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"title": "A Year After Rim Fire, Debate Sparks Over Replanting Trees",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140818science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20640\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/seedling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/seedling.jpg\" alt=\"A pine tree seedling emerges in a burned area of the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pine tree seedling emerges in a burned area of the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One year after the record-breaking Rim Fire began in the Sierra Nevada, signs of recovery are appearing. Green ferns and small seedlings dot the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a full recovery expected to take a century or more, forest officials are working on plans to speed it along by planting new trees. Reforestation is common after large fires in the West, but some scientists say it’s time to rethink how forests are replanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire is the largest wildfire ever recorded in the Sierra Nevada. Fed by high winds and bone-dry conditions, it consumed 257,000 acres – an area nine times the size of San Francisco. A hunter recently pleaded not guilty to charges that he started it with an illegal campfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of acres were severely burned, with trees and vegetation wiped out in about 40 percent of the burned area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees in this area have definitely torched out,” says Eric Knapp, a research ecologist with the Forest Service, walking around a burned patch of the Stanislaus National Forest. “You can see the bark char going pretty much all the way up the tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/rimfireslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"445\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrubs and ferns have been able to come back quickly in many places, thanks in part to California’s historic drought. Without big winter storms to create soil erosion, plants were able to take hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s remarkable even in one year what can come back,” Knapp says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine tree seedlings are harder to find. Knapp finally spots a three-inch pine tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seed source is probably…” he says, looking around for where it came from. “There was green forest over there at least a hundred yards away. But nice thing about these pine seedlings is the seeds have these little wings on them so they get up into the wind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how this kind of mixed-conifer forest regrows in the Sierra Nevada, he says. Green trees on the edges of a burn send their seeds into dead areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the plants and trees can recolonize from the edge, but if your edge is too far away, that becomes more challenging,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the problem in the Rim Fire, he says. There are huge patches of dead trees and seeds can only travel so far, either by the wind or animals. The largest dead patch is more than 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20667 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Rimfiregraphic-e1408148390108.jpeg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"816\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it could take centuries – a couple centuries – to really get that back in because there’s no seed source,” says the Forest Service’s Maria Benech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service is working on a Rim Fire recovery plan that includes reforestation, which could begin in a year and half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all done by hand, so it’s all hand-planted,” she says. “Just little tiny guys that are four, five inches tall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seedlings are usually planted densely, 10 feet apart. Reforestation has been done this way in the West for decades, but planting trees in the Sierra Nevada is no guarantee of success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After fires in 1987, the Forest Service replanted some of the forest, in what’s known as the “Penny Pines” tree plantation. A good part of the plantation was killed by the Rim Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These were fairly young, 20-25 year old stands,” Benech says. “They had branching all the way to the ground – a lot of interlocking branches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire moved easily through the dense foliage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have criticized how close we planted trees,” she says. “But the idea all along was to come in, year seven, year ten, and thin those out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\" alt=\"Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20689\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it takes funding to selectively cut trees and create spaces in the forest. The Forest Service had made plans to do it, but hadn’t gotten the resources yet. Without that, the replanted trees went from restoration to liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plantations are really prone to burning up,” says Malcolm North, a research scientist with the Forest Service and an affiliate professor at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North says there may be a better way to replant trees after wildfires. Researchers have learned a lot about how Sierra Nevada forests once looked, before Smokey Bear and decades of fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we now know is that we eventually want to produce trees that have kind of a clumped and open – a group-y, gap-y type structure,” he says. “That’s the pattern we find time and time again in these forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees could be planted in a way that mimics that natural pattern – in clumps instead of rows. That could make them more resilient to future fires, North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of scientists and environmental groups has been meeting to work on that idea. There’s still a lot to learn about how do that type of restoration. But that’s the silver lining of the Rim Fire, North says. With such a high profile fire comes the opportunity to learn from it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/rimfireslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"445\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrubs and ferns have been able to come back quickly in many places, thanks in part to California’s historic drought. Without big winter storms to create soil erosion, plants were able to take hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s remarkable even in one year what can come back,” Knapp says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine tree seedlings are harder to find. Knapp finally spots a three-inch pine tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seed source is probably…” he says, looking around for where it came from. “There was green forest over there at least a hundred yards away. But nice thing about these pine seedlings is the seeds have these little wings on them so they get up into the wind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how this kind of mixed-conifer forest regrows in the Sierra Nevada, he says. Green trees on the edges of a burn send their seeds into dead areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the plants and trees can recolonize from the edge, but if your edge is too far away, that becomes more challenging,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the problem in the Rim Fire, he says. There are huge patches of dead trees and seeds can only travel so far, either by the wind or animals. The largest dead patch is more than 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20667 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Rimfiregraphic-e1408148390108.jpeg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"816\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it could take centuries – a couple centuries – to really get that back in because there’s no seed source,” says the Forest Service’s Maria Benech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service is working on a Rim Fire recovery plan that includes reforestation, which could begin in a year and half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all done by hand, so it’s all hand-planted,” she says. “Just little tiny guys that are four, five inches tall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seedlings are usually planted densely, 10 feet apart. Reforestation has been done this way in the West for decades, but planting trees in the Sierra Nevada is no guarantee of success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After fires in 1987, the Forest Service replanted some of the forest, in what’s known as the “Penny Pines” tree plantation. A good part of the plantation was killed by the Rim Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These were fairly young, 20-25 year old stands,” Benech says. “They had branching all the way to the ground – a lot of interlocking branches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire moved easily through the dense foliage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have criticized how close we planted trees,” she says. “But the idea all along was to come in, year seven, year ten, and thin those out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\" alt=\"Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20689\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it takes funding to selectively cut trees and create spaces in the forest. The Forest Service had made plans to do it, but hadn’t gotten the resources yet. Without that, the replanted trees went from restoration to liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plantations are really prone to burning up,” says Malcolm North, a research scientist with the Forest Service and an affiliate professor at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North says there may be a better way to replant trees after wildfires. Researchers have learned a lot about how Sierra Nevada forests once looked, before Smokey Bear and decades of fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we now know is that we eventually want to produce trees that have kind of a clumped and open – a group-y, gap-y type structure,” he says. “That’s the pattern we find time and time again in these forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees could be planted in a way that mimics that natural pattern – in clumps instead of rows. That could make them more resilient to future fires, North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of scientists and environmental groups has been meeting to work on that idea. There’s still a lot to learn about how do that type of restoration. But that’s the silver lining of the Rim Fire, North says. With such a high profile fire comes the opportunity to learn from it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Gardening in the Drought: What Makes a Plant 'Drought-Tolerant'",
"headTitle": "Gardening in the Drought: What Makes a Plant ‘Drought-Tolerant’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Kathy Shield\u003cbr>\nIntern, \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought has lots of gardeners searching for drought-tolerant plants. But what, exactly, makes a plant \u003ca href=\"http://www.laspilitas.com/garden/drought.html\">drought-tolerant\u003c/a>? The term is a “catch-all to describe using plants that use less water,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.floragrubb.com/idx/index.php\">Flora Grubb\u003c/a>, the owner of a San Francisco garden store, explained on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408121000\">\u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falling into that “catch-all” category are plants that have evolved different physiological strategies to survive the dry times in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to drought-tolerant plants for your yard, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunset.com/\">Sunset’s\u003c/a> garden editor Kathleen Brenzel has one recommendation: “The best thing you can do is \u003ca href=\"http://plantfinder.sunset.com/plant-home.jsp;jsessionid=3EC5F4B5E3240618C5FABA4A831CEF4C\">choose appropriate plant\u003c/a>s for your region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Hairs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20610\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/6958026122_cfe6e3759a_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20610 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/6958026122_cfe6e3759a_z.jpg\" alt=\"Twinberry honeysuckle has tiny hairs that help it collect water. (docentjoyce/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"472\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinberry honeysuckle has tiny hairs that help it collect water. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/docentjoyce/6958026122/in/photolist-5xQfjo-5mWLNt-55Qsz8-87AmdP-gM4ErC-gM4Fo9-acrzCY-bARGKC-nGYZxE-59tqoB-mgyNWX-o3zric-o3LCQ1-5nYjsS-6gAsWQ-SA43Q-SA43s-bWb9Yz-oyfvVD-owhSDQ-74DkMK-cPLrJm-fnLoEX-fqAtLi-fqArwe-fqAwwM-fqAsxa-fqAvfB-fqQFnW-o4GsS5-8488om-cBXuiG-k4pjZ2-5b5NBt-c9XARG-eYcFL2-eYcEUH-eYp4WJ-6tPjJy-6tKbn6-bWGy1L-6KnyoW-9vGCk7-542jV8-546yU9-546z43-9vDzxi-bUgumM-cbCH9o-6PcoSB/\">docentjoyce/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.perennialresource.com/articles/518_Drought-Tolerant-Perennials.aspx\">drought-tolerant plant\u003c/a>s use trichomes, or tiny hairs, to grab water and hold onto it. These hairs reduce air flow over the leaves of the plant, reducing evaporation. Plants that are native to foggy coastal regions use trichomes to pull water from the air. Some plants can get half of all their water this way. Trichomes cover the flowers and leaves of Twinberry honeysuckle (\u003cem>Lonicera involucrata\u003c/em>), which grows along the coastline from Alaska all the way to Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waxy Surfaces \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5264550029_a664d91bab_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20614 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5264550029_a664d91bab_z.jpg\" alt=\"The waxy surface on the agave helps it retain water. (John Loo/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The waxy surface on the agave helps it retain water. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/johnloo/5264550029/in/photolist-92dciX-8oS3xS-7EfwYV-aCos9K-duBWcU-aTNC8B-95D7Yg-j8bGVV-7UV7vZ-bFRJPV-7amnyK-a5752R-ko6yV-5Yf4Pd-igtoX-s8Hjj-59zrjS-9J3QQn-7QVZiZ-7Apfg1-m4WEmr-4p5f9h-6oFobe-9PkBBR-6TdDN-7ApdLQ-7SSg7Q-c7Wh6C-nXtd7e-9quDR5-9LMmt5-dmkKDV-bniM9Z-apBS5g-koak1-99PibR-uUMUb-apzjNG-m3wkKe-9xbmtc-dvZZhx-dq8Rpi-cTmEFA-qmtkh-dSL4La-bCfWFW-4uP9Kd-cTmDpA-ajNErQ-9uEv2K\">John Loo/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All plants have a thin waxy cuticle, but many drought-tolerant plants grow thick coatings as a barrier against the environment. Plants in limited water environments develop these coatings to help retain water by limiting transpiration. Agave plants, such as the Southern Californian desert agave (A\u003cem>gave deserti\u003c/em>), have thick waxy layers on their leaves, which insulate the plant from the hot desert sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lateral Roots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20616\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 458px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/1471016030_32d912cf8d_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20616 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/1471016030_32d912cf8d_z.jpg\" alt=\"The California oak's roots extend far and wide. (Josh Mazgelis/Flickr)\" width=\"458\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California oak’s roots extend far and wide. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/joshmaz/1471016030/in/photolist-3eZkPm-2avEto-n7vJwK-7LHm1M-dXewFc-6fJhek-ovtSFg-ovYFg4\">Josh Mazgelis/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plants native to different regions have evolved different root structures. In general, trees grow a single, wide tap root deep into the ground, which gives the tree dependable moisture. In regions with dry summers, trees also grow lateral root systems along the surface, which give the tree stability and the majority of the moisture and the nutrients it needs. