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"title": "Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140915science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ebfC6eGZE6wvva0IQjLqdbheiT23eRrP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Environmentalists Sue Over Crude-by-Rail Safety",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\" alt=\"A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"700\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18669\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Earthjustice is suing the U.S. Department of Transportation over the safety of the rail cars used to carry crude oil to California and around the country. Old tank cars, known as DOT-111s, have been involved in a number of fiery accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Earthjustice \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2014/community-leaders-advocates-call-on-secretary-of-transportation-to-ban-use-of-hazardous-rail-cars\">asked the DOT\u003c/a> to issue an emergency order that would prohibit the use of unsafe tanks cars to carry volatile crude oil from North Dakota’s Bakken formation. Now the group is \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Petition-for-Writ-of-Mandamus.pdf\">suing\u003c/a>, saying transportation officials never responded to that petition. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOT has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/23/feds-propose-new-safety-rules-for-oil-trains/\">proposed regulations\u003c/a> that would eventually replace the unsafe cars. But it could take years for those rules to phase in, said Patti Goldman, an attorney at Earthjustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would still allow these railcars to be shipping crude oil and hazardous materials for about four more years,” she said. “And that’s just too long to expose the public to these types of risks.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice filed the lawsuit with the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on behalf of the Sierra Club and ForestEthics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last July, a train carrying Bakken crude exploded in Quebec, killing 47 people in the town of Lac-Mégantic. In response, Canada is starting to phase out the oldest tank cars. But that concerns Goldman, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst tank cars are likely to shift from the Canadian fleet to the U.S. fleet,” she said, “unless the secretary of transportation acts [to ban them].” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an investigation earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX discovered\u003c/a> that crude oil was being transported to a rail yard in Richmond. The tank cars, according to KPIX, were DOT-111s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two other proposed crude-by-rail terminals in the Bay Area. One in Pittsburg is currently on hold, and one in Benicia, at the Valero refinery. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BFDE9A332-542E-44C1-BBD0-A94C288675FD%7D\">public comment\u003c/a> period on the Valero project closes September 15. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the Kern County Board of Supervisors unanimously approved what will be California’s largest crude-by-rail facility. Officials involved with that project say they will use newer, safer cars, not DOT-111s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the DOT’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration said the agency does not comment on pending or active litigation. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\" alt=\"A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"700\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18669\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Earthjustice is suing the U.S. Department of Transportation over the safety of the rail cars used to carry crude oil to California and around the country. Old tank cars, known as DOT-111s, have been involved in a number of fiery accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Earthjustice \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2014/community-leaders-advocates-call-on-secretary-of-transportation-to-ban-use-of-hazardous-rail-cars\">asked the DOT\u003c/a> to issue an emergency order that would prohibit the use of unsafe tanks cars to carry volatile crude oil from North Dakota’s Bakken formation. Now the group is \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Petition-for-Writ-of-Mandamus.pdf\">suing\u003c/a>, saying transportation officials never responded to that petition. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOT has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/23/feds-propose-new-safety-rules-for-oil-trains/\">proposed regulations\u003c/a> that would eventually replace the unsafe cars. But it could take years for those rules to phase in, said Patti Goldman, an attorney at Earthjustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would still allow these railcars to be shipping crude oil and hazardous materials for about four more years,” she said. “And that’s just too long to expose the public to these types of risks.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice filed the lawsuit with the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on behalf of the Sierra Club and ForestEthics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last July, a train carrying Bakken crude exploded in Quebec, killing 47 people in the town of Lac-Mégantic. In response, Canada is starting to phase out the oldest tank cars. But that concerns Goldman, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst tank cars are likely to shift from the Canadian fleet to the U.S. fleet,” she said, “unless the secretary of transportation acts [to ban them].” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an investigation earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX discovered\u003c/a> that crude oil was being transported to a rail yard in Richmond. The tank cars, according to KPIX, were DOT-111s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two other proposed crude-by-rail terminals in the Bay Area. One in Pittsburg is currently on hold, and one in Benicia, at the Valero refinery. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BFDE9A332-542E-44C1-BBD0-A94C288675FD%7D\">public comment\u003c/a> period on the Valero project closes September 15. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the Kern County Board of Supervisors unanimously approved what will be California’s largest crude-by-rail facility. Officials involved with that project say they will use newer, safer cars, not DOT-111s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the DOT’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration said the agency does not comment on pending or active litigation. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Plans Nation’s Most Detailed Sea Level Database",
