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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/165932791&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21184\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/81030754.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21184\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/81030754.jpg\" alt=\"Irrigation water flows through an almond orchard in the Central Valley. Groundwater has been tapped heavily during this year's drought. 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(Photo by David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a move that some believed may never happen in California, state legislators approved three bills that would — for the first time — regulate the state’s vast underground water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These groundwater bills would be the most significant change in water policy in decades, maybe four decades,” says Lester Snow of the California Water Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater is California’s “underground reservoir,” providing as much as 60 percent of the state’s water supply during drought years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this year’s historic drought, groundwater levels have dropped dramatically as farmers and cities have pumped to replace water that would normally come from reservoirs. In some places, groundwater has fallen by 100 feet in the past year, and water wells are going dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under California’s current system, landowners can essentially pump as much groundwater as they want to, from under their property. Unlike water taken from rivers and reservoirs, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/31/californias-biggest-water-source-shrouded-in-secrecy/\">groundwater usage isn’t tracked\u003c/a> in many parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like having a joint checking account,” Snow says. “Everyone can write checks on it, nobody balances the checkbook and no one is responsible for deposits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Authority Given to Local Agencies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bills, if Governor Jerry Brown signs them, would designate local agencies to write sustainable groundwater management plans. The local agency could be a single water district, or a coalition of water agencies and county officials, all connected to a groundwater basin. Many of these governing bodies have already been established, as a result of 2009 legislation that encouraged areas to set up a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/31/californias-biggest-water-source-shrouded-in-secrecy/\">groundwater tracking program\u003c/a>. The program was not mandatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater basins that are considered in critical overdraft have until 2020 to write their sustainable groundwater management plans, while high- or medium-priority basins have until 2022. Low-priority basins would not be required to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the plans take effect, the local agencies would be required to get groundwater use in balance within 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local agencies would also be given new powers to enforce the plans. Those include requiring landowners to install water meters to track groundwater use or limiting the amount of groundwater that can be pumped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gsE535fb2kUmJghgN24TJv3j4W4OkOUB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not these powers are used would be up to each individual area. If a region fails to write groundwater plans or its plan doesn’t meet state standards, the State Water Resources Control Board can step in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there are areas that are ready to grab these new authorities and run with it,” says Snow, who was involved in crafting the policy. “Most of the people in these overused groundwater basins know that it cannot continue and if it does continue unabated, it will ruin the economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The political consensus to pass the bill was galvanized by the dramatic impacts from this year’s drought. “Absent the drought drawing attention to this, we would not have this moment,” Snow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some regions signed on because the bills prioritize local control over groundwater, instead of giving the state authority. Other agricultural groups remained opposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope no one, especially those 120 elected leaders in the legislature, think that they’ve solved California’s water problems,” says Paul Wenger, president of the California Farm Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just so many unknowns,” he says. “Our immediate concern would be that bankers and others would say, ‘Well, you go buy a piece of ground and you’re going to farm it. What’s the value of that ground, if four or five years from now, you’re not going to have access to groundwater?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers that have been using groundwater responsibly until now could lose out under the new management plans, he says, depending on how water agencies decide to limit groundwater pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will typically look at those that have historic use of groundwater and then if they need to limit it, they will limit you to a percentage of that historic use,” says Wenger. That system would reward the heaviest users, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Governor is widely expected to sign the bills and has until the end of September.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Hannah Albarazi\u003cbr>\nBay City News\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Giant-Millipedes.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Giant-Millipedes.jpg\" alt=\"Giant millipedes in a mesh bag, discovered by customs agents at SFO. (U.S. Customs and Border Protection)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"854\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21161\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant millipedes in a mesh bag, discovered by customs agents at SFO. (U.S. Customs and Border Protection)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty squirming foot-long millipedes in a falsely labeled package from Germany were seized at San Francisco International Airport last month, a U.S. Customs and Border Protection official said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 8, U.S. Customs and Border Protection agriculture specialists at the U.S. Postal Service International Service Center at SFO discovered the giant millipedes while inspecting a package marked “toy car model,” U.S. Customs and Border Protection acting spokesman Fred Ho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large package was routed through an x-ray machine and, upon further inspection, customs officials found the package consisted of a large Styrofoam box containing a mesh bag holding 20 giant millipedes, as well as chunks of soil and paper, Ho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exotic bugs don’t bite and can last between four and seven years on a diet of spoiled produce. Some, however, have a poison secretion, Ho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant millipedes were likely intended as exotic pets, Ho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the United States allows exotic pets to enter the country, the package of giant millipedes lacked required import permits and was misrepresented in an attempt to bypass federal regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The millipedes were therefore seized by customs officials before they reached their intended destination of Vista, California, Ho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sender in Berlin was issued a postal violation and the bugs were euthanized in alcohol. They are now in the possession of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, customs officials said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Hannah Albarazi\u003cbr>\nBay City News\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Giant-Millipedes.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Giant-Millipedes.jpg\" alt=\"Giant millipedes in a mesh bag, discovered by customs agents at SFO. (U.S. Customs and Border Protection)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"854\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21161\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant millipedes in a mesh bag, discovered by customs agents at SFO. (U.S. Customs and Border Protection)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty squirming foot-long millipedes in a falsely labeled package from Germany were seized at San Francisco International Airport last month, a U.S. Customs and Border Protection official said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 8, U.S. Customs and Border Protection agriculture specialists at the U.S. Postal Service International Service Center at SFO discovered the giant millipedes while inspecting a package marked “toy car model,” U.S. Customs and Border Protection acting spokesman Fred Ho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large package was routed through an x-ray machine and, upon further inspection, customs officials found the package consisted of a large Styrofoam box containing a mesh bag holding 20 giant millipedes, as well as chunks of soil and paper, Ho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exotic bugs don’t bite and can last between four and seven years on a diet of spoiled produce. Some, however, have a poison secretion, Ho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant millipedes were likely intended as exotic pets, Ho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the United States allows exotic pets to enter the country, the package of giant millipedes lacked required import permits and was misrepresented in an attempt to bypass federal regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The millipedes were therefore seized by customs officials before they reached their intended destination of Vista, California, Ho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sender in Berlin was issued a postal violation and the bugs were euthanized in alcohol. They are now in the possession of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, customs officials said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oil Transport by Train Continues to Climb",
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"content": "\u003cp>Crude oil by rail continues to be a growing trend nationwide. The amount of oil and other “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afpm.org/other-products/\">refined petroleum products\u003c/a>” carried by trains climbed nine percent in the first seven months of this year, compared to the first seven months last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Energy Information Administration lays it all out in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=17751&src=email&utm_content=bufferbfa53&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\">article published\u003c/a> this morning, which includes this chart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21097\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 575px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/EIAcrudebyrail.png\" alt=\"(EIA)\" width=\"575\" height=\"284\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(EIA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in California, the increase in crude-by-rail shipments puts the national numbers — proportionally speaking — to shame. Sixty-six percent more oil came into California by rail in the first half of this year, compared to the first half of last year, according to numbers from the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Though keep in mind, the national chart is tracking barrels per day, while the state numbers are barrels per month.