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaoaks.org/ExtAssets/CareOfCAsNativeOaks.pdf\">California oak tree (\u003cem>Quercus agrifolia\u003c/em>)\u003c/a> has a root system that extends as far as 90 feet beyond its branches, adapted to wet winters and long, dry summers throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Storage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20617\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/8542281037_c954fb85d3_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20617 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/8542281037_c954fb85d3_z.jpg\" alt=\"Succulents can store water in their leaves to hold them over during dry periods. (FarOutFlora/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Succulents can store water in their leaves to hold them over during dry periods. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/faroutflora/8542281037/in/photolist-e1Rqxx-czfPLA-hhMai-czfPTJ-bdBzyF-hiKPA-hhMDd-bdTr52-7sk74A-hhLZH-9Tagpf-9T7ttv-4VMRLL-7sjZ7b-hhNe9-a5kxtr-fKZCKt-fKZDia-2PRa3-9BvbTV-bnCQzN-7mnPqf-9AQQTS-4RyJb2-nohsJ-nohun-nohwS-8Q4r5h-9L3Qh4-9L6BPU-hiL8K-a5Vmkh-c1W3Dm-eMgz4S-a5SvqP-6qVugo-7YiyMU-hiKW5-hhMZu-hhMwF-hhMqM-ax8roL-ib72AR-nQMGFU-8Q4F1G-c1W1qj-mXPBMF-mXPCQH-8Fs1yQ-cymg8C/\">FarOutFlora/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.desertmuseum.org/programs/succulents_definition.php\">Succulents\u003c/a> are particularly drought-tolerant. They contain tissue capable of storing water, so they can survive for short periods without water. They often have thick, fleshy leaves, like spiral aloe (\u003cem>Aloe polyphylla\u003c/em>) a non-native plant that does well in regions with variable water supply, including the Bay Area. Some succulents can also store water in their stems and roots, including certain bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For tips on creating a drought-friendly garden, listen to the full \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408121000\">Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em> episode:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162865882&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Kathy Shield\u003cbr>\nIntern, \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought has lots of gardeners searching for drought-tolerant plants. But what, exactly, makes a plant \u003ca href=\"http://www.laspilitas.com/garden/drought.html\">drought-tolerant\u003c/a>? The term is a “catch-all to describe using plants that use less water,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.floragrubb.com/idx/index.php\">Flora Grubb\u003c/a>, the owner of a San Francisco garden store, explained on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408121000\">\u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falling into that “catch-all” category are plants that have evolved different physiological strategies to survive the dry times in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to drought-tolerant plants for your yard, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunset.com/\">Sunset’s\u003c/a> garden editor Kathleen Brenzel has one recommendation: “The best thing you can do is \u003ca href=\"http://plantfinder.sunset.com/plant-home.jsp;jsessionid=3EC5F4B5E3240618C5FABA4A831CEF4C\">choose appropriate plant\u003c/a>s for your region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Hairs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20610\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/6958026122_cfe6e3759a_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20610 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/6958026122_cfe6e3759a_z.jpg\" alt=\"Twinberry honeysuckle has tiny hairs that help it collect water. (docentjoyce/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"472\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinberry honeysuckle has tiny hairs that help it collect water. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/docentjoyce/6958026122/in/photolist-5xQfjo-5mWLNt-55Qsz8-87AmdP-gM4ErC-gM4Fo9-acrzCY-bARGKC-nGYZxE-59tqoB-mgyNWX-o3zric-o3LCQ1-5nYjsS-6gAsWQ-SA43Q-SA43s-bWb9Yz-oyfvVD-owhSDQ-74DkMK-cPLrJm-fnLoEX-fqAtLi-fqArwe-fqAwwM-fqAsxa-fqAvfB-fqQFnW-o4GsS5-8488om-cBXuiG-k4pjZ2-5b5NBt-c9XARG-eYcFL2-eYcEUH-eYp4WJ-6tPjJy-6tKbn6-bWGy1L-6KnyoW-9vGCk7-542jV8-546yU9-546z43-9vDzxi-bUgumM-cbCH9o-6PcoSB/\">docentjoyce/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.perennialresource.com/articles/518_Drought-Tolerant-Perennials.aspx\">drought-tolerant plant\u003c/a>s use trichomes, or tiny hairs, to grab water and hold onto it. These hairs reduce air flow over the leaves of the plant, reducing evaporation. Plants that are native to foggy coastal regions use trichomes to pull water from the air. Some plants can get half of all their water this way. Trichomes cover the flowers and leaves of Twinberry honeysuckle (\u003cem>Lonicera involucrata\u003c/em>), which grows along the coastline from Alaska all the way to Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waxy Surfaces \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5264550029_a664d91bab_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20614 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5264550029_a664d91bab_z.jpg\" alt=\"The waxy surface on the agave helps it retain water. (John Loo/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The waxy surface on the agave helps it retain water. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/johnloo/5264550029/in/photolist-92dciX-8oS3xS-7EfwYV-aCos9K-duBWcU-aTNC8B-95D7Yg-j8bGVV-7UV7vZ-bFRJPV-7amnyK-a5752R-ko6yV-5Yf4Pd-igtoX-s8Hjj-59zrjS-9J3QQn-7QVZiZ-7Apfg1-m4WEmr-4p5f9h-6oFobe-9PkBBR-6TdDN-7ApdLQ-7SSg7Q-c7Wh6C-nXtd7e-9quDR5-9LMmt5-dmkKDV-bniM9Z-apBS5g-koak1-99PibR-uUMUb-apzjNG-m3wkKe-9xbmtc-dvZZhx-dq8Rpi-cTmEFA-qmtkh-dSL4La-bCfWFW-4uP9Kd-cTmDpA-ajNErQ-9uEv2K\">John Loo/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All plants have a thin waxy cuticle, but many drought-tolerant plants grow thick coatings as a barrier against the environment. Plants in limited water environments develop these coatings to help retain water by limiting transpiration. Agave plants, such as the Southern Californian desert agave (A\u003cem>gave deserti\u003c/em>), have thick waxy layers on their leaves, which insulate the plant from the hot desert sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lateral Roots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20616\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 458px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/1471016030_32d912cf8d_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20616 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/1471016030_32d912cf8d_z.jpg\" alt=\"The California oak's roots extend far and wide. (Josh Mazgelis/Flickr)\" width=\"458\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California oak’s roots extend far and wide. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/joshmaz/1471016030/in/photolist-3eZkPm-2avEto-n7vJwK-7LHm1M-dXewFc-6fJhek-ovtSFg-ovYFg4\">Josh Mazgelis/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plants native to different regions have evolved different root structures. In general, trees grow a single, wide tap root deep into the ground, which gives the tree dependable moisture. In regions with dry summers, trees also grow lateral root systems along the surface, which give the tree stability and the majority of the moisture and the nutrients it needs. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaoaks.org/ExtAssets/CareOfCAsNativeOaks.pdf\">California oak tree (\u003cem>Quercus agrifolia\u003c/em>)\u003c/a> has a root system that extends as far as 90 feet beyond its branches, adapted to wet winters and long, dry summers throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Storage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20617\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/8542281037_c954fb85d3_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20617 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/8542281037_c954fb85d3_z.jpg\" alt=\"Succulents can store water in their leaves to hold them over during dry periods. (FarOutFlora/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Succulents can store water in their leaves to hold them over during dry periods. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/faroutflora/8542281037/in/photolist-e1Rqxx-czfPLA-hhMai-czfPTJ-bdBzyF-hiKPA-hhMDd-bdTr52-7sk74A-hhLZH-9Tagpf-9T7ttv-4VMRLL-7sjZ7b-hhNe9-a5kxtr-fKZCKt-fKZDia-2PRa3-9BvbTV-bnCQzN-7mnPqf-9AQQTS-4RyJb2-nohsJ-nohun-nohwS-8Q4r5h-9L3Qh4-9L6BPU-hiL8K-a5Vmkh-c1W3Dm-eMgz4S-a5SvqP-6qVugo-7YiyMU-hiKW5-hhMZu-hhMwF-hhMqM-ax8roL-ib72AR-nQMGFU-8Q4F1G-c1W1qj-mXPBMF-mXPCQH-8Fs1yQ-cymg8C/\">FarOutFlora/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.desertmuseum.org/programs/succulents_definition.php\">Succulents\u003c/a> are particularly drought-tolerant. They contain tissue capable of storing water, so they can survive for short periods without water. They often have thick, fleshy leaves, like spiral aloe (\u003cem>Aloe polyphylla\u003c/em>) a non-native plant that does well in regions with variable water supply, including the Bay Area. Some succulents can also store water in their stems and roots, including certain bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For tips on creating a drought-friendly garden, listen to the full \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408121000\">Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em> episode:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162865882&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Isn't Just Dry -- It's Hot",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20557 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"California's average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever. (Craig Miller/Climate Watch)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever recorded. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California might be headed for its hottest year on record. The state’s average temperature for the first half of the year is already its highest in recorded history, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7\">a recent report\u003c/a> by the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Association’s Climatic Data Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average temperature for January through July was 60.9 degrees Fahrenheit. It beat the previous record, set in 1934, by 1.4 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely been warmer,” said Kevin Baker, meteorologist-in-charge at the National Weather Service office in Monterey. “A lot of it has to do with the sea surface temperatures being warmer than they normally are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwestern winds that usually cause cool water upwelling from the bottom of the ocean have been weaker than normal. Warmer sea surfaces mean warmer air temperatures, Baker said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He expects the warm trend to continue into the fall. “It’s possible we’ll have more records coming our way, so standby for warmer-than-normal temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA, three California cities have also broken average temperature records this year. Fresno, San Francisco and Sacramento \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7/supplemental/page-1\">all registered new highs in average temperature.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state is breaking a record this year, Jan Null, certified consulting meteorologist for Golden Gate Weather Services, said no single year is significant in itself. What matters is how this year fits into larger temperature trends that climatologists are studying, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s certainly been this continued upward trend,” Null said. “We’re seeing a warmer climate.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20557 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"California's average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever. (Craig Miller/Climate Watch)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever recorded. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California might be headed for its hottest year on record. The state’s average temperature for the first half of the year is already its highest in recorded history, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7\">a recent report\u003c/a> by the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Association’s Climatic Data Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average temperature for January through July was 60.9 degrees Fahrenheit. It beat the previous record, set in 1934, by 1.4 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely been warmer,” said Kevin Baker, meteorologist-in-charge at the National Weather Service office in Monterey. “A lot of it has to do with the sea surface temperatures being warmer than they normally are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwestern winds that usually cause cool water upwelling from the bottom of the ocean have been weaker than normal. Warmer sea surfaces mean warmer air temperatures, Baker said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He expects the warm trend to continue into the fall. “It’s possible we’ll have more records coming our way, so standby for warmer-than-normal temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA, three California cities have also broken average temperature records this year. Fresno, San Francisco and Sacramento \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7/supplemental/page-1\">all registered new highs in average temperature.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state is breaking a record this year, Jan Null, certified consulting meteorologist for Golden Gate Weather Services, said no single year is significant in itself. What matters is how this year fits into larger temperature trends that climatologists are studying, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s certainly been this continued upward trend,” Null said. “We’re seeing a warmer climate.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water Restrictions: Meaning of 'Mandatory' Depends on Where You Live",
