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"content": "\u003cp>A California condor is receiving treatment at the Oakland Zoo for lead poisoning. She’s the zoo’s first condor patient at their \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/10/11/109306/oakland_zoo_opens_new_animal_hospital\">new(ish) animal hospital\u003c/a>. In fact, she’s the first condor to be treated in Northern California. Before the zoo opened its facility, the only place set up to care for wild condors was the Los Angeles Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of a bittersweet thing,” said Dr. Andrea Goodnight, the associate veterinarian at the Oakland Zoo. “We are really excited to be able to help and treat these birds, but on the same side we’re pretty sad that we still have to treat these birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Condor #444 getting settled in at the zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvDTeuVkmjE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists trap wild condors twice a year to test them for lead poisoning. Last week, Condor #444 tested positive in Pinnacles National Park. Luckily, said Goodnight, she wasn’t showing any symptoms yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lead is a neurological toxin,” she said. “One of the things you see in wild animals is they just can’t hunt. They can’t function normally in their environment, so they’re more susceptible to predators, they can’t get their food, and slowly unfortunately that means they starve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goodnight said once a bird does show clinical signs of lead poisoning, it’s unlikely to recover. In this condor’s case, she’s gone through one round of treatment, five daily injections that pull the lead out of the blood. Now, Goodnight says, she’s waiting on test results to see if the lead levels have gone down enough, or if the bird will need another round of injections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17297\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DSC_2150.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DSC_2150.jpg\" alt=\"Oakland Zoo Keeper Kristin Mealiffe holds the condor while Dr. Andrea Goodnight examines her. (Photo: Oakland Zoo)\" width=\"305\" height=\"203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oakland Zoo Keeper Kristin Mealiffe holds the condor while Dr. Andrea Goodnight examines her. (Photo: Oakland Zoo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Visitors to the zoo can’t see the condor in person; since she’s wild, staff are trying to leave her alone as much as possible. But you can keep tabs on her with this \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/Condor_Cam.php?cam=Oakland_Zoo\">live web cam\u003c/a> in her enclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condor #444 hatched in the wild, which is still somewhat novel among the endangered birds. The Ventana Wildlife Society, a non-profit involved in California condor conservation and research, has a \u003ca href=\"http://mycondor.org/condorprofiles/condor444.html\">profile page\u003c/a> for the bird, who’s nicknamed “Ventana”:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Ventana tends to spend most of her time at Pinnacles National Park. In 2012, biologists noticed that she started spending more time with Condor #340 at Pinnacles and in the spring of 2013, they had decidedly formed a pair bond when remote observations confirmed the presence of an egg in one of their favorite caves! The egg failed, but this is common for a young couple and it is much more likely that they will be successful parents next year.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The zoo will release the condor back into the wild once she’s well enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California condors were on the brink of extinction 30 years ago. While their population is scrambling back, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\">scientists say lead bullets remain a problem\u003c/a> for them. That’s because when hunters leave a carcass with lead bullet fragments behind, a condor might be the creature that cleans it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/condor-biobox-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-17283\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/condor-biobox-1200-1024x731.jpg\" alt=\"condor-biobox-1200\" width=\"1024\" height=\"731\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A California condor is receiving treatment at the Oakland Zoo for lead poisoning. She’s the zoo’s first condor patient at their \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/10/11/109306/oakland_zoo_opens_new_animal_hospital\">new(ish) animal hospital\u003c/a>. In fact, she’s the first condor to be treated in Northern California. Before the zoo opened its facility, the only place set up to care for wild condors was the Los Angeles Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of a bittersweet thing,” said Dr. Andrea Goodnight, the associate veterinarian at the Oakland Zoo. “We are really excited to be able to help and treat these birds, but on the same side we’re pretty sad that we still have to treat these birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Condor #444 getting settled in at the zoo.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/OvDTeuVkmjE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/OvDTeuVkmjE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Biologists trap wild condors twice a year to test them for lead poisoning. Last week, Condor #444 tested positive in Pinnacles National Park. Luckily, said Goodnight, she wasn’t showing any symptoms yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lead is a neurological toxin,” she said. “One of the things you see in wild animals is they just can’t hunt. They can’t function normally in their environment, so they’re more susceptible to predators, they can’t get their food, and slowly unfortunately that means they starve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goodnight said once a bird does show clinical signs of lead poisoning, it’s unlikely to recover. In this condor’s case, she’s gone through one round of treatment, five daily injections that pull the lead out of the blood. Now, Goodnight says, she’s waiting on test results to see if the lead levels have gone down enough, or if the bird will need another round of injections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17297\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DSC_2150.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DSC_2150.jpg\" alt=\"Oakland Zoo Keeper Kristin Mealiffe holds the condor while Dr. Andrea Goodnight examines her. (Photo: Oakland Zoo)\" width=\"305\" height=\"203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oakland Zoo Keeper Kristin Mealiffe holds the condor while Dr. Andrea Goodnight examines her. (Photo: Oakland Zoo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Visitors to the zoo can’t see the condor in person; since she’s wild, staff are trying to leave her alone as much as possible. But you can keep tabs on her with this \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/Condor_Cam.php?cam=Oakland_Zoo\">live web cam\u003c/a> in her enclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condor #444 hatched in the wild, which is still somewhat novel among the endangered birds. The Ventana Wildlife Society, a non-profit involved in California condor conservation and research, has a \u003ca href=\"http://mycondor.org/condorprofiles/condor444.html\">profile page\u003c/a> for the bird, who’s nicknamed “Ventana”:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Ventana tends to spend most of her time at Pinnacles National Park. In 2012, biologists noticed that she started spending more time with Condor #340 at Pinnacles and in the spring of 2013, they had decidedly formed a pair bond when remote observations confirmed the presence of an egg in one of their favorite caves! The egg failed, but this is common for a young couple and it is much more likely that they will be successful parents next year.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The zoo will release the condor back into the wild once she’s well enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California condors were on the brink of extinction 30 years ago. While their population is scrambling back, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\">scientists say lead bullets remain a problem\u003c/a> for them. That’s because when hunters leave a carcass with lead bullet fragments behind, a condor might be the creature that cleans it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/condor-biobox-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-17283\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/condor-biobox-1200-1024x731.jpg\" alt=\"condor-biobox-1200\" width=\"1024\" height=\"731\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/05/20140505science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DNA-2.jpg\" alt=\"A magnified strand of DNA. (Credit: Tomasz Wyszomirski)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A magnified strand of DNA. (Tomasz Wyszomirski)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers who want to find out about their genetic health risks without going to the doctor and paying a hefty price may have to wait. For a while, personal genetic tests were becoming more affordable and informative. But the industry took a blow last year when the government cracked down on Mountain View company \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the last consumer gene testing company still offering health information after two years of federal efforts to regulate the industry. Unlike other companies, many of which folded or sold, 23andMe is working with regulators to come back to the consumer genetic health market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Passion for Consumer Genetics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent Thursday evening at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> in San Francisco, the star of the show was not the giant T-Rex skeleton in the lobby but a small-framed, energetic Silicon Valley entrepreneur speaking about personal genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘One of the main things people think about when they think of their genetic information, is that they want the health interpretation.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I want to ask this audience, how many people have ever had a genetic test?” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/about/board/\">Anne Wojcicki\u003c/a>, CEO of 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of about 150 people in the audience, some 30 people raised their hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my goal is in the next ten years that every single one of you would raise your hand,” Wojcicki said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wojcicki said since 2007, more than half a million customers have sent in a saliva sample and gotten information that included their risks for developing cardiac disease and breast cancer, as well genetic traits such as how fast they metabolize caffeine. But last November the FDA ordered 23andMe to stop sales of its $99 tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FDA to 23andMe: Stop Selling Gene Tests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/testimony/ucm219925.htm\">The FDA said\u003c/a>, in a very public letter, that the company’s test kit was a medical device that needed to be regulated and that 23andMe failed to prove it was interpreting health results accurately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17192\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\" width=\"252\" height=\"189\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wojcicki said the ruling has hit her company hard. “As a result, we have had to stop offering our healthcare service, and it’s had a significant impact because it’s one of the main things people think about when they think of their genetic information, is that they want the health interpretation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now, 23andMe is working with the FDA in an effort to once again be able to offer health information. Meanwhile, the company can still provide ancestry information, which is already a crowded field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hank Greely directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.stanford.edu/organizations/programs-and-centers/center-for-law-and-the-biosciences\">Center for Law and the Biosciences\u003c/a> at Stanford. He said dwindling sales will impact the company’s efforts to build a sizable research database—and that’s important to its business strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For those customers who agree to it by signing a somewhat opaque consent form,” Greely said, “they can sell that information to pharma and bio, but without lots of new customers coming in that service becomes less attractive to pharma and biotech.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some have criticized 23andme for considering selling anonymized data. But Wojcicki is unapologetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“23andMe partners with those companies because those are the people who are making therapies,” she said. “And if we want to get better therapies for breast cancer, and you want to get better therapies for asthma and migraines and all kinds of the other conditions that impact our lives, we have to work with pharma companies.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBig Data May Lead to Medical Breakthroughs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where consumer genetics isn’t just about the consumer. All that genetic information, or big data, can be used to run studies in search of medical breakthroughs. That means any company that wants to stay at the forefront has to keep up with the changing science.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We know that the world has been quite focused on getting the so-called thousand-dollar genome.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In your human genome you have an entire set of 23 human chromosomes, made up of, among other things, DNA building blocks called base pairs. The human genome is composed of 3 billion base pairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now consumer gene tests take tiny snips of less than a million base pairs to look at one person’s unique genetic blueprint. Each of these unique variations is called a snp (yep, pronounced “snip”), for “single nucleotide polymorphism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future Lies in Sequencing the Whole Genome\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a snp is just a fraction of the entire genome. Scientists say the key to the future of genetics lies in sequencing the whole genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the world has been quite focused on getting the so-called thousand-dollar genome,” said Vance Vanier, vice president of reproductive and genetic health at San Diego-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.illumina.com/\">Illumina\u003c/a>. The company has just unveiled a system it claims can sequence a human genome for $1,000. That’s a big drop from the nearly $3 billion dollar price tag to sequence the first genome in 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the story of the next five years is to see that affordability spread more and more to broader segments of society and to clinical laboratories specifically,” said Vanier, who was CEO of an early consumer gene testing company called Navigenics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while he believes genetic testing will continue to be done primarily through medical professionals, he said he still sees a place for consumer gene tests. After all, Vanier said, there was a time home pregnancy tests had to be done in a doctor’s office. Now people can even buy over-the-counter HIV tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the pattern you see,” Vanier said, “is as information gets better understood and as there are more social safeguards around it to protect from a misuse of it, then there is increasing comfort of how it can evolve into the consumer market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the debate continues between those that believe accessing your DNA has become a basic right and those who believe gene tests are better left to a doctor.