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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8915_Drought_JoshC-4450-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18427\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8915_Drought_JoshC-4450-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at San Luis Reservoir in February, 2014. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at San Luis Reservoir in February, 2014. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vegas has nothing on Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As talk turns to whether California’s drought will \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/11/drought-outlook-disasterous-consequences-if-2015-is-dry/\">stretch into a fourth year\u003c/a>, two co-founders of the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis decided to handicap it. Their conclusion: don’t bet on wet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Lund, who specializes in the engineering side of water and geologist Jeff Mount, now a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, looked at more than a hundred years of precipitation records and drought patterns in the Sacramento Valley, and calculate that the chances of another winter with below-average precipitation to be nearly three in four. Lund and Mount figure there’s about a one-in-four chance of a “critically dry” year, using the five-category nomenclature of state water managers. “There’s a good chance that if you’re in a dry year this year, you’ll be in a dry year next year,” says Lund. They write on the center’s \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS - post\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/\">California Water Blog\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, there’s a 71 percent chance that next [water] year will be Below Normal or drier and only a 29 percent chance of experiencing an Above Normal or Wet year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on 106 years of record, only 13 percent of years have been Critically Dry. But the odds facing California for next year aren’t as good. In the Sacramento Valley — the state’s largest source of water supply — there’s a 29 percent chance that the 2014-15 water year will also be Critically Dry, and a 64 percent chance that it will be Dry or Critically Dry — not favorable conditions for water management.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, I asked Lund if history is a reliable gauge anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well if history is no gauge, then maybe it’s a 50-50 chance,” says Lund. “But I think history is probably a better gauge than we’d like to think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 592px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/DroughtOdds_CWS_table1_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18436\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/DroughtOdds_CWS_table1_crop.jpg\" alt=\"(Center for Watershed Sciences, U. C. Davis)\" width=\"592\" height=\"372\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Center for Watershed Sciences, U. C. Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clearly as things stand, anything on the dry side would be bad news. “Even if we have a wet year next year, we’re not out of the drought,” warns Mount, a specialist in river hydrology. “We’ve drawn down so much on our groundwater, we have such low reserves within our reservoirs, and our soils are very, very dry.” The two say that the likelihood of a longer drought isn’t merely statistical. For instance, after an extended dry spell, soils tend to soak up more of the rain that does fall, and that reduces runoff into reservoirs. The current 2014 “water year” (ending September 30) is on track to be the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund and Mount agree that betting on El Niño to bring rain and snow is \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">a chump’s game\u003c/a>. In fact, says Mount, he and Lund were motivated to make their calculations in part because of all the “media froth” over the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/08/california-drought-hopes-rising-for-el-nino/\">prospects for a rainmaking El Niño\u003c/a> condition in the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could actually hear the response of people saying, ‘We’re going to have an El Niño next year, so everything’s going to be fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not necessarily, says Mount, noting that Central and Northern California lie “at the swing point,” where effects from the legendary oscillation are less predictable than in far Southern California or the Pacific Northwest. As for the Las Vegas metaphor, “Only a fool would make book on the weather,” cautions Mount. “Our predictive capacity for year-to-year weather is very, very low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund and Mount agree that betting on El Niño to bring rain and snow is \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">a chump’s game\u003c/a>. In fact, says Mount, he and Lund were motivated to make their calculations in part because of all the “media froth” over the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/08/california-drought-hopes-rising-for-el-nino/\">prospects for a rainmaking El Niño\u003c/a> condition in the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could actually hear the response of people saying, ‘We’re going to have an El Niño next year, so everything’s going to be fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not necessarily, says Mount, noting that Central and Northern California lie “at the swing point,” where effects from the legendary oscillation are less predictable than in far Southern California or the Pacific Northwest. As for the Las Vegas metaphor, “Only a fool would make book on the weather,” cautions Mount. “Our predictive capacity for year-to-year weather is very, very low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS3535_IMG_4245-scr-e1402709630380.jpg\" alt=\"Oracle's headquarters in Redwood Shores is built on landfill in an area that was once marsh. (Molly Samuel/KQED with aerial support from LightHawk)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oracle’s headquarters in Redwood Shores is built on landfill in an area that was once marsh. (Molly Samuel/KQED with aerial support from LightHawk)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rising seas will likely lead to unprecedented flooding along parts of California’s coast within 20-60 years, according to new research by Climate Central.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driven by climate change, global sea levels have already risen several inches over the past century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help people learn about flooding risks in their communities, \u003ca href=\"http://ss2.climatecentral.org/index.html#9/37.7631/-122.0856?show=satellite&level=3&pois=show\">Climate Central\u003c/a> has released a new version of an online tool that explores flood risks by zip code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using an interactive map, Bay Area residents can zoom in on their region to find out if flooding will impact their homes as well as nearby schools, power plants, and hospitals. The “\u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Surging Seas\u003c/a>” website includes an interactive map, graphics, and other information to help people better understand the potential risks of sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The online tool also highlights who will be affected by severe flooding. Ngoc Nguyen of \u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/news/environment/sea-level-rise/index.php\">New America Media\u003c/a>, which collaborated on the interactive tool, says that low-income and communities of color will be most impacted by sea level rise. “We found that communities are responding, but there is a dangerous information gap about sea level rise and policies to address it among impacted ethnic communities,” says Nguyen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the map below, you can adjust the blue water level slider to see how rising water will affect coastal land. But don’t crank the slider up to 10 just yet. According to Dr. Ben Strauss of Climate Central, setting the water level to 3 feet will give a more realistic view of Bay Area flooding risks in the next few decades. Zoom in on San Mateo County and you can see how it could be ground zero for flooding in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0px;width: 100%;height: 530px\" src=\"http://ss2.climatecentral.org/widget.html#9/37.7631/-122.0856?show=satellite&level=3&pois=show\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using projected sea level rise and historic storm data, Climate Central’s research found that floods would reach greater than 3 feet above the high tide line every year by 2060 at study sites from San Diego to Los Angeles, and by 2070 in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Strauss, the interactive map should not be taken as a specific prediction of what is to come, but rather as an indication of future flood risk. Drawing on data from more than 10 federal agencies, Climate Central is creating tools for every coastal state in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the map below, you can adjust the blue water level slider to see how rising water will affect coastal land. But don’t crank the slider up to 10 just yet. According to Dr. Ben Strauss of Climate Central, setting the water level to 3 feet will give a more realistic view of Bay Area flooding risks in the next few decades. Zoom in on San Mateo County and you can see how it could be ground zero for flooding in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0px;width: 100%;height: 530px\" src=\"http://ss2.climatecentral.org/widget.html#9/37.7631/-122.0856?show=satellite&level=3&pois=show\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using projected sea level rise and historic storm data, Climate Central’s research found that floods would reach greater than 3 feet above the high tide line every year by 2060 at study sites from San Diego to Los Angeles, and by 2070 in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Strauss, the interactive map should not be taken as a specific prediction of what is to come, but rather as an indication of future flood risk. Drawing on data from more than 10 federal agencies, Climate Central is creating tools for every coastal state in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Berkeley Considers CO2 Warning Labels at Gas Pumps",
"headTitle": "Berkeley Considers CO2 Warning Labels at Gas Pumps | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18370\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/gaspump_hosetalker2-e1402694020933.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18370 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/gaspump_hosetalker2-e1402694020933.jpg\" alt=\"A working concept of a gas pump climate change warning labels that the City of Berkeley is considering. (Courtesy 350 Bay Area)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A working concept of gas pump climate change warning labels that the City of Berkeley is considering. (Courtesy Raymond Pajek)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The City of Berkeley is considering requiring gas stations to display climate change warning labels on gas pumps. Environmental group \u003ca href=\"http://www.350bayarea.org/\">350 Bay Area\u003c/a>, which is leading the “Beyond The Pump” campaign, says the goal is to inform the public about the harmful effects of CO2 emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to change the social context of burning gasoline,” says Jamie Brooks, with 350 Bay Area. Putting messages at the point of sale of gas will influence human behavior, he says. He compared the proposed stickers to the warning labels on cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18384\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Gas-Label-cropped-image1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18384 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Gas-Label-cropped-image1.jpg\" alt=\"A working concept of Berkeley's gas pump warning label. (Courtesy Raymond Pajek)\" width=\"298\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A working concept of Berkeley’s gas pump warning label. (Credit: 350 Bay Area)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Western States Petroleum Association sent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Planning_and_Development/Level_3_-_Commissions/Commission_for_Community_Environmental_Advisory/2014%2006%2012_CEAC_AGN_Item%20XII.b.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> to the City of Berkeley arguing that the ordinance is unconstitutional. The oil lobby group says it would violate a gas station owner’s right to free speech by compelling them to display statements about “alleged” impacts of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 350 members say the labels would simply cite state laws, such as AB 32, which state that emissions are harmful to humans and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that the message is accurate and noncontroversial,” said Jack Fleck, a retired transportation engineer and 350 Bay Area member. “It is simply a fact that the state has found that greenhouse gases pose a serious threat to the public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Community_Environmental_Advisory_Commission/\">Community Environmental Advisory Commission\u003c/a> voted Thursday in favor of drafting an ordinance. The city council could vote on the proposal as early as this fall.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18370\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/gaspump_hosetalker2-e1402694020933.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18370 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/gaspump_hosetalker2-e1402694020933.jpg\" alt=\"A working concept of a gas pump climate change warning labels that the City of Berkeley is considering. (Courtesy 350 Bay Area)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A working concept of gas pump climate change warning labels that the City of Berkeley is considering. (Courtesy Raymond Pajek)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The City of Berkeley is considering requiring gas stations to display climate change warning labels on gas pumps. Environmental group \u003ca href=\"http://www.350bayarea.org/\">350 Bay Area\u003c/a>, which is leading the “Beyond The Pump” campaign, says the goal is to inform the public about the harmful effects of CO2 emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to change the social context of burning gasoline,” says Jamie Brooks, with 350 Bay Area. Putting messages at the point of sale of gas will influence human behavior, he says. He compared the proposed stickers to the warning labels on cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18384\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Gas-Label-cropped-image1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18384 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Gas-Label-cropped-image1.jpg\" alt=\"A working concept of Berkeley's gas pump warning label. (Courtesy Raymond Pajek)\" width=\"298\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A working concept of Berkeley’s gas pump warning label. (Credit: 350 Bay Area)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Western States Petroleum Association sent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Planning_and_Development/Level_3_-_Commissions/Commission_for_Community_Environmental_Advisory/2014%2006%2012_CEAC_AGN_Item%20XII.b.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> to the City of Berkeley arguing that the ordinance is unconstitutional. The oil lobby group says it would violate a gas station owner’s right to free speech by compelling them to display statements about “alleged” impacts of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 350 members say the labels would simply cite state laws, such as AB 32, which state that emissions are harmful to humans and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that the message is accurate and noncontroversial,” said Jack Fleck, a retired transportation engineer and 350 Bay Area member. “It is simply a fact that the state has found that greenhouse gases pose a serious threat to the public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California's Not Ready for Influx of Oil Trains, Says Report",