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21100\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21100\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/chart_2.png\" alt=\"Data from the California Energy Commission. \" width=\"600\" height=\"371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fiery derailments and explosions in other parts of the country have drawn attention to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/california-has-little-say-over-oil-train-safety/\">safety problems\u003c/a> with the rail cars used to transport oil. Last summer in Quebec, a train carrying crude from North Dakota’s Bakken formation exploded in the town of Lac-Mégantic and killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/23/feds-propose-new-safety-rules-for-oil-trains/\">proposing safety improvements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase in carrying crude oil by train is happening because there’s an oil boom in North America. To get all that oil from Alberta, North Dakota and \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">other places\u003c/a> to refineries here in California, oil companies must use trains. There are no pipelines coming into California from other states. Most of California’s oil is either drilled here in the state, or arrives by ship from Alaska or overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil traveling by rail into California still accounts for a small percentage of all the crude California processes. If oil-by-rail terminals that are proposed in Benicia, Pittsburg, Santa Maria and Bakersfield go through, then that proportion could rise from one percent to more than 20 percent. Of the two Bay Area projects, the one in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/benicia-extends-public-comment-period-on-bay-area-crude-by-rail/\">Benicia is currently under review\u003c/a>, and the one in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">Pittsburg\u003c/a> is on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in the Bay Area, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railways is currently delivering oil to a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/25/revealed-volatile-oil-train-routes-in-california/\">rail yard in Richmond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Crude oil by rail continues to be a growing trend nationwide. The amount of oil and other “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afpm.org/other-products/\">refined petroleum products\u003c/a>” carried by trains climbed nine percent in the first seven months of this year, compared to the first seven months last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Energy Information Administration lays it all out in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=17751&src=email&utm_content=bufferbfa53&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\">article published\u003c/a> this morning, which includes this chart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21097\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 575px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/EIAcrudebyrail.png\" alt=\"(EIA)\" width=\"575\" height=\"284\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(EIA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in California, the increase in crude-by-rail shipments puts the national numbers — proportionally speaking — to shame. Sixty-six percent more oil came into California by rail in the first half of this year, compared to the first half of last year, according to numbers from the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Though keep in mind, the national chart is tracking barrels per day, while the state numbers are barrels per month.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21100\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21100\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/chart_2.png\" alt=\"Data from the California Energy Commission. \" width=\"600\" height=\"371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fiery derailments and explosions in other parts of the country have drawn attention to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/california-has-little-say-over-oil-train-safety/\">safety problems\u003c/a> with the rail cars used to transport oil. Last summer in Quebec, a train carrying crude from North Dakota’s Bakken formation exploded in the town of Lac-Mégantic and killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/23/feds-propose-new-safety-rules-for-oil-trains/\">proposing safety improvements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase in carrying crude oil by train is happening because there’s an oil boom in North America. To get all that oil from Alberta, North Dakota and \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">other places\u003c/a> to refineries here in California, oil companies must use trains. There are no pipelines coming into California from other states. Most of California’s oil is either drilled here in the state, or arrives by ship from Alaska or overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil traveling by rail into California still accounts for a small percentage of all the crude California processes. If oil-by-rail terminals that are proposed in Benicia, Pittsburg, Santa Maria and Bakersfield go through, then that proportion could rise from one percent to more than 20 percent. Of the two Bay Area projects, the one in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/benicia-extends-public-comment-period-on-bay-area-crude-by-rail/\">Benicia is currently under review\u003c/a>, and the one in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">Pittsburg\u003c/a> is on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in the Bay Area, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railways is currently delivering oil to a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/25/revealed-volatile-oil-train-routes-in-california/\">rail yard in Richmond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Leaky Pipes Lose Billions of Gallons of Water Every Year in the Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Leaky Pipes Lose Billions of Gallons of Water Every Year in the Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/NapaWaterMainBreak.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21065 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/NapaWaterMainBreak.jpg\" alt=\"Water gushes from a water main break outside a mobile home park after the South Napa Earthquake on August 24, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water gushes from a water main break outside a mobile home park after the South Napa Earthquake on August 24, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California seems to be experiencing one water disaster after another. On top of the drought, last month a 90-year-old water pipe ruptured on the UCLA campus leaking an estimated 20 million gallons of drinking water. On Sunday, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake damaged dozens of water pipes, leaving hundreds of Napa and Vallejo residents without water. These major incidents beg the question: how strong is our water infrastructure?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a new report by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26350962/california-drought-bay-area-loses-billions-gallons-leaky\">\u003cem>San Jose Mercury News\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, local water agencies are losing about 23 billion gallons of treated water each year. Most of that loss is attributed to aging pipelines that leak before reaching customer meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The system is aging,” Mercury News Science Reporter Lisa Kreiger told Michael Krasny on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408270900\">\u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Her analysis of water records shows Bay Area agencies lost between 3 and 16 percent of treated water in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the state is in a drought, these old, leaky pipes are gaining attention. “When water is precious, monitoring and stopping these losses becomes important,” Krieger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Krieger, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission and East Bay Municipal Utility District have done a good job of reporting their water losses to the state. But reporting leaks and losses isn’t mandatory in California, so many water districts aren’t reporting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really don’t have a good grasp of what’s going on here,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”DusLke8HF8575Sm1pXYimoeE00KWx7yo”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the Bay Area’s water system was built generations ago and is in need of repair and replacement. “Many of our pipes are 100 years old,” said Steven Ritchie, assistant general manager of water for the SFPUC, which is currently replacing six miles of pipe each year and is aiming to increase to 15 miles each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility is also in the midst of a $4.6 billion seismic upgrade that includes replacing and upgrading tanks and pipes. “We’re really improving our ability to deliver water subsequent to an earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD has 4,200 miles of water pipeline and is currently replacing 10 miles of pipe each year. The utility is also using acoustic sensors called “loggers” to detect leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at the dawn of the era of replacement,” said Heather Cooley, with the Pacific Institute, a water policy think tank. Fixing the nation’s broken water system would cost $700 billion over the next 20 years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just distribution systems that are in need of repair. California is wasting about 11 gallons of water per person per day on broken household systems like running toilets and leaking irrigation systems, Cooley said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/NapaWaterMainBreak.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21065 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/NapaWaterMainBreak.jpg\" alt=\"Water gushes from a water main break outside a mobile home park after the South Napa Earthquake on August 24, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water gushes from a water main break outside a mobile home park after the South Napa Earthquake on August 24, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California seems to be experiencing one water disaster after another. On top of the drought, last month a 90-year-old water pipe ruptured on the UCLA campus leaking an estimated 20 million gallons of drinking water. On Sunday, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake damaged dozens of water pipes, leaving hundreds of Napa and Vallejo residents without water. These major incidents beg the question: how strong is our water infrastructure?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a new report by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26350962/california-drought-bay-area-loses-billions-gallons-leaky\">\u003cem>San Jose Mercury News\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, local water agencies are losing about 23 billion gallons of treated water each year. Most of that loss is attributed to aging pipelines that leak before reaching customer meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The system is aging,” Mercury News Science Reporter Lisa Kreiger told Michael Krasny on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408270900\">\u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Her analysis of water records shows Bay Area agencies lost between 3 and 16 percent of treated water in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the state is in a drought, these old, leaky pipes are gaining attention. “When water is precious, monitoring and stopping these losses becomes important,” Krieger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Krieger, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission and East Bay Municipal Utility District have done a good job of reporting their water losses to the state. But reporting leaks and losses isn’t mandatory in California, so many water districts aren’t reporting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really don’t have a good grasp of what’s going on here,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the Bay Area’s water system was built generations ago and is in need of repair and replacement. “Many of our pipes are 100 years old,” said Steven Ritchie, assistant general manager of water for the SFPUC, which is currently replacing six miles of pipe each year and is aiming to increase to 15 miles each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility is also in the midst of a $4.6 billion seismic upgrade that includes replacing and upgrading tanks and pipes. “We’re really improving our ability to deliver water subsequent to an earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD has 4,200 miles of water pipeline and is currently replacing 10 miles of pipe each year. The utility is also using acoustic sensors called “loggers” to detect leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at the dawn of the era of replacement,” said Heather Cooley, with the Pacific Institute, a water policy think tank. Fixing the nation’s broken water system would cost $700 billion over the next 20 years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just distribution systems that are in need of repair. California is wasting about 11 gallons of water per person per day on broken household systems like running toilets and leaking irrigation systems, Cooley said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Smith\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01451-1280.