003c/a> have forced power producers to replace that missing power with natural gas, pushing its proportion in the state’s power mix to about 70 percent. Though far less carbon-polluting than coal, natural gas is a fossil fuel and produces substantial warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Natural Resources Defense Council has done its own \u003ca title=\"NRDC - report\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution-standards/state-benefits.asp\">tally of prospective benefits\u003c/a>, most of which would accrue to 13 “key states,” where energy is currently more carbon-intensive than in California. Of course, NRDC did its math before the actual rules were unveiled. Conversely (and in similarly speculative fashion), voices from the fossil fuel industry and some utilities have \u003ca title=\"SFBT - post\" href=\"http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/washingtonbureau/2014/05/will-epa-limits-on-power-plant-emissions-kill-jobs.html?page=all\">decried the new regulation\u003c/a> as a job killer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States have until at least 2016 to submit their plans to meet the new standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
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