"headTitle": "Water Restrictions: Meaning of ‘Mandatory’ Depends on Where You Live | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/crop_1945.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/crop_1945.jpg\" alt=\"Water agencies say they're cracking down on outside watering -- but enforcement is murky. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water agencies say they’re cracking down on outside watering — but enforcement is murky. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the Bay Area’s highest-profile water agencies enacted their versions of “mandatory” water restrictions on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers of the \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - main\" href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> are facing an edict to cut outdoor water use by 10 percent. But as a practical matter, the order applies mainly to the Commission’s 1,600 customers with separate metered water accounts for landscape irrigation — golf courses, parks and the like. Those customers who fail to comply could see their water rates doubled. SFPUC General Manager Harlan Kelly called it, “a small, but important step.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s water cops \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - 311\" href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=130\">will rely on whistleblowers\u003c/a> for broader enforcement. Customers with three \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - water violations\" href=\"http://sf311.org/index.aspx?page=811\">reported violations\u003c/a> could be fined $100 per day, but in general, SFPUC “will be focusing on education and training, not policing and fining,” according to a Commission news release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokesman Tyrone Jue says that after a slow start, SFPUC customers (in San Francisco and three other Bay Area counties) have tripled their water savings since late June and are on track to attain an overall 10 percent reduction benchmark by Labor Day. The latest restrictions don’t take effect until mid-September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re more of the carrot versus a stick type of agency.’\u003ccite>Andrea Pook, EBMUD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the 1.3 million customers of the East Bay Municipal Utilities District have \u003ca title=\"EBMUD - restrix\" href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/about/news/releases/2014/08/12/mandatory-outdoor-watering-restrictions-effect-for-ebmud-residents-an\">their own new set of mandatory water restrictions\u003c/a>. Actually they’re the same voluntary rules that the District already had in place, but are now deemed mandatory under its newly declared “water shortage emergency.” But officials at EBMUD don’t plan to impose fines on water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re more of the carrot versus a stick type of agency,” says EBMUD spokeswoman Andrea Pook. She says residents are encouraged to call the District and report wasteful watering when they see it. On average, EBMUD customers use 40 percent of their water outdoors. When customers are fingered for profligate watering, Pook says her agency’s approach is to, “talk with the people first,” followed by a letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly we do have the right to put a flow restrictor on or even shut someone’s water off if they are a flagrant water abuser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pook says EBMUD customers as a group have already surpassed the 10 percent savings goal that the District has asked for previously and for now, that’s enough. Pook says that EBMUD water supplies are in better shape than many, so from her agency’s standpoint, “We’re not looking at Year 4 of drought, we are in Year 1 of drought. We feel like we’re doing our homework to plan ahead, but you never know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay MUD’s mandatory water rules echo the recently issued state guidelines:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Limit watering of outdoor landscapes to two times per week maximum.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Prevent excess runoff when watering their landscapes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use only hoses with shutoff nozzles to wash vehicles.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use a broom or air blower, not water, to clean hard surfaces such as driveways and sidewalks, except as needed for health and safety purposes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Turn off any fountain or decorative water feature unless the water is recirculated.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/163193810&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/crop_1945.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/crop_1945.jpg\" alt=\"Water agencies say they're cracking down on outside watering -- but enforcement is murky. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water agencies say they’re cracking down on outside watering — but enforcement is murky. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the Bay Area’s highest-profile water agencies enacted their versions of “mandatory” water restrictions on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers of the \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - main\" href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> are facing an edict to cut outdoor water use by 10 percent. But as a practical matter, the order applies mainly to the Commission’s 1,600 customers with separate metered water accounts for landscape irrigation — golf courses, parks and the like. Those customers who fail to comply could see their water rates doubled. SFPUC General Manager Harlan Kelly called it, “a small, but important step.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s water cops \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - 311\" href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=130\">will rely on whistleblowers\u003c/a> for broader enforcement. Customers with three \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - water violations\" href=\"http://sf311.org/index.aspx?page=811\">reported violations\u003c/a> could be fined $100 per day, but in general, SFPUC “will be focusing on education and training, not policing and fining,” according to a Commission news release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokesman Tyrone Jue says that after a slow start, SFPUC customers (in San Francisco and three other Bay Area counties) have tripled their water savings since late June and are on track to attain an overall 10 percent reduction benchmark by Labor Day. The latest restrictions don’t take effect until mid-September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re more of the carrot versus a stick type of agency.’\u003ccite>Andrea Pook, EBMUD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the 1.3 million customers of the East Bay Municipal Utilities District have \u003ca title=\"EBMUD - restrix\" href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/about/news/releases/2014/08/12/mandatory-outdoor-watering-restrictions-effect-for-ebmud-residents-an\">their own new set of mandatory water restrictions\u003c/a>. Actually they’re the same voluntary rules that the District already had in place, but are now deemed mandatory under its newly declared “water shortage emergency.” But officials at EBMUD don’t plan to impose fines on water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re more of the carrot versus a stick type of agency,” says EBMUD spokeswoman Andrea Pook. She says residents are encouraged to call the District and report wasteful watering when they see it. On average, EBMUD customers use 40 percent of their water outdoors. When customers are fingered for profligate watering, Pook says her agency’s approach is to, “talk with the people first,” followed by a letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly we do have the right to put a flow restrictor on or even shut someone’s water off if they are a flagrant water abuser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pook says EBMUD customers as a group have already surpassed the 10 percent savings goal that the District has asked for previously and for now, that’s enough. Pook says that EBMUD water supplies are in better shape than many, so from her agency’s standpoint, “We’re not looking at Year 4 of drought, we are in Year 1 of drought. We feel like we’re doing our homework to plan ahead, but you never know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay MUD’s mandatory water rules echo the recently issued state guidelines:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Limit watering of outdoor landscapes to two times per week maximum.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Prevent excess runoff when watering their landscapes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use only hoses with shutoff nozzles to wash vehicles.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use a broom or air blower, not water, to clean hard surfaces such as driveways and sidewalks, except as needed for health and safety purposes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Turn off any fountain or decorative water feature unless the water is recirculated.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/163193810&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/14167-math_maryam.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/14167-math_maryam.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani is the first woman to win the Fields Medal. (Courtesy of Maryam Mirzakhani)\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani is the first woman to win the Fields Medal. (Courtesy of Maryam Mirzakhani)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A Stanford professor is the first-ever woman to win the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mathunion.org/general/prizes/2014/prize-citations/\">Fields Medal\u003c/a>, the highest award given to mathematicians. Maryam Mirzakhani studies geometry and a field called “dynamical systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/august/fields-medal-mirzakhani-081214.html\">press release from Stanford\u003c/a> cites\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>…Mirzakhani’s sophisticated and highly original contributions to the fields of geometry and dynamical systems, particularly in understanding the symmetry of curved surfaces, such as spheres, the surfaces of doughnuts and of hyperbolic objects. Although her work is considered “pure mathematics” and is mostly theoretical, it has implications for physics and quantum field theory.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Mirzakhani, who was not offering interviews at the time of the announcement, grew up in Iran, and was a brilliant mathematician even as a teenager, \u003ca href=\"http://www.simonsfoundation.org/quanta/20140812-a-tenacious-explorer-of-abstract-surfaces/\">according to a profile\u003c/a> by the science magazine \u003cem>Quanta\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Petite but indomitable, Mirzakhani has a reputation among mathematicians for tackling the most difficult questions in her field with dogged persistence. “She has a fearless ambition when it comes to mathematics,” said Curtis McMullen of Harvard University, who was Mirzakhani’s doctoral adviser.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Fields Medal is sometimes described as the “Nobel Prize for math,” and is awarded every four years to mathematicians under the age of 40. The other winners this year, all profiled by \u003cem>Quanta\u003c/em> are \u003ca href=\"http://www.simonsfoundation.org/quanta/20140812-the-musical-magical-number-theorist/\">Manjul Bhargava\u003c/a>, a professor at Princeton University; \u003ca href=\"http://www.simonsfoundation.org/quanta/20140808-in-mathematical-noise-one-who-heard-music/\">Martin Hairer\u003c/a> of the University of Oxford in England; and \u003ca href=\"http://www.simonsfoundation.org/quanta/20140812-a-brazilian-wunderkind-who-calms-chaos/\">Artur Avila\u003c/a>, who teaches at the Institut de mathématiques de Jussieu in Paris, and is the first Brazilian to win the Fields Medal. The award was established in 1936.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Been to Martins Beach? The California Coastal Commission Wants to Hear From You",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20494\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Amy-Martins-Beach-e1407798836227.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20494 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Amy-Martins-Beach-e1407798836227.jpg\" alt=\"Amy Martins Beach\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Martins Beach is located off the Pacific Coast Highway, about 5 minutes south of Half Moon Bay. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Coastal Commission is asking people who have visited Martins Beach to complete a survey about their experiences. The commission, which is responsible for protecting public access along California’s coast, will use survey responses to document historic public use of the beach, known as “prescriptive use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Mateo County beach had been open to the public for almost a century. The previous owners let visitors pay a parking fee to visit it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Martins Beach has a very long and obvious history of significant public use.’\u003ccite>— Charles Lester, California Coastal Commission\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2008, Silicon Valley billionaire Vinod Kohsla purchased the property. Since then, Martins Beach Road — the only access road to the surfers’ paradise — has been closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the survey is to establish the nature and extent of public use of the property before Khosla bought it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Martins Beach has a very long and obvious history of significant public use,” said Charles Lester, executive director of the Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the commission can show that the public has been using the land for at least five years, Lester says if might help re-establish public access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/ccatc.html#linkedcoastalact\">Coastal Act\u003c/a> public access to and along the shoreline is supposed to be protected,” said Lester. The commission has been working with Kohsla and his lawyers to restore public access to the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advocacy groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.surfrider.org/\">Surfrider\u003c/a> and Friends of Martins Beach are also pushing for public access to the beach. Both have sued to re-open the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey gives the public an opportunity to share their past experiences at Martins Beach. Survey respondents reported using the beach for smelt fishing, an annual “Pumpkin Picnic,” surfing and other family gatherings. Several reported that their families had been visiting Martins Beach for three generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernie Leal, of Fremont, expressed concern about the Beach being closed in a personal statement attached to the survey. “Future generations- my grandkids – will not enjoy Martins beach, where my parents had their first dates (1920’s) and [where] my wife and I had our very first date in 1951 and where many family memories were made”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a link to the survey at \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov\">www.coastal.ca.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Martins Beach has a very long and obvious history of significant public use,” said Charles Lester, executive director of the Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the commission can show that the public has been using the land for at least five years, Lester says if might help re-establish public access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/ccatc.html#linkedcoastalact\">Coastal Act\u003c/a> public access to and along the shoreline is supposed to be protected,” said Lester. The commission has been working with Kohsla and his lawyers to restore public access to the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advocacy groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.surfrider.org/\">Surfrider\u003c/a> and Friends of Martins Beach are also pushing for public access to the beach. Both have sued to re-open the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey gives the public an opportunity to share their past experiences at Martins Beach. Survey respondents reported using the beach for smelt fishing, an annual “Pumpkin Picnic,” surfing and other family gatherings. Several reported that their families had been visiting Martins Beach for three generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernie Leal, of Fremont, expressed concern about the Beach being closed in a personal statement attached to the survey. “Future generations- my grandkids – will not enjoy Martins beach, where my parents had their first dates (1920’s) and [where] my wife and I had our very first date in 1951 and where many family memories were made”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a link to the survey at \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov\">www.coastal.ca.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140811science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>People with schizophrenia often have a hard time explaining what it’s like to hear voices. “There’s a huge range of voice hearing experiences,” says Nev Jones, postdoctoral fellow in anthropology at Stanford University who was treated for her psychotic symptoms in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s not like wearing an iPod”, says the Stanford anthropologist Tanya Luhrman. “It’s like being surrounded by a gang of bullies.