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nSince this story published, 23andMe officials confirm they \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/06/23andme-genetictesting-idUSL2N0NS0Y820140506?feedType=RSS\">are considering selling their gene tests in markets outside the U.S.\u003c/a> after facing hurdles with the FDA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/DNA-2.jpg\" alt=\"A magnified strand of DNA. (Credit: Tomasz Wyszomirski)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A magnified strand of DNA. (Tomasz Wyszomirski)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers who want to find out about their genetic health risks without going to the doctor and paying a hefty price may have to wait. For a while, personal genetic tests were becoming more affordable and informative. But the industry took a blow last year when the government cracked down on Mountain View company \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the last consumer gene testing company still offering health information after two years of federal efforts to regulate the industry. Unlike other companies, many of which folded or sold, 23andMe is working with regulators to come back to the consumer genetic health market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Passion for Consumer Genetics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent Thursday evening at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> in San Francisco, the star of the show was not the giant T-Rex skeleton in the lobby but a small-framed, energetic Silicon Valley entrepreneur speaking about personal genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘One of the main things people think about when they think of their genetic information, is that they want the health interpretation.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I want to ask this audience, how many people have ever had a genetic test?” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/about/board/\">Anne Wojcicki\u003c/a>, CEO of 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of about 150 people in the audience, some 30 people raised their hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my goal is in the next ten years that every single one of you would raise your hand,” Wojcicki said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wojcicki said since 2007, more than half a million customers have sent in a saliva sample and gotten information that included their risks for developing cardiac disease and breast cancer, as well genetic traits such as how fast they metabolize caffeine. But last November the FDA ordered 23andMe to stop sales of its $99 tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FDA to 23andMe: Stop Selling Gene Tests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/testimony/ucm219925.htm\">The FDA said\u003c/a>, in a very public letter, that the company’s test kit was a medical device that needed to be regulated and that 23andMe failed to prove it was interpreting health results accurately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17192\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\" width=\"252\" height=\"189\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wojcicki said the ruling has hit her company hard. “As a result, we have had to stop offering our healthcare service, and it’s had a significant impact because it’s one of the main things people think about when they think of their genetic information, is that they want the health interpretation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now, 23andMe is working with the FDA in an effort to once again be able to offer health information. Meanwhile, the company can still provide ancestry information, which is already a crowded field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hank Greely directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.stanford.edu/organizations/programs-and-centers/center-for-law-and-the-biosciences\">Center for Law and the Biosciences\u003c/a> at Stanford. He said dwindling sales will impact the company’s efforts to build a sizable research database—and that’s important to its business strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For those customers who agree to it by signing a somewhat opaque consent form,” Greely said, “they can sell that information to pharma and bio, but without lots of new customers coming in that service becomes less attractive to pharma and biotech.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some have criticized 23andme for considering selling anonymized data. But Wojcicki is unapologetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“23andMe partners with those companies because those are the people who are making therapies,” she said. “And if we want to get better therapies for breast cancer, and you want to get better therapies for asthma and migraines and all kinds of the other conditions that impact our lives, we have to work with pharma companies.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBig Data May Lead to Medical Breakthroughs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where consumer genetics isn’t just about the consumer. All that genetic information, or big data, can be used to run studies in search of medical breakthroughs. That means any company that wants to stay at the forefront has to keep up with the changing science.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We know that the world has been quite focused on getting the so-called thousand-dollar genome.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In your human genome you have an entire set of 23 human chromosomes, made up of, among other things, DNA building blocks called base pairs. The human genome is composed of 3 billion base pairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now consumer gene tests take tiny snips of less than a million base pairs to look at one person’s unique genetic blueprint. Each of these unique variations is called a snp (yep, pronounced “snip”), for “single nucleotide polymorphism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future Lies in Sequencing the Whole Genome\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a snp is just a fraction of the entire genome. Scientists say the key to the future of genetics lies in sequencing the whole genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the world has been quite focused on getting the so-called thousand-dollar genome,” said Vance Vanier, vice president of reproductive and genetic health at San Diego-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.illumina.com/\">Illumina\u003c/a>. The company has just unveiled a system it claims can sequence a human genome for $1,000. That’s a big drop from the nearly $3 billion dollar price tag to sequence the first genome in 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the story of the next five years is to see that affordability spread more and more to broader segments of society and to clinical laboratories specifically,” said Vanier, who was CEO of an early consumer gene testing company called Navigenics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while he believes genetic testing will continue to be done primarily through medical professionals, he said he still sees a place for consumer gene tests. After all, Vanier said, there was a time home pregnancy tests had to be done in a doctor’s office. Now people can even buy over-the-counter HIV tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the pattern you see,” Vanier said, “is as information gets better understood and as there are more social safeguards around it to protect from a misuse of it, then there is increasing comfort of how it can evolve into the consumer market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the debate continues between those that believe accessing your DNA has become a basic right and those who believe gene tests are better left to a doctor.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nSince this story published, 23andMe officials confirm they \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/06/23andme-genetictesting-idUSL2N0NS0Y820140506?feedType=RSS\">are considering selling their gene tests in markets outside the U.S.\u003c/a> after facing hurdles with the FDA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Auburn Dam: The Water Project That Won't Die",
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"content": "\u003cp>In California, it’s as dependable as the rainy season. Okay, more so. Whenever there’s too much water or not enough, \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/03/14/6235822/why-dont-we-build-the-auburn-dam.html\">people start talking\u003c/a> about \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Auburn Dam\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Dam\">Auburn Dam\u003c/a>. It’s California’s biggest dam that has never been built — and probably never will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/auburn_dam_sketch2_crop_.jpg\" alt=\"Auburn Dam\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of how the completed Auburn Dam would appear on the North Fork of the American River. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The latest revival occurred at a recent show-and-tell for the \u003ca title=\"YouTube - Folsom Spillway\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn3eIlLNpr8\">new spillway under construction\u003c/a> at Folsom Dam. Congressman Tom McClintock, R-Auburn, seized the occasion — not so much for congratulations — but to decry recent releases of water from dams on the American River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It infuriates me that for the past three days, we have seen releases of water out of dams on the American River triple in order to meet environmental regulations that place the interests of fish above those of human beings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The congressman then pivoted and called for completion of Auburn Dam, a long-stagnant project on the North Fork of the American River originally green-lighted by Congress in 1965, near the end of what the late writer Marc Reisner called the “go-go years” of American dam building. McClintock’s colleague from across the aisle, Sacramento Democrat Doris Matsui, sat nearby, literally shaking her head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McClintock told the assembled dignitaries that a brimming Auburn Lake reservoir upstream, “could fill and refill Folsom Lake nearly 2 1/2 times.” The current drought has left Folsom Lake at alarmingly low levels this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the project, designed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, would create one of the state’s biggest reservoirs, with a capacity of more than 2 million acre-feet of water, about half the volume of Shasta Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then McClintock took aim at Governor Jerry Brown’s plan to construct \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/03/14/california-to-release-chapters-of-plan-to-restore-delta/\">bypass tunnels\u003c/a> to carry water through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even with the inflated costs we’re seeing today,” said McClintock, “[the dam project] could be done for much less than the current proposal to build a cross-Delta facility that produces zero additional water storage.” (According to Reclamation, there hasn’t been a reliable cost update on the project since 2006.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went on to extoll other potential advantages, such as, “power for a million homes” and “a major new recreational resource for our region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17064\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17064\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/3405918292_99db0a4b41_b.jpg\" alt=\"ADD CAPTION (Alisha Vargas/Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excavations remain from where engineers began laying the foundations for Auburn Dam in the 1970s. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/alishav/3405918292\">Alisha Vargas/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, those who enjoy (or profit from) rafting and paddling the scenic, frothy reaches of the North Fork have long taken a different view of the recreational potential, as those reaches would disappear under hundreds of feet of flat water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auburn Dam was never completed but it was started. Reminders are still there, the most obvious being the \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/04/16/6330719/foresthill-bridge-undergoes-a.html\">Forresthill Bridge\u003c/a>, a green metal and concrete ribbon that soars more than 700 feet above the American River, built to span a reservoir that never was. If you’re more ambitious and \u003ca title=\"EveryTrail - Auburn Dam\" href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/base-of-auburn-dam\">hike down into the river canyon\u003c/a>, you can still see where it was carved out on both sides to anchor the concrete arch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1975, taxpayers had already shelled out about $137 million for the project. But the following year, when a magnitude 5.7 quake occurred a little too close for comfort, Reclamation took a time-out to revisit the dam’s design and work has never resumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The dam was redesigned to meet those seismic considerations,” McClintock told me in an interview after his remarks at the spillway. “So yes, that’s already been engineered around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did not go back and do a full engineering analysis,” said Drew Lessard, Reclamation’s area manager for central California, referring to an updated study by the Bureau in 2006. He says that in the late 1970s, Reclamation did “move the location slightly,” to minimize seismic impacts. Lessard says that moving forward now would require a full “reformulation study,” reassessing the project’s costs and priorities, and that such a study by itself would take years and cost millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, that thing’s been studied over and over and over again,” said Matsui, in a separate interview. “And you know what? There’s no support for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, the California State Water Resources Board revoked the water rights that had been set aside for the Bureau of Reclamation. Most water rights are a use-it-or-lose-it proposition in California, to prevent what the Board calls “cold storage,” which is to say sitting on water rights without actually using the water. Many believed that was the final nail in the project’s coffin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, apparently not everybody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Auburn_1733.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18177\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Auburn_1733.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration from a USBR report shows the prospective size and location of Auburn Dam, compared to Folsom and Nimbus Dams, which were built. (USBR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration from a USBR report shows the prospective size and location of Auburn Dam and reservoir, compared to Folsom and Nimbus Dams, which were built. (USBR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In California, it’s as dependable as the rainy season. Okay, more so. Whenever there’s too much water or not enough, \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/03/14/6235822/why-dont-we-build-the-auburn-dam.html\">people start talking\u003c/a> about \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Auburn Dam\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Dam\">Auburn Dam\u003c/a>. It’s California’s biggest dam that has never been built — and probably never will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/auburn_dam_sketch2_crop_.jpg\" alt=\"Auburn Dam\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of how the completed Auburn Dam would appear on the North Fork of the American River. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The latest revival occurred at a recent show-and-tell for the \u003ca title=\"YouTube - Folsom Spillway\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn3eIlLNpr8\">new spillway under construction\u003c/a> at Folsom Dam. Congressman Tom McClintock, R-Auburn, seized the occasion — not so much for congratulations — but to decry recent releases of water from dams on the American River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It infuriates me that for the past three days, we have seen releases of water out of dams on the American River triple in order to meet environmental regulations that place the interests of fish above those of human beings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The congressman then pivoted and called for completion of Auburn Dam, a long-stagnant project on the North Fork of the American River originally green-lighted by Congress in 1965, near the end of what the late writer Marc Reisner called the “go-go years” of American dam building. McClintock’s colleague from across the aisle, Sacramento Democrat Doris Matsui, sat nearby, literally shaking her head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McClintock told the assembled dignitaries that a brimming Auburn Lake reservoir upstream, “could fill and refill Folsom Lake nearly 2 1/2 times.” The current drought has left Folsom Lake at alarmingly low levels this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the project, designed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, would create one of the state’s biggest reservoirs, with a capacity of more than 2 million acre-feet of water, about half the volume of Shasta Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then McClintock took aim at Governor Jerry Brown’s plan to construct \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/03/14/california-to-release-chapters-of-plan-to-restore-delta/\">bypass tunnels\u003c/a> to carry water through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even with the inflated costs we’re seeing today,” said McClintock, “[the dam project] could be done for much less than the current proposal to build a cross-Delta facility that produces zero additional water storage.” (According to Reclamation, there hasn’t been a reliable cost update on the project since 2006.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went on to extoll other potential advantages, such as, “power for a million homes” and “a major new recreational resource for our region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17064\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17064\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/3405918292_99db0a4b41_b.jpg\" alt=\"ADD CAPTION (Alisha Vargas/Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excavations remain from where engineers began laying the foundations for Auburn Dam in the 1970s. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/alishav/3405918292\">Alisha Vargas/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, those who enjoy (or profit from) rafting and paddling the scenic, frothy reaches of the North Fork have long taken a different view of the recreational potential, as those reaches would disappear under hundreds of feet of flat water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auburn Dam was never completed but it was started. Reminders are still there, the most obvious being the \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/04/16/6330719/foresthill-bridge-undergoes-a.html\">Forresthill Bridge\u003c/a>, a green metal and concrete ribbon that soars more than 700 feet above the American River, built to span a reservoir that never was. If you’re more ambitious and \u003ca title=\"EveryTrail - Auburn Dam\" href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/base-of-auburn-dam\">hike down into the river canyon\u003c/a>, you can still see where it was carved out on both sides to anchor the concrete arch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1975, taxpayers had already shelled out about $137 million for the project. But the following year, when a magnitude 5.7 quake occurred a little too close for comfort, Reclamation took a time-out to revisit the dam’s design and work has never resumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The dam was redesigned to meet those seismic considerations,” McClintock told me in an interview after his remarks at the spillway. “So yes, that’s already been engineered around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did not go back and do a full engineering analysis,” said Drew Lessard, Reclamation’s area manager for central California, referring to an updated study by the Bureau in 2006. He says that in the late 1970s, Reclamation did “move the location slightly,” to minimize seismic impacts. Lessard says that moving forward now would require a full “reformulation study,” reassessing the project’s costs and priorities, and that such a study by itself would take years and cost millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, that thing’s been studied over and over and over again,” said Matsui, in a separate interview. “And you know what? There’s no support for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, the California State Water Resources Board revoked the water rights that had been set aside for the Bureau of Reclamation. Most water rights are a use-it-or-lose-it proposition in California, to prevent what the Board calls “cold storage,” which is to say sitting on water rights without actually using the water. Many believed that was the final nail in the project’s coffin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, apparently not everybody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Auburn_1733.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18177\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Auburn_1733.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration from a USBR report shows the prospective size and location of Auburn Dam, compared to Folsom and Nimbus Dams, which were built. (USBR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration from a USBR report shows the prospective size and location of Auburn Dam and reservoir, compared to Folsom and Nimbus Dams, which were built. (USBR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "True Water Restrictions Rare, Even in California's Record-Breaking Drought",
"headTitle": "True Water Restrictions Rare, Even in California’s Record-Breaking Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/04/20140428science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16939\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/san-lorenzo-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16939\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/san-lorenzo-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"The San Lorenzo River is the main source of supply for Santa Cruz residents. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Lorenzo River is the main source of supply for Santa Cruz residents. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>May is fast approaching, and with it, the end of the rainy season. At least, what passed for a rainy season this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of California is still in an “extreme” or even “exceptional” state of drought, the highest designation offered by the federal government’s \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So communities are cracking down on water wasters, right? Demanding that residents take shorter showers and stop watering their lawns?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/drought-map\">Up and down the state\u003c/a>, water agencies use words like “emergency,” “critical” and “dire” but make only modest requests of their customers: voluntary ten percent cutbacks (a few toilet flushes’ worth) or supposedly “mandatory” restrictions that, upon closer inspection, are virtually unenforced.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n“There’s no place in California that should think they have enough water that wasteful or inefficient use can be condoned.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the East Bay Municipal Utility District, or East Bay MUD, which supplies 1.3 million residential customers from Oakland, Berkeley, Lafayette and other East Bay towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the utility’s Board of Directors summoned staff members to brief them on how much water is available in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The picture presented by Eileen White, a Manager of Operations for the utility, was grim. Key reservoirs are at 50 and 60 percent capacity. Snowpack levels, which indicate how much fresh water is stored as snow in the Sierra, are less than 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a very dry winter,” White told the Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with that information, the Board approved two staff proposals:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>First, purchase water from the Sacramento River — for the first time ever — at a cost of $8 million.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Second, continue a request that customers trim water use by ten percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Despite one of the worst droughts in history, board members agreed that it wasn’t yet time for anything more strict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Different Communities, Different Water Sources, Same Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no single source of water for California residents; nearly every community gets its supply from a different combination of sources. But the drought is affecting everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For us, it’s actually quite serious, says Frank Jahn, a Public Information Supervisor for the Alameda County Water District, which supplies water to residents of Fremont, Newark and Union City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahn’s district relies on flows from the State Water Project, a vast network of pumps and canals that brings water from the wetter north of the state to the drier south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a normal year, says Jahn, his district would get about 40 percent of its supply – some 17 million gallons of water – from the State Water Project. This year, says Jahn, they’re expecting zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The town of Cloverdale is in similar straits, says city manager Paul Cayler. “I guess you could call it an emergency,” he says, referring to the town’s primary reservoir, Lake Mendocino, which is at half capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cayler says it’s enough water to get them through the season. “Our concern is what’s going to happen later this summer and into the fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No ‘Water Cop’ to Enforce Restrictions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/drought-map\">map\u003c/a> maintained by the Association of California Water Agencies shows several towns which have imposed mandatory restrictions on water for customers in their service area.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“To my knowledge we have not sent out any warnings yet.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But few of these restrictions are enforced, or even enforceable, and water managers concede they’re relying on the honor system to ensure that customers actually cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in towns served by the Alameda County Water District, homeowners are now prohibited from watering their lawns more than once a week. Hosing down sidewalks and re-filling pools are prohibited entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But customers who break the rules will probably get away with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To my knowledge we have not sent out any warnings yet,” says Frank Jahn. “We have a lot of reports that have come in that we haven’t been able to substantiate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few, if any, towns have the resources to hire teams of enforcement agents, so must rely on citizen complaints, followed up by site visits from department staff. District officials can’t issue tickets unless they see the violation in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloverdale’s mandatory restrictions also rely on “community compliance,” said Holley. “We don’t have a water cop,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In towns where water use is metered, one way to lean on water hogs is through monthly water bills, levying a penalty on customers who exceed a monthly allotment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite one of the worst droughts in recorded history, water managers say it’s not yet time for such measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is short-sighted, according to Peter Gleick, who heads the Pacific Institute, a non-profit water policy think tank in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If 2014 or 2015 are as dry as last year, says Gleick, “we’re going to be sorry that we haven’t kept more water in our reservoirs for next year or the year after.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Water rationing gets customers “a lot more worked up.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even if the rains return, he says, water resources are finite. Over time, the pressures of population growth and climate change will only further squeeze water districts trying to supply their customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The truth is there’s no place in California that should think they have enough water that wasteful or inefficient use can be condoned, or accepted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reluctance to Ration Water\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What many managers really seem to fear is making their customers unhappy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked why the utility seems so reluctant to crack down on customers who waste water, Doug Linney, an East Bay MUD board member representing Alameda and West Oakland, says rationing gets customers “a lot more worked up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can create some adversarial relationships,” says American Canyon’s Jason Holley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in the service business,” said Paul Cayler of Cloverdale. “If we are able to meet our demands for our customers, that’s what we want to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some places where cities are putting meaningful water rationing into place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16938\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/goddard-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16938\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16938\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/goddard-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Toby Goddard says he hopes resident cutbacks will make up for the low flows in the San Lorenzo River. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Toby Goddard says he hopes resident cutbacks will make up for the low flows in the San Lorenzo River. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take Santa Cruz, where the drought has left water managers in particularly tight straits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz hasn’t built a new reservoir in 50 years, largely because of environmental opposition. It imports no water from other parts of the state. Recent efforts to build a desalination facility were met with bitter opposition from environmentalists and some residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the city’s primary source, the San Lorenzo River, running virtually at a trickle, the city has enacted some of the most restrictive water policies in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting May 1, residents in most single-family homes will receive an allotment of 249 gallons a day. Use too much and the price-per-gallon jumps by a factor of ten. Customers who exceed their allotment could see bills climb to $500 a month, or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Santa Cruz will lose $4 million as a result of asking customers to buy less water.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big jump,” says Toby Goddard with the City of Santa Cruz’s Water Conservation Office. Goddard says local residents have already done a great deal to conserve water, even without expensive restrictions. But at a certain point, the requests aren’t enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not sure just a voluntary call is actually going to move many communities to do something differently,” Goddard says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Selling Less Water Is Expensive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goddard points out that these water restrictions will be a burden for his agency, which points to a harsh paradox in the water business: Selling less of it is expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goddard’s office is planning to hire up to 20 new staff members to run the program, respond to customer complaints and questions, and do outreach, Goddard says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s $1 million on top of $3 million the agency expects to lose in revenue as a result of selling less water. The city plans to make up the deficit with surplus funds from previous years. But if the drought continues, Goddard says, those costs may have to be passed on to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Institute’s Peter Gleick says water agencies have a financial disincentive to encourage conservation among their customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\nIf revenue drops, rates must go up, leaving customers paying more money for less water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“If their conservation programs are really successful, they sell less water and their revenues drop,” says Gleick. He points out that water agencies often have expensive construction costs and overhead. If revenue drops, rates must go up, leaving customers paying more money for less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says there are ways around this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, electrical utilities, like PG&E, structure bills in such a way that they don’t need to sell lots of electricity in order to make a profit. Regulators call that “de-coupling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to do the same thing with water,” says Gleick. “We should have done this many years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a bridge overlooking the San Lorenzo River, Toby Goddard says if the rains don’t come, the city could face some tough years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we’ll get through,” he says. “I’m sure the community will rally and do what it takes to save its water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if they don’t, it’s going to cost them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "With California deep in a drought, communities are cracking down on water wasters, right? Demanding that residents take shorter showers and stop watering their lawns? Not exactly.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16939\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/san-lorenzo-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16939\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/san-lorenzo-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"The San Lorenzo River is the main source of supply for Santa Cruz residents. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Lorenzo River is the main source of supply for Santa Cruz residents. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>May is fast approaching, and with it, the end of the rainy season. At least, what passed for a rainy season this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of California is still in an “extreme” or even “exceptional” state of drought, the highest designation offered by the federal government’s \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So communities are cracking down on water wasters, right? Demanding that residents take shorter showers and stop watering their lawns?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/drought-map\">Up and down the state\u003c/a>, water agencies use words like “emergency,” “critical” and “dire” but make only modest requests of their customers: voluntary ten percent cutbacks (a few toilet flushes’ worth) or supposedly “mandatory” restrictions that, upon closer inspection, are virtually unenforced.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n“There’s no place in California that should think they have enough water that wasteful or inefficient use can be condoned.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the East Bay Municipal Utility District, or East Bay MUD, which supplies 1.3 million residential customers from Oakland, Berkeley, Lafayette and other East Bay towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the utility’s Board of Directors summoned staff members to brief them on how much water is available in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The picture presented by Eileen White, a Manager of Operations for the utility, was grim. Key reservoirs are at 50 and 60 percent capacity. Snowpack levels, which indicate how much fresh water is stored as snow in the Sierra, are less than 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a very dry winter,” White told the Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with that information, the Board approved two staff proposals:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>First, purchase water from the Sacramento River — for the first time ever — at a cost of $8 million.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Second, continue a request that customers trim water use by ten percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Despite one of the worst droughts in history, board members agreed that it wasn’t yet time for anything more strict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Different Communities, Different Water Sources, Same Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no single source of water for California residents; nearly every community gets its supply from a different combination of sources. But the drought is affecting everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For us, it’s actually quite serious, says Frank Jahn, a Public Information Supervisor for the Alameda County Water District, which supplies water to residents of Fremont, Newark and Union City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahn’s district relies on flows from the State Water Project, a vast network of pumps and canals that brings water from the wetter north of the state to the drier south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a normal year, says Jahn, his district would get about 40 percent of its supply – some 17 million gallons of water – from the State Water Project. This year, says Jahn, they’re expecting zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The town of Cloverdale is in similar straits, says city manager Paul Cayler. “I guess you could call it an emergency,” he says, referring to the town’s primary reservoir, Lake Mendocino, which is at half capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cayler says it’s enough water to get them through the season. “Our concern is what’s going to happen later this summer and into the fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No ‘Water Cop’ to Enforce Restrictions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/drought-map\">map\u003c/a> maintained by the Association of California Water Agencies shows several towns which have imposed mandatory restrictions on water for customers in their service area.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“To my knowledge we have not sent out any warnings yet.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But few of these restrictions are enforced, or even enforceable, and water managers concede they’re relying on the honor system to ensure that customers actually cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in towns served by the Alameda County Water District, homeowners are now prohibited from watering their lawns more than once a week. Hosing down sidewalks and re-filling pools are prohibited entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But customers who break the rules will probably get away with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To my knowledge we have not sent out any warnings yet,” says Frank Jahn. “We have a lot of reports that have come in that we haven’t been able to substantiate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few, if any, towns have the resources to hire teams of enforcement agents, so must rely on citizen complaints, followed up by site visits from department staff. District officials can’t issue tickets unless they see the violation in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloverdale’s mandatory restrictions also rely on “community compliance,” said Holley. “We don’t have a water cop,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In towns where water use is metered, one way to lean on water hogs is through monthly water bills, levying a penalty on customers who exceed a monthly allotment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite one of the worst droughts in recorded history, water managers say it’s not yet time for such measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is short-sighted, according to Peter Gleick, who heads the Pacific Institute, a non-profit water policy think tank in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If 2014 or 2015 are as dry as last year, says Gleick, “we’re going to be sorry that we haven’t kept more water in our reservoirs for next year or the year after.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Water rationing gets customers “a lot more worked up.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even if the rains return, he says, water resources are finite. Over time, the pressures of population growth and climate change will only further squeeze water districts trying to supply their customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The truth is there’s no place in California that should think they have enough water that wasteful or inefficient use can be condoned, or accepted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reluctance to Ration Water\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What many managers really seem to fear is making their customers unhappy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked why the utility seems so reluctant to crack down on customers who waste water, Doug Linney, an East Bay MUD board member representing Alameda and West Oakland, says rationing gets customers “a lot more worked up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can create some adversarial relationships,” says American Canyon’s Jason Holley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in the service business,” said Paul Cayler of Cloverdale. “If we are able to meet our demands for our customers, that’s what we want to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some places where cities are putting meaningful water rationing into place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16938\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/goddard-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16938\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16938\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/goddard-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Toby Goddard says he hopes resident cutbacks will make up for the low flows in the San Lorenzo River. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Toby Goddard says he hopes resident cutbacks will make up for the low flows in the San Lorenzo River. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take Santa Cruz, where the drought has left water managers in particularly tight straits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz hasn’t built a new reservoir in 50 years, largely because of environmental opposition. It imports no water from other parts of the state. Recent efforts to build a desalination facility were met with bitter opposition from environmentalists and some residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the city’s primary source, the San Lorenzo River, running virtually at a trickle, the city has enacted some of the most restrictive water policies in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting May 1, residents in most single-family homes will receive an allotment of 249 gallons a day. Use too much and the price-per-gallon jumps by a factor of ten. Customers who exceed their allotment could see bills climb to $500 a month, or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Santa Cruz will lose $4 million as a result of asking customers to buy less water.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big jump,” says Toby Goddard with the City of Santa Cruz’s Water Conservation Office. Goddard says local residents have already done a great deal to conserve water, even without expensive restrictions. But at a certain point, the requests aren’t enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not sure just a voluntary call is actually going to move many communities to do something differently,” Goddard says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Selling Less Water Is Expensive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goddard points out that these water restrictions will be a burden for his agency, which points to a harsh paradox in the water business: Selling less of it is expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goddard’s office is planning to hire up to 20 new staff members to run the program, respond to customer complaints and questions, and do outreach, Goddard says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s $1 million on top of $3 million the agency expects to lose in revenue as a result of selling less water. The city plans to make up the deficit with surplus funds from previous years. But if the drought continues, Goddard says, those costs may have to be passed on to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Institute’s Peter Gleick says water agencies have a financial disincentive to encourage conservation among their customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\nIf revenue drops, rates must go up, leaving customers paying more money for less water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“If their conservation programs are really successful, they sell less water and their revenues drop,” says Gleick. He points out that water agencies often have expensive construction costs and overhead. If revenue drops, rates must go up, leaving customers paying more money for less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says there are ways around this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, electrical utilities, like PG&E, structure bills in such a way that they don’t need to sell lots of electricity in order to make a profit. Regulators call that “de-coupling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to do the same thing with water,” says Gleick. “We should have done this many years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a bridge overlooking the San Lorenzo River, Toby Goddard says if the rains don’t come, the city could face some tough years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we’ll get through,” he says. “I’m sure the community will rally and do what it takes to save its water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if they don’t, it’s going to cost them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For more than two decades, environmental groups and numerous agencies have worked to restore the wetlands at the former Hamilton Army Airfield. On Friday, the project achieved a significant milestone. Officials removed the old salt levee in San Pablo Bay and allowed the tidal waters to flow into the newly restored salt marshes of Novato.