"headTitle": "California’s Not Ready for Influx of Oil Trains, Says Report | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/tankcarsrichmond-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars parked in Richmond. BNSF Railway has been bringing crude oil to this railyard. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trains carrying oil can pose serious risks to public safety and the environment, and California isn’t prepared, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardousMaterials/Pages/Oil-By-Rail.aspx\">report released by state agencies\u003c/a> this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude-by-rail is a growing concern, as an oil boom in North Dakota has meant increasing amounts of crude traveling to refineries by rail. A series of fiery derailments in the past year, including one that killed 47 people in a Quebec town, has focused attention on the need to prevent accidents and be prepared for emergency response.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Even though we haven’t had an accident, which is great, we want to be able to respond to it when there is an accident.’\u003ccite>— Kelly Huston, Office of Emergency Services\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The report warns that a derailment in California could kill people, destroy neighborhoods, damage water supplies and threaten natural areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though we haven’t had an accident, which is great, we want to be able to respond to it when there is an accident,” said Kelly Huston, a deputy director at the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (OES). “With the increase in the amount of crude oil on rail coming through California’s cities and counties, we believe there should be some increased training for first responders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was released by an inter-agency group that includes the OES, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife and the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), among others. It recommends boosting funding for emergency responder training, and for equipment to handle hazardous material accidents. It also supports an item in Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget that would provide more money to the Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response, which has focused on marine oil spills in the past, but is now preparing for the possibility of inland spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not all about accident response; there are also recommendations for prevention. Most rail regulation is up to the federal government; the CPUC helps enforce safety rules with its own rail inspectors. There are 52 of them, responsible for monitoring more than 5,400 miles of track in the state. “This staffing level is seriously inadequate,” the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul King, deputy director for the rail safety at the CPUC, said the Governor’s budget aims to help. “To meet the volume of trains and the magnitude of the risk that [crude-by-rail] presents,” King said, “the Governor has put in his budget for extra staffing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ac3ac42f887db458c1a7bc05dd24482c”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other gaps the state cannot fill alone. As the CPUC pointed out \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/7945B5AC-B200-431B-A8C4-648AB1BEAB2D/0/2013AnnualReporttotheLegRNCV.pdf\">in a report released last year\u003c/a>, there is only one federal railroad bridge inspector for 11 Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also raised the need for more information. As of last weekend, railroads that are transporting large shipments of Bakken, the volatile crude oil from North Dakota, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/06/crude-by-rail-more-information-coming-to-california/\">must notify states\u003c/a>. Huston of the OES said he got the first batch of documents Monday, but he said they’re of limited use and not timely enough. He said the OES is following up with BNSF and the federal Department of Transportation, the agency that issued the notification order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huston said he’d also like to see a map that the public could access, showing where the oil train shipments are headed. The railroads are \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/06/09/6470835/fight-over-crude-oil-transports.html\">resisting releasing information\u003c/a> about crude shipments to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of California’s oil comes either from within the state or overseas, and travels to refineries here by pipeline or ship. And that’s still the case. According the the California Energy Commission, only about one percent of California’s crude came by train in 2013. But trains carrying oil are becoming more frequent, and the CEC projects that by 2016, trains could be bringing in about 23 percent of California’s crude.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Crude-by-rail has been a growing concern as an oil boom in North Dakota has meant more and more crude is traveling to refineries by rail. A series of fiery derailments in the past year has focused attention on the need for accident prevention and emergency response preparation. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/tankcarsrichmond-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars parked in Richmond. BNSF Railway has been bringing crude oil to this railyard. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trains carrying oil can pose serious risks to public safety and the environment, and California isn’t prepared, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardousMaterials/Pages/Oil-By-Rail.aspx\">report released by state agencies\u003c/a> this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude-by-rail is a growing concern, as an oil boom in North Dakota has meant increasing amounts of crude traveling to refineries by rail. A series of fiery derailments in the past year, including one that killed 47 people in a Quebec town, has focused attention on the need to prevent accidents and be prepared for emergency response.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Even though we haven’t had an accident, which is great, we want to be able to respond to it when there is an accident.’\u003ccite>— Kelly Huston, Office of Emergency Services\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The report warns that a derailment in California could kill people, destroy neighborhoods, damage water supplies and threaten natural areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though we haven’t had an accident, which is great, we want to be able to respond to it when there is an accident,” said Kelly Huston, a deputy director at the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (OES). “With the increase in the amount of crude oil on rail coming through California’s cities and counties, we believe there should be some increased training for first responders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was released by an inter-agency group that includes the OES, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife and the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), among others. It recommends boosting funding for emergency responder training, and for equipment to handle hazardous material accidents. It also supports an item in Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget that would provide more money to the Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response, which has focused on marine oil spills in the past, but is now preparing for the possibility of inland spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not all about accident response; there are also recommendations for prevention. Most rail regulation is up to the federal government; the CPUC helps enforce safety rules with its own rail inspectors. There are 52 of them, responsible for monitoring more than 5,400 miles of track in the state. “This staffing level is seriously inadequate,” the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul King, deputy director for the rail safety at the CPUC, said the Governor’s budget aims to help. “To meet the volume of trains and the magnitude of the risk that [crude-by-rail] presents,” King said, “the Governor has put in his budget for extra staffing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other gaps the state cannot fill alone. As the CPUC pointed out \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/7945B5AC-B200-431B-A8C4-648AB1BEAB2D/0/2013AnnualReporttotheLegRNCV.pdf\">in a report released last year\u003c/a>, there is only one federal railroad bridge inspector for 11 Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also raised the need for more information. As of last weekend, railroads that are transporting large shipments of Bakken, the volatile crude oil from North Dakota, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/06/crude-by-rail-more-information-coming-to-california/\">must notify states\u003c/a>. Huston of the OES said he got the first batch of documents Monday, but he said they’re of limited use and not timely enough. He said the OES is following up with BNSF and the federal Department of Transportation, the agency that issued the notification order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huston said he’d also like to see a map that the public could access, showing where the oil train shipments are headed. The railroads are \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/06/09/6470835/fight-over-crude-oil-transports.html\">resisting releasing information\u003c/a> about crude shipments to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of California’s oil comes either from within the state or overseas, and travels to refineries here by pipeline or ship. And that’s still the case. According the the California Energy Commission, only about one percent of California’s crude came by train in 2013. But trains carrying oil are becoming more frequent, and the CEC projects that by 2016, trains could be bringing in about 23 percent of California’s crude.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Biodegradable Plastics: Too Good to Be True?",
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"content": "\u003cp>The next time you drop a bottle marketed as biodegradable into your reusable grocery bag, pause. \u003ca href=\"http://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/bio-plastics-not-so-good-biodegrading-ohio-state-study\" target=\"_blank\">New research\u003c/a> shows that not all of these plastics are made equal: some don’t actually biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution is a global issue. Long-lasting plastics \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/campaign/recycling-landfills\" target=\"_blank\">cramp landfills\u003c/a>, pile up in city streets, and create toxic problems in rivers, oceans, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/Portals/34/document/newspdfs/n_cdd_leachate_evaluation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">drinking water\u003c/a>. Americans generate over 30 million tons of plastic waste each year, and only 8 percent of that is recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, plastics are the largest component going into the waste stream, according to recycling expert \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/home/recycle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Terrie Termeer with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. \u003c/a>Concerns about this influx throughout the U.S. have given rise to a new kind of “biodegradable” plastic, which Termeer says is gaining in popularity. Companies are actively designing products that degrade quickly and that are sometimes made from plant feedstocks, appealing to consumers who don’t want to leave behind piles of waste or use materials that are “bad” for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers picked up on the trend, too, some of whom felt it was cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was always curious about, you know, do they actually biodegrade?” said \u003ca href=\"http://fabe.osu.edu/our-people/frederick-michel-jr\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Michel\u003c/a>, a waste-management expert and professor at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradability, a measure of how well something breaks down in compost, soil, or landfills, is an ambiguous term at best. Everything biodegrades completely over time, but your car might take a few thousand years longer to fall apart than, say, a tissue. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has attempted to clarify the term to prevent misleading advertising, but the definition is complex. According to the FTC, a product is biodegradable if it breaks down in certain environments, like compost bins, within a \"reasonable\" amount of time. But each environment dictates different interpretations of “reasonable.” Ultimately, the FTC notes that no matter where something breaks down, it needs to be completely returned to nature within a one-year timeframe in order to be marketed as “degradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70919\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp-431x360.jpg\" alt=\"Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene.\" width=\"364\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene. Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make a plastic biodegradable, manufacturers have started putting in additives that supposedly allow even the sturdiest plastics to degrade in a backyard compost pile. To Michel, this seemed like an example of \u003ca href=\"http://hbr.org/product/the-drivers-of-greenwashing/an/CMR494-PDF-ENG?N=4294958507&Ntt=+&Nao=1540\" target=\"_blank\">greenwashing\u003c/a>-- a term that refers to misleading marketing tactics that appeal to the Captain Planet in each of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was skeptical about it from the beginning because those materials don’t usually biodegrade,” Michel said. “It’s difficult to imagine a material you could add to them that would magically make them biodegradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, biodegradable additives work by \u003ca href=\"http://www.goecopure.com/technology/\" target=\"_blank\">attracting microbes that in turn attract more microbes\u003c/a>, increasing the rate of degradation. Some manufacturers also claim the additives are organic and nontoxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michel reviewed the research but was unable to find evidence to support manufacturers’ claims, so he ran his own experiment. Michel and his team rounded up all sorts of plastics to test their biodegradability: a motley collection of natural fibers, petroleum-based materials with the biodegradability additives, and plastics that shouldn’t biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391013003066\" target=\"_blank\">results of the research\u003c/a>, published in December 2013, were disconcerting. Traditional plastics with the “biodegradable” additives didn’t break down any more quickly than those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t surprised,” Michel said, “but it’s just interesting that there are materials in the market like that, that have claims that don’t seem to be justified in our testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC soon caught wind of the results and began investigating ECM BioFilms, an Ohio-based manufacturer that makes a plastic additive analyzed in Michel’s experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ECM investigation, which remains tied up in court, represents the first time the FTC has ever pursued plastic biodegradability claims. Meanwhile, the FTC has also begun a closed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/05/ftc-approves-final-order-settling-charges-company-made-misleading\" target=\"_blank\">investigation into plastic bag manufacturer American Plastic Manufacturing, Inc.\u003c/a> for misleading claims, which might set precedent for future interactions with plastic manufacturers. Manufacturers of other materials have been charged \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/10/ftc-cracks-down-misleading-unsubstantiated-environmental\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of thousands of dollars in civil penalties\u003c/a> for misleading marketing, but as a first-time offender, \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/advertising_science/blog/plastic_companys_unscientific_biodegradability_claims_barred_by_ftc-135566\" target=\"_blank\">APM was not fined but simply ordered to stop making false claims. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, the marketplace is full of these misleading claims,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.msu.edu/user/narayan/\" target=\"_blank\">Ramani Narayan\u003c/a>, a biochemical engineering professor at Michigan State University and chairman of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">ASTM Subcommittee\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bpiworld.org/BPI-Public\" target=\"_blank\">Biodegradable Products Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helped develop international biodegradability standards. He says it’s often difficult to come across strong research about plastics, but he is pleased with Michel’s paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has given very clear scientific data,” he said. “It’s shown that nothing happens [when these additives are used].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But greenwashing isn’t always deliberate. The language surrounding “bio-friendliness” is so complex that many are just plain confused, said Michel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to there being confusion among consumers about how these materials may be recycled or composted -- or where they end up -- there's also a certain amount of confusion among industries that are trying to become more sustainable and develop more sustainable products, about the end of life of these materials and products, and how they can best address their sustainability goals with these materials,” Michel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have their products tested and certified by the Biodegradability Products Institute. Those confused about particulars can look to the FTC’s \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong>, documents that outline what the agency might perceive as deceptive practices. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/10/ftc-issues-revised-green-guides\" target=\"_blank\">The FTC revised the guides in 2012\u003c/a> based on input from consumers who wanted to buy “green” products more intelligently, and enhanced its investigations accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70923\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70923\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph-508x360.jpg\" alt=\"The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did?\" width=\"414\" height=\"293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did? Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Being certified by the Institute isn’t mandated, and the \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong> aren’t rules. You can market any product as biodegradable even if it’s not. There is, however, risk of civil lawsuits. If your product seems fishy, the FTC will investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michel isn’t content to simply police eco-friendly claims. He hopes his team’s work gets consumers to consider whether they know how to use plastics correctly, or what these “green” terms even mean. Words like “bioplastic” and “biodegradable” are often used interchangeably, when in fact each implies a very specific method of creation or disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know that something is a bioplastic, all you really know is that it is something made from plant feedstocks. On the other hand, if you know that something is biodegradable, you may not know what it’s made from, but you do have insight into what might happen to it in certain environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have much information about the lifecycles of new biodegradable plastics, and what we do know isn’t widely understood by the public. For instance, not all bioplastics are biodegradable, and leaving one in your compost pile would be a bad move. Worse, if people think biodegradable products can biodegrade anywhere, they might send them to landfills. Biodegradable products usually release carbon dioxide, but if they land in an anaerobic landfill environment, they release methane as they very slowly break down -- a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The bottom line is that you can’t count on something breaking down in your compost bin just because it’s made of coconut fiber, for example. Plastics don’t break down quickly because of what they’re made of but because of how engineers structure the molecules within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I were to draw the chemical structure of polyethylene (PET), derived from plants…or derived from petroleum fossils, [they’d be] identical,” said Narayan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to handle this might be to change package labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A way to improve things would be to have some sort of lifecycle information on the container rather than just the word 'biodegradable,'” Michel said. “How much carbon went into making that material? What are the other impacts? And then, what should be done with it to have the least environmental impact?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that's a lot for a label,” he added, “but those are the things you really need to think about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deciphering Plastic Labels\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plant-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bio-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bioplastic\u003c/strong>: Plastics that are made from one or more plant starches, including feedstocks like corn, coconut, sugarcane, and wood cellulose. Not to be confused with biodegradable. This term describes the content of the material, not how it operates. Many bioplastics biodegrade in a timely way, but not all.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Biodegradable\u003c/strong>: This term does not indicate source material. Rather, it implies that the plastic can be broken down and eaten by microbes in environments like compost piles. All things biodegrade, but some things biodegrade more quickly than others. Biodegradable materials are those that break down in certain environments like compost bins within a reasonable amount of time, as determined by the FTC.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Compostable\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics\" target=\"_blank\">Compostable products\u003c/a> are biodegradable, but even more so. When compostable products biodegrade, they often do so at a quicker pace and leave behind only \u003ca href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/humus/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">humus -- the essential component of soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Recyclable\u003c/strong>: As with biodegradable and compostable products, recyclable products can come from any number of feedstocks, but the term refers to their end-of-life situation. Recyclable products are those whose materials can be reused, either in a similar form or as part of another product. Plastics are recycled \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationofchange.org/numbers-plastic-bottles-what-do-plastic-recycling-symbols-mean-1360168347\" target=\"_blank\">according to their recycling symbol\u003c/a> -- a number 1 through 7 surrounded by three arrows in the shape of a triangle. These symbols correspond with types and structures of plastic, like vinyl (3) or polypropylene (PP).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about green vocabulary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0226-shopping-green#recyclable\" target=\"_blank\">visit the FTC\u003cstrong> Green Guides\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The next time you drop a bottle marketed as biodegradable into your reusable grocery bag, pause. \u003ca href=\"http://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/bio-plastics-not-so-good-biodegrading-ohio-state-study\" target=\"_blank\">New research\u003c/a> shows that not all of these plastics are made equal: some don’t actually biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution is a global issue. Long-lasting plastics \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/campaign/recycling-landfills\" target=\"_blank\">cramp landfills\u003c/a>, pile up in city streets, and create toxic problems in rivers, oceans, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/Portals/34/document/newspdfs/n_cdd_leachate_evaluation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">drinking water\u003c/a>. Americans generate over 30 million tons of plastic waste each year, and only 8 percent of that is recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, plastics are the largest component going into the waste stream, according to recycling expert \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/home/recycle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Terrie Termeer with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. \u003c/a>Concerns about this influx throughout the U.S. have given rise to a new kind of “biodegradable” plastic, which Termeer says is gaining in popularity. Companies are actively designing products that degrade quickly and that are sometimes made from plant feedstocks, appealing to consumers who don’t want to leave behind piles of waste or use materials that are “bad” for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers picked up on the trend, too, some of whom felt it was cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was always curious about, you know, do they actually biodegrade?” said \u003ca href=\"http://fabe.osu.edu/our-people/frederick-michel-jr\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Michel\u003c/a>, a waste-management expert and professor at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradability, a measure of how well something breaks down in compost, soil, or landfills, is an ambiguous term at best. Everything biodegrades completely over time, but your car might take a few thousand years longer to fall apart than, say, a tissue. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has attempted to clarify the term to prevent misleading advertising, but the definition is complex. According to the FTC, a product is biodegradable if it breaks down in certain environments, like compost bins, within a \"reasonable\" amount of time. But each environment dictates different interpretations of “reasonable.” Ultimately, the FTC notes that no matter where something breaks down, it needs to be completely returned to nature within a one-year timeframe in order to be marketed as “degradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70919\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/examples-of-exp-431x360.jpg\" alt=\"Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene.\" width=\"364\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michel and his team tested materials like coconut hull, asphalt-covered plastic, and additive-boosted polypropylene. Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make a plastic biodegradable, manufacturers have started putting in additives that supposedly allow even the sturdiest plastics to degrade in a backyard compost pile. To Michel, this seemed like an example of \u003ca href=\"http://hbr.org/product/the-drivers-of-greenwashing/an/CMR494-PDF-ENG?N=4294958507&Ntt=+&Nao=1540\" target=\"_blank\">greenwashing\u003c/a>-- a term that refers to misleading marketing tactics that appeal to the Captain Planet in each of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was skeptical about it from the beginning because those materials don’t usually biodegrade,” Michel said. “It’s difficult to imagine a material you could add to them that would magically make them biodegradable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, biodegradable additives work by \u003ca href=\"http://www.goecopure.com/technology/\" target=\"_blank\">attracting microbes that in turn attract more microbes\u003c/a>, increasing the rate of degradation. Some manufacturers also claim the additives are organic and nontoxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michel reviewed the research but was unable to find evidence to support manufacturers’ claims, so he ran his own experiment. Michel and his team rounded up all sorts of plastics to test their biodegradability: a motley collection of natural fibers, petroleum-based materials with the biodegradability additives, and plastics that shouldn’t biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391013003066\" target=\"_blank\">results of the research\u003c/a>, published in December 2013, were disconcerting. Traditional plastics with the “biodegradable” additives didn’t break down any more quickly than those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t surprised,” Michel said, “but it’s just interesting that there are materials in the market like that, that have claims that don’t seem to be justified in our testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC soon caught wind of the results and began investigating ECM BioFilms, an Ohio-based manufacturer that makes a plastic additive analyzed in Michel’s experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ECM investigation, which remains tied up in court, represents the first time the FTC has ever pursued plastic biodegradability claims. Meanwhile, the FTC has also begun a closed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/05/ftc-approves-final-order-settling-charges-company-made-misleading\" target=\"_blank\">investigation into plastic bag manufacturer American Plastic Manufacturing, Inc.