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There can be “voices that are more thought-like,” says Jones, “voices that sound like non-human entities, voices that are perceived as the direct communication of a message, rather than something you’re actually hearing.” Voices aren’t always voices, either. They can sound more like a murmur, a rustle or a beeping. But when a voice is a recognizable voice, more than often, it’s not very nice. “It’s not like wearing an iPod”, says the Stanford anthropologist Tanya Luhrman. “It’s like being surrounded by a gang of bullies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few of the people I’ve met over the last few months I’ve spent reporting on young people who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia, or experienced symptoms that seemed, possibly, pre-schizophrenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EFRAIN PACHECO\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Efrain Pacheco is 21 and lives in San Diego. He can’t remember exactly when the voices began, in part because he thought everyone heard them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033993″]\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Schizophrenia: New Thinking, New Treatments \u003c/strong>This is the third story in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/schizophrenia-new-thinking-new-treatments/\">three-part series\u003c/a> looking at the changing science of schizophrenia and emerging treatments.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Part One: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/new-clinics-in-california-seek-to-stop-schizophrenia-before-it-starts/\">New Clinics in California Seek to Stop Schizophrenia Before it Starts\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Part Two: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/what-is-schizophrenia-scientists-call-for-new-thinking/\">What Is Schizophrenia? Scientists Call for New Thinking\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Today he takes an anti-psychotic drug, Risperdal, which has mostly quieted them. Sometimes he misses them, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FRANKIE MORENO\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Frankie Moreno is 25, and also lives in San Diego. About four years ago, his reality started to shift. At first, he heard “random noises,” like the sound of running on the roof. The sounds evolved into two voices, speaking just out of range of hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034446″] Over time, the voices got louder and more threatening, until one night, they told him to hurt himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>REAGAN\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWe profiled Reagan in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/new-clinics-in-california-seek-to-stop-schizophrenia-before-it-starts/\">first story in this series\u003c/a>. She’s 23 and lives in Simi Valley. Her hallucinations were visual, not auditory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034827″] She knew they couldn’t be real, but they still terrified her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WILL HALL\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Hall was in his 20s when the film \u003cem>The Matrix\u003c/em> came out. He was obsessed with it, and thought it had been written for him, specifically. He heard voices telling him that he had caused the Columbine massacre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162181136″] \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">In California, \u003ca href=\"http://prepwellness.org/prep-san-francisco/\">PREP\u003c/a> offers mental health services to young people and their families. Schizophrenia.com offers a \u003ca href=\"http://www.schizophrenia.com/earlypsychosis.htm\">resource page\u003c/a> that includes other states. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nami.org/\">The National Alliance on Mental Illness\u003c/a> has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Your_Local_NAMI&Template=/CustomSource/AffiliateFinder.cfm\">chapters\u003c/a> in every state and offers support to families. The young people in this story received help at \u003ca href=\"http://www.kickstartsd.org/\">Kickstart\u003c/a>, in San Diego.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He found that as he listened to the voices, and tried to understand where they were coming from, the voices became kinder and more supportive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREA VALLEJO\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis last one is Andrea Vallejo, who works for a program in San Diego called Kickstart, which treats kids in the very earliest stages of schizophrenia. I met her when she and other Kickstart staff had taken a bunch of clients, between 10 and 25 years old, to fly kites at San Diego’s Seaport Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033392″] Vallejo’s job is to help kids stay in school, connected to friends and family. The slide into isolation can make everything, including auditory and visual hallucinations, much worse.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>People with schizophrenia often have a hard time explaining what it’s like to hear voices. “There’s a huge range of voice hearing experiences,” says Nev Jones, postdoctoral fellow in anthropology at Stanford University who was treated for her psychotic symptoms in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s not like wearing an iPod”, says the Stanford anthropologist Tanya Luhrman. “It’s like being surrounded by a gang of bullies.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There can be “voices that are more thought-like,” says Jones, “voices that sound like non-human entities, voices that are perceived as the direct communication of a message, rather than something you’re actually hearing.” Voices aren’t always voices, either. They can sound more like a murmur, a rustle or a beeping. But when a voice is a recognizable voice, more than often, it’s not very nice. “It’s not like wearing an iPod”, says the Stanford anthropologist Tanya Luhrman. “It’s like being surrounded by a gang of bullies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few of the people I’ve met over the last few months I’ve spent reporting on young people who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia, or experienced symptoms that seemed, possibly, pre-schizophrenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EFRAIN PACHECO\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Efrain Pacheco is 21 and lives in San Diego. He can’t remember exactly when the voices began, in part because he thought everyone heard them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033993″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033993″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Schizophrenia: New Thinking, New Treatments \u003c/strong>This is the third story in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/schizophrenia-new-thinking-new-treatments/\">three-part series\u003c/a> looking at the changing science of schizophrenia and emerging treatments.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Part One: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/new-clinics-in-california-seek-to-stop-schizophrenia-before-it-starts/\">New Clinics in California Seek to Stop Schizophrenia Before it Starts\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Part Two: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/what-is-schizophrenia-scientists-call-for-new-thinking/\">What Is Schizophrenia? Scientists Call for New Thinking\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Today he takes an anti-psychotic drug, Risperdal, which has mostly quieted them. Sometimes he misses them, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FRANKIE MORENO\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Frankie Moreno is 25, and also lives in San Diego. About four years ago, his reality started to shift. At first, he heard “random noises,” like the sound of running on the roof. The sounds evolved into two voices, speaking just out of range of hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034446″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034446″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp> Over time, the voices got louder and more threatening, until one night, they told him to hurt himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>REAGAN\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWe profiled Reagan in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/new-clinics-in-california-seek-to-stop-schizophrenia-before-it-starts/\">first story in this series\u003c/a>. She’s 23 and lives in Simi Valley. Her hallucinations were visual, not auditory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034827″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034827″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp> She knew they couldn’t be real, but they still terrified her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WILL HALL\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Hall was in his 20s when the film \u003cem>The Matrix\u003c/em> came out. He was obsessed with it, and thought it had been written for him, specifically. He heard voices telling him that he had caused the Columbine massacre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162181136″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162181136″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">In California, \u003ca href=\"http://prepwellness.org/prep-san-francisco/\">PREP\u003c/a> offers mental health services to young people and their families. Schizophrenia.com offers a \u003ca href=\"http://www.schizophrenia.com/earlypsychosis.htm\">resource page\u003c/a> that includes other states. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nami.org/\">The National Alliance on Mental Illness\u003c/a> has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Your_Local_NAMI&Template=/CustomSource/AffiliateFinder.cfm\">chapters\u003c/a> in every state and offers support to families. The young people in this story received help at \u003ca href=\"http://www.kickstartsd.org/\">Kickstart\u003c/a>, in San Diego.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He found that as he listened to the voices, and tried to understand where they were coming from, the voices became kinder and more supportive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREA VALLEJO\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis last one is Andrea Vallejo, who works for a program in San Diego called Kickstart, which treats kids in the very earliest stages of schizophrenia. I met her when she and other Kickstart staff had taken a bunch of clients, between 10 and 25 years old, to fly kites at San Diego’s Seaport Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033392″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033392″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp> Vallejo’s job is to help kids stay in school, connected to friends and family. The slide into isolation can make everything, including auditory and visual hallucinations, much worse.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stanford Scientists Use Fruit Flies to Study Diabetes",
"headTitle": "Stanford Scientists Use Fruit Flies to Study Diabetes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20356\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Drosophila-FEATURE-Dahanukar-Lab-UC-Riverside.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20356 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Drosophila-FEATURE-Dahanukar-Lab-UC-Riverside.jpg\" alt=\"Tiny fruit flies will help Stanford scientists study the complicated genetics of type 2 diabetes. (Dahanukar Lab/UC Riverside)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tiny fruit fly will help Stanford scientists study the complicated genetics of type 2 diabetes. (Dahanukar Lab/UC Riverside)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An unusual patient is helping scientists study diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper published today, Stanford researchers report a new way to use fruit flies to sort through the complicated genetics of Type 2 diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 2 diabetes, once known as adult-onset diabetes, is the most common form of diabetes and affects millions of Americans. The condition is partly genetic, and past studies have uncovered many possible risk genes associated with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There are scores of these genes that have been linked but not proven to have a causative role in diabetes. No one really knows what most of those [genes] do.’\u003ccite>— Seung Kim, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Problem is, scientists don’t understand enough about these genes to know which ones are the real culprits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are scores of these genes that have been linked but not proven to have a causative role in diabetes,” said Seung Kim, a professor at the Stanford School of Medicine and the senior author of the study. “No one really knows what most of those [genes] do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s possible to study the genes in mice or in human cells, Kim says it’s extremely laborious and expensive. He thinks fruit flies will offer researchers an easier, faster and cheaper way to study the genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the body’s inability to properly create or respond to insulin, a molecule that regulates blood sugar. Practically all animals, including fruit flies, use insulin to control how they metabolize sugar. And while flies may seem a far cry from humans, Kim says they are a reasonable experimental stand-in for studying the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To study diabetes in flies, Kim first needed a way to monitor the insulin in the tiny creatures’ blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because the size of a fruit fly is obviously very small, it doesn’t have much blood,” Kim explained. “Measuring insulin in fruit flies has been a real challenge in the field, and something we’ve been trying to overcome for several years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20355\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Drosophila-Dime-University-of-Missouri-e1407359205217.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Drosophila-Dime-University-of-Missouri-e1407359205217.jpg\" alt=\"The small size of fruit flies makes it difficult to measure insulin levels in their blood. (University of Missouri)\" width=\"340\" height=\"290\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The small size of fruit flies makes it particularly difficult to measure insulin levels in their blood. (University of Missouri)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kim and his team figured out how to add a molecular label to fruit fly insulin that allowed them to reliably measure very low levels of insulin in extremely small samples of fly blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are now using this technique to study different risk genes associated with Type 2 diabetes. In the current study, they examined two such genes. One gene controlled how much insulin was produced in the fly, while the other regulated the amount of insulin circulating in the fly’s blood. These results provide useful information about how each gene could uniquely relate to diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this a very nice example of using the power of \u003cem>Drosophila\u003c/em> [fruit fly] genetics to try to gain insights into human disease,” said Michael German. German is the Clinical Director of the UCSF Diabetes Center and was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>German points out that fruit flies are just the first step toward figuring out how diabetes works in humans. “Ultimately anything that you find out from flies you then have to confirm in mammals and in humans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But using flies as an experimental model is a good starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that sometimes people undervalue these kinds of models,” says German. “They really are remarkably powerful, and we can find things in these models that we would never find if we just tried to study humans, or if we just tried to study mice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving forward, Kim will use his fruit fly system to study the many human genes associated with Type 2 diabetes. His experiments will help researchers prioritize which genes to focus on in more challenging experimental systems — such as mouse and human cells — to ultimately develop new approaches to treating diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20356\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Drosophila-FEATURE-Dahanukar-Lab-UC-Riverside.