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out the video, supplied by the California State Coastal Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqzEQ0LBhKo?rel=0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\n“It’s been a big project, lots of construction, lots of work. So we’re celebrating that,” said Tom Gandesbery the project manager with the Coastal Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he’s looking forward to the return of several species that were close to the brink of extinction, and to new access to the area. The public will be able to enjoy the open space on the new 2.6 mile Bay Trail now that the wetlands are officially open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel great about getting this part done and especially about having the trail open so the public can come and see it,” said Gandesbery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/novato/ci_25240477/novato-marshland-at-hamilton-field-comes-back-life\">Marin Independent Journal describes\u003c/a> what was once lost and what visitors will soon be able to see:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The habitat for legions of fish, the California clapper rail, the salt marsh harvest mouse, chinook salmon, snowy egrets and great blue herons were lost when this and other North Bay wetlands were diked and dried more than a century ago. The restoration project will give them a chance to flourish here again.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/novato/ci_25240477/novato-marshland-at-hamilton-field-comes-back-life\">full article\u003c/a> for more on the history of the area and the struggle to get it restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, efforts are underway to restore more than 26,000 of wetlands in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel great about getting this part done and especially about having the trail open so the public can come and see it,” said Gandesbery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/novato/ci_25240477/novato-marshland-at-hamilton-field-comes-back-life\">Marin Independent Journal describes\u003c/a> what was once lost and what visitors will soon be able to see:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The habitat for legions of fish, the California clapper rail, the salt marsh harvest mouse, chinook salmon, snowy egrets and great blue herons were lost when this and other North Bay wetlands were diked and dried more than a century ago. The restoration project will give them a chance to flourish here again.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/novato/ci_25240477/novato-marshland-at-hamilton-field-comes-back-life\">full article\u003c/a> for more on the history of the area and the struggle to get it restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, efforts are underway to restore more than 26,000 of wetlands in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hikers Use Smartphones to Capture Fire Recovery on Mt. Diablo",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Hikers are helping document landscape recovery after the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hikers are using smartphones to document landscape recovery after the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mt. Diablo State Park is making a gradual recovery after the Morgan Fire burned more than 3,000 acres in the area last September. A citizen science group is asking local hikers to help document that recovery with their smartphones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A huge burned swath still covers one side of the mountain, but green shoots are starting to come through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things are starting to grow especially now that we’ve that little bit of rain,” says Dan Rademacher, a co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/index.html\">Nerds for Nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The all-volunteer group blends technology and the outdoors through projects like using drones to \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/bioblitz/\">document biodiversity\u003c/a> in Lake Merritt. They’ve posted \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/monitor-change/diablo.html\">a series of signs\u003c/a> along Mt. Diablo’s Summit Trail, designed to turn hikers into citizen scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been taking pictures,” says hiker Celia Mason of Danville, coming across the signs. “I came up here right up here after the fire and was just devastated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire3.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Rademacher of Nerds for Nature demonstrates how the citizen science project works on Mt. Diablo. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Rademacher of Nerds for Nature demonstrates how the citizen science project works on Mt. Diablo. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The signs have an L-shaped bracket where hikers can place their smartphones to snap a picture. That way all the photos of the burned area are taken from the same angle. Then, they upload the photos to Flickr, Twitter or Instagram with a special hashtag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, it’s really cool and I’m really interested in the wildflowers that will be triggered by the fire,” says Mason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rademacher says they’re hoping to get hundreds of photos by the end of year to \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/monitor-change/diablo.html\">document the landscape’s recovery over time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically the hikers on these trails become a sort of distributed remote sensing network to create a time lapse of fire recovery here,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos could also contribute to scientific studies being done on the recovery. A group of biologists and botanists has also volunteered to monitor the return of plants, mammals and reptiles in three ecosystems on Mt. Diablo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With fire suppression, fires aren’t as common as they should be naturally and people are excited when they can study what that natural cycle is,” says Anne Larsen, one of the volunteer botanists. “Months later, it’s green. It’s amazing to watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16871\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire4.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire4.jpg\" alt=\"Plants emerge in the remnants of the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"315\" height=\"309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants emerge in the remnants of the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Larsen says she’s seeing annual plants like whispering bells, manroots and poppies emerging because of the light and nutrients created by the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is cool about the camera-stand project is that it’s capturing what we’re doing but at a higher level,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can’t get out here every day,” Rademacher says. “There are hikers out here every day. So citizen science can supplement the professional science that’s going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is just one example of how smartphones are becoming part of the scientific data collection process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more it’s species tracking or using social media to calculate the economic value of recreation in parks to help with quantifying climate change impact,” Rademacher says. “So there are a lot of different ways that mobile social media can turn into science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/diablosliders.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"520\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Two photos taken in February and April at a citizen science monitoring station on Mt. Diablo show the fire recovery. (Images: Marie Cerda and Ken-ichi Ueda)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, it’s really cool and I’m really interested in the wildflowers that will be triggered by the fire,” says Mason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rademacher says they’re hoping to get hundreds of photos by the end of year to \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/monitor-change/diablo.html\">document the landscape’s recovery over time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically the hikers on these trails become a sort of distributed remote sensing network to create a time lapse of fire recovery here,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos could also contribute to scientific studies being done on the recovery. A group of biologists and botanists has also volunteered to monitor the return of plants, mammals and reptiles in three ecosystems on Mt. Diablo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With fire suppression, fires aren’t as common as they should be naturally and people are excited when they can study what that natural cycle is,” says Anne Larsen, one of the volunteer botanists. “Months later, it’s green. It’s amazing to watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16871\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire4.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire4.jpg\" alt=\"Plants emerge in the remnants of the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"315\" height=\"309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants emerge in the remnants of the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Larsen says she’s seeing annual plants like whispering bells, manroots and poppies emerging because of the light and nutrients created by the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is cool about the camera-stand project is that it’s capturing what we’re doing but at a higher level,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can’t get out here every day,” Rademacher says. “There are hikers out here every day. So citizen science can supplement the professional science that’s going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is just one example of how smartphones are becoming part of the scientific data collection process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more it’s species tracking or using social media to calculate the economic value of recreation in parks to help with quantifying climate change impact,” Rademacher says. “So there are a lot of different ways that mobile social media can turn into science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/diablosliders.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"520\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Two photos taken in February and April at a citizen science monitoring station on Mt. Diablo show the fire recovery. (Images: Marie Cerda and Ken-ichi Ueda)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Historic Shipwreck in San Francisco Bay Rediscovered",
"headTitle": "Historic Shipwreck in San Francisco Bay Rediscovered | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16848\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16848\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/CITY-OF-CHESTER_SFMNHP.jpg\" alt=\"The SS City of Chester was a passenger steamship heading for Eureka. (San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park)\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SS City of Chester was a passenger steamship heading for Eureka. (San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The SS City of Chester was a passenger ship. It carried people up and down the West Coast at a time before highways were built. On the morning of August 22, 1888, it was heading out of San Francisco Bay up to to Eureka when it was struck by another ship, the RMS Oceanic, which was coming into the bay from China.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Hearing timber crashing and the mournful cries in the distance.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The lighthouse keeper recalled hearing timber crashing and the mournful cries in the distance,” said Robert Schwemmer of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “And he knew that there had been a marine disaster, but he couldn’t see it because of the fog. And then it went silent.” Then, said Schwemmer, the Oceanic started constantly blasting its fog horn, calling for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirteen passengers and three crew members died when the City of Chester sank. Schwemmer said it was the second-worst accident in the San Francisco Bay, in terms of fatalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16850\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16850\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/CITY-OF-CHESTER-002_NRT6.jpg\" alt=\"Profile view of the SS City of Chester on the floor of the San Francisco Bay, created with multi-beam sonar. (NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries NRT6)\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Profile view of the SS City of Chester on the floor of the San Francisco Bay, created with multi-beam sonar. (NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries NRT6)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists have re-discovered the ship. (A team of scientists thought it detected the ship soon after it sank, but that was 126 years ago and not much has happened with it since then.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration found it when doing research on a different shipwreck near the mouth of the bay. They used sonar to create images of the City of Chester, sending down hundreds of beams of sound and getting a picture of the shape of the ship based on how long it took the sound waves to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/CITY-OF-CHESTER-001_NRT6.jpg\" alt=\"View of the bow of the SS City of Chester with sediment piled on top. (NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries NRT6)\" width=\"640\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View of the bow of the SS City of Chester with sediment piled on top. (NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries NRT6)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like mowing a lawn,” said Laura Pagano. “And as we are sending down the sound, we are essentially painting the sea floor as we cover the shipwreck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California coast is littered with shipwrecks, but James Delgado, who directs the maritime heritage program at NOAA, said each one is valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we rediscover them, again it allows us to revisit the stories,” he said. For instance, the false accusations that followed the accident, saying that the Chinese crew of the Oceanic hadn’t helped the drowning passengers. In fact, Delgado says, the crew saved most of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no plans to bring the ship back up, but NOAA does intend to build an exhibit about the accident at \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/about/facilities.html\">Crissy Field in San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16855\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16855\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/CITY-OF-CHESTER_Modern-View.jpg\" alt=\"The shipwreck lies on the floor of the Bay near the Golden Gate Bridge. (Robert V. Schwemmer/NOAA-National Marine Sanctuaries)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The shipwreck lies on the floor of the Bay near the Golden Gate Bridge. (Robert V. Schwemmer/NOAA-National Marine Sanctuaries)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A long-lost 19th century shipwreck on the bottom of San Francisco Bay is again on the map. Scientists recently re-discovered it using sonar. \r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16848\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16848\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/CITY-OF-CHESTER_SFMNHP.jpg\" alt=\"The SS City of Chester was a passenger steamship heading for Eureka. (San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park)\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SS City of Chester was a passenger steamship heading for Eureka. (San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The SS City of Chester was a passenger ship. It carried people up and down the West Coast at a time before highways were built. On the morning of August 22, 1888, it was heading out of San Francisco Bay up to to Eureka when it was struck by another ship, the RMS Oceanic, which was coming into the bay from China.