\u003c/a> for misleading claims, which might set precedent for future interactions with plastic manufacturers. Manufacturers of other materials have been charged \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/10/ftc-cracks-down-misleading-unsubstantiated-environmental\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of thousands of dollars in civil penalties\u003c/a> for misleading marketing, but as a first-time offender, \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/advertising_science/blog/plastic_companys_unscientific_biodegradability_claims_barred_by_ftc-135566\" target=\"_blank\">APM was not fined but simply ordered to stop making false claims. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, the marketplace is full of these misleading claims,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.msu.edu/user/narayan/\" target=\"_blank\">Ramani Narayan\u003c/a>, a biochemical engineering professor at Michigan State University and chairman of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">ASTM Subcommittee\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bpiworld.org/BPI-Public\" target=\"_blank\">Biodegradable Products Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helped develop international biodegradability standards. He says it’s often difficult to come across strong research about plastics, but he is pleased with Michel’s paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has given very clear scientific data,” he said. “It’s shown that nothing happens [when these additives are used].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But greenwashing isn’t always deliberate. The language surrounding “bio-friendliness” is so complex that many are just plain confused, said Michel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to there being confusion among consumers about how these materials may be recycled or composted -- or where they end up -- there's also a certain amount of confusion among industries that are trying to become more sustainable and develop more sustainable products, about the end of life of these materials and products, and how they can best address their sustainability goals with these materials,” Michel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have their products tested and certified by the Biodegradability Products Institute. Those confused about particulars can look to the FTC’s \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong>, documents that outline what the agency might perceive as deceptive practices. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/10/ftc-issues-revised-green-guides\" target=\"_blank\">The FTC revised the guides in 2012\u003c/a> based on input from consumers who wanted to buy “green” products more intelligently, and enhanced its investigations accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70923\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70923\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/plastic-graph-508x360.jpg\" alt=\"The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did?\" width=\"414\" height=\"293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The results of the soil experiment. See how poorly the additive-amended materials did? Photo courtesy of Fred Michel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Being certified by the Institute isn’t mandated, and the \u003cstrong>Green Guides\u003c/strong> aren’t rules. You can market any product as biodegradable even if it’s not. There is, however, risk of civil lawsuits. If your product seems fishy, the FTC will investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michel isn’t content to simply police eco-friendly claims. He hopes his team’s work gets consumers to consider whether they know how to use plastics correctly, or what these “green” terms even mean. Words like “bioplastic” and “biodegradable” are often used interchangeably, when in fact each implies a very specific method of creation or disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know that something is a bioplastic, all you really know is that it is something made from plant feedstocks. On the other hand, if you know that something is biodegradable, you may not know what it’s made from, but you do have insight into what might happen to it in certain environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have much information about the lifecycles of new biodegradable plastics, and what we do know isn’t widely understood by the public. For instance, not all bioplastics are biodegradable, and leaving one in your compost pile would be a bad move. Worse, if people think biodegradable products can biodegrade anywhere, they might send them to landfills. Biodegradable products usually release carbon dioxide, but if they land in an anaerobic landfill environment, they release methane as they very slowly break down -- a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The bottom line is that you can’t count on something breaking down in your compost bin just because it’s made of coconut fiber, for example. Plastics don’t break down quickly because of what they’re made of but because of how engineers structure the molecules within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I were to draw the chemical structure of polyethylene (PET), derived from plants…or derived from petroleum fossils, [they’d be] identical,” said Narayan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to handle this might be to change package labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A way to improve things would be to have some sort of lifecycle information on the container rather than just the word 'biodegradable,'” Michel said. “How much carbon went into making that material? What are the other impacts? And then, what should be done with it to have the least environmental impact?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that's a lot for a label,” he added, “but those are the things you really need to think about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deciphering Plastic Labels\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plant-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bio-based\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>Bioplastic\u003c/strong>: Plastics that are made from one or more plant starches, including feedstocks like corn, coconut, sugarcane, and wood cellulose. Not to be confused with biodegradable. This term describes the content of the material, not how it operates. Many bioplastics biodegrade in a timely way, but not all.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Biodegradable\u003c/strong>: This term does not indicate source material. Rather, it implies that the plastic can be broken down and eaten by microbes in environments like compost piles. All things biodegrade, but some things biodegrade more quickly than others. Biodegradable materials are those that break down in certain environments like compost bins within a reasonable amount of time, as determined by the FTC.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Compostable\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics\" target=\"_blank\">Compostable products\u003c/a> are biodegradable, but even more so. When compostable products biodegrade, they often do so at a quicker pace and leave behind only \u003ca href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/humus/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">humus -- the essential component of soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Recyclable\u003c/strong>: As with biodegradable and compostable products, recyclable products can come from any number of feedstocks, but the term refers to their end-of-life situation. Recyclable products are those whose materials can be reused, either in a similar form or as part of another product. Plastics are recycled \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationofchange.org/numbers-plastic-bottles-what-do-plastic-recycling-symbols-mean-1360168347\" target=\"_blank\">according to their recycling symbol\u003c/a> -- a number 1 through 7 surrounded by three arrows in the shape of a triangle. These symbols correspond with types and structures of plastic, like vinyl (3) or polypropylene (PP).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about green vocabulary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0226-shopping-green#recyclable\" target=\"_blank\">visit the FTC\u003cstrong> Green Guides\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Outlook: 'Disastrous Consequences' If 2015 Is Dry",
"headTitle": "Drought Outlook: ‘Disastrous Consequences’ If 2015 Is Dry | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18284\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8926_Drought_JoshC-4394-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18284\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8926_Drought_JoshC-4394-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"An idle tractor appears to stand vigil over fallowed farm acreage in the San Joaquin Valley. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An idle tractor appears to stand vigil over fallowed farm acreage in the San Joaquin Valley. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The assertion in a new report on California’s long-term water woes likely comes as no surprise to most Californians:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A dry 2015 would have disastrous consequences for agencies and sectors up and down the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ominous prediction is part of a “\u003ca title=\"ACWA - policy paper\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/sites/default/files/post/water-supply-challenges/2014/06/final-drought-action-report.pdf\">drought action report\u003c/a>” released this week by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, whose members manage about 90 percent of Californians’ water. The document attempts to identify key vulnerabilities to the state’s water system and offers recommendations that its authors say could stave off the worst impacts of a protracted drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hundreds of thousands of acres of annual and permanent crops throughout the state would be idled,” the report goes on, “affecting the growers, local communities, related industries and the statewide economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By example, it specifically mentions the Oakdale Irrigation District, which the report says will likely run through all its water reserves just to get through this year, “so if 2015 is dry, the district would likely need to idle nearly one-third of its acreage, or 20,000 acres.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It gets worse:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In a worst case scenario for the agricultural industry, cotton production in California’s San Joaquin Valley could cease completely, resulting in severe economic losses from crop revenue, employment, shipping and more. Even agencies with \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">access to groundwater\u003c/a> in 2014 would likely have to contend with an increasing number of challenges including reduced water quality, higher energy costs, and subsidence.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>These kinds of projections loom especially scary since there’s no way to know what next year will bring. California has had \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/megadroughts-four-points-to-put-californias-dry-times-in-perspective/\">multi-decade “megadroughts”\u003c/a> in the distant past and weathered a six-year drought from 1987-92 — but that drought did not have the precipitous nature of this one. Three years into \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/?=science_widget\">the current dry spell\u003c/a>, the state has already logged its driest calendar year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18263\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/sutterslough-4986-112_crop_DWR.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/sutterslough-4986-112_crop_DWR.jpg\" alt=\"A rock barrier to block saltwater migration in 1976. (DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rock barrier installed to block saltwater migration into the Delta in 1976. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another year like this one would almost certainly force some extreme countermeasures that officials hope to avoid. Earlier this year, plans were laid for a $30 million series of rock barriers, designed to keep saltwater from pushing deeper into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta — something that hasn’t been necessary since the epic drought of 1976-77. Officials shelved those plans when river flows perked up after some rains in February, but would most likely need to revive the plan after another dry winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The odds of another 2014 are really low.’ \u003ccite>— Jeanine Jones, DWR\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But forecasters say the odds are on our side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Statistically speaking the odds of a fourth dry year are low and the odds of ‘another 2014’ are really low,” says Jeanine Jones, deputy drought manager with the California Department of Water Resources. What’s more likely, says Jones, is a “mixed cycle” comprising several consecutive dry years, interspersed with an occasional wet one, akin to what the Colorado River has seen over the past 11 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/08/california-drought-hopes-rising-for-el-nino/\">don’t count on El Niño\u003c/a> to bail us out. Although the legendary harbinger of rain has been on everyone’s lips like a mantra lately, much of the periodic warming in the Pacific Ocean’s link to precipitation is more legend than reality. Though \u003ca title=\"NOAA - CPC - ENSO\" href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\">current forecasts\u003c/a> call for moderate El Niño conditions to be in place by this fall, the correlation between El Niño and California precipitation is relatively shaky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” says Jones, “the science of seasonal climate forecasting is not very good at this point.” It’s likely to be December or later before we have a sense of whether the drought will hang around for a fourth year. If it does, water managers don’t want to contemplate the potential mayhem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked at a Sacramento drought briefing what the farm belt was doing to gird for another drought year, Terry Erlewine, general manager of State Water Contractors said, “There’s no way you can plan for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Ottemoeller, water resources manager at the Friant Water Authority noted that whatever carry-over supply there is this year will be gone after another dry winter. “They’re probably as ready as they can be,” he said of his ag customers in the San Joaquin Valley. “Most of them are just trying to get through this year.” He also predicted that the water wars would intensify in the courts. “A lot of the preparation will be gearing up for the fight.