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20356 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Drosophila-FEATURE-Dahanukar-Lab-UC-Riverside.jpg\" alt=\"Tiny fruit flies will help Stanford scientists study the complicated genetics of type 2 diabetes. (Dahanukar Lab/UC Riverside)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tiny fruit fly will help Stanford scientists study the complicated genetics of type 2 diabetes. (Dahanukar Lab/UC Riverside)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An unusual patient is helping scientists study diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper published today, Stanford researchers report a new way to use fruit flies to sort through the complicated genetics of Type 2 diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 2 diabetes, once known as adult-onset diabetes, is the most common form of diabetes and affects millions of Americans. The condition is partly genetic, and past studies have uncovered many possible risk genes associated with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There are scores of these genes that have been linked but not proven to have a causative role in diabetes. No one really knows what most of those [genes] do.’\u003ccite>— Seung Kim, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Problem is, scientists don’t understand enough about these genes to know which ones are the real culprits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are scores of these genes that have been linked but not proven to have a causative role in diabetes,” said Seung Kim, a professor at the Stanford School of Medicine and the senior author of the study. “No one really knows what most of those [genes] do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s possible to study the genes in mice or in human cells, Kim says it’s extremely laborious and expensive. He thinks fruit flies will offer researchers an easier, faster and cheaper way to study the genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the body’s inability to properly create or respond to insulin, a molecule that regulates blood sugar. Practically all animals, including fruit flies, use insulin to control how they metabolize sugar. And while flies may seem a far cry from humans, Kim says they are a reasonable experimental stand-in for studying the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To study diabetes in flies, Kim first needed a way to monitor the insulin in the tiny creatures’ blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because the size of a fruit fly is obviously very small, it doesn’t have much blood,” Kim explained. “Measuring insulin in fruit flies has been a real challenge in the field, and something we’ve been trying to overcome for several years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20355\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Drosophila-Dime-University-of-Missouri-e1407359205217.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Drosophila-Dime-University-of-Missouri-e1407359205217.jpg\" alt=\"The small size of fruit flies makes it difficult to measure insulin levels in their blood. (University of Missouri)\" width=\"340\" height=\"290\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The small size of fruit flies makes it particularly difficult to measure insulin levels in their blood. (University of Missouri)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kim and his team figured out how to add a molecular label to fruit fly insulin that allowed them to reliably measure very low levels of insulin in extremely small samples of fly blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are now using this technique to study different risk genes associated with Type 2 diabetes. In the current study, they examined two such genes. One gene controlled how much insulin was produced in the fly, while the other regulated the amount of insulin circulating in the fly’s blood. These results provide useful information about how each gene could uniquely relate to diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this a very nice example of using the power of \u003cem>Drosophila\u003c/em> [fruit fly] genetics to try to gain insights into human disease,” said Michael German. German is the Clinical Director of the UCSF Diabetes Center and was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>German points out that fruit flies are just the first step toward figuring out how diabetes works in humans. “Ultimately anything that you find out from flies you then have to confirm in mammals and in humans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But using flies as an experimental model is a good starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that sometimes people undervalue these kinds of models,” says German. “They really are remarkably powerful, and we can find things in these models that we would never find if we just tried to study humans, or if we just tried to study mice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving forward, Kim will use his fruit fly system to study the many human genes associated with Type 2 diabetes. His experiments will help researchers prioritize which genes to focus on in more challenging experimental systems — such as mouse and human cells — to ultimately develop new approaches to treating diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cap-and-Trade Faces First Major Political Test",
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"content": "\u003cp>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162143268&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade system expands next year. And while the program has already discreetly impacted energy prices, consumers will likely get their first direct glimpse at cap and trade’s effect on markets when it’s applied to transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fact has many politicians nervous, including a group of Democrats who are urging Governor Jerry Brown to hit the breaks on cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘What The Hell Is Going On?’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no day-to-day cost that smacks you right in the face quite like gasoline. You fill your car up, and you stare straight at the price as it climbs higher and higher. So it’s no surprise that when a recent poll asked whether Californians would keep supporting the state’s cap-and-trade system, even if its new phase leads to higher gas prices, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/blog_detail.asp?i=1566\">support suddenly tanked by nearly 40 points.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic political consultant Garry South doubts many people really understand what the program does. “I think it’s just so far out of the typical person’s viewfinder that the impact of this is not going to be known until gasoline prices actually start occurring,” he said, “and people say, ‘Hey what the hell’s going on here?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s going on is, in fact, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">a kind of stock market for pollution\u003c/a>. Companies buy and sell the right to emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses. Right now, the system covers industrial sources like power plants. And the direct consumer impact has been blunted a bit by rebates and other breaks for power utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, cap-and-trade expands to cover transportation fuels. Oil companies will be charged that assessment up front, and then pass the cost along to consumers. State officials say that could lead to a price spike of as much as 30 cents a gallon, though most experts think it will actually be around 10 cents. “The actual price increase will depend on a wide variety of economic, technological and regulatory factors that are difficult to predict,”\u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/Letters/2014/Perea-Gasoline-Cap-and-Trade-080414.pdf\"> the Legislative Analyst’s Office noted this week.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, Republicans and business groups have latched on to the potential price increase, which they’re calling a “hidden gas tax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Democratic Pushback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even some cap-and-trade supporters are having doubts. “I represent a district in southern Fresno County that is very poor,” explained Assemblyman Henry Perea, a Democrat. “My constituents are going to be hurt a lot more than constituents in other parts of the state where the economy’s stronger, and people are making a lot more money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perea is leading the effort to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. Fifteen other Democrats are supporting a slow-down. Perea said the push is about the economy, not the environment. He’s framing the debate as Valley Vs. Coast, Rich Vs. Poor, pointing out the geographic divide between the lawmakers supporting a slowdown, and those pushing to stay the course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-year delay, he said, would allow policymakers to ask some questions. “How do we meet the goals of AB 32, how do we reduce greenhouse gasses and how do we do that in a meaningful way through fuels, and not have a large economic impact on everyday people who are struggling to make ends meet?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Higher Prices Discourage Demand’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be hard to do, though, since the entire point of cap-and-trade is to make carbon emissions more expensive. That’s not the sort of thing politicians say in front of crowds. But Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg did just that during an unusually blunt speech earlier this year. “It may not be popular to say, but that’s necessary. Higher prices discourage demand,” he told the Sacramento Press Club. “If carbon pricing doesn’t sting, at least a little bit, we won’t change our habits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly a populist argument. But the push to delay the cap-and-trade expansion may still come up short. That’s due mostly to a lack of political muscle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, there’s the simple fact that gas prices won’t be affected until January, long after the state’s election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second factor is more powerful: cap-and-trade’s biggest cheerleader is the popular, well-funded Governor Jerry Brown. “This is a path that must be pursued today, the next decade, the next hundred years,” Brown said at a climate change conference in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown hasn’t directly weighed in on the push to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. But the chair of California’s Air Resources Board, appointed by Brown, has warned the delay would be “a major set-back” to the program, pointing out transportation fuels are responsible for “almost 40 percent” of California’s greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, political consultant Garry South argued Brown may have a tough time convincing Democrats to keep backing a program that’s costing voters money. “I equate this to Obamacare,” he said. “This is another fairly massive change in government policy to affect a real problem that people are concerned about, but that is going to have some impact on people’s daily lives. And that always has the potential for a revolt taking place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has acknowledged cap-and-trade and other climate change efforts can be a tough sell. “This is really a complex set of pressures that are not easy to talk about in a sound bite, a bumper sticker, or a one-liner,” he said in May. “It is something that is yet to fully capture the public imagination,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like it or not, politicians live in the world of one-liners and bumper stickers. Hearing voters say, “Your program costs me money” is a powerful motivator for politicians. And Brown may have to spend a lot of political capital keeping jittery Democrats in line, if predictions about the price at the pump come true.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162143268&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade system expands next year. And while the program has already discreetly impacted energy prices, consumers will likely get their first direct glimpse at cap and trade’s effect on markets when it’s applied to transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fact has many politicians nervous, including a group of Democrats who are urging Governor Jerry Brown to hit the breaks on cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘What The Hell Is Going On?’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no day-to-day cost that smacks you right in the face quite like gasoline. You fill your car up, and you stare straight at the price as it climbs higher and higher. So it’s no surprise that when a recent poll asked whether Californians would keep supporting the state’s cap-and-trade system, even if its new phase leads to higher gas prices, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/blog_detail.asp?i=1566\">support suddenly tanked by nearly 40 points.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic political consultant Garry South doubts many people really understand what the program does. “I think it’s just so far out of the typical person’s viewfinder that the impact of this is not going to be known until gasoline prices actually start occurring,” he said, “and people say, ‘Hey what the hell’s going on here?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s going on is, in fact, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">a kind of stock market for pollution\u003c/a>. Companies buy and sell the right to emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses. Right now, the system covers industrial sources like power plants. And the direct consumer impact has been blunted a bit by rebates and other breaks for power utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, cap-and-trade expands to cover transportation fuels. Oil companies will be charged that assessment up front, and then pass the cost along to consumers. State officials say that could lead to a price spike of as much as 30 cents a gallon, though most experts think it will actually be around 10 cents. “The actual price increase will depend on a wide variety of economic, technological and regulatory factors that are difficult to predict,”\u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/Letters/2014/Perea-Gasoline-Cap-and-Trade-080414.pdf\"> the Legislative Analyst’s Office noted this week.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, Republicans and business groups have latched on to the potential price increase, which they’re calling a “hidden gas tax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Democratic Pushback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even some cap-and-trade supporters are having doubts. “I represent a district in southern Fresno County that is very poor,” explained Assemblyman Henry Perea, a Democrat. “My constituents are going to be hurt a lot more than constituents in other parts of the state where the economy’s stronger, and people are making a lot more money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perea is leading the effort to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. Fifteen other Democrats are supporting a slow-down. Perea said the push is about the economy, not the environment. He’s framing the debate as Valley Vs. Coast, Rich Vs. Poor, pointing out the geographic divide between the lawmakers supporting a slowdown, and those pushing to stay the course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-year delay, he said, would allow policymakers to ask some questions. “How do we meet the goals of AB 32, how do we reduce greenhouse gasses and how do we do that in a meaningful way through fuels, and not have a large economic impact on everyday people who are struggling to make ends meet?