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01451-1280.jpg\" alt=\"Trees killed in the Rim Fire will likely stay standing for only a decade or so. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20857\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trees killed in the Rim Fire will likely stay standing for only a decade or so. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A U.S. Forest Service decision released Wednesday will allow loggers to remove dead trees from 52 square miles of forests blackened last year in a massive central California wildfire, a move \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/26/after-record-breaking-rim-fire-log-trees-or-leave-them/\">contested by environmentalists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highly awaited decision came amid a standoff between environmentalists and supporters of the timber industry over what to do with the trees that died in the massive Rim Fire, which started Aug. 17, 2013, and burned more than 400 square miles of the Stanislaus National Forest, Yosemite National Park’s backcountry and private timber land. It threatened thousands of structures, destroyed 11 homes and cost more than $125 million to fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”iwbOUnWfKI5grtExHT8wNPm0jkdfFeqB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists had argued against logging the land, saying the blackened trees and new growth beneath them create vital habitat for dwindling birds such as spotted owls and black-backed woodpeckers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an ecological travesty,” said Chad Hanson, a forest ecologist and founder of the John Muir Project, an environmentalist group. “It’s basically an extinction plan for the California spotted owl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the timber industry said logging would pay for replanting and restoring the forest. Taking out dead trees will also allow the public to use the land, they say, and eliminate a new fire hazard caused by the falling trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Skalski, supervisor of the Stanislaus National Forest, is expected to sign the logging decision on Thursday, making it final.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal prosecutors \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/07/tuolumne-county-resident-indicted-for-starting-rim-fire-in-yosemite/\">accuse bow hunter Keith Matthew Emerald\u003c/a>, 32, of starting the massive blaze when he lost control of an illegal campfire and had to be rescued by helicopter. A grand jury on Aug. 7 returned a four-count indictment against Emerald, who lives in the foothill community of Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emerald, who has pleaded not guilty, was released from jail after posting a $60,000 bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Rimfiregraphic-e1408148390108.jpeg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"816\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20667\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A U.S. Forest Service decision will allow loggers to remove dead trees from 52 square miles of forests blackened last year in a massive central California wildfire, a move contested by environmentalists.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Smith\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01451-1280.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01451-1280.jpg\" alt=\"Trees killed in the Rim Fire will likely stay standing for only a decade or so. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20857\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trees killed in the Rim Fire will likely stay standing for only a decade or so. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A U.S. Forest Service decision released Wednesday will allow loggers to remove dead trees from 52 square miles of forests blackened last year in a massive central California wildfire, a move \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/26/after-record-breaking-rim-fire-log-trees-or-leave-them/\">contested by environmentalists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highly awaited decision came amid a standoff between environmentalists and supporters of the timber industry over what to do with the trees that died in the massive Rim Fire, which started Aug. 17, 2013, and burned more than 400 square miles of the Stanislaus National Forest, Yosemite National Park’s backcountry and private timber land. It threatened thousands of structures, destroyed 11 homes and cost more than $125 million to fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists had argued against logging the land, saying the blackened trees and new growth beneath them create vital habitat for dwindling birds such as spotted owls and black-backed woodpeckers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an ecological travesty,” said Chad Hanson, a forest ecologist and founder of the John Muir Project, an environmentalist group. “It’s basically an extinction plan for the California spotted owl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the timber industry said logging would pay for replanting and restoring the forest. Taking out dead trees will also allow the public to use the land, they say, and eliminate a new fire hazard caused by the falling trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Skalski, supervisor of the Stanislaus National Forest, is expected to sign the logging decision on Thursday, making it final.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal prosecutors \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/07/tuolumne-county-resident-indicted-for-starting-rim-fire-in-yosemite/\">accuse bow hunter Keith Matthew Emerald\u003c/a>, 32, of starting the massive blaze when he lost control of an illegal campfire and had to be rescued by helicopter. A grand jury on Aug. 7 returned a four-count indictment against Emerald, who lives in the foothill community of Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emerald, who has pleaded not guilty, was released from jail after posting a $60,000 bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Rimfiregraphic-e1408148390108.jpeg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"816\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20667\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "After Record-Breaking Rim Fire, Log Trees or Leave Them?",
"headTitle": "After Record-Breaking Rim Fire, Log Trees or Leave Them? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20853\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/logging5-1024x612.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20853\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/logging5-1024x612.jpg\" alt=\"Burned trees from Sierra Pacific Industries' private land wait at the company's saw mill. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"383\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Burned trees from Sierra Pacific Industries’ private land wait at the company’s saw mill. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year’s record-breaking Rim Fire left thousands of acres of dead trees around Yosemite National Park. What to do about those trees has sparked a fierce debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this week, the U.S. Forest Service will release plans to allow logging companies to harvest some of the dead trees. Some environmental groups say it would destroy important wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On several thousand acres, the decision has already been made. Sierra Pacific Industries, the second largest lumber company in the country, had crews harvesting trees on the company’s private land within weeks of the Rim Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see here from some of these logs, if you look beyond the bark, inside the wood looks pretty good,” says Mark Luster of Sierra Pacific Industries, pointing to stacks of hundreds of burned logs at the company’s saw mill in Sonora, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 percent of the wood is still usable and will become everything from two-by-fours to number two pencils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Pacific Industries is hoping to move onto logging Forest Service land next. Opening it up would provide an economic boost to the region, Luster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes sense to create jobs here in California, get our wood here and create jobs for Californians,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s timber industry has shrunk dramatically over the decades, while the market for wood has not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Currently California imports about 80 percent of wood that consumers use,” Luster says. “It comes from other states and countries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20857\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01451-1280-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01451-1280-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Trees killed in the Rim Fire will likely stay standing for only a decade or so. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trees killed in the Rim Fire will likely stay standing for only a decade or so. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has other motivations for the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If all the standing dead is left, it’s that intensity of that next fire that comes through,” says Maria Benech, who is working on the Forest Service’s plans for salvage logging, as it’s known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benech is walking through part of the Stanislaus National Forest that saw some of the worst of the Rim Fire. She says most of the dead trees will only stand for a decade or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Picture all those logs lying on top of each other, jack-strawed with that vegetation coming back through,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they’re on the ground, there’s a risk of making the next fire more intense, damaging the soil and slowing forest recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To deal with the fuel load, the Forest Service has made a preliminary proposal to open up about 44,000 acres for logging companies; that’s about a third of agency’s burned land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all the trees will be taken. Benech points to several trees with orange paint on their bark. “Those are leave trees, so those are the trees that will stay,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Impacts On Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals like dead trees. Wildlife like black-backed woodpeckers moves in to eat insects, and California spotted owls hunt in the bare forest. So the Forest Service is requiring that four to six dead trees be left on each acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/loggingslider.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"860\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That number isn’t enough for some environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans, when they look at a burned forest, they think it’s devastation,” says Justin Augustine, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, a non-profit group. “But just the opposite happens out there in the forest.” His group doesn’t want to see the forest touched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more severe a fire is, the better that area is going to be for black-backed woodpeckers,” he says. “And right now there’s a significant deficit of that kind of habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service says it’s trying to balance both sides. Some areas won’t be logged, but others will. Other environmental groups are aiming for some kind of middle-ground resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”IcBukGmFw50R5V8sb3m8Yd6R9vf3kHXc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s frustrating to see that the Rim Fire is the battleground between the environmentalists and those who want logging,” says John Buckley, director of the Central Sierra Environmental Resource Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckley says the Rim Fire was so massive that both sides can get what they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can create a mosaic of un-salvaged areas where there’s lots of dead trees and salvaged areas where most of the dead trees have been removed,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible that many areas won’t be logged no matter what the Forest Service proposes. Logging companies only have about a year to do the work, because beetles are already damaging the dead trees, making them less valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The local timber industry only has so much mill capacity,” Buckley says. “There are only so many logging trucks and pieces of equipment. And the time frame is so short.