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18284\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8926_Drought_JoshC-4394-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18284\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8926_Drought_JoshC-4394-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"An idle tractor appears to stand vigil over fallowed farm acreage in the San Joaquin Valley. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An idle tractor appears to stand vigil over fallowed farm acreage in the San Joaquin Valley. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The assertion in a new report on California’s long-term water woes likely comes as no surprise to most Californians:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A dry 2015 would have disastrous consequences for agencies and sectors up and down the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ominous prediction is part of a “\u003ca title=\"ACWA - policy paper\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/sites/default/files/post/water-supply-challenges/2014/06/final-drought-action-report.pdf\">drought action report\u003c/a>” released this week by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, whose members manage about 90 percent of Californians’ water. The document attempts to identify key vulnerabilities to the state’s water system and offers recommendations that its authors say could stave off the worst impacts of a protracted drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hundreds of thousands of acres of annual and permanent crops throughout the state would be idled,” the report goes on, “affecting the growers, local communities, related industries and the statewide economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By example, it specifically mentions the Oakdale Irrigation District, which the report says will likely run through all its water reserves just to get through this year, “so if 2015 is dry, the district would likely need to idle nearly one-third of its acreage, or 20,000 acres.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It gets worse:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In a worst case scenario for the agricultural industry, cotton production in California’s San Joaquin Valley could cease completely, resulting in severe economic losses from crop revenue, employment, shipping and more. Even agencies with \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">access to groundwater\u003c/a> in 2014 would likely have to contend with an increasing number of challenges including reduced water quality, higher energy costs, and subsidence.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>These kinds of projections loom especially scary since there’s no way to know what next year will bring. California has had \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/megadroughts-four-points-to-put-californias-dry-times-in-perspective/\">multi-decade “megadroughts”\u003c/a> in the distant past and weathered a six-year drought from 1987-92 — but that drought did not have the precipitous nature of this one. Three years into \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/?=science_widget\">the current dry spell\u003c/a>, the state has already logged its driest calendar year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18263\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/sutterslough-4986-112_crop_DWR.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/sutterslough-4986-112_crop_DWR.jpg\" alt=\"A rock barrier to block saltwater migration in 1976. (DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rock barrier installed to block saltwater migration into the Delta in 1976. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another year like this one would almost certainly force some extreme countermeasures that officials hope to avoid. Earlier this year, plans were laid for a $30 million series of rock barriers, designed to keep saltwater from pushing deeper into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta — something that hasn’t been necessary since the epic drought of 1976-77. Officials shelved those plans when river flows perked up after some rains in February, but would most likely need to revive the plan after another dry winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The odds of another 2014 are really low.’ \u003ccite>— Jeanine Jones, DWR\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But forecasters say the odds are on our side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Statistically speaking the odds of a fourth dry year are low and the odds of ‘another 2014’ are really low,” says Jeanine Jones, deputy drought manager with the California Department of Water Resources. What’s more likely, says Jones, is a “mixed cycle” comprising several consecutive dry years, interspersed with an occasional wet one, akin to what the Colorado River has seen over the past 11 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/08/california-drought-hopes-rising-for-el-nino/\">don’t count on El Niño\u003c/a> to bail us out. Although the legendary harbinger of rain has been on everyone’s lips like a mantra lately, much of the periodic warming in the Pacific Ocean’s link to precipitation is more legend than reality. Though \u003ca title=\"NOAA - CPC - ENSO\" href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\">current forecasts\u003c/a> call for moderate El Niño conditions to be in place by this fall, the correlation between El Niño and California precipitation is relatively shaky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” says Jones, “the science of seasonal climate forecasting is not very good at this point.” It’s likely to be December or later before we have a sense of whether the drought will hang around for a fourth year. If it does, water managers don’t want to contemplate the potential mayhem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked at a Sacramento drought briefing what the farm belt was doing to gird for another drought year, Terry Erlewine, general manager of State Water Contractors said, “There’s no way you can plan for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Ottemoeller, water resources manager at the Friant Water Authority noted that whatever carry-over supply there is this year will be gone after another dry winter. “They’re probably as ready as they can be,” he said of his ag customers in the San Joaquin Valley. “Most of them are just trying to get through this year.” He also predicted that the water wars would intensify in the courts. “A lot of the preparation will be gearing up for the fight.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What if using cloud computing to store huge amounts of genetic information led to new ways to diagnose and even treat autism? Google is offering just that kind of computing muscle, teaming up with an advocacy group called Autism Speaks. \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Google Offers Cloud Database to Aid Autism Research\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What if using cloud computing to store huge amounts of genetic information led to new ways to diagnose and even treat autism? Google is offering just that kind of computing muscle, teaming up with an advocacy group called Autism Speaks. \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Google Offers Cloud Database to Aid Autism Research\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Dueling Drought Strategies: Save More Water or Store More Water",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/TCCWD-Reservoir-3-011714-fs.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/TCCWD-Reservoir-3-011714-fs.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at a reservoir near Jenner. (Timber Cove County Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at a reservoir near Jenner. (Timber Cove County Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no doubt that in California, water is in short supply this year. How to avoid the same situation when the next drought descends is, on the other hand, a matter of debate. Two competing camps have emerged about how to boost California’s water supplies during dry times: conserve more water or build more water storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California has pursued both strategies in the past, two new reports released Tuesday make differing cases for how the state should spend limited resources to solve California’s water woes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conserve More Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water conservation could save more water than is used by all of California’s cities in a year, \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\">according to a report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Institute and the Natural Resources Defense Council, an estimated 14 million acre-feet (one acre-foot of water is about 326,000 gallons).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve hit peak water.’\u003ccite>–Peter Gleick, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California is already using more water than it has, says Peter Gleick of the Pacific Institute. In any given year, the state runs a 6 million acre-foot water deficit, according to the report. That water shortage is made up by pumping groundwater and drawing water from stressed ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve hit the wall in California,” says Gleick. “We’ve hit ‘peak water.’ Even in a normal year or a wet year, we’re overextended.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of the water savings could come from the agricultural sector, which accounts for 80 percent of water used by people in California. Switching more agricultural acres to drip irrigation and using precision scheduling to time irrigation could save 17 to 22 percent – or 5.6 to 6.6 million acre-feet of water annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a million acres of land that’s under flood irrigation that could go to drip,” says Bob Wilkinson, adjunct associate professor of Environmental Science & Management at University of California Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other strategies include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Urban area water efficiency – shifting to drought-tolerant landscaping, accelerating the adoption of water-efficient appliances and fixing leaks in the urban water system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Water reuse – using recycled water to irrigate landscaping and crops, installing graywater systems (to catch water that goes down the drain) in homes and businesses, and using recycled water to recharge groundwater basins.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stormwater capture – catching runoff with rainwater barrels and cisterns at homes and businesses, as well as directing runoff to recharge groundwater.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The report did not examine the cost of the technologies, but Gleick says they’ve been shown to be cost-effective, particularly in comparison to desalination or building new dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Store More Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report hit the streets on the same day as \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/blog/acwa-report-puts-drought-impacts-vulnerabilities-vivid-focus\">another list of suggestions\u003c/a> for long-term water fixes from the state’s local and regional water agencies. While there is common ground between the two reports (both advocate strongly for using more reclaimed water), the manifesto from the Association of California Water Agencies takes a markedly different approach; three of the 10 key recommendations from ACWA involve expanding the state’s infrastructure for storing and moving water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if ACWA accepts the premise that there are millions of acre-feet that could be tapped without pouring more concrete, ACWA executive director Tim Quinn replied, “The bottom line is, we don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not any more true today than it has been in the past that recycling and conservation will save us all by themselves,” Quinn said. “That’s the premise of the NRDC report and…we just don’t buy it.” Nonetheless, Quinn says that water agencies are already pursuing many conservation and recycling strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACWA report recommends immediate funding for “shovel-ready” projects like building interconnections between water systems. It also recommends increasing water storage through groundwater and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/is-raising-shasta-dam-the-best-bet-for-californias-water-supply/\">surface water projects\u003c/a>, like completing Sites Reservoir or modernizing existing dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends some water conservation strategies, like building water recycling projects, desalination plants and increasing conservation efforts by water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding for any of these strategies will be largely tied up in the 2014 Water Bond, still slated for the November ballot. State legislators \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/11/state-senate-panel-passes-democrat-backed-water-bond\">have been debating\u003c/a> how the bond should be revised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/TCCWD-Reservoir-3-011714-fs.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/TCCWD-Reservoir-3-011714-fs.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at a reservoir near Jenner. (Timber Cove County Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at a reservoir near Jenner. (Timber Cove County Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no doubt that in California, water is in short supply this year. How to avoid the same situation when the next drought descends is, on the other hand, a matter of debate. Two competing camps have emerged about how to boost California’s water supplies during dry times: conserve more water or build more water storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California has pursued both strategies in the past, two new reports released Tuesday make differing cases for how the state should spend limited resources to solve California’s water woes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conserve More Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water conservation could save more water than is used by all of California’s cities in a year, \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\">according to a report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Institute and the Natural Resources Defense Council, an estimated 14 million acre-feet (one acre-foot of water is about 326,000 gallons).