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Hearing timber crashing and the mournful cries in the distance.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The lighthouse keeper recalled hearing timber crashing and the mournful cries in the distance,” said Robert Schwemmer of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “And he knew that there had been a marine disaster, but he couldn’t see it because of the fog. And then it went silent.” Then, said Schwemmer, the Oceanic started constantly blasting its fog horn, calling for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirteen passengers and three crew members died when the City of Chester sank. Schwemmer said it was the second-worst accident in the San Francisco Bay, in terms of fatalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16850\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16850\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/CITY-OF-CHESTER-002_NRT6.jpg\" alt=\"Profile view of the SS City of Chester on the floor of the San Francisco Bay, created with multi-beam sonar. (NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries NRT6)\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Profile view of the SS City of Chester on the floor of the San Francisco Bay, created with multi-beam sonar. (NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries NRT6)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists have re-discovered the ship. (A team of scientists thought it detected the ship soon after it sank, but that was 126 years ago and not much has happened with it since then.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration found it when doing research on a different shipwreck near the mouth of the bay. They used sonar to create images of the City of Chester, sending down hundreds of beams of sound and getting a picture of the shape of the ship based on how long it took the sound waves to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/CITY-OF-CHESTER-001_NRT6.jpg\" alt=\"View of the bow of the SS City of Chester with sediment piled on top. (NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries NRT6)\" width=\"640\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View of the bow of the SS City of Chester with sediment piled on top. (NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries NRT6)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like mowing a lawn,” said Laura Pagano. “And as we are sending down the sound, we are essentially painting the sea floor as we cover the shipwreck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California coast is littered with shipwrecks, but James Delgado, who directs the maritime heritage program at NOAA, said each one is valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we rediscover them, again it allows us to revisit the stories,” he said. For instance, the false accusations that followed the accident, saying that the Chinese crew of the Oceanic hadn’t helped the drowning passengers. In fact, Delgado says, the crew saved most of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no plans to bring the ship back up, but NOAA does intend to build an exhibit about the accident at \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/about/facilities.html\">Crissy Field in San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16855\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16855\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/CITY-OF-CHESTER_Modern-View.jpg\" alt=\"The shipwreck lies on the floor of the Bay near the Golden Gate Bridge. (Robert V. Schwemmer/NOAA-National Marine Sanctuaries)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The shipwreck lies on the floor of the Bay near the Golden Gate Bridge. (Robert V. Schwemmer/NOAA-National Marine Sanctuaries)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In California Drought, Desperation May Make Water Flow Uphill",
"headTitle": "In California Drought, Desperation May Make Water Flow Uphill | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16802\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/RS3913_CA_aqueduct_dosamigos20120712b-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16802\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/RS3913_CA_aqueduct_dosamigos20120712b-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"A 47-mile section of the California Aqueduct could flow backwards during the drought. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 47-mile section of the California Aqueduct could flow backward, starting this summer. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Desperate times call for desperate measures, and California’s severe drought is already inspiring a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts in the San Joaquin Valley are proposing a drought tactic that’s never been tried: they want to reverse the state’s plumbing by running the California Aqueduct backwards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aqueduct is the main artery of the state’s water system. It stretches more than 400 miles, connecting the northern part of the state, where most of the rain falls, to the southern half of the state, where most of the demand for water resides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was built a half century ago, when California engineered its huge network of reservoirs and canals. The aqueduct was designed to go in one direction – north to south. Until now, that is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a year where I’m doing a lot of things I’ve never seen in my career,” says Jim Beck, general manager of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcwa.com/\">Kern County Water Agency\u003c/a>, which provides water to 13 districts in the southern Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is putting together a plan to run up to 47 miles of the California Aqueduct backward, something unheard of in any other year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It really shows how desperate a situation we’re in.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It really shows how desperate a situation we’re in,” he says. “Our water users are looking for any additional water they can find.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several agricultural water districts, including Lost Hills, Berrenda Mesa, and Belridge Water Storage District, are in a tight spot this year because their sole water supply comes down the aqueduct via the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\">State Water Project\u003c/a>. Given the lack of rain and emaciated Sierra snowpack, state officials have warned that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/09/during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins/\">districts will only be getting five percent\u003c/a> of their normal deliveries. And that water won’t flow until September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without water from the State Water Project, they are 100 percent reliant on other sources of water to keep their trees alive and permanent crops, which make the majority of farmland in those areas,” says Beck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reversing the aqueduct would provide water for those northern water districts. The water would have to fight gravity, because the aqueduct runs ever-so-slightly downhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we can even consider this is the slope of the California aqueduct is so gradual,” Beck explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to twelve diesel pumps, each the size of a large truck engine, would be installed temporarily. All together, they could move almost 8 million gallons of water a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we’d get them installed at the beginning of summer and really meet a significant need of our growers,” says Beck. The project could be in place by July 1 and would cost up to $10 million dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kern County is considering the plan because of the large water supply stored in their \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/water-banks-a-hedge-against-shrinking-supplies-in-a-changing-climate/\">groundwater banks\u003c/a>. The banks are essentially underground reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”c1d5c9972969da13e2d72b22fcfed85e”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got groundwater, probably at about 175 feet and going down about a foot a week,” says Harry Starkey, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wkwd.org/\">West Kern Water District\u003c/a>, walking across a field in southeast Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His district is just one of many that use the groundwater bank. In wet years, they recharge the groundwater basin with extra surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just spread it out over the land and it infiltrates at about a half a foot per day, generally,” he says. Then, the water is pumped out in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a like a bank,” Starkey says. “Everybody has their own little savings account here and they have their name on it. The water is metered going in and coming out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts north of the groundwater bank aren’t close enough to the “ATM,” so to speak. During a normal year, they’re able to use the bank by doing a “water swap.” The water districts let another district use water they’ve stored in the bank. They then take that’s district’s water directly from the California Aqueduct — when there’s water to be had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Department of Water Resources, which runs the aqueduct, has yet to sign off on the “pump-back plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly it will work, but there have to be certain conditions met,” says Carl Torgersen, deputy director for the State Water Project. “Any of the downstream users cannot be injured or harmed by this.” The local air quality board will also review the emissions from the diesel pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Torgersen says the project is only one of the unusual ideas being floated this year to cope with the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our director recently sent out a notice to the various state contractors that we certainly are, in fact, open to any ideas that they might have that we can accomplish,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this year’s Sierra snowpack melting quickly, getting creative is more of a necessity than a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Section of California Aqueduct that could be reversed:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://mapsengine.google.com/11137729332268576461-08112974690991164587-4/widget/in_iframe\" width=\"80%\" height=\"600px\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/146130483&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A 47-mile section of the California Aqueduct, the main artery of the state's water system, could be engineered to flow backward this summer.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16802\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/RS3913_CA_aqueduct_dosamigos20120712b-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16802\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/RS3913_CA_aqueduct_dosamigos20120712b-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"A 47-mile section of the California Aqueduct could flow backwards during the drought. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 47-mile section of the California Aqueduct could flow backward, starting this summer. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Desperate times call for desperate measures, and California’s severe drought is already inspiring a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts in the San Joaquin Valley are proposing a drought tactic that’s never been tried: they want to reverse the state’s plumbing by running the California Aqueduct backwards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aqueduct is the main artery of the state’s water system. It stretches more than 400 miles, connecting the northern part of the state, where most of the rain falls, to the southern half of the state, where most of the demand for water resides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was built a half century ago, when California engineered its huge network of reservoirs and canals. The aqueduct was designed to go in one direction – north to south. Until now, that is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a year where I’m doing a lot of things I’ve never seen in my career,” says Jim Beck, general manager of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcwa.com/\">Kern County Water Agency\u003c/a>, which provides water to 13 districts in the southern Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is putting together a plan to run up to 47 miles of the California Aqueduct backward, something unheard of in any other year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It really shows how desperate a situation we’re in.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It really shows how desperate a situation we’re in,” he says. “Our water users are looking for any additional water they can find.