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Opportunity For Forestry Researchers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01488-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20863\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01488-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Pacific Industries began clearing its private land within weeks after the Rim Fire burned through. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Pacific Industries began clearing its private land within weeks after the Rim Fire burned through. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For many scientists, the size of the Rim Fire also provides an opportunity to study the effects of salvage logging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s surprising that, although salvage logging has been controversial, there’s not all that much scientific research in places where we’ve had frequent fire,” says Malcolm North, a scientist with the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More studies on the ecological benefits of dead trees have been done in the Pacific Northwest, where fire is less frequent. Less is known about Sierra Nevada forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North says further study could help answer questions about how many dead trees should be left on a landscape. Four to six per acre may not be enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably a little bit on the low end,” he says. “Whether it’s sufficient to provide habitat for species, particularly like the black-backed woodpeckers, we just don’t have the answer to that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What scientists do know, he says, is that the area will burn again and dead trees will provide more fuel. “It may burn up all the trees that are regrowing.” Downed trees could also make it difficult for larger wildlife like deer to migrate through the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North and other ecologists are setting up study plots in the Rim Fire burn area and are hoping learn more about wildlife responds to both logged and unlogged areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service will release final plans about how much logging will be opened up after the Rim Fire by the end of this week.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20853\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/logging5-1024x612.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20853\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/logging5-1024x612.jpg\" alt=\"Burned trees from Sierra Pacific Industries' private land wait at the company's saw mill. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"383\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Burned trees from Sierra Pacific Industries’ private land wait at the company’s saw mill. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year’s record-breaking Rim Fire left thousands of acres of dead trees around Yosemite National Park. What to do about those trees has sparked a fierce debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this week, the U.S. Forest Service will release plans to allow logging companies to harvest some of the dead trees. Some environmental groups say it would destroy important wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On several thousand acres, the decision has already been made. Sierra Pacific Industries, the second largest lumber company in the country, had crews harvesting trees on the company’s private land within weeks of the Rim Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see here from some of these logs, if you look beyond the bark, inside the wood looks pretty good,” says Mark Luster of Sierra Pacific Industries, pointing to stacks of hundreds of burned logs at the company’s saw mill in Sonora, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 percent of the wood is still usable and will become everything from two-by-fours to number two pencils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Pacific Industries is hoping to move onto logging Forest Service land next. Opening it up would provide an economic boost to the region, Luster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes sense to create jobs here in California, get our wood here and create jobs for Californians,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s timber industry has shrunk dramatically over the decades, while the market for wood has not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Currently California imports about 80 percent of wood that consumers use,” Luster says. “It comes from other states and countries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20857\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01451-1280-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01451-1280-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Trees killed in the Rim Fire will likely stay standing for only a decade or so. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trees killed in the Rim Fire will likely stay standing for only a decade or so. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has other motivations for the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If all the standing dead is left, it’s that intensity of that next fire that comes through,” says Maria Benech, who is working on the Forest Service’s plans for salvage logging, as it’s known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benech is walking through part of the Stanislaus National Forest that saw some of the worst of the Rim Fire. She says most of the dead trees will only stand for a decade or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Picture all those logs lying on top of each other, jack-strawed with that vegetation coming back through,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they’re on the ground, there’s a risk of making the next fire more intense, damaging the soil and slowing forest recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To deal with the fuel load, the Forest Service has made a preliminary proposal to open up about 44,000 acres for logging companies; that’s about a third of agency’s burned land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all the trees will be taken. Benech points to several trees with orange paint on their bark. “Those are leave trees, so those are the trees that will stay,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Impacts On Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals like dead trees. Wildlife like black-backed woodpeckers moves in to eat insects, and California spotted owls hunt in the bare forest. So the Forest Service is requiring that four to six dead trees be left on each acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/loggingslider.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"860\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That number isn’t enough for some environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans, when they look at a burned forest, they think it’s devastation,” says Justin Augustine, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, a non-profit group. “But just the opposite happens out there in the forest.” His group doesn’t want to see the forest touched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more severe a fire is, the better that area is going to be for black-backed woodpeckers,” he says. “And right now there’s a significant deficit of that kind of habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service says it’s trying to balance both sides. Some areas won’t be logged, but others will. Other environmental groups are aiming for some kind of middle-ground resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s frustrating to see that the Rim Fire is the battleground between the environmentalists and those who want logging,” says John Buckley, director of the Central Sierra Environmental Resource Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckley says the Rim Fire was so massive that both sides can get what they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can create a mosaic of un-salvaged areas where there’s lots of dead trees and salvaged areas where most of the dead trees have been removed,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible that many areas won’t be logged no matter what the Forest Service proposes. Logging companies only have about a year to do the work, because beetles are already damaging the dead trees, making them less valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The local timber industry only has so much mill capacity,” Buckley says. “There are only so many logging trucks and pieces of equipment. And the time frame is so short.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Opportunity For Forestry Researchers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01488-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20863\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01488-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Pacific Industries began clearing its private land within weeks after the Rim Fire burned through. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Pacific Industries began clearing its private land within weeks after the Rim Fire burned through. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For many scientists, the size of the Rim Fire also provides an opportunity to study the effects of salvage logging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s surprising that, although salvage logging has been controversial, there’s not all that much scientific research in places where we’ve had frequent fire,” says Malcolm North, a scientist with the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More studies on the ecological benefits of dead trees have been done in the Pacific Northwest, where fire is less frequent. Less is known about Sierra Nevada forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North says further study could help answer questions about how many dead trees should be left on a landscape. Four to six per acre may not be enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably a little bit on the low end,” he says. “Whether it’s sufficient to provide habitat for species, particularly like the black-backed woodpeckers, we just don’t have the answer to that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What scientists do know, he says, is that the area will burn again and dead trees will provide more fuel. “It may burn up all the trees that are regrowing.” Downed trees could also make it difficult for larger wildlife like deer to migrate through the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North and other ecologists are setting up study plots in the Rim Fire burn area and are hoping learn more about wildlife responds to both logged and unlogged areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service will release final plans about how much logging will be opened up after the Rim Fire by the end of this week.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140825science.mp3\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">6.0-magnitude earthquake\u003c/a> that shook Napa and surrounding communities on Sunday was the largest to hit the Bay Area in 25 years. More than 100 people were treated for injuries at Queen of the Valley Hospital, streets buckled and wine bottles flew from store shelves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20983\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/454081604-640x431-e1408937362954.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/454081604-640x431-e1408937362954.jpg\" alt=\"A passerby stops to take a picture of damage to the Napa post office. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20983\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A passerby stops to take a picture of damage to the Napa post office. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The USGS has issued an advisory that another strong temblor could happen in the area of the South Napa Earthquake in the next few days, but the chances of that are diminishing quickly. Meanwhile, scientists are still trying to find out more about the fault where Sunday’s earthquake occurred. They are focusing on the small West Napa Fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED Senior Science Editor spoke with Brad Aagaard, geophysicist with USGS based in Menlo Park. He explained what experts know so far.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brad Aagaard: The West Napa Fault is a fault that is mapped primarily directly west of the city of Napa, along the edge of the foothills. And as you go further south into the region of the magnitude 6.0 earthquake of Sunday morning, it’s expected at the surface to become much less. We don’t yet know whether this earthquake occurred on the West Napa Fault or just in its vicinity on a smaller structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Andrea Kissack: So you’re not even sure you know what fault line this is on yet?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know what other faults it could be connected to yet, or do you need to know what fault line it is first?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is the Franklin Fault which is mapped in this vicinity, but this also could be on an un-mapped fault that is a smaller structure that is yet to be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there other dormant, little-known faults in the area and does this quake change the way you’re looking at these less known faults?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the San Francisco Bay Area we are in the middle of the San Andreas Fault system. So even the Hayward Rogers Creek Fault on the east side of the bay is really considered part of the San Andreas Fault System, and there are a lot of smaller structures that link these faults together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can make magnitude-6.0 earthquakes on any of these smaller structures but we would not expect a magnitude-7.0 earthquake on these smaller structures. We would expect those on our primary faults such as the San Andreas Fault and the Hayward Rogers Creek Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kind of quake was this? Can you tell me more about the mechanics of it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the Bay Area most of our faults are strike-slip faults, where one side of the fault moves laterally relative to the other side, and this is a result of our plate boundary here along the San Andreas Fault System with the Pacific plate moving to the North relative to the North American plate. With that plate motion being accommodated with one plate sliding past another that’s why most faults are accommodating that lateral motion. [contextly_sidebar id=”LdoY9ftd3tEmjEqctgGGaaV35p3SP5aC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s magnitude-6.0 earthquake accommodated this side swept motion and even the alignment of the fault is very consistent with the orientation of the plate boundary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The USGS characterized this as a violent shaking quake but reports from near the epicenter really varied. Some people in American Canyon described only a moderate shaking. Why would there be such disparities?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The level of shaking is really controlled by the local ground conditions and precisely where you are relative to where the earthquake is. Locations closer to sediments — central parts of the river valleys — where the material is softer, so it tends to amplify the shaking. If you’re out in the hills, especially if you’re on hard bedrock, you tend to have more rigid material underneath you so that’s going to cause a different, lower amplitude of shaking. Also in this particular earthquake, because it was a strike-slip the energy tends to be focused along the fault. So if you’re even just a few miles perpendicular to the fault you can have very different shaking than you are if you’re aligned with the fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20995\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/quakecomparison.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"625\" height=\"528\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20995\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This is the largest quake to hit the Bay Area in 25 years, how much stronger was the Loma Prieta quake and what were the similarities and differences between these two?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the Loma Prieta earthquake was a magnitude-6.9 event and even though it occurred down in the Santa Cruz mountains, closer to Santa Cruz, it did cause damage in San Francisco and Oakland and it was the Oakland area where most of the loss of life was so that sort of gives you the difference in scale between a magnitude 6.9, which releases 30 times more energy than a magnitude-6.0 earthquake. We’re seeing most of the damage of this magnitude-6.0 earthquake concentrated within about 10 kilometers or six miles of where the earthquake occurred, and this is sort of consistent with a smaller size event compared to the size event of the Loma Prieta size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There is an early warning system being piloted in California. How did it measure up in this quake?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/24/uc-berkeley-early-warning-system-predicted-south-napa-earthquake/\">early warning system worked\u003c/a> in this case. The prototype would have provided ten seconds of warning in the San Francisco area and that few seconds of warning is very important for people to be able to take action such as do drop, cover and hold on before the strong shaking hits them. If you’re closer to the earthquake you have less warning and so it’s a reminder that people need to be prepared to immediately take action, do a drop cover and hold on when they feel an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140825science.mp3\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">6.0-magnitude earthquake\u003c/a> that shook Napa and surrounding communities on Sunday was the largest to hit the Bay Area in 25 years. More than 100 people were treated for injuries at Queen of the Valley Hospital, streets buckled and wine bottles flew from store shelves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20983\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/454081604-640x431-e1408937362954.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/454081604-640x431-e1408937362954.jpg\" alt=\"A passerby stops to take a picture of damage to the Napa post office. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20983\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A passerby stops to take a picture of damage to the Napa post office. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The USGS has issued an advisory that another strong temblor could happen in the area of the South Napa Earthquake in the next few days, but the chances of that are diminishing quickly. Meanwhile, scientists are still trying to find out more about the fault where Sunday’s earthquake occurred. They are focusing on the small West Napa Fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED Senior Science Editor spoke with Brad Aagaard, geophysicist with USGS based in Menlo Park. He explained what experts know so far.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brad Aagaard: The West Napa Fault is a fault that is mapped primarily directly west of the city of Napa, along the edge of the foothills. And as you go further south into the region of the magnitude 6.0 earthquake of Sunday morning, it’s expected at the surface to become much less. We don’t yet know whether this earthquake occurred on the West Napa Fault or just in its vicinity on a smaller structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Andrea Kissack: So you’re not even sure you know what fault line this is on yet?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know what other faults it could be connected to yet, or do you need to know what fault line it is first?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is the Franklin Fault which is mapped in this vicinity, but this also could be on an un-mapped fault that is a smaller structure that is yet to be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there other dormant, little-known faults in the area and does this quake change the way you’re looking at these less known faults?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the San Francisco Bay Area we are in the middle of the San Andreas Fault system. So even the Hayward Rogers Creek Fault on the east side of the bay is really considered part of the San Andreas Fault System, and there are a lot of smaller structures that link these faults together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can make magnitude-6.0 earthquakes on any of these smaller structures but we would not expect a magnitude-7.0 earthquake on these smaller structures. We would expect those on our primary faults such as the San Andreas Fault and the Hayward Rogers Creek Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kind of quake was this? Can you tell me more about the mechanics of it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the Bay Area most of our faults are strike-slip faults, where one side of the fault moves laterally relative to the other side, and this is a result of our plate boundary here along the San Andreas Fault System with the Pacific plate moving to the North relative to the North American plate. With that plate motion being accommodated with one plate sliding past another that’s why most faults are accommodating that lateral motion. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s magnitude-6.0 earthquake accommodated this side swept motion and even the alignment of the fault is very consistent with the orientation of the plate boundary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The USGS characterized this as a violent shaking quake but reports from near the epicenter really varied. Some people in American Canyon described only a moderate shaking. Why would there be such disparities?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The level of shaking is really controlled by the local ground conditions and precisely where you are relative to where the earthquake is. Locations closer to sediments — central parts of the river valleys — where the material is softer, so it tends to amplify the shaking. If you’re out in the hills, especially if you’re on hard bedrock, you tend to have more rigid material underneath you so that’s going to cause a different, lower amplitude of shaking. Also in this particular earthquake, because it was a strike-slip the energy tends to be focused along the fault. So if you’re even just a few miles perpendicular to the fault you can have very different shaking than you are if you’re aligned with the fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20995\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/quakecomparison.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"625\" height=\"528\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20995\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This is the largest quake to hit the Bay Area in 25 years, how much stronger was the Loma Prieta quake and what were the similarities and differences between these two?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the Loma Prieta earthquake was a magnitude-6.9 event and even though it occurred down in the Santa Cruz mountains, closer to Santa Cruz, it did cause damage in San Francisco and Oakland and it was the Oakland area where most of the loss of life was so that sort of gives you the difference in scale between a magnitude 6.9, which releases 30 times more energy than a magnitude-6.0 earthquake. We’re seeing most of the damage of this magnitude-6.0 earthquake concentrated within about 10 kilometers or six miles of where the earthquake occurred, and this is sort of consistent with a smaller size event compared to the size event of the Loma Prieta size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There is an early warning system being piloted in California. How did it measure up in this quake?