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Higher Prices Discourage Demand’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be hard to do, though, since the entire point of cap-and-trade is to make carbon emissions more expensive. That’s not the sort of thing politicians say in front of crowds. But Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg did just that during an unusually blunt speech earlier this year. “It may not be popular to say, but that’s necessary. Higher prices discourage demand,” he told the Sacramento Press Club. “If carbon pricing doesn’t sting, at least a little bit, we won’t change our habits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly a populist argument. But the push to delay the cap-and-trade expansion may still come up short. That’s due mostly to a lack of political muscle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, there’s the simple fact that gas prices won’t be affected until January, long after the state’s election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second factor is more powerful: cap-and-trade’s biggest cheerleader is the popular, well-funded Governor Jerry Brown. “This is a path that must be pursued today, the next decade, the next hundred years,” Brown said at a climate change conference in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown hasn’t directly weighed in on the push to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. But the chair of California’s Air Resources Board, appointed by Brown, has warned the delay would be “a major set-back” to the program, pointing out transportation fuels are responsible for “almost 40 percent” of California’s greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, political consultant Garry South argued Brown may have a tough time convincing Democrats to keep backing a program that’s costing voters money. “I equate this to Obamacare,” he said. “This is another fairly massive change in government policy to affect a real problem that people are concerned about, but that is going to have some impact on people’s daily lives. And that always has the potential for a revolt taking place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has acknowledged cap-and-trade and other climate change efforts can be a tough sell. “This is really a complex set of pressures that are not easy to talk about in a sound bite, a bumper sticker, or a one-liner,” he said in May. “It is something that is yet to fully capture the public imagination,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like it or not, politicians live in the world of one-liners and bumper stickers. Hearing voters say, “Your program costs me money” is a powerful motivator for politicians. And Brown may have to spend a lot of political capital keeping jittery Democrats in line, if predictions about the price at the pump come true.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "El Niño Fizzle: No Relief Likely for California Drought",
"headTitle": "El Niño Fizzle: No Relief Likely for California Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>All that talk you’ve been hearing about El Niño coming to wash California out of its three-year drought: fahgettaboudit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal \u003ca title=\"NOAA - CPC - ENSO\" href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\">scientists now say\u003c/a> the odds of those peculiar ocean conditions often associated with wet winters here have diminished substantially, and there’s now about a 65 percent chance of El Niño by late fall-early winter, right when we’d be hoping for rain and snow to return. As recently as a month ago, modelers at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center had those odds pegged closer to 80 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a flop.’\u003ccite>— Bill Patzert, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More important is the anticipated strength of the pattern, which NOAA forecasters now characterize as “weak.” That means that surface waters in the eastern Pacific aren’t warming up as much as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA climatologist Bill Patzert says he would “take it down another notch or two,” even from that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a flop,” says Patzert, who watches ocean and atmospheric patterns from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/elninoslider.html\" width=\"630\" height=\"540\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The images above show warming (red) waters in the Pacific that indicate El Nino. Use the slider in the center to move back and forth between images and note how much the warming has dissipated in recent months. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters had been more optimistic last spring, when they saw what looked like the potential for a big honkin’ El Niño, just in time for the rainy season. Typically it’s only stronger El Niños that exert enough influence on the atmosphere to produce heavy rains in California, and those are relatively rare events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That El Niño that was really coming on like gangbusters in the spring has virtually disappeared at this point,” says Patzert. “Unless we see a miraculous resurgence, any hope for an El Niño soaking this winter is pretty much in the rear-view mirror.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert calls this a “classic false start” for El Niño, which he says is not that unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key, he says, is the strong trade winds that blow from the Americas toward Asia, piling up warm water toward the western side of the Pacific. When those winds abate, that warmer surface water starts sloshing back toward us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately as summer showed up, those trade winds had a resurgence, and whatever we had in terms of warm water in the central and eastern Pacific had disappeared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t necessarily mean a fourth dry winter. Patzert says other forces could work in our favor; the stubborn ridge of high pressure that parked along California’s coast last winter and forced the usual Pacific storms to detour north, could just as easily give way this year. If it does, says Patzert, “We could have one wet, cold storm after another making its way down the length of California, and that would certainly be sweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is technically one phase of what scientists call the El Niño Southern Oscillation. It’s opposite is known as La Niña, characterized by colder surface temperatures and drier times in California. Forecasters see very little likelihood of La Niña conditions in the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>All that talk you’ve been hearing about El Niño coming to wash California out of its three-year drought: fahgettaboudit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal \u003ca title=\"NOAA - CPC - ENSO\" href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\">scientists now say\u003c/a> the odds of those peculiar ocean conditions often associated with wet winters here have diminished substantially, and there’s now about a 65 percent chance of El Niño by late fall-early winter, right when we’d be hoping for rain and snow to return. As recently as a month ago, modelers at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center had those odds pegged closer to 80 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a flop.’\u003ccite>— Bill Patzert, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More important is the anticipated strength of the pattern, which NOAA forecasters now characterize as “weak.” That means that surface waters in the eastern Pacific aren’t warming up as much as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA climatologist Bill Patzert says he would “take it down another notch or two,” even from that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a flop,” says Patzert, who watches ocean and atmospheric patterns from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/elninoslider.html\" width=\"630\" height=\"540\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The images above show warming (red) waters in the Pacific that indicate El Nino. Use the slider in the center to move back and forth between images and note how much the warming has dissipated in recent months. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters had been more optimistic last spring, when they saw what looked like the potential for a big honkin’ El Niño, just in time for the rainy season. Typically it’s only stronger El Niños that exert enough influence on the atmosphere to produce heavy rains in California, and those are relatively rare events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That El Niño that was really coming on like gangbusters in the spring has virtually disappeared at this point,” says Patzert. “Unless we see a miraculous resurgence, any hope for an El Niño soaking this winter is pretty much in the rear-view mirror.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert calls this a “classic false start” for El Niño, which he says is not that unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key, he says, is the strong trade winds that blow from the Americas toward Asia, piling up warm water toward the western side of the Pacific. When those winds abate, that warmer surface water starts sloshing back toward us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately as summer showed up, those trade winds had a resurgence, and whatever we had in terms of warm water in the central and eastern Pacific had disappeared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t necessarily mean a fourth dry winter. Patzert says other forces could work in our favor; the stubborn ridge of high pressure that parked along California’s coast last winter and forced the usual Pacific storms to detour north, could just as easily give way this year. If it does, says Patzert, “We could have one wet, cold storm after another making its way down the length of California, and that would certainly be sweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is technically one phase of what scientists call the El Niño Southern Oscillation. It’s opposite is known as La Niña, characterized by colder surface temperatures and drier times in California. Forecasters see very little likelihood of La Niña conditions in the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "There's a New Bird Species in California, Sort Of",
"headTitle": "There’s a New Bird Species in California, Sort Of | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5281230537_4ecb9b4999_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5281230537_4ecb9b4999_z.jpg\" alt=\"The bird formerly known as the California clapper rail. (Len Blumin/Flickr) https://www.flickr.com/photos/lenblumin/5281230537/in/photostream/\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bird formerly known as the California clapper rail. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/lenblumin/5281230537/in/photostream/\">Len Blumin/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An endangered bird that lives in the Bay Area is not what scientists thought it was. The California clapper rail is a noisy, rare bird that looks a little like a small chicken and only lives in marshes around San Francisco Bay. But it’s not, in fact, a clapper rail. It’s a subspecies of something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rails have been confusing people for a really long time,” explains James Maley, the collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oxy.edu/moore-lab-zoology\">Moore Lab of Zoology at Occidental College\u003c/a>. He says the rails in California have baffled scientists since they were first described, 140 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roots of the confusion go back to the East Coast, where there were two rail species: king rails and clapper rails. Then there were a bunch of different subspecies scattered around North and South America, including three here in California. One of those is the one we’ve been calling the California clapper rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The rails have been confusing people for a really long time.’\u003ccite>— James Maley, Occidental College\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At first scientists thought the western birds were a subspecies of the king rails, then they decided the birds were clappers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But nobody could figure it out,” says Maley. “I looked at the genetics and figured out the birds in California are actually neither king or clapper rails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, they’re their own thing, which Maley named, “Ridgway’s rail,” after \u003ca href=\"http://siarchives.si.edu/blog/meet-robert-ridgway-ornithologist\">Robert Ridgway\u003c/a>, the ornithologist who first described the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly-minted Ridgway’s rail includes three subspecies: our local California Ridgway’s rail; the light-footed Ridgway’s rail in Los Angeles and San Diego; and the Yuma Ridgway’s rail in Arizona, Nevada and eastern California. All three of them are endangered; changing their name does not change their status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of a larger split Maley proposed. Two rail species will now be five: king rails in the eastern U.S. and the Caribbean; clapper rails in the eastern U.S. and Cuba; mangrove rails in South America; Aztec rails in the Mexican highlands; and the Ridgway’s rails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all became official when the American Ornithologists’ Union, which has the last word on North American bird species, released its \u003ca href=\"http://aoucospubs.org/doi/full/10.1642/AUK-14-124.1\">“check-list supplement”\u003c/a> at the end of July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bird books will need an update, and serious birders will get to add another species to their lists if they’ve seen both East Coast clappers and what are now Ridgway’s. Another thing that will have to change are all those informational brochures and signs at Bay Area parks. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/Assets/_Nav_Categories/Parks/MLK+Shoreline/Loss+Of+Wetlands+-+PDF.pdf\">this pamphlet\u003c/a>, from the East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I called to ask what they usually do about this kind of situation, Carol Johnson of the East Bay Parks was at a loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t remember the last time a species changed its name like that,” she said. But she added, the parks reprint their pamphlets relatively regularly, and she’ll just add the new name to the list of things to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of thing could come up again. Maley says changes like this, based on genetic research, are becoming more common. In a place as well-studied as California, the people discovering new species are wearing lab coats, not pith helmets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of species out there that we didn’t know were species until we looked at their genes,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When is a clapper rail not a clapper rail? Answer: when it's in California, as it turns out.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5281230537_4ecb9b4999_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5281230537_4ecb9b4999_z.jpg\" alt=\"The bird formerly known as the California clapper rail. (Len Blumin/Flickr) https://www.flickr.com/photos/lenblumin/5281230537/in/photostream/\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bird formerly known as the California clapper rail. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/lenblumin/5281230537/in/photostream/\">Len Blumin/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An endangered bird that lives in the Bay Area is not what scientists thought it was. The California clapper rail is a noisy, rare bird that looks a little like a small chicken and only lives in marshes around San Francisco Bay. But it’s not, in fact, a clapper rail. It’s a subspecies of something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rails have been confusing people for a really long time,” explains James Maley, the collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oxy.edu/moore-lab-zoology\">Moore Lab of Zoology at Occidental College\u003c/a>. He says the rails in California have baffled scientists since they were first described, 140 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roots of the confusion go back to the East Coast, where there were two rail species: king rails and clapper rails. Then there were a bunch of different subspecies scattered around North and South America, including three here in California. One of those is the one we’ve been calling the California clapper rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The rails have been confusing people for a really long time.’