"headTitle": "California Plans Nation’s Most Detailed Sea Level Database | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-gets-serious-about-rising-seas-18010\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21577\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you’ve got tens of millions of people living close to more than 1,000 miles of coastline, it could help to closely track the slews of steps being taken to protect homes, ports, roads and other infrastructure from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is in California, a broad and densely populated state where powerful tectonic and hydrologic forces have sculpted elaborate coastal, bayfront and estuarine landscapes. To help adapt to the increased flood risks affecting people and property in these landscapes, the Golden State is about to compile the nation’s most elaborate sea level rise planning database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task won’t be easy. California’s bureaucracy can be as bewildering as its hydrology. Which is one of the reasons its lawmakers are directing a single agency to gather information from cities, counties, airports, utilities and other companies, and a long list of state departments about sea level rise adaptation plans, and to consolidate them into a new online database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that there’s more than $36 billion worth of property within less than three feet of the state’s current high tide lines, and given the vulnerabilities of San Francisco Bay, which connects the Pacific Ocean with waterways that stretch into the agriculturally productive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the groundbreaking effort could seem as overdue as the much-anticipated El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows us to be far more efficient in our work on sea level rise,” said Assemblyman Richard Gordon (D), author of Assembly Bill 2516, which directs the California Natural Resources Agency to do the work. The bill has been passed by the state assembly and senate, largely along party lines, with Democrats supporting it and Republicans opposing. It’s awaiting a signature from Gov. Jerry Brown (D).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is signed, various public agencies and private entities will have until next summer to provide their sea level rise plans, vulnerability assessments, scientific findings, inundation maps and related information to the Natural Resources Agency. That agency would be required to produce the database by the start of 2016. The work would be funded out of the agency’s existing budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gordon chaired a committee that held four hearings on the impacts and risks of rising seas. Last month, the committee published a report, Sea-Level Rise: a Slow-Moving Emergency, detailing its findings. Better coordination of sea level rise planning was among the report’s many recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We received information from local governments, state agencies and others about work that was underway” to adapt to rising seas, Gordon said. “One of the things that struck us the most was that often these efforts were being done in isolation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible to say just how much more water is on its way for the water-flanked state, but there’s no doubt that it is coming. The state’s Ocean Protection Council last year urged other departments and offices to brace for about three feet of sea level rise this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no community that touches the sea that will not be impacted,” Gordon said. “We also have a very large inland coastal area surrounding the San Francisco Bay. All of these areas are in jeopardy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration is a popular tool being used in California to adapt to rising seas. Thanks in part to the natural growth of plants and the natural shoreline accumulation of drifting sediment, these ecosystems can grow vertically along with rising water levels. And they can buffer storm surges, protecting nearby property. But, as an example of how the new database could prove useful, Gordon said coastal managers aren’t always aware of the wetland restoration work underway in other parts of the state. The new database would help them share tips and information on best practices among themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also of concern to the committee were those areas and governments within the state that aren’t yet bracing for rising seas. Gordon said the new database would help identify preparedness gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can focus attention on those communities that are not yet thinking about this; not preparing,” Gordon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was opposed by most of the legislature’s Republicans, who questioned the magnitude of the dangers posed by sea level rise, with a party analysis stating that less than an inch of sea level rise was likely this century. They said the bill would impose costly reporting requirements upon municipalities. The analysis said the bill “appears to try and shame cities and counties” that aren’t preparing for rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Grannis, the Adaptation Program Manager at the Georgetown Climate Center, which is based at Georgetown Law, however, said the database would be useful for officials — and for the public and climate experts in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty novel, in that it attempts to coordinate coastal management, especially in a state as large as California,” Grannis said. “It’s really hard to tell from existing publicly available information what’s going on — particularly when you have so many local jurisdictions and state agencies working on the issue. It’ll be nice to have a one-stop shop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other states are also making efforts to coordinate planning for sea level rise. And New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut require sea level rise to be considered by coastal planners. But Grannis said California’s legislation goes further than any other state when it comes to consolidating information about sea level rise adaptation efforts. “I think it will be hugely useful,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-gets-serious-about-rising-seas-18010\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21577\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you’ve got tens of millions of people living close to more than 1,000 miles of coastline, it could help to closely track the slews of steps being taken to protect homes, ports, roads and other infrastructure from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is in California, a broad and densely populated state where powerful tectonic and hydrologic forces have sculpted elaborate coastal, bayfront and estuarine landscapes. To help adapt to the increased