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/24/uc-berkeley-early-warning-system-predicted-south-napa-earthquake/\">early warning system worked\u003c/a> in this case. The prototype would have provided ten seconds of warning in the San Francisco area and that few seconds of warning is very important for people to be able to take action such as do drop, cover and hold on before the strong shaking hits them. If you’re closer to the earthquake you have less warning and so it’s a reminder that people need to be prepared to immediately take action, do a drop cover and hold on when they feel an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Five seconds before the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> struck, UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert\u003c/a> detected the quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muXhT3FTrJI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university’s early warning project is intended to give residents a heads-up before an earthquake strikes and damage occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To predict the quakes, scientists use a sensor to detect the arrival of the first round of waves called primary waves or p-waves. These waves are fast but rarely cause any damage. P-waves are followed by secondary waves or s-waves which are slower but do more harm.[contextly_sidebar id=”qvdJXVAzTvC6dZ1064dGIrqEPMDJ67bS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ShakeAlert provided warning at the UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory and to users in San Francisco, Oakland and San Jose. The system is being developed by \u003ca style=\"color: #551a8b\" href=\"http://www.elarms.org/\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> and the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://www.eew.caltech.edu/\">California Institute of Technology\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/\">University of Washington\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB135\">approved a bill\u003c/a> to create an early warning system. The bill requires that sensors be installed to detect earthquakes and that operators figure out a way to alert the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, ShakeAlert doesn’t have enough backing to scale up, according to Richard Allen who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley Seismological Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will cost $80 million over five years to test and deploy the system and another $12 million a year for operational costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Alaska, California experiences more earthquakes than any other state and an early warning system could provide a model for others, if it receives enough funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently there is no national early warning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/robert-t-stafford-disaster-relief-and-emergency-assistance-act-public-law-93-288-amended\">Disaster Relief Act of 1974\u003c/a>, the USGS must issue alerts and improve public safety around earthquakes. While USGS already sends rapid, automatic earthquake information via the Internet, email, text messages and social media it does not currently employ an early warning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funds to test ShakeAlert are currently provided by the Bay Area Rapid Transit System, Google, the City of San Francisco and The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. But it will take a long term financial commitment in order to keep the system running.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Five seconds before the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> struck, UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert\u003c/a> detected the quake.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/muXhT3FTrJI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/muXhT3FTrJI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The university’s early warning project is intended to give residents a heads-up before an earthquake strikes and damage occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To predict the quakes, scientists use a sensor to detect the arrival of the first round of waves called primary waves or p-waves. These waves are fast but rarely cause any damage. P-waves are followed by secondary waves or s-waves which are slower but do more harm.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ShakeAlert provided warning at the UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory and to users in San Francisco, Oakland and San Jose. The system is being developed by \u003ca style=\"color: #551a8b\" href=\"http://www.elarms.org/\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> and the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://www.eew.caltech.edu/\">California Institute of Technology\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/\">University of Washington\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB135\">approved a bill\u003c/a> to create an early warning system. The bill requires that sensors be installed to detect earthquakes and that operators figure out a way to alert the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, ShakeAlert doesn’t have enough backing to scale up, according to Richard Allen who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley Seismological Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will cost $80 million over five years to test and deploy the system and another $12 million a year for operational costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Alaska, California experiences more earthquakes than any other state and an early warning system could provide a model for others, if it receives enough funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently there is no national early warning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/robert-t-stafford-disaster-relief-and-emergency-assistance-act-public-law-93-288-amended\">Disaster Relief Act of 1974\u003c/a>, the USGS must issue alerts and improve public safety around earthquakes. While USGS already sends rapid, automatic earthquake information via the Internet, email, text messages and social media it does not currently employ an early warning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funds to test ShakeAlert are currently provided by the Bay Area Rapid Transit System, Google, the City of San Francisco and The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. But it will take a long term financial commitment in order to keep the system running.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Andrea Aust, Lindsey Hoshaw and Jenny Oh\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have felt a jolt in the middle of the night when the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> struck at 3:20 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what causes the earth to shake and how does it happen? Well, the earth is constantly shifting and the Earth’s crust is broken up into many rocky plates, like pieces of a puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plates are constantly moving, albeit very slowly, over the softer red-hot rock of the mantle underneath. As the plates move past each other, along fault zones, they sometimes get caught and pressure builds up.[contextly_sidebar id=”1dl7hFQuHmcfskSJTBGs7WlXqlNP0jqY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the plates finally give and slip due to the increased pressure, energy is released as seismic waves, causing the ground to shake. This is an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/2012/02/INFOGRAPHIC-WITH-TEXT-v5.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-32380 size-full\" title=\"INFOGRAPHIC-WITH-TEXT-v2640\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/2012/02/INFOGRAPHIC-WITH-TEXT-v5_640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epicenter of an earthquake is determined by triangulation. This means that seismic data is needed from at least three different locations, and where this data intersects tells us the epicenter. When an earthquake occurs, it is recorded on numerous seismographs located in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seismograms at these locations show when the first seismic waves, the primary waves, arrive and then when the next waves, the secondary waves, arrive. Knowing how fast each of these waves travel, scientists can calculate how far away the epicenter was from each seismograph.[contextly_sidebar id=”sCbTjuKLIYIJi8CvAxTnpHwMHJGYRA9h”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they don’t know is the precise direction the waves came from –- the direction of the epicenter. Scientists then must use a map. Around each of three seismograph locations, a circle is drawn on the map with a radius that equals the known distance to the epicenter. These three circles intersect at a single point. This point is the location of the earthquake’s epicenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while we can pinpoint where an earthquake originated, we haven’t gotten much better at predicting them. We can detect earthquakes \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/24/uc-berkeley-early-warning-system-predicted-south-napa-earthquake/\">several seconds in advance\u003c/a> like researchers at the University of California Berkeley did for the South Napa earthquake. But we can’t predict them days or months into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we better understand how they occur we can construct buildings to withstand a certain amount of shaking and even take fault lines into account as we build new cities. Aside from that, having an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake/\">emergency kit\u003c/a> can help and perhaps one day, the early warning system will give us not just seconds but minutes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/2012/02/INFOGRAPHIC-WITH-TEXT-v5.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-32380 size-full\" title=\"INFOGRAPHIC-WITH-TEXT-v2640\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/2012/02/INFOGRAPHIC-WITH-TEXT-v5_640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epicenter of an earthquake is determined by triangulation. This means that seismic data is needed from at least three different locations, and where this data intersects tells us the epicenter. When an earthquake occurs, it is recorded on numerous seismographs located in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seismograms at these locations show when the first seismic waves, the primary waves, arrive and then when the next waves, the secondary waves, arrive. Knowing how fast each of these waves travel, scientists can calculate how far away the epicenter was from each seismograph.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they don’t know is the precise direction the waves came from –- the direction of the epicenter. Scientists then must use a map. Around each of three seismograph locations, a circle is drawn on the map with a radius that equals the known distance to the epicenter. These three circles intersect at a single point. This point is the location of the earthquake’s epicenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while we can pinpoint where an earthquake originated, we haven’t gotten much better at predicting them. We can detect earthquakes \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/24/uc-berkeley-early-warning-system-predicted-south-napa-earthquake/\">several seconds in advance\u003c/a> like researchers at the University of California Berkeley did for the South Napa earthquake. But we can’t predict them days or months into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we better understand how they occur we can construct buildings to withstand a certain amount of shaking and even take fault lines into account as we build new cities. Aside from that, having an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake/\">emergency kit\u003c/a> can help and perhaps one day, the early warning system will give us not just seconds but minutes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the Chevron refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16467\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the Chevron refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The small fire that ignited at Chevron’s Richmond refinery last month is being ruled an accident. The fire started early in the morning on July 16, and firefighters put it out in about an hour. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their report, Chevron investigators explain that the fire started during steam cleaning of a part of the refinery’s fluid catalytic cracker. That’s the part of the refinery that breaks large crude oil molecules down into smaller, more valuable ones, like gasoline and jet fuel. During the cleaning process, a valve leaked and hot crude oil leaked into a temporary hose, which failed. The oil was hot enough to catch fire without being exposed to any flames. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s investigators recommend that in the future, workers doing maintenance in that part of the refinery use hard pipes instead of hydrocarbon hose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Them using these hydrocarbon hose lines to steam the process out is normal standard practice throughout the refinery — and refineries,” said Eric Govan, an inspector with the Richmond Fire Department who is doing a separate investigation of the fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Govan said his findings, which he expects to complete next week, are similar to Chevron’s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chevron doesn’t want these fires happening any more than we do, any more than the citizens in the community of Richmond does,” he said. “So I think moving forward we’ll come to an agreement so these types of incidents don’t happen again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Govan is one of two city fire inspectors now based at Chevron’s refinery. That’s a change, implemented earlier this summer, that came out of the large fire at Chevron in 2012. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly a goal that we both have that we don’t want these kind of events to continue,” said Richmond Fire Chief Michael Banks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is also conducting an investigation, to ensure that the fire was not caused by any missed maintenance. There were no health warnings following this fire, and since no workers were injured or exposed, Cal-OSHA is not investigating. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/chevrontanks.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the Chevron refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16467\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the Chevron refinery from its wharf, where ships deliver crude oil. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The small fire that ignited at Chevron’s Richmond refinery last month is being ruled an accident. The fire started early in the morning on July 16, and firefighters put it out in about an hour. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their report, Chevron investigators explain that the fire started during steam cleaning of a part of the refinery’s fluid catalytic cracker. That’s the part of the refinery that breaks large crude oil molecules down into smaller, more valuable ones, like gasoline and jet fuel. During the cleaning process, a valve leaked and hot crude oil leaked into a temporary hose, which failed. The oil was hot enough to catch fire without being exposed to any flames. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s investigators recommend that in the future, workers doing maintenance in that part of the refinery use hard pipes instead of hydrocarbon hose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Them using these hydrocarbon hose lines to steam the process out is normal standard practice throughout the refinery — and refineries,” said Eric Govan, an inspector with the Richmond Fire Department who is doing a separate investigation of the fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Govan said his findings, which he expects to complete next week, are similar to Chevron’s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chevron doesn’t want these fires happening any more than we do, any more than the citizens in the community of Richmond does,” he said. “So I think moving forward we’ll come to an agreement so these types of incidents don’t happen again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Govan is one of two city fire inspectors now based at Chevron’s refinery. That’s a change, implemented earlier this summer, that came out of the large fire at Chevron in 2012. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly a goal that we both have that we don’t want these kind of events to continue,” said Richmond Fire Chief Michael Banks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is also conducting an investigation, to ensure that the fire was not caused by any missed maintenance. There were no health warnings following this fire, and since no workers were injured or exposed, Cal-OSHA is not investigating. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Wants to Know: Is Your Living Room Window Killing Migratory Birds?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 618px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/bird-kill-kenneth-Herdy-FLAP-2009.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20760 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/bird-kill-kenneth-Herdy-FLAP-2009.jpg\" alt=\"Birds collected after colliding with buildings in Toronto 2009. (Kenneth Herdy/FLAP Canada)\" width=\"618\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Birds collected after colliding with buildings in Toronto 2009. (Kenneth Herdy/FLAP Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tourists aren’t the only out-of-towners that flock to the city by the bay. Each year, more than 250 species of birds stop in San Francisco during their fall and spring migrations, said Judith Pynn of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengateaudubon.org/\">Golden Gate Audubon Society\u003c/a>. But birds passing through the big city on the Pacific Flyway can be thrown off by unfamiliar terrain, particularly windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They either don’t see the glass, or see a reflection and try to fly through it. “They may mistake it for a habitat [or] may see their own reflection and think it’s a rival and try to attack,” said Pynn, a resident of the Outer Sunset in San Francisco. She said a bird flew into a window in her home a few months ago. Pynn suspects that the window’s reflection of a nearby tree may have lured the bird to its death. “It’s a real hazard,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20793\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 203px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pacific_map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20793 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pacific_map.jpg\" alt=\"Hundreds of species of birds fly through San Francisco on the Pacific Flyway migration corridor. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) \" width=\"203\" height=\"374\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of species of migrant birds fly through San Francisco on the Pacific Flyway migration corridor. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the National Bird Conservatory, between 100 million and one billion birds die each year from colliding with glass windows of commercial or residential buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, San Francisco passed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/files/publications_reports/bird_safe_bldgs/Standards%20for%20Bird%20Safe%20Buildings%20-%2011-30-11.pdf\">first standards\u003c/a> in the country aimed at reducing the hazards of commercial buildings by requiring window film or lighting adjustments. Now, the San Francisco Planning Department is enlisting the help of volunteers like Pynn to measure the damage caused by residential windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a week during the fall, Pynn will walk around the perimeter of her home in search of dead or injured birds. If she finds anything, she’ll report it to the Planning Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hoping to get people excited and involved and be able to collect some really great data,” said Andrew Perry with the San Francisco Planning Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=2506#media\">Bird-Safe Buildings Project\u003c/a>. “Citizen science is a very powerful tool.” He added that participants don’t need to be hardcore birders. Residents can take pictures of birds and upload them to the web for someone else to identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city already has anecdotal evidence of residential bird collisions, Perry said, but this project will be the most extensive study of residential collisions on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city sending a clear message that it takes bird-safe buildings seriously, and it’s not just about commercial property owners,” said Cindy Margulis, Executive Director of the Golden Gate Audubon Society. This study will better inform the city’s policymakers on the hazards of residential windows, she said. “We need more science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The citywide project will be ongoing, and participants are being asked to commit to monitoring for at least one migration period. Residents who live near parks are of particular interest to the study, as birds are more likely to be concentrated in those areas. This fall’s migration period began August 15 and runs through November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those interested in monitoring their own homes can email Andrew Perry with the San Francisco Planning Department: andrew.perry@sfgov.org\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 618px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/bird-kill-kenneth-Herdy-FLAP-2009.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20760 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/bird-kill-kenneth-Herdy-FLAP-2009.jpg\" alt=\"Birds collected after colliding with buildings in Toronto 2009. (Kenneth Herdy/FLAP Canada)\" width=\"618\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Birds collected after colliding with buildings in Toronto 2009. (Kenneth Herdy/FLAP Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tourists aren’t the only out-of-towners that flock to the city by the bay. Each year, more than 250 species of birds stop in San Francisco during their fall and spring migrations, said Judith Pynn of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengateaudubon.org/\">Golden Gate Audubon Society\u003c/a>. But birds passing through the big city on the Pacific Flyway can be thrown off by unfamiliar terrain, particularly windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They either don’t see the glass, or see a reflection and try to fly through it. “They may mistake it for a habitat [or] may see their own reflection and think it’s a rival and try to attack,” said Pynn, a resident of the Outer Sunset in San Francisco. She said a bird flew into a window in her home a few months ago. Pynn suspects that the window’s reflection of a nearby tree may have lured the bird to its death. “It’s a real hazard,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20793\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 203px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pacific_map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20793 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pacific_map.jpg\" alt=\"Hundreds of species of birds fly through San Francisco on the Pacific Flyway migration corridor. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) \" width=\"203\" height=\"374\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of species of migrant birds fly through San Francisco on the Pacific Flyway migration corridor. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the National Bird Conservatory, between 100 million and one billion birds die each year from colliding with glass windows of commercial or residential buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, San Francisco passed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/files/publications_reports/bird_safe_bldgs/Standards%20for%20Bird%20Safe%20Buildings%20-%2011-30-11.pdf\">first standards\u003c/a> in the country aimed at reducing the hazards of commercial buildings by requiring window film or lighting adjustments. Now, the San Francisco Planning Department is enlisting the help of volunteers like Pynn to measure the damage caused by residential windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a week during the fall, Pynn will walk around the perimeter of her home in search of dead or injured birds. If she finds anything, she’ll report it to the Planning Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hoping to get people excited and involved and be able to collect some really great data,” said Andrew Perry with the San Francisco Planning Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=2506#media\">Bird-Safe Buildings Project\u003c/a>. “Citizen science is a very powerful tool.” He added that participants don’t need to be hardcore birders. Residents can take pictures of birds and upload them to the web for someone else to identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city already has anecdotal evidence of residential bird collisions, Perry said, but this project will be the most extensive study of residential collisions on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city sending a clear message that it takes bird-safe buildings seriously, and it’s not just about commercial property owners,” said Cindy Margulis, Executive Director of the Golden Gate Audubon Society. This study will better inform the city’s policymakers on the hazards of residential windows, she said. “We need more science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The citywide project will be ongoing, and participants are being asked to commit to monitoring for at least one migration period. Residents who live near parks are of particular interest to the study, as birds are more likely to be concentrated in those areas. This fall’s migration period began August 15 and runs through November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those interested in monitoring their own homes can email Andrew Perry with the San Francisco Planning Department: andrew.perry@sfgov.org\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Epic Drought in West Is Literally Moving Mountains",