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve hit peak water.’\u003ccite>–Peter Gleick, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California is already using more water than it has, says Peter Gleick of the Pacific Institute. In any given year, the state runs a 6 million acre-foot water deficit, according to the report. That water shortage is made up by pumping groundwater and drawing water from stressed ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve hit the wall in California,” says Gleick. “We’ve hit ‘peak water.’ Even in a normal year or a wet year, we’re overextended.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of the water savings could come from the agricultural sector, which accounts for 80 percent of water used by people in California. Switching more agricultural acres to drip irrigation and using precision scheduling to time irrigation could save 17 to 22 percent – or 5.6 to 6.6 million acre-feet of water annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a million acres of land that’s under flood irrigation that could go to drip,” says Bob Wilkinson, adjunct associate professor of Environmental Science & Management at University of California Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other strategies include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Urban area water efficiency – shifting to drought-tolerant landscaping, accelerating the adoption of water-efficient appliances and fixing leaks in the urban water system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Water reuse – using recycled water to irrigate landscaping and crops, installing graywater systems (to catch water that goes down the drain) in homes and businesses, and using recycled water to recharge groundwater basins.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stormwater capture – catching runoff with rainwater barrels and cisterns at homes and businesses, as well as directing runoff to recharge groundwater.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The report did not examine the cost of the technologies, but Gleick says they’ve been shown to be cost-effective, particularly in comparison to desalination or building new dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Store More Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report hit the streets on the same day as \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/blog/acwa-report-puts-drought-impacts-vulnerabilities-vivid-focus\">another list of suggestions\u003c/a> for long-term water fixes from the state’s local and regional water agencies. While there is common ground between the two reports (both advocate strongly for using more reclaimed water), the manifesto from the Association of California Water Agencies takes a markedly different approach; three of the 10 key recommendations from ACWA involve expanding the state’s infrastructure for storing and moving water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if ACWA accepts the premise that there are millions of acre-feet that could be tapped without pouring more concrete, ACWA executive director Tim Quinn replied, “The bottom line is, we don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not any more true today than it has been in the past that recycling and conservation will save us all by themselves,” Quinn said. “That’s the premise of the NRDC report and…we just don’t buy it.” Nonetheless, Quinn says that water agencies are already pursuing many conservation and recycling strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACWA report recommends immediate funding for “shovel-ready” projects like building interconnections between water systems. It also recommends increasing water storage through groundwater and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/is-raising-shasta-dam-the-best-bet-for-californias-water-supply/\">surface water projects\u003c/a>, like completing Sites Reservoir or modernizing existing dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends some water conservation strategies, like building water recycling projects, desalination plants and increasing conservation efforts by water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding for any of these strategies will be largely tied up in the 2014 Water Bond, still slated for the November ballot. State legislators \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/11/state-senate-panel-passes-democrat-backed-water-bond\">have been debating\u003c/a> how the bond should be revised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16467\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the Chevron refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Kamala Harris says a $1 billion project to expand and modernize the Chevron refinery in Richmond may pose health and safety risks to the nearby community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a ten-page letter (below) addressed to Richmond’s planning department, Harris called Chevron’s safety analysis “incomplete” and said the project may increase air pollution in a community with some of the Bay Area’s highest rates of asthma-related hospitalizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris says the project could also increase the likelihood of accidents, such as the August 2012 fire that sent 15,000 Richmond residents to local hospitals, many with respiratory complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris’s letter asks whether expanding operations at the refinery runs counter to the state’s broader goals of slowing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding to Harris’s letter, Chevron spokeswoman Melissa Ritchie said the revised project would result in a “newer, safer, cleaner refinery,” that upgrades old equipment, while bringing 1,000 new local construction jobs to a community with a nearly 12 percent unemployment rate, three points above the state average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://chevronmodernization.com/project-documents/\">final environmental impact report\u003c/a> for the project was released on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chevron’s Second Attempt[contextly_sidebar id=”ac5a4b8c280b2ee48f4a624c740d8b04″]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time a state attorney general has weighed in on Chevron’s plans for the Richmond facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, when the refinery first proposed expanding its operations, then-Attorney General Jerry Brown hired a chemist to evaluate the oil company’s plans. Brown’s office issued several letters saying that the project would be harmful to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron’s plans were scuttled in 2010, when a county Superior Court found that the company had failed to disclose whether it intended to process heavier crude oils and inadequately explored whether the project would increase air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s \u003ca href=\"http://chevronmodernization.com/\">revised plans\u003c/a> have been scaled back, according to the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Attorney General’s concerns “have either already been addressed in the draft EIR [environmental impact report] or will be addressed in the final EIR,” said Ritchie, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter, wrote Ritchie, “fails to acknowledge the economic and environmental benefits of the Project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Sue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists, led by Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>, are working from several angles to change the course of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Suit-seeks-to-halt-plans-for-Richmond-oil-5532560.php\">sued \u003c/a>air-quality regulators over a construction permit, released in 2008, which they allege should have been revoked when the initial plans were withdrawn under court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Friday’s letter from the Attorney General.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View AG Chevron letter on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/228877999/AG-Chevron-letter\">AG Chevron letter\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_96437\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/228877999/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In a letter to the city, Harris says she still has questions about the oil company's $1 billion expansion project. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16467\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the Chevron refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Kamala Harris says a $1 billion project to expand and modernize the Chevron refinery in Richmond may pose health and safety risks to the nearby community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a ten-page letter (below) addressed to Richmond’s planning department, Harris called Chevron’s safety analysis “incomplete” and said the project may increase air pollution in a community with some of the Bay Area’s highest rates of asthma-related hospitalizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris says the project could also increase the likelihood of accidents, such as the August 2012 fire that sent 15,000 Richmond residents to local hospitals, many with respiratory complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris’s letter asks whether expanding operations at the refinery runs counter to the state’s broader goals of slowing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding to Harris’s letter, Chevron spokeswoman Melissa Ritchie said the revised project would result in a “newer, safer, cleaner refinery,” that upgrades old equipment, while bringing 1,000 new local construction jobs to a community with a nearly 12 percent unemployment rate, three points above the state average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://chevronmodernization.com/project-documents/\">final environmental impact report\u003c/a> for the project was released on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chevron’s Second Attempt\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time a state attorney general has weighed in on Chevron’s plans for the Richmond facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, when the refinery first proposed expanding its operations, then-Attorney General Jerry Brown hired a chemist to evaluate the oil company’s plans. Brown’s office issued several letters saying that the project would be harmful to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron’s plans were scuttled in 2010, when a county Superior Court found that the company had failed to disclose whether it intended to process heavier crude oils and inadequately explored whether the project would increase air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s \u003ca href=\"http://chevronmodernization.com/\">revised plans\u003c/a> have been scaled back, according to the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Attorney General’s concerns “have either already been addressed in the draft EIR [environmental impact report] or will be addressed in the final EIR,” said Ritchie, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter, wrote Ritchie, “fails to acknowledge the economic and environmental benefits of the Project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Sue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists, led by Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>, are working from several angles to change the course of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Suit-seeks-to-halt-plans-for-Richmond-oil-5532560.php\">sued \u003c/a>air-quality regulators over a construction permit, released in 2008, which they allege should have been revoked when the initial plans were withdrawn under court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Friday’s letter from the Attorney General.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View AG Chevron letter on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/228877999/AG-Chevron-letter\">AG Chevron letter\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_96437\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/228877999/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Saline Shortage Plagues Hospitals",
"headTitle": "Saline Shortage Plagues Hospitals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/06/20140609science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Hospitals across the country are struggling to deal with a shortage of one of their essential medical supplies. Manufacturers are rationing saline — a product used all over the hospital to clean wounds, mix medications or treat dehydration. Now drug companies say they won’t be able to catch up with demand until next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves San Francisco General Hospital’s materials manager, Reid Kennedy, in a fix. Kennedy is in charge of managing all the gloves, bandages, bedpans and IV solutions for all the medical floors, emergency room and operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18169\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18169 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"374\" height=\"249\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He first got a call last year from his vendor telling him they might not be able to deliver his full order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were put on notice that it was going to be tight,” he said, walking through the basement warehouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then things got worse in January. The flu season hit much harder than expected, and sick people flooded into hospitals. Saline bags flew off the shelves to treat dehydration. Demand far outstripped supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flu season knocked us out as an industry,” Kennedy said. Though hospital administrators say the shortage hasn’t affected the quality of patient care, Kennedy uses the word “crisis” to describe the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Harder to Make Than You Think\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple.’