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several agricultural water districts, including Lost Hills, Berrenda Mesa, and Belridge Water Storage District, are in a tight spot this year because their sole water supply comes down the aqueduct via the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\">State Water Project\u003c/a>. Given the lack of rain and emaciated Sierra snowpack, state officials have warned that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/09/during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins/\">districts will only be getting five percent\u003c/a> of their normal deliveries. And that water won’t flow until September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without water from the State Water Project, they are 100 percent reliant on other sources of water to keep their trees alive and permanent crops, which make the majority of farmland in those areas,” says Beck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reversing the aqueduct would provide water for those northern water districts. The water would have to fight gravity, because the aqueduct runs ever-so-slightly downhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we can even consider this is the slope of the California aqueduct is so gradual,” Beck explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to twelve diesel pumps, each the size of a large truck engine, would be installed temporarily. All together, they could move almost 8 million gallons of water a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we’d get them installed at the beginning of summer and really meet a significant need of our growers,” says Beck. The project could be in place by July 1 and would cost up to $10 million dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kern County is considering the plan because of the large water supply stored in their \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/water-banks-a-hedge-against-shrinking-supplies-in-a-changing-climate/\">groundwater banks\u003c/a>. The banks are essentially underground reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got groundwater, probably at about 175 feet and going down about a foot a week,” says Harry Starkey, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wkwd.org/\">West Kern Water District\u003c/a>, walking across a field in southeast Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His district is just one of many that use the groundwater bank. In wet years, they recharge the groundwater basin with extra surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just spread it out over the land and it infiltrates at about a half a foot per day, generally,” he says. Then, the water is pumped out in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a like a bank,” Starkey says. “Everybody has their own little savings account here and they have their name on it. The water is metered going in and coming out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts north of the groundwater bank aren’t close enough to the “ATM,” so to speak. During a normal year, they’re able to use the bank by doing a “water swap.” The water districts let another district use water they’ve stored in the bank. They then take that’s district’s water directly from the California Aqueduct — when there’s water to be had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Department of Water Resources, which runs the aqueduct, has yet to sign off on the “pump-back plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly it will work, but there have to be certain conditions met,” says Carl Torgersen, deputy director for the State Water Project. “Any of the downstream users cannot be injured or harmed by this.” The local air quality board will also review the emissions from the diesel pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Torgersen says the project is only one of the unusual ideas being floated this year to cope with the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our director recently sent out a notice to the various state contractors that we certainly are, in fact, open to any ideas that they might have that we can accomplish,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this year’s Sierra snowpack melting quickly, getting creative is more of a necessity than a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Section of California Aqueduct that could be reversed:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://mapsengine.google.com/11137729332268576461-08112974690991164587-4/widget/in_iframe\" width=\"80%\" height=\"600px\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/146130483&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Edging Closer to Regulating Groundwater for the First Time",
"headTitle": "California Edging Closer to Regulating Groundwater for the First Time | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16770\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Irrigation_1764.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16770\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16770\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Irrigation_1764.jpg\" alt=\"An irrigation ditch in the Central Valley. When surface water is scarce, farmers pump more groundwater to make up the difference. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An irrigation ditch in the Central Valley. When surface water is scarce, farmers pump more groundwater to make up the difference. (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We hear a great deal about California’s reliance on its “frozen reservoir,” a reference to the (currently anemic) Sierra snowpack. We hear a lot less about the Golden State’s \u003cem>invisible\u003c/em> reservoir, the water that resides in underground aquifers beneath our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about to change. Today, state Sen. Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills) puts a trio of water conservation bills before her Natural Resources and Water Committee, the centerpiece of which (SB 1168) is a frontal assault on the management of California’s groundwater, which, compared to other western states, is almost unregulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current drought appears to be putting a new level of pressure on the groundwater debate. Cutbacks in state and federal water allocations have unleashed a \u003ca title=\"Bakersfield Californian - post\" href=\"http://www.bakersfieldnow.com/news/business/California-drought-spawns-well-drilling-boom-255206371.html\">drilling frenzy\u003c/a> for water wells, and parts of the San Joaquin Valley are actually \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_25447586/california-drought-san-joaquin-valley-sinking-farmers-race\">sinking from groundwater depletion\u003c/a> below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The single most critical element in achieving [water] sustainability in California is groundwater,” Lester Snow told members of the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - main\" href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> at a hearing last week. Snow would know. For years he was the state’s chief water manager and now heads the relatively new \u003ca title=\"CWF - main\" href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a>, a non-profit devoted, as he describes it, to “achieving sustainable water management” in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16760\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/aquiferaside.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/aquiferaside.jpg\" alt=\"aquiferaside\" width=\"290\" height=\"222\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">So what, exactly, is an aquifer? Click image to see full infographic.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a good year, which is to say “wet,” Snow says that groundwater provides about 40 percent of the state’s water supply. In dry years, like this one, we lean on aquifers for 60 percent of our water (up from 40 percent as recently as 2 to 3 years ago).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Effectively managed, it is the single biggest mechanism that gives us the flexibility to deal with the vagaries of our water system in California,” said Snow. “And if we can not get our hands around that, we will not have a sustainable water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some, especially in farm country, are more than a little spooked by what getting our hands around it might entail. If you want to see farmers and ranchers turn ornery, make like you’re a state bureaucrat going after their water — or their right to pump as much as they need out of the ground. So as the battle lines begin to form, here are some key points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State Intervention\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the only western state that doesn’t exercise some degree of control over its groundwater. But how much control is too much? Matt Conant, a walnut grower in Sutter County, articulated the greatest fear of many in the ag community: “I’m afraid that the state will come in and try to over-regulate groundwater and surface water,” he told me outside a recent hearing of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But David Orth, who sits on the groundwater task force at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, says leaving it entirely in local hands may not be enough, especially when local and regional agencies are falling down on the job. “In those instances, we believe the state board should step in,” says Orth. “It creates, frankly, some bit of incentive for the locals to get together and get it right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a fairly bold statement, coming from an organization that has, in the past, taken a firm stand against groundwater regulation. But Orth says times are changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A year ago it was, ‘This is mine and I don’t want anybody to mess with my personal property right,'” he says. “Today, I think more and more people are recognizing that we have a choice; we can either let this continue to be managed in a somewhat insufficient way in some regions and see significant economic loss, or we can more effectively manage it and do so in coordination with the state, so we can protect that groundwater resource for decades to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in April, ACWA \u003ca title=\"ACWA - policy paper\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/groundwater/acwa-recommendations-achieving-groundwater-sustainability\">proposed one of the most comprehensive blueprints\u003c/a> yet for protecting the state’s aquifers. Pavley’s bill is likely to draw on that. The harmonic convergence only extends so far, however. As Jim Beck at the Kern County Water Agency told KQED’s Lauren Sommer, “California is not a one-size-fits-all when it comes to any regulation. And we believe groundwater is certainly one of those areas of resource management were local folks really understand what’s best for their area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transparency\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a growing chorus insisting that whatever else happens, we need better data, to know what’s going on with our aquifers. Presently there is no coordinated tracking of aquifer health or the volume of water being pumped. Drillers file well completion reports, which can only be accessed by public agencies “conducting studies,” according to state law. But there is precious little information available on how much water those wells are producing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conant told me that farmers know from their wells, what’s going on underground. But no one else really does, though scientists have been trying to piece together the big picture with a combination of monitoring wells and satellites that measure ground density. And once the data is gathered for what individual landowners are pumping, who should have access to it? Should it remain on confidential file with public agencies or be available to anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pricing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s perhaps the thorniest question of all: whether farmers should pay for water that resides naturally under their own property. They’re already paying for the energy required to pump it to the surface. But now the water wonks are freely tossing around terms like “tiered pricing” and “groundwater management fees.” These are theoretical administrative charges to property owners, possibly based on how much groundwater they pump. [contextly_sidebar id=”841ad067163b293b3c4fb002ef0c62ee”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the regulators can’t make this happen themselves. These ideas will have to coalesce into a groundwater bill that lawmakers can make stick. The current version of the Pavley bill contains a definition of “sustainability” but leaves it up to local districts to determine the volume of groundwater pumping that is sustainable in each are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the lingering uncertainties, even some water policy insiders have expressed surprise at what Jonas Minton of the Planning and Conservation League calls, the “unprecedented consensus” on a possible approach to groundwater management. At that state hearing last week, he pronounced, “This is the year to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16770\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Irrigation_1764.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16770\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16770\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Irrigation_1764.jpg\" alt=\"An irrigation ditch in the Central Valley. When surface water is scarce, farmers pump more groundwater to make up the difference. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An irrigation ditch in the Central Valley. When surface water is scarce, farmers pump more groundwater to make up the difference. (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We hear a great deal about California’s reliance on its “frozen reservoir,” a reference to the (currently anemic) Sierra snowpack. We hear a lot less about the Golden State’s \u003cem>invisible\u003c/em> reservoir, the water that resides in underground aquifers beneath our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about to change. Today, state Sen. Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills) puts a trio of water conservation bills before her Natural Resources and Water Committee, the centerpiece of which (SB 1168) is a frontal assault on the management of California’s groundwater, which, compared to other western states, is almost unregulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current drought appears to be putting a new level of pressure on the groundwater debate. Cutbacks in state and federal water allocations have unleashed a \u003ca title=\"Bakersfield Californian - post\" href=\"http://www.bakersfieldnow.com/news/business/California-drought-spawns-well-drilling-boom-255206371.html\">drilling frenzy\u003c/a> for water wells, and parts of the San Joaquin Valley are actually \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_25447586/california-drought-san-joaquin-valley-sinking-farmers-race\">sinking from groundwater depletion\u003c/a> below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The single most critical element in achieving [water] sustainability in California is groundwater,” Lester Snow told members of the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - main\" href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> at a hearing last week. Snow would know. For years he was the state’s chief water manager and now heads the relatively new \u003ca title=\"CWF - main\" href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a>, a non-profit devoted, as he describes it, to “achieving sustainable water management” in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16760\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/aquiferaside.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/aquiferaside.jpg\" alt=\"aquiferaside\" width=\"290\" height=\"222\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">So what, exactly, is an aquifer? Click image to see full infographic.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a good year, which is to say “wet,” Snow says that groundwater provides about 40 percent of the state’s water supply. In dry years, like this one, we lean on aquifers for 60 percent of our water (up from 40 percent as recently as 2 to 3 years ago).