"headTitle": "Epic Drought in West Is Literally Moving Mountains | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Bobby Magill\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/epic-drought-in-west-is-moving-mountains-17924\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is driving the Greenland Ice Sheet to melt, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-greenland-ice-melt-fuels-sea-level-rise-concerns-17187\">is contributing\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org\">sea level rise\u003c/a>. But imagine that the same amount of water melting from Greenland each year is being lost in California and the rest of the West because of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/ongoing-coverage-of-historic-drought-in-us\">epic drought\u003c/a> there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens? The land in the West begins to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS4110_aqueduct20120131-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS4110_aqueduct20120131-scr.jpg\" alt=\"With less water weighing California down, parts of the land are rising, says a new study. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"567\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20778\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With less water weighing California down, parts of the land are rising, says a new study. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, some parts of California’s mountains have been uplifted as much as 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inches) in the past 18 months because the massive amount of water lost in the drought is no longer weighing down the land, causing it to rise a bit like an uncoiled spring, a \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/severe-drought-causing-western-us-rise?hash=1c60e2ada1b6a93c03fb0e26e6f83dd4\">new study\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, scientists are now able to measure how much surface and groundwater is lost during droughts by measuring how much the land rises as it dries. Those are the conclusions of the new study published Aug. 21 in the journal Science by researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought that is devastating California and much of the West has dried the region so much that 240 gigatons worth of surface and groundwater have been lost, roughly the equivalent to a 3.9-inch layer of water over the entire West, or the annual loss of mass from the Greenland Ice Sheet, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some of California’s mountains have risen by about 0.6 inches since early 2013, the West overall has risen by an average of about 0.157 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Groundwater is a load on the Earth’s crust,” said Klaus Jacob, a seismologist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., who is unaffiliated with the study. “A load compresses the crust elastically, hence it subsides. When you take that load away (by the drought) the crust decompresses and the surface rises. From the amount of rising, one can estimate the amount of the water deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-related uplifting was discovered when researchers were analyzing data from GPS stations within the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://pbo.unavco.org\">Plate Boundary Observatory\u003c/a>. One researcher noticed that all of the GPS stations moved upward since 2003, coinciding with the timing of the current drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of the movement occurred since last year as the West’s drought has become more and more extreme, said Duncan Agnew, a professor at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC-San Diego, and a study co-author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The implications of this have yet to play out,” Agnew said. “What we’ve shown is that there is a measurement technique we can use to get a total water loss — water loss in places where we have no direct measurements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said such uplifting likely occurs in every drought, but it has never been observed before because scientists did not have the tools to detect the uplifting until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uGC1QJcQHnqwBdUMz5Xv82QK3pkdj5VE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why this study is interesting,” Agnew said. “We can use this set of tools, which were installed for a different purpose in order to monitor water changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the uplifting likely has no significant effect on earthquake potential in California and elsewhere even though loss of ground and surface water has added stress to major faults in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The total amount of stress that’s been added in the last 18 months from drought is the same amount of stress that’s added every week because of plate techtonics,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob said the study shows that the changes in the elevation of the landscape and the stress on faults are so small the effect will be extremely minor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Jacob said, the significance of the study is that it shows a new way for scientists to estimate total water loss during times of drought, which would be more difficult to estimate without being able to detect how much the land is being uplifted in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Bobby Magill\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/epic-drought-in-west-is-moving-mountains-17924\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is driving the Greenland Ice Sheet to melt, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-greenland-ice-melt-fuels-sea-level-rise-concerns-17187\">is contributing\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org\">sea level rise\u003c/a>. But imagine that the same amount of water melting from Greenland each year is being lost in California and the rest of the West because of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/ongoing-coverage-of-historic-drought-in-us\">epic drought\u003c/a> there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens? The land in the West begins to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS4110_aqueduct20120131-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS4110_aqueduct20120131-scr.jpg\" alt=\"With less water weighing California down, parts of the land are rising, says a new study. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"567\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20778\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With less water weighing California down, parts of the land are rising, says a new study. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, some parts of California’s mountains have been uplifted as much as 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inches) in the past 18 months because the massive amount of water lost in the drought is no longer weighing down the land, causing it to rise a bit like an uncoiled spring, a \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/severe-drought-causing-western-us-rise?hash=1c60e2ada1b6a93c03fb0e26e6f83dd4\">new study\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, scientists are now able to measure how much surface and groundwater is lost during droughts by measuring how much the land rises as it dries. Those are the conclusions of the new study published Aug. 21 in the journal Science by researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought that is devastating California and much of the West has dried the region so much that 240 gigatons worth of surface and groundwater have been lost, roughly the equivalent to a 3.9-inch layer of water over the entire West, or the annual loss of mass from the Greenland Ice Sheet, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some of California’s mountains have risen by about 0.6 inches since early 2013, the West overall has risen by an average of about 0.157 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Groundwater is a load on the Earth’s crust,” said Klaus Jacob, a seismologist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., who is unaffiliated with the study. “A load compresses the crust elastically, hence it subsides. When you take that load away (by the drought) the crust decompresses and the surface rises. From the amount of rising, one can estimate the amount of the water deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-related uplifting was discovered when researchers were analyzing data from GPS stations within the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://pbo.unavco.org\">Plate Boundary Observatory\u003c/a>. One researcher noticed that all of the GPS stations moved upward since 2003, coinciding with the timing of the current drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of the movement occurred since last year as the West’s drought has become more and more extreme, said Duncan Agnew, a professor at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC-San Diego, and a study co-author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The implications of this have yet to play out,” Agnew said. “What we’ve shown is that there is a measurement technique we can use to get a total water loss — water loss in places where we have no direct measurements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said such uplifting likely occurs in every drought, but it has never been observed before because scientists did not have the tools to detect the uplifting until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why this study is interesting,” Agnew said. “We can use this set of tools, which were installed for a different purpose in order to monitor water changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the uplifting likely has no significant effect on earthquake potential in California and elsewhere even though loss of ground and surface water has added stress to major faults in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The total amount of stress that’s been added in the last 18 months from drought is the same amount of stress that’s added every week because of plate techtonics,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob said the study shows that the changes in the elevation of the landscape and the stress on faults are so small the effect will be extremely minor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Jacob said, the significance of the study is that it shows a new way for scientists to estimate total water loss during times of drought, which would be more difficult to estimate without being able to detect how much the land is being uplifted in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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"soldout": {
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},
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"filters": [
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},
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"restaurantDataById": {},
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"userAgentReducer": {
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"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
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}
}