\u003ccite>Valerie Jensen, FDA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But can salty water really be that hard to come by? Kennedy pays $1.57 per bag. Why can’t drug companies just whip up some more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple,” said Valerie Jensen, the director of the drug shortage program at the Food and Drug Administration. “It takes about three weeks to make one batch of normal saline from start to finish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the key challenge is making sure saline products are sterile. If you swallow a pill with a little bit of dirt on it, you’ll be fine. But if a nurse injects saline into your vein that’s even a little bit contaminated, you have a big problem. More than 30 steps and a range of supplies are involved in producing sterile saline. Jensen says FDA inspectors have reason to keep a close eye on any drug injected intravenously. She says they’ve found some nasty things in IV drugs: bacteria, mold, glass particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are issues that absolutely would be a safety risk for patients,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the FDA sets strict quality standards for the facilities that manufacture saline and other IV drugs. But the agency has to find a delicate balance between safety and supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some suppliers suggest keeping up with the FDA’s standards is too onerous and may be playing a part in the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of variables came together to create this,” said Scott Crandall, director of medical supply contracts at Novation, a group buying organization in Texas that manages contracts for SF General and 2,000 other hospitals across the country. He’s been hearing from manufacturers that increased FDA scrutiny is interfering with drug production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the last year, all suppliers had issues in their facilities where they had to correct certain things the FDA found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those things were serious. Hospira, one manufacturer of saline, issued a recall earlier this year because of leaks in its saline bags. Before that, Baxter found particles in its saline vials and had to recall four lots. Both companies say the recalls had no bearing on the current shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flu Season Causes Headaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Crandall says inspections and maintenance require shutting down machines. And when machines aren’t operating, less saline is getting shipped. Last winter, he says maintenance closures “slowed production down, 10 to 20 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the industry was already behind when the flu season hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procurement director for a group of dialysis centers says his supplier, Baxter, told him the main problem was winter weather. Snow and ice storms in the Midwest were delaying trucks headed for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the weather got worse, we began to see more and more back-order issues,” said Colin Carthen of Satellite Healthcare, which runs 70 dialysis centers across California and the U.S. Each patient comes in three or four times a week, and each time goes through one to two liters of saline to clean the blood and prevent clotting. At the worst of the shortage, Carthen realized the health of 6,000 patients depended on the administrative magic tricks he could perform behind the scenes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I called up a clinical person that I knew, at like 11:30 at night and said, ‘Well, what happens if we run out of saline?’ Because I was really afraid,” he remembers. “And they were just like, ‘Yeah, it gets ugly, fast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carthen says he’s lucky that didn’t happen. Every day, he spent hours on the phone with suppliers and clinical staff, juggling and rerouting supplies so everyone had what they needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping the Supply from Drying Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals have developed new clinical protocols to conserve supplies during the shortage. Nurses at SF General are using smaller saline bags when possible, and transitioning patients who still need hydration to drink water from cups a little sooner than they did in the past. Kennedy has spent hours talking with pharmaceutical and clinical staff about when to use these conservation measures, to make sure there is enough saline to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pie is a good analogy. Now I’m going to use 16 slices of pie instead of eight slices of pie, and I’ll be able to feed 16 people instead of eight,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is trying to mitigate the shortage by importing saline from Spain and Norway. But FDA economist Marta Wosinska says that’s not a sustainable solution, since those countries have to supply their own hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no spot market. You can’t buy it like pork bellies or grains or oil. You cannot go on a marketplace and order a certain amount,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. companies also don’t have the capacity to ramp up production. They only have so many machines, and a lot of them are tied up producing other essential drugs. Building new facilities is hardly an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking about hundreds of millions of dollars and it would take three to five years,” Wosinska said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug companies don’t face any real penalties if they don’t come through with saline supplies. Contract loopholes release them from paying any fees to their customers if a drug shortage is industry-wide, as this one is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Baxter and Hospira, the top two saline producers in the country, say they are doing all they can to maximize production. Each points a finger at the other for contributing to the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw increased demand amid decreased product availability from competitors as the main driver,” a Baxter spokesman wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Hospira spokesman countered: “Hospira began seeing stronger demand for its saline products in late 2013 when another manufacturer began to experience manufacturing issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospira reported a 20 percent increase in U.S. net sales of its injectable drugs between January and March, citing “increased volume due to competitor supply issues,” in its latest quarterly financial report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Most Expensive Drug Shortage in History”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden ultimately lands on hospitals, clinics, and dialysis centers to come up with their own workarounds. And all that staff time adds up. Hospitals spend $216 million a year on the labor costs of managing drug shortages, according to Erin Fox, a professor at the University of Utah College of Pharmacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the industry has indicated the saline shortage will extend through the end of the year, Fox estimates this will be the most expensive drug shortage in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“IV fluids are used as a supply as well as a treatment, so the shortage impacts the largest number of hospital personnel, as well as patients, compared to any other shortage we have followed,” she said. “IV fluids impact almost every single patient and every single floor. That means you have to educate and get a message out to multiple groups of people rather than a selected group, like for an anesthesia drug or a cancer drug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/saline.jpg\" alt=\"Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For now, the actual cost of saline is steady. Hospitals are protected under contracts that keep prices locked through next year. But Novation’s Scott Crandall says that is very likely to change when those contracts expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The suppliers have already signaled to the market that they plan on increasing price significantly,” he said. “And when I say that, it could double and triple in some aspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox says that would be far better than the current situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is far cheaper for hospitals to pay $3 a bag for saline and have a consistent and quality product — not recalled due to contaminants, or leakage,” she said, “than it is to potentially delay elective surgeries or make workarounds that change weekly or daily due to inconsistent supply.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hospitals use saline for everything from wound care to surgeries, but it could be next year before drug companies can catch up with demand. Turns out, it's not as simple to manufacture salty water as you might think.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Hospitals across the country are struggling to deal with a shortage of one of their essential medical supplies. Manufacturers are rationing saline — a product used all over the hospital to clean wounds, mix medications or treat dehydration. Now drug companies say they won’t be able to catch up with demand until next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves San Francisco General Hospital’s materials manager, Reid Kennedy, in a fix. Kennedy is in charge of managing all the gloves, bandages, bedpans and IV solutions for all the medical floors, emergency room and operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18169\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18169 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"374\" height=\"249\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He first got a call last year from his vendor telling him they might not be able to deliver his full order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were put on notice that it was going to be tight,” he said, walking through the basement warehouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then things got worse in January. The flu season hit much harder than expected, and sick people flooded into hospitals. Saline bags flew off the shelves to treat dehydration. Demand far outstripped supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flu season knocked us out as an industry,” Kennedy said. Though hospital administrators say the shortage hasn’t affected the quality of patient care, Kennedy uses the word “crisis” to describe the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Harder to Make Than You Think\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple.’\u003ccite>Valerie Jensen, FDA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But can salty water really be that hard to come by? Kennedy pays $1.57 per bag. Why can’t drug companies just whip up some more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple,” said Valerie Jensen, the director of the drug shortage program at the Food and Drug Administration. “It takes about three weeks to make one batch of normal saline from start to finish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the key challenge is making sure saline products are sterile. If you swallow a pill with a little bit of dirt on it, you’ll be fine. But if a nurse injects saline into your vein that’s even a little bit contaminated, you have a big problem. More than 30 steps and a range of supplies are involved in producing sterile saline. Jensen says FDA inspectors have reason to keep a close eye on any drug injected intravenously. She says they’ve found some nasty things in IV drugs: bacteria, mold, glass particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are issues that absolutely would be a safety risk for patients,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the FDA sets strict quality standards for the facilities that manufacture saline and other IV drugs. But the agency has to find a delicate balance between safety and supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some suppliers suggest keeping up with the FDA’s standards is too onerous and may be playing a part in the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of variables came together to create this,” said Scott Crandall, director of medical supply contracts at Novation, a group buying organization in Texas that manages contracts for SF General and 2,000 other hospitals across the country. He’s been hearing from manufacturers that increased FDA scrutiny is interfering with drug production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the last year, all suppliers had issues in their facilities where they had to correct certain things the FDA found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those things were serious. Hospira, one manufacturer of saline, issued a recall earlier this year because of leaks in its saline bags. Before that, Baxter found particles in its saline vials and had to recall four lots. Both companies say the recalls had no bearing on the current shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flu Season Causes Headaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Crandall says inspections and maintenance require shutting down machines. And when machines aren’t operating, less saline is getting shipped. Last winter, he says maintenance closures “slowed production down, 10 to 20 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the industry was already behind when the flu season hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procurement director for a group of dialysis centers says his supplier, Baxter, told him the main problem was winter weather. Snow and ice storms in the Midwest were delaying trucks headed for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the weather got worse, we began to see more and more back-order issues,” said Colin Carthen of Satellite Healthcare, which runs 70 dialysis centers across California and the U.S. Each patient comes in three or four times a week, and each time goes through one to two liters of saline to clean the blood and prevent clotting. At the worst of the shortage, Carthen realized the health of 6,000 patients depended on the administrative magic tricks he could perform behind the scenes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I called up a clinical person that I knew, at like 11:30 at night and said, ‘Well, what happens if we run out of saline?’ Because I was really afraid,” he remembers. “And they were just like, ‘Yeah, it gets ugly, fast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carthen says he’s lucky that didn’t happen. Every day, he spent hours on the phone with suppliers and clinical staff, juggling and rerouting supplies so everyone had what they needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping the Supply from Drying Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals have developed new clinical protocols to conserve supplies during the shortage. Nurses at SF General are using smaller saline bags when possible, and transitioning patients who still need hydration to drink water from cups a little sooner than they did in the past. Kennedy has spent hours talking with pharmaceutical and clinical staff about when to use these conservation measures, to make sure there is enough saline to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pie is a good analogy. Now I’m going to use 16 slices of pie instead of eight slices of pie, and I’ll be able to feed 16 people instead of eight,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is trying to mitigate the shortage by importing saline from Spain and Norway. But FDA economist Marta Wosinska says that’s not a sustainable solution, since those countries have to supply their own hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no spot market. You can’t buy it like pork bellies or grains or oil. You cannot go on a marketplace and order a certain amount,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. companies also don’t have the capacity to ramp up production. They only have so many machines, and a lot of them are tied up producing other essential drugs. Building new facilities is hardly an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking about hundreds of millions of dollars and it would take three to five years,” Wosinska said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug companies don’t face any real penalties if they don’t come through with saline supplies. Contract loopholes release them from paying any fees to their customers if a drug shortage is industry-wide, as this one is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Baxter and Hospira, the top two saline producers in the country, say they are doing all they can to maximize production. Each points a finger at the other for contributing to the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw increased demand amid decreased product availability from competitors as the main driver,” a Baxter spokesman wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Hospira spokesman countered: “Hospira began seeing stronger demand for its saline products in late 2013 when another manufacturer began to experience manufacturing issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospira reported a 20 percent increase in U.S. net sales of its injectable drugs between January and March, citing “increased volume due to competitor supply issues,” in its latest quarterly financial report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Most Expensive Drug Shortage in History”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden ultimately lands on hospitals, clinics, and dialysis centers to come up with their own workarounds. And all that staff time adds up. Hospitals spend $216 million a year on the labor costs of managing drug shortages, according to Erin Fox, a professor at the University of Utah College of Pharmacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the industry has indicated the saline shortage will extend through the end of the year, Fox estimates this will be the most expensive drug shortage in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“IV fluids are used as a supply as well as a treatment, so the shortage impacts the largest number of hospital personnel, as well as patients, compared to any other shortage we have followed,” she said. “IV fluids impact almost every single patient and every single floor. That means you have to educate and get a message out to multiple groups of people rather than a selected group, like for an anesthesia drug or a cancer drug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/saline.jpg\" alt=\"Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For now, the actual cost of saline is steady. Hospitals are protected under contracts that keep prices locked through next year. But Novation’s Scott Crandall says that is very likely to change when those contracts expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The suppliers have already signaled to the market that they plan on increasing price significantly,” he said. “And when I say that, it could double and triple in some aspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox says that would be far better than the current situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is far cheaper for hospitals to pay $3 a bag for saline and have a consistent and quality product — not recalled due to contaminants, or leakage,” she said, “than it is to potentially delay elective surgeries or make workarounds that change weekly or daily due to inconsistent supply.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Crude-by-Rail: More Information Coming to California",
"headTitle": "Crude-by-Rail: More Information Coming to California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18141\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/bnsf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18141\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/bnsf.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars travel near the Feather River in Northern California. (Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography http://jakemiillephotography.com/) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars travel near Lake Oroville in Northern California. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beginning Saturday, railroads must notify states when certain large shipments of crude oil come through by train. The new rule is in response to safety concerns with crude-by-rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.gov/briefing-room/emergency-order\">emergency order\u003c/a>, issued by the federal Department of Transportation last month, applies to trains carrying a million gallons or more of crude from the Bakken formation in North Dakota. That’s the oil that has exploded in numerous fiery derailments, including one in Quebec last summer that killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brad Alexander, spokesman for California’s Office of Emergency Services, says the state hasn’t received any notifications yet, but has gotten a non-disclosure agreement from Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a public entity, we can’t sign a non-disclosure agreement,” he said. “But we want to let BNSF know that we will be treating this information with great respect and keeping it in accordance with federal and California laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BNSF said Friday the company will comply with the order, even if states don’t sign the agreement. The railway operates oil terminals in Richmond, Sacramento and Bakersfield. The other major railroad in California, Union Pacific, said through a spokesman that it does not currently transport any Bakken oil through California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail is Expanding in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from BNSF’s facilities, there are three other existing crude-by-rail operations in California that could take in crude oil from the Bakken or from other mid-continent fields. Other fields produce less volatile crude than the Bakken formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And five more crude-by-rail terminals have been proposed, including two in the Bay Area: the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">Valero refinery in Benicia\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">WesPac oil terminal in Pittsburg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude-by-rail has been a growing industry — and concern — as a North American oil boom has developed. Without pipelines to transport oil from Alberta’s tar sands and North Dakota’s Bakken, oil companies have turned to trains to get crude to coastal refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2013, about 156,000 barrels of oil came into California by rail. By the end of the year, that number had increased nearly eight-fold. In December 2013, oil companies brought more than a million barrels into the state by rail. Now, that still accounted for only one percent of all the oil refined in the state in 2013. But if all the proposed oil terminals go through, crude-by-rail could account for 23 percent of California’s oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the number of trains carrying oil across the country has gone up, so have accidents. Lynchburg, Virginia and Casselton, North Dakota were both recent sites of derailments and explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diane Bailey of the Natural Resources Defense Council said she’s concerned about safety in California, too. “None of these massive oil infrastructure projects should be moving forward while we’re still working to understand and address the public safety risks at local, state and federal levels,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Flurry of Legislation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the DOT’s emergency order, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration sent proposed regulations on crude-by-rail to the White House earlier this year. Those are expected to be made public later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, legislation from Congressman Mike Thompson, a Bay Area Democrat, has passed the House as part of the Intelligence Authorization Act. If passed by the Senate, it would require the Department of Homeland Security to study the safety of oil refineries and railroads that connect to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the state level, Senator Fran Pavley, a Democrat from Agoura Hills, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_1319&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley_%3Cpavley%3E\">introduced a bill\u003c/a> that would focus California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/ospr/\">Office of Spill Prevention and Response\u003c/a> (OSPR) not only on marine oil spills, but on inland spills as well, like those that might occur from rail. That bill has passed the Senate and is now in the Assembly. In his budget proposal earlier this year, Governor Jerry Brown put $6.7 million towards OSPR, citing the rise of crude-by-rail. Finally, Assemblyman Roger Dickinson, a Sacramento Democrat, introduced \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=ab_380&sess=CUR&house=B&author=dickinson_%3Cdickinson%3E\">AB 380\u003c/a>, which would require railroads to give more information about crude-by-rail shipments to emergency responders. That bill is in a Senate committee.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18141\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/bnsf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18141\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/bnsf.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars travel near the Feather River in Northern California. (Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography http://jakemiillephotography.com/) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars travel near Lake Oroville in Northern California. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beginning Saturday, railroads must notify states when certain large shipments of crude oil come through by train. The new rule is in response to safety concerns with crude-by-rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.gov/briefing-room/emergency-order\">emergency order\u003c/a>, issued by the federal Department of Transportation last month, applies to trains carrying a million gallons or more of crude from the Bakken formation in North Dakota. That’s the oil that has exploded in numerous fiery derailments, including one in Quebec last summer that killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brad Alexander, spokesman for California’s Office of Emergency Services, says the state hasn’t received any notifications yet, but has gotten a non-disclosure agreement from Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a public entity, we can’t sign a non-disclosure agreement,” he said. “But we want to let BNSF know that we will be treating this information with great respect and keeping it in accordance with federal and California laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BNSF said Friday the company will comply with the order, even if states don’t sign the agreement. The railway operates oil terminals in Richmond, Sacramento and Bakersfield. The other major railroad in California, Union Pacific, said through a spokesman that it does not currently transport any Bakken oil through California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail is Expanding in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from BNSF’s facilities, there are three other existing crude-by-rail operations in California that could take in crude oil from the Bakken or from other mid-continent fields. Other fields produce less volatile crude than the Bakken formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And five more crude-by-rail terminals have been proposed, including two in the Bay Area: the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">Valero refinery in Benicia\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">WesPac oil terminal in Pittsburg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude-by-rail has been a growing industry — and concern — as a North American oil boom has developed. Without pipelines to transport oil from Alberta’s tar sands and North Dakota’s Bakken, oil companies have turned to trains to get crude to coastal refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2013, about 156,000 barrels of oil came into California by rail. By the end of the year, that number had increased nearly eight-fold. In December 2013, oil companies brought more than a million barrels into the state by rail. Now, that still accounted for only one percent of all the oil refined in the state in 2013. But if all the proposed oil terminals go through, crude-by-rail could account for 23 percent of California’s oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the number of trains carrying oil across the country has gone up, so have accidents. Lynchburg, Virginia and Casselton, North Dakota were both recent sites of derailments and explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diane Bailey of the Natural Resources Defense Council said she’s concerned about safety in California, too. “None of these massive oil infrastructure projects should be moving forward while we’re still working to understand and address the public safety risks at local, state and federal levels,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Flurry of Legislation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the DOT’s emergency order, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration sent proposed regulations on crude-by-rail to the White House earlier this year. Those are expected to be made public later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, legislation from Congressman Mike Thompson, a Bay Area Democrat, has passed the House as part of the Intelligence Authorization Act. If passed by the Senate, it would require the Department of Homeland Security to study the safety of oil refineries and railroads that connect to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the state level, Senator Fran Pavley, a Democrat from Agoura Hills, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_1319&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley_%3Cpavley%3E\">introduced a bill\u003c/a> that would focus California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/ospr/\">Office of Spill Prevention and Response\u003c/a> (OSPR) not only on marine oil spills, but on inland spills as well, like those that might occur from rail. That bill has passed the Senate and is now in the Assembly. In his budget proposal earlier this year, Governor Jerry Brown put $6.7 million towards OSPR, citing the rise of crude-by-rail. Finally, Assemblyman Roger Dickinson, a Sacramento Democrat, introduced \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=ab_380&sess=CUR&house=B&author=dickinson_%3Cdickinson%3E\">AB 380\u003c/a>, which would require railroads to give more information about crude-by-rail shipments to emergency responders. That bill is in a Senate committee.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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