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Effectively managed, it is the single biggest mechanism that gives us the flexibility to deal with the vagaries of our water system in California,” said Snow. “And if we can not get our hands around that, we will not have a sustainable water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some, especially in farm country, are more than a little spooked by what getting our hands around it might entail. If you want to see farmers and ranchers turn ornery, make like you’re a state bureaucrat going after their water — or their right to pump as much as they need out of the ground. So as the battle lines begin to form, here are some key points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State Intervention\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the only western state that doesn’t exercise some degree of control over its groundwater. But how much control is too much? Matt Conant, a walnut grower in Sutter County, articulated the greatest fear of many in the ag community: “I’m afraid that the state will come in and try to over-regulate groundwater and surface water,” he told me outside a recent hearing of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But David Orth, who sits on the groundwater task force at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, says leaving it entirely in local hands may not be enough, especially when local and regional agencies are falling down on the job. “In those instances, we believe the state board should step in,” says Orth. “It creates, frankly, some bit of incentive for the locals to get together and get it right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a fairly bold statement, coming from an organization that has, in the past, taken a firm stand against groundwater regulation. But Orth says times are changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A year ago it was, ‘This is mine and I don’t want anybody to mess with my personal property right,'” he says. “Today, I think more and more people are recognizing that we have a choice; we can either let this continue to be managed in a somewhat insufficient way in some regions and see significant economic loss, or we can more effectively manage it and do so in coordination with the state, so we can protect that groundwater resource for decades to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in April, ACWA \u003ca title=\"ACWA - policy paper\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/groundwater/acwa-recommendations-achieving-groundwater-sustainability\">proposed one of the most comprehensive blueprints\u003c/a> yet for protecting the state’s aquifers. Pavley’s bill is likely to draw on that. The harmonic convergence only extends so far, however. As Jim Beck at the Kern County Water Agency told KQED’s Lauren Sommer, “California is not a one-size-fits-all when it comes to any regulation. And we believe groundwater is certainly one of those areas of resource management were local folks really understand what’s best for their area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transparency\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a growing chorus insisting that whatever else happens, we need better data, to know what’s going on with our aquifers. Presently there is no coordinated tracking of aquifer health or the volume of water being pumped. Drillers file well completion reports, which can only be accessed by public agencies “conducting studies,” according to state law. But there is precious little information available on how much water those wells are producing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conant told me that farmers know from their wells, what’s going on underground. But no one else really does, though scientists have been trying to piece together the big picture with a combination of monitoring wells and satellites that measure ground density. And once the data is gathered for what individual landowners are pumping, who should have access to it? Should it remain on confidential file with public agencies or be available to anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pricing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s perhaps the thorniest question of all: whether farmers should pay for water that resides naturally under their own property. They’re already paying for the energy required to pump it to the surface. But now the water wonks are freely tossing around terms like “tiered pricing” and “groundwater management fees.” These are theoretical administrative charges to property owners, possibly based on how much groundwater they pump. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the regulators can’t make this happen themselves. These ideas will have to coalesce into a groundwater bill that lawmakers can make stick. The current version of the Pavley bill contains a definition of “sustainability” but leaves it up to local districts to determine the volume of groundwater pumping that is sustainable in each are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the lingering uncertainties, even some water policy insiders have expressed surprise at what Jonas Minton of the Planning and Conservation League calls, the “unprecedented consensus” on a possible approach to groundwater management. At that state hearing last week, he pronounced, “This is the year to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drones: The Newest Water-Saving Tool for Parched Farms",
"headTitle": "Drones: The Newest Water-Saving Tool for Parched Farms | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/04/20140421science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16722\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/agdroneday.jpg\" alt=\"John Faus of HoneyComb demonstrating an agricultural drone. (Photo courtesy Zach Sheely)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Faus of HoneyComb demonstrates an agricultural drone in a pistachio orchard. (Photo courtesy Zach Sheely)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmers represent a growing share of the market for drones. The \u003ca title=\"Home - Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International\" href=\"http://www.auvsi.org\">Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International\u003c/a>, a trade group that represents drone producers, predicts farms will eventually account for 80 percent of the commercial drone market. And in California, some farmers are looking at the technology as a way to save water during the drought. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we last \u003ca title=\"Farmers in a World with Less Water: The California Report | The California Report\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R906080850/a\">checked in with him\u003c/a> five years ago, then 27-year-old Zach Sheely was already on the cutting edge of water conservation, using his iPhone to check how much water his tomatoes were getting. (Our \u003ca title=\"Keeping Track of Every Drop on the Farm\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/watersavingfarm/index.html\">audio slideshow\u003c/a> from that story shows Sheely engaged in his two passions—farming and singing opera.) Sheely and his dad, Ted, were \u003ca href=\"http://www.netafimusa.com/files/literature/agriculture/other-literature/crop-applications/Farm-Press-Article.pdf\">among the first to convert\u003c/a> to remote-controlled drip irrigation on their sprawling Kings County farm. Now they’re taking one more step into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We don’t have enough water, and having a coyote chew a line in two, now that line of trees is getting half the water.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They recently gathered some of their neighbors to watch a demo of a drone that can collect video and thermal images of farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got a tablet which is going to help figure out the mission, and is connected to a ground control station,” Zach Sheely explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listening to farmers programming a drone is sort of like eavesdropping on NASA’s Mission Control. But the mission here has to do with coyotes gnawing the two rows of drip irrigation lines that feed pistachio trees. The Sheelys grow more than a thousand acres of pistachios in this remote corner of Kings County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have enough water, and having a coyote chew a line in two, now that line of trees is getting half the water,” Ted says. “We’ve got to be precise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While coyotes are the main culprits, two-legged interlopers can be just as much of a headache, Zach adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans are a problem,” he says. “They’ll come out and hunt doves or something in our orchard, and the shotgun BBs will put little holes in all the lines. We do have no trespassing signs, but those are just signs, I think, to most people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sheelys are hoping a thermal camera mounted in the drone will pick up leaks in the orchard, so they can fix them faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxDgS9w9I_Q\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve invited several drone companies to the farm to demo their crafts, including a company called \u003ca title=\"Home\" href=\"http://www.honeycombcorp.com/\">HoneyComb. \u003c/a>That company is the brainchild of a group of 20- and 30-somethings like John Faus, who grew up farming in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We designed this for farming,” Faus says. “That’s why it’s called HoneyComb. This is your worker bee out over your fields scanning your crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We want it to be the tractor of the sky.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But demo day turns out to be \u003cem>really\u003c/em> windy. And the little plane careens wildly above the orchard before a rocky landing on a dirt road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sorry you got a little ding in your wing there!” Ted Sheely exclaims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing a little gorilla glue can’t fix,” Faus says. “Our motto is we want it to be the tractor of the sky. We want it to be reliable and rugged.” He says his company can’t keep up with orders for farm drones fast enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zach Sheely says he’s sold on the drone, which will set him back about $15,000. He says that’s far less than what the lost water from leaks might cost him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A drone can cover a thousand acres in an hour-long flight. Zach says it would take a farmworker more than a week to drive up and down the same orchards in an all-terrain vehicle, looking for chewed irrigation lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘For agricultural purposes, they’re going to be a real powerful tool.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“So if I can eliminate that job,” he says, “or use that person more wisely than just drive up and back mindlessly looking for leaks, it’s going to benefit my business, and he’s probably going to like his job a little bit better, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irrigation experts say California farmers looking to save water will be early adopters of drone technology, and not just to check for leaks. Drones can help determine when plants are water-stressed or when they’re getting too much water, by using thermal cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For agricultural purposes, they’re going to be a real powerful tool” says David Zoldoske, who heads the \u003ca title=\"Welcome to CIT.\" href=\"https://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cit/\">Center for Irrigation Technology at Fresno State \u003c/a>, and co-authored a recent \u003ca title=\"CCST Delivers Roadmap to a Sustainable Water Future for California\" href=\"https://www.ccst.us/news/2014/0409water.php\">state report \u003c/a>on water-saving technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones will help farmers “to get more information, in real time, to make better decisions,” about everything on the farm, adds Zoldoske. “We joke about being able to take pictures of individual bugs sitting on the plants. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have enough water, and having a coyote chew a line in two, now that line of trees is getting half the water,” Ted says. “We’ve got to be precise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While coyotes are the main culprits, two-legged interlopers can be just as much of a headache, Zach adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans are a problem,” he says. “They’ll come out and hunt doves or something in our orchard, and the shotgun BBs will put little holes in all the lines. We do have no trespassing signs, but those are just signs, I think, to most people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sheelys are hoping a thermal camera mounted in the drone will pick up leaks in the orchard, so they can fix them faster.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/TxDgS9w9I_Q'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/TxDgS9w9I_Q'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>They’ve invited several drone companies to the farm to demo their crafts, including a company called \u003ca title=\"Home\" href=\"http://www.honeycombcorp.com/\">HoneyComb. \u003c/a>That company is the brainchild of a group of 20- and 30-somethings like John Faus, who grew up farming in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We designed this for farming,” Faus says. “That’s why it’s called HoneyComb. This is your worker bee out over your fields scanning your crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We want it to be the tractor of the sky.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But demo day turns out to be \u003cem>really\u003c/em> windy. And the little plane careens wildly above the orchard before a rocky landing on a dirt road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sorry you got a little ding in your wing there!” Ted Sheely exclaims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing a little gorilla glue can’t fix,” Faus says. “Our motto is we want it to be the tractor of the sky. We want it to be reliable and rugged.” He says his company can’t keep up with orders for farm drones fast enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zach Sheely says he’s sold on the drone, which will set him back about $15,000. He says that’s far less than what the lost water from leaks might cost him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A drone can cover a thousand acres in an hour-long flight. Zach says it would take a farmworker more than a week to drive up and down the same orchards in an all-terrain vehicle, looking for chewed irrigation lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘For agricultural purposes, they’re going to be a real powerful tool.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“So if I can eliminate that job,” he says, “or use that person more wisely than just drive up and back mindlessly looking for leaks, it’s going to benefit my business, and he’s probably going to like his job a little bit better, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irrigation experts say California farmers looking to save water will be early adopters of drone technology, and not just to check for leaks. Drones can help determine when plants are water-stressed or when they’re getting too much water, by using thermal cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For agricultural purposes, they’re going to be a real powerful tool” says David Zoldoske, who heads the \u003ca title=\"Welcome to CIT.\" href=\"https://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cit/\">Center for Irrigation Technology at Fresno State \u003c/a>, and co-authored a recent \u003ca title=\"CCST Delivers Roadmap to a Sustainable Water Future for California\" href=\"https://www.ccst.us/news/2014/0409water.php\">state report \u003c/a>on water-saving technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones will help farmers “to get more information, in real time, to make better decisions,” about everything on the farm, adds Zoldoske. “We joke about being able to take pictures of individual bugs sitting on the plants. With the right algorithm you could count all the bugs on the plants if things work out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now that’s still a big if. It’s still unclear how much leeway farmers will have to fly drones. At this point, the FAA does not allow their commercial use. Farm groups have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/files/2014/04/Joint-Letter-to-FAA-on-Expediting-UAS-rulemaking-Final.pdf\">weighing in heavily \u003c/a>to change that. Later this year, the agency \u003ca title=\"Realtors and soybean farmers agree: Drone rules are overdue\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/04/08/realtors-and-soybean-farmers-agree-drone-rules-are-overdue/\">may propose rules\u003c/a> to cover the small drones farmers are starting to buy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
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