\u003ccite>— James Maley, Occidental College\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At first scientists thought the western birds were a subspecies of the king rails, then they decided the birds were clappers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But nobody could figure it out,” says Maley. “I looked at the genetics and figured out the birds in California are actually neither king or clapper rails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, they’re their own thing, which Maley named, “Ridgway’s rail,” after \u003ca href=\"http://siarchives.si.edu/blog/meet-robert-ridgway-ornithologist\">Robert Ridgway\u003c/a>, the ornithologist who first described the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly-minted Ridgway’s rail includes three subspecies: our local California Ridgway’s rail; the light-footed Ridgway’s rail in Los Angeles and San Diego; and the Yuma Ridgway’s rail in Arizona, Nevada and eastern California. All three of them are endangered; changing their name does not change their status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of a larger split Maley proposed. Two rail species will now be five: king rails in the eastern U.S. and the Caribbean; clapper rails in the eastern U.S. and Cuba; mangrove rails in South America; Aztec rails in the Mexican highlands; and the Ridgway’s rails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all became official when the American Ornithologists’ Union, which has the last word on North American bird species, released its \u003ca href=\"http://aoucospubs.org/doi/full/10.1642/AUK-14-124.1\">“check-list supplement”\u003c/a> at the end of July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bird books will need an update, and serious birders will get to add another species to their lists if they’ve seen both East Coast clappers and what are now Ridgway’s. Another thing that will have to change are all those informational brochures and signs at Bay Area parks. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/Assets/_Nav_Categories/Parks/MLK+Shoreline/Loss+Of+Wetlands+-+PDF.pdf\">this pamphlet\u003c/a>, from the East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I called to ask what they usually do about this kind of situation, Carol Johnson of the East Bay Parks was at a loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t remember the last time a species changed its name like that,” she said. But she added, the parks reprint their pamphlets relatively regularly, and she’ll just add the new name to the list of things to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of thing could come up again. Maley says changes like this, based on genetic research, are becoming more common. In a place as well-studied as California, the people discovering new species are wearing lab coats, not pith helmets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of species out there that we didn’t know were species until we looked at their genes,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Is Schizophrenia? Scientists Call for New Thinking",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140804science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The first sign of trouble, says Veronica, was when her daughter’s grades started to slip. At 15, Jasmin had been an honor roll student in her San Diego middle school. Suddenly, it was a strain even to sit through class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She would come home from school exhausted,” Veronica recalls. “She’d go to a corner in the living room and just sit there, away from everybody.” (Veronica asked us not to use her family’s last name, because Jasmin is still a minor.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2721px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/20140618_Schizo_1068-e1406926256788.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20190\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/20140618_Schizo_1068-e1406926256788.jpg\" alt=\"Jasmin heads out to the beach in San Diego on a windy day, to fly a kite. (Marvi Lacar/KQED)\" width=\"2721\" height=\"2617\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At 15, Jasmin was intensely sensitive to noise and light; her grades dropped. Some psychiatrists believe she was experiencing early symptoms of psychosis. (Marvi Lacar/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What Jasmin remembers from that time is an acute sensitivity to sound and light. She wore dark sunglasses around the house and asked her family to turn the music down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t a headache or anything, it would just bother me,” Jasmin recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within months, she had declined to the point where she couldn’t go to school, couldn’t eat without assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It feels like your child is not there. She’s looking at you, but she’s not comprehending who you are, where she is.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It feels like your child is not there,” Veronica says. “She’s looking at you, but she’s not comprehending who you are, where she is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Jasmin recovered from her catatonic state, but only after things got much worse: a diagnosis of psychosis, a brief hospitalization and powerful anti-psychotic drugs that caused a 40-pound weight gain over three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could the worst of it have been avoided had doctors paid closer attention to Jasmin’s earliest symptoms, particularly her sudden problems with schoolwork and her sensitivity to noise and bright lights?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new generation of schizophrenia researchers believes these struggles may be some of the earliest symptoms of schizophrenia, symptoms of a cognitive decline that may precede, even cause the delusions and hallucinations the disease is famous for. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Mysterious Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schizophrenia is twice as common as Alzheimer’s disease, but almost nothing is known about how it works in the body. As with most other mental illnesses, there’s no blood test for schizophrenia, no scan that can diagnose it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, schizophrenia is defined by symptoms patients describe about themselves, particularly a blurring of the boundaries of reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A patient may hear strange, often threatening voices that no one else can hear. She may believe she is being spied on through her television, that she is telepathic, or that newspaper articles contain hidden messages directed at her alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These strange behaviors – hallucinations and delusions — have defined the disease since it was first formally described in 1950. The word “schizophrenia” means, literally, “split mind”: a division between what the patient believes is real and what most other people would agree is real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Society’s preoccupation with hallucinations and delusions is easy to understand, says Sophia Vinogradov, a psychiatrist and researcher at the San Francisco VA hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20239\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 369px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/schiz-graphic.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20239\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/schiz-graphic.png\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"369\" height=\"790\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re right there, in your face,” Vinogradov says. “And they’re frightening. They’re frightening for the person who has them and they’re frightening for society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that’s why anti-psychotic drugs, which were developed in the 1960s, seemed like such a breakthrough. Until then, nothing else had worked to help people with schizophrenia.“Up until that point we had wrapping them in wet towels, locking them in a padded cell,” Vinogradov says. “Frontal lobotomies if the behavior was really out of control. I mean, what did we have? So when antipsychotic medications did evolve, and they did reduce psychotic symptoms, it was like the heavens had opened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the drugs came with powerful side effects. They left some people virtually comatose. Even the modern versions can cause serious weight gain. That’s one reason people with schizophrenia are at least twice as likely to die of cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in recent years, scientists have begun asking whether the voices are better viewed as a symptom of something else, says Vikaas Sohal, a researcher at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone came to you with cancer and said, ‘My back is hurting, my gums bleed, I’m tired, I have headaches,'” Sohal says, “okay, there’s all these things, but that’s not what cancer is. Cancer is this group of cells that are dividing uncontrollably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, giving antipsychotics to a person with schizophrenia may be like giving painkillers to someone with cancer. It might help, but it’s not getting at the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cognitive Decline as the First Sign of Disease \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basic cognitive problems may precede hallucinations and delusions by a decade or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elaine Walker, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Emory University, studied home movies of young children and \u003ca href=\"http://www.psycontent.com/content/9181225j68206743/\">noticed\u003c/a> that children who would later develop schizophrenia seemed to walk differently than the control group. Their gait seemed particularly abnormal on the left side of their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Schizophrenia: New Thinking, New Treatments\u003c/strong>This is the second story in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/schizophrenia-new-thinking-new-treatments/\">three-part series\u003c/a> looking at the changing science of schizophrenia and emerging treatments.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Part One: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/new-clinics-in-california-seek-to-stop-schizophrenia-before-it-starts/\">New Clinics in California Seek to Stop Schizophrenia Before it Starts\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Part Three: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/schizophrenia-what-its-like-to-hear-voices/\">Schizophrenia: What It’s Like to Hear Voices\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Other studies point to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=1950\">decline in IQ\u003c/a> that happens over the time the disease develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People in the early stages of schizophrenia “seem to have problems focusing attention, planning, trouble with encoding and storing memories,” says Daniel Mathalon, a neuroscientist at UCSF. “Patients sometimes say they used to be able to read books, now they can’t read books. They can’t sustain focus. They used to build models, now they don’t. They used to be able to play the guitar well, now that’s deteriorated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents hope, he says, that the problems are “just a phase that an adolescent is going through. Sometimes it is, but sometimes it’s the predecessor to a full-blown psychotic illness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Problem of Information Overload\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have begun to talk about schizophrenia as a disease of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505794\">salience\u003c/a>,” in which the brain loses the ability to tune out information that isn’t useful or relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are walking down the street trying to have a conversation and their brain is being flooded with the sound of the door slamming, the airplane going overhead,” says Vinogradov, of the San Francisco VA hospital. “The brain is starting to process all of that information as if it has meaning, and is something the brain needs to pay attention to and needs to do something about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, the theory goes, that’s what gives rise to hallucinations and delusions. The mind seeks explanations for the extra data coming in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you pay attention to everything,” says UCSF’s Sohal, “you might start paying attention to coincidences, and you might get paranoid. Or you might pay even more attention to your own thoughts and start thinking, ‘These are other peoples thoughts.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20217\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3456px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/20140618_Schizo_1025.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20217\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/20140618_Schizo_1025.jpg\" alt=\"Young people taking part in a mental illness prevention program called Kickstart fly kites at San Diego's Seaport Village. Marvi/KQED)\" width=\"3456\" height=\"3456\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young people taking part in a mental illness prevention program called Kickstart fly kites at San Diego’s Seaport Village. (Marvi Lacar/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Treatments Emerge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you change how you define a disease, you begin to change how you treat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly people in the early stages of schizophrenia are prescribed fish oil and exercise, to support basic brain functioning. Drug companies are \u003ca href=\"http://schizophrenia.com/?p=110\">working\u003c/a> on new medicines that could do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Citywide Mental Health Center in San Francisco’s Tenderloin neighborhood, Vinogradov is leading \u003ca href=\"http://vinogradovlab.com/#/sectpage/4560739020\">a study\u003c/a> to see whether the brain can be, essentially, re-taught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A middle-aged man named George, wearing a crisp short-sleeved shirt, sits at a computer. He’s wearing plastic gloves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why the gloves?” I ask him. “Gloves?” he says. “So the cosmic dust doesn’t get on my hands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George can see my voice, he tells me. It looks “yellow, with light pinkish color.” He wants to know whether I’ve ever seen voices, or would like to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know,” I tell him. “Is it a good thing?”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Giving antipsychotics to a person with schizophrenia may be like giving painkillers to someone with cancer. It might help, but it’s not getting at the cause.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yes,” he answers. “You can understand life in general better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You feel like you understand things other people don’t?” I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course,” George says. “It makes you superior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we talk, George drags his cursor across the screen, following directions from a cognitive training exercise designed by the San Francisco software company Posit Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Move the boy to the school,” the voice intones. George complies. He supplies his own commentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“OK, he’s going to school, see? Cutting, smoking cigarettes in the back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers tend to avoid the term “video games.” These exercises are about as much fun as brushing your teeth. The idea here is to train George to tune out distractions and focus on simple instructions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another exercise repeats a word, like asking the user to click on the emotion that best describes how the word is said. They’re given four choices: happy, angry, sad and neutral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For Some People, Not All. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea here isn’t to replace anti-psychotic drugs, at least not for everyone. Vinogradov says there are some people whose voices or delusions are so destructive, so violent, that they need to be turned off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for another group of people, doctors might be able to focus on a different set of questions, Vinogradov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is this person able to have the kind of life they want? Are they able to have friends, to have people who they can love, who can love them back? Are they able to keep food and shelter?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vinogradov, Mathalon and others point to studies showing that delusions and hallucinations aren’t always the factors that interfere with a person’s ability to lead a fulfilling life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By focusing on cognitive problems, says Mathalon, “we might have greater impact on outcomes for patients. We might have a greater impact on whether they can successfully work, have relationships, than if we just quell their psychotic symptoms, keep the voices from intruding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silencing the voices with big doses of anti-psychotic drugs may, in some cases, do more harm than good.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The first sign of trouble, says Veronica, was when her daughter’s grades started to slip. At 15, Jasmin had been an honor roll student in her San Diego middle school. Suddenly, it was a strain even to sit through class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She would come home from school exhausted,” Veronica recalls. “She’d go to a corner in the living room and just sit there, away from everybody.” (Veronica asked us not to use her family’s last name, because Jasmin is still a minor.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2721px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/20140618_Schizo_1068-e1406926256788.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20190\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/20140618_Schizo_1068-e1406926256788.jpg\" alt=\"Jasmin heads out to the beach in San Diego on a windy day, to fly a kite. (Marvi Lacar/KQED)\" width=\"2721\" height=\"2617\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At 15, Jasmin was intensely sensitive to noise and light; her grades dropped. Some psychiatrists believe she was experiencing early symptoms of psychosis. (Marvi Lacar/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What Jasmin remembers from that time is an acute sensitivity to sound and light. She wore dark sunglasses around the house and asked her family to turn the music down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t a headache or anything, it would just bother me,” Jasmin recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within months, she had declined to the point where she couldn’t go to school, couldn’t eat without assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It feels like your child is not there. She’s looking at you, but she’s not comprehending who you are, where she is.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It feels like your child is not there,” Veronica says. “She’s looking at you, but she’s not comprehending who you are, where she is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Jasmin recovered from her catatonic state, but only after things got much worse: a diagnosis of psychosis, a brief hospitalization and powerful anti-psychotic drugs that caused a 40-pound weight gain over three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could the worst of it have been avoided had doctors paid closer attention to Jasmin’s earliest symptoms, particularly her sudden problems with schoolwork and her sensitivity to noise and bright lights?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new generation of schizophrenia researchers believes these struggles may be some of the earliest symptoms of schizophrenia, symptoms of a cognitive decline that may precede, even cause the delusions and hallucinations the disease is famous for. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Mysterious Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schizophrenia is twice as common as Alzheimer’s disease, but almost nothing is known about how it works in the body. As with most other mental illnesses, there’s no blood test for schizophrenia, no scan that can diagnose it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, schizophrenia is defined by symptoms patients describe about themselves, particularly a blurring of the boundaries of reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A patient may hear strange, often threatening voices that no one else can hear. She may believe she is being spied on through her television, that she is telepathic, or that newspaper articles contain hidden messages directed at her alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These strange behaviors – hallucinations and delusions — have defined the disease since it was first formally described in 1950. The word “schizophrenia” means, literally, “split mind”: a division between what the patient believes is real and what most other people would agree is real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Society’s preoccupation with hallucinations and delusions is easy to understand, says Sophia Vinogradov, a psychiatrist and researcher at the San Francisco VA hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20239\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 369px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/schiz-graphic.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20239\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/schiz-graphic.png\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"369\" height=\"790\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re right there, in your face,” Vinogradov says. “And they’re frightening. They’re frightening for the person who has them and they’re frightening for society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that’s why anti-psychotic drugs, which were developed in the 1960s, seemed like such a breakthrough. Until then, nothing else had worked to help people with schizophrenia.“Up until that point we had wrapping them in wet towels, locking them in a padded cell,” Vinogradov says. “Frontal lobotomies if the behavior was really out of control. I mean, what did we have? So when antipsychotic medications did evolve, and they did reduce psychotic symptoms, it was like the heavens had opened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the drugs came with powerful side effects. They left some people virtually comatose. Even the modern versions can cause serious weight gain. That’s one reason people with schizophrenia are at least twice as likely to die of cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in recent years, scientists have begun asking whether the voices are better viewed as a symptom of something else, says Vikaas Sohal, a researcher at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone came to you with cancer and said, ‘My back is hurting, my gums bleed, I’m tired, I have headaches,'” Sohal says, “okay, there’s all these things, but that’s not what cancer is. Cancer is this group of cells that are dividing uncontrollably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, giving antipsychotics to a person with schizophrenia may be like giving painkillers to someone with cancer. It might help, but it’s not getting at the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cognitive Decline as the First Sign of Disease \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basic cognitive problems may precede hallucinations and delusions by a decade or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elaine Walker, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Emory University, studied home movies of young children and \u003ca href=\"http://www.psycontent.com/content/9181225j68206743/\">noticed\u003c/a> that children who would later develop schizophrenia seemed to walk differently than the control group. Their gait seemed particularly abnormal on the left side of their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Schizophrenia: New Thinking, New Treatments\u003c/strong>This is the second story in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/schizophrenia-new-thinking-new-treatments/\">three-part series\u003c/a> looking at the changing science of schizophrenia and emerging treatments.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Part One: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/new-clinics-in-california-seek-to-stop-schizophrenia-before-it-starts/\">New Clinics in California Seek to Stop Schizophrenia Before it Starts\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Part Three: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/schizophrenia-what-its-like-to-hear-voices/\">Schizophrenia: What It’s Like to Hear Voices\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Other studies point to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=1950\">decline in IQ\u003c/a> that happens over the time the disease develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People in the early stages of schizophrenia “seem to have problems focusing attention, planning, trouble with encoding and storing memories,” says Daniel Mathalon, a neuroscientist at UCSF. “Patients sometimes say they used to be able to read books, now they can’t read books. They can’t sustain focus. They used to build models, now they don’t. They used to be able to play the guitar well, now that’s deteriorated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents hope, he says, that the problems are “just a phase that an adolescent is going through. Sometimes it is, but sometimes it’s the predecessor to a full-blown psychotic illness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Problem of Information Overload\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have begun to talk about schizophrenia as a disease of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505794\">salience\u003c/a>,” in which the brain loses the ability to tune out information that isn’t useful or relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are walking down the street trying to have a conversation and their brain is being flooded with the sound of the door slamming, the airplane going overhead,” says Vinogradov, of the San Francisco VA hospital. “The brain is starting to process all of that information as if it has meaning, and is something the brain needs to pay attention to and needs to do something about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, the theory goes, that’s what gives rise to hallucinations and delusions. The mind seeks explanations for the extra data coming in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you pay attention to everything,” says UCSF’s Sohal, “you might start paying attention to coincidences, and you might get paranoid. Or you might pay even more attention to your own thoughts and start thinking, ‘These are other peoples thoughts.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20217\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3456px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/20140618_Schizo_1025.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20217\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/20140618_Schizo_1025.jpg\" alt=\"Young people taking part in a mental illness prevention program called Kickstart fly kites at San Diego's Seaport Village. Marvi/KQED)\" width=\"3456\" height=\"3456\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young people taking part in a mental illness prevention program called Kickstart fly kites at San Diego’s Seaport Village. (Marvi Lacar/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Treatments Emerge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you change how you define a disease, you begin to change how you treat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly people in the early stages of schizophrenia are prescribed fish oil and exercise, to support basic brain functioning. Drug companies are \u003ca href=\"http://schizophrenia.com/?p=110\">working\u003c/a> on new medicines that could do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Citywide Mental Health Center in San Francisco’s Tenderloin neighborhood, Vinogradov is leading \u003ca href=\"http://vinogradovlab.com/#/sectpage/4560739020\">a study\u003c/a> to see whether the brain can be, essentially, re-taught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A middle-aged man named George, wearing a crisp short-sleeved shirt, sits at a computer. He’s wearing plastic gloves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why the gloves?” I ask him. “Gloves?” he says. “So the cosmic dust doesn’t get on my hands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George can see my voice, he tells me. It looks “yellow, with light pinkish color.” He wants to know whether I’ve ever seen voices, or would like to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know,” I tell him. “Is it a good thing?”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Giving antipsychotics to a person with schizophrenia may be like giving painkillers to someone with cancer. It might help, but it’s not getting at the cause.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yes,” he answers. “You can understand life in general better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You feel like you understand things other people don’t?” I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course,” George says. “It makes you superior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we talk, George drags his cursor across the screen, following directions from a cognitive training exercise designed by the San Francisco software company Posit Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Move the boy to the school,” the voice intones. George complies. He supplies his own commentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“OK, he’s going to school, see? Cutting, smoking cigarettes in the back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers tend to avoid the term “video games.” These exercises are about as much fun as brushing your teeth. The idea here is to train George to tune out distractions and focus on simple instructions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another exercise repeats a word, like asking the user to click on the emotion that best describes how the word is said. They’re given four choices: happy, angry, sad and neutral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For Some People, Not All. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea here isn’t to replace anti-psychotic drugs, at least not for everyone. Vinogradov says there are some people whose voices or delusions are so destructive, so violent, that they need to be turned off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for another group of people, doctors might be able to focus on a different set of questions, Vinogradov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is this person able to have the kind of life they want? Are they able to have friends, to have people who they can love, who can love them back? Are they able to keep food and shelter?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vinogradov, Mathalon and others point to studies showing that delusions and hallucinations aren’t always the factors that interfere with a person’s ability to lead a fulfilling life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By focusing on cognitive problems, says Mathalon, “we might have greater impact on outcomes for patients. We might have a greater impact on whether they can successfully work, have relationships, than if we just quell their psychotic symptoms, keep the voices from intruding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
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