flood risks affecting people and property in these landscapes, the Golden State is about to compile the nation’s most elaborate sea level rise planning database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task won’t be easy. California’s bureaucracy can be as bewildering as its hydrology. Which is one of the reasons its lawmakers are directing a single agency to gather information from cities, counties, airports, utilities and other companies, and a long list of state departments about sea level rise adaptation plans, and to consolidate them into a new online database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that there’s more than $36 billion worth of property within less than three feet of the state’s current high tide lines, and given the vulnerabilities of San Francisco Bay, which connects the Pacific Ocean with waterways that stretch into the agriculturally productive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the groundbreaking effort could seem as overdue as the much-anticipated El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows us to be far more efficient in our work on sea level rise,” said Assemblyman Richard Gordon (D), author of Assembly Bill 2516, which directs the California Natural Resources Agency to do the work. The bill has been passed by the state assembly and senate, largely along party lines, with Democrats supporting it and Republicans opposing. It’s awaiting a signature from Gov. Jerry Brown (D).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is signed, various public agencies and private entities will have until next summer to provide their sea level rise plans, vulnerability assessments, scientific findings, inundation maps and related information to the Natural Resources Agency. That agency would be required to produce the database by the start of 2016. The work would be funded out of the agency’s existing budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gordon chaired a committee that held four hearings on the impacts and risks of rising seas. Last month, the committee published a report, Sea-Level Rise: a Slow-Moving Emergency, detailing its findings. Better coordination of sea level rise planning was among the report’s many recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We received information from local governments, state agencies and others about work that was underway” to adapt to rising seas, Gordon said. “One of the things that struck us the most was that often these efforts were being done in isolation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible to say just how much more water is on its way for the water-flanked state, but there’s no doubt that it is coming. The state’s Ocean Protection Council last year urged other departments and offices to brace for about three feet of sea level rise this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no community that touches the sea that will not be impacted,” Gordon said. “We also have a very large inland coastal area surrounding the San Francisco Bay. All of these areas are in jeopardy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration is a popular tool being used in California to adapt to rising seas. Thanks in part to the natural growth of plants and the natural shoreline accumulation of drifting sediment, these ecosystems can grow vertically along with rising water levels. And they can buffer storm surges, protecting nearby property. But, as an example of how the new database could prove useful, Gordon said coastal managers aren’t always aware of the wetland restoration work underway in other parts of the state. The new database would help them share tips and information on best practices among themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also of concern to the committee were those areas and governments within the state that aren’t yet bracing for rising seas. Gordon said the new database would help identify preparedness gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can focus attention on those communities that are not yet thinking about this; not preparing,” Gordon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was opposed by most of the legislature’s Republicans, who questioned the magnitude of the dangers posed by sea level rise, with a party analysis stating that less than an inch of sea level rise was likely this century. They said the bill would impose costly reporting requirements upon municipalities. The analysis said the bill “appears to try and shame cities and counties” that aren’t preparing for rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Grannis, the Adaptation Program Manager at the Georgetown Climate Center, which is based at Georgetown Law, however, said the database would be useful for officials — and for the public and climate experts in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty novel, in that it attempts to coordinate coastal management, especially in a state as large as California,” Grannis said. “It’s really hard to tell from existing publicly available information what’s going on — particularly when you have so many local jurisdictions and state agencies working on the issue. It’ll be nice to have a one-stop shop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other states are also making efforts to coordinate planning for sea level rise. And New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut require sea level rise to be considered by coastal planners. But Grannis said California’s legislation goes further than any other state when it comes to consolidating information about sea level rise adaptation efforts. “I think it will be hugely useful,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Apple Jumps Into Health Monitoring With New Watch",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 976px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\" alt=\"The Apple Watch marks Apple's first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Apple)\" width=\"976\" height=\"588\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apple Watch marks Apple’s first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Courtesy of Apple)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple has unveiled its first new gadget in four years, the Apple Watch. The company is billing the device as a health-and-fitness tool with smartphone capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a much anticipated event in Cupertino Tuesday, Apple also unveiled a new payment system aimed at making it easier to make purchases using your phone, and new iPhones with larger screens. But the watch seems to have upstaged the company’s new big phones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/167015639&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is a little late to the party when it comes to smart watches. Samsung and other companies have had devices on the market for years. But, in typical Apple fashion, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apple Watch\u003c/a> looks a lot better than other smart watches and has some interesting offerings: It can receive phone calls and messages, play music, control your Apple TV, access maps, utilize Apple’s new payment system, access Siri voice command and monitor heart rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are out running and you want to buy a latte. With Apple’s new watch, it sounds like you can use a map to find a coffee place, swipe the watch face to buy your latte and then monitor your rising caffeine-induced heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The design has a sapphire glass display, a rectangle face with curved corners, and comes in several watch face and band styles. The watch starts at $350, which is $50 higher than the average smart watch, and its high-end version, which includes 18-carat gold, will go for much, much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the right of the watch is a knob that can be used to zoom and scroll through the interface on the display. But design is really Apple’s thing so it’s not a big surprise the watch looks pretty good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is new for Apple is its entrance into the multibillion-dollar mobile health industry. The Apple Watch contains several sensors, including an accelerometer, heart-rate monitor and gyroscope to track your activities. A fitness app will track all your movements and you can customize goals and monitor activities, not that much different from some of the other wearables on the market like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fitbit\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://jawbone.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jawbone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other health bands and smart watches, Apple is partnering with large medical record companies and health care providers as it makes a push into the mobile health care market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, Apple is trying to change the health care landscape the way it disrupted the music industry with the iPod. But sharing health information is more complex than sharing music, and this new step raises a lot of thorny privacy issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The watch, which has to be connected to an iPhone to take advantage of its capabilities, will be available early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 976px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\" alt=\"The Apple Watch marks Apple's first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Apple)\" width=\"976\" height=\"588\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apple Watch marks Apple’s first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Courtesy of Apple)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple has unveiled its first new gadget in four years, the Apple Watch. The company is billing the device as a health-and-fitness tool with smartphone capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a much anticipated event in Cupertino Tuesday, Apple also unveiled a new payment system aimed at making it easier to make purchases using your phone, and new iPhones with larger screens. But the watch seems to have upstaged the company’s new big phones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/167015639&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is a little late to the party when it comes to smart watches. Samsung and other companies have had devices on the market for years. But, in typical Apple fashion, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apple Watch\u003c/a> looks a lot better than other smart watches and has some interesting offerings: It can receive phone calls and messages, play music, control your Apple TV, access maps, utilize Apple’s new payment system, access Siri voice command and monitor heart rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are out running and you want to buy a latte. With Apple’s new watch, it sounds like you can use a map to find a coffee place, swipe the watch face to buy your latte and then monitor your rising caffeine-induced heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The design has a sapphire glass display, a rectangle face with curved corners, and comes in several watch face and band styles. The watch starts at $350, which is $50 higher than the average smart watch, and its high-end version, which includes 18-carat gold, will go for much, much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the right of the watch is a knob that can be used to zoom and scroll through the interface on the display. But design is really Apple’s thing so it’s not a big surprise the watch looks pretty good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is new for Apple is its entrance into the multibillion-dollar mobile health industry. The Apple Watch contains several sensors, including an accelerometer, heart-rate monitor and gyroscope to track your activities. A fitness app will track all your movements and you can customize goals and monitor activities, not that much different from some of the other wearables on the market like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fitbit\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://jawbone.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jawbone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other health bands and smart watches, Apple is partnering with large medical record companies and health care providers as it makes a push into the mobile health care market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, Apple is trying to change the health care landscape the way it disrupted the music industry with the iPod. But sharing health information is more complex than sharing music, and this new step raises a lot of thorny privacy issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The watch, which has to be connected to an iPhone to take advantage of its capabilities, will be available early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Quake-Revived Streams Could Keep Flowing for a While",
"headTitle": "Quake-Revived Streams Could Keep Flowing for a While | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_wide_4915.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_wide_4915.jpg\" alt=\"Dry Creek in the west Napa Valley was bone-dry when the quake struck, but sprang back to life three days afterward. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dry Creek in the west Napa Valley was bone-dry when the quake struck, but sprang to life three days later. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, Dry Creek, just west of Napa, lives up to its name this time of year. But three days after the South Napa Earthquake, it suddenly sprang to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was completely dry and right now it’s running at the rate that we’d normally see in May or so,” said Garrett Buckland, overlooking a stretch of the creek about 2.5 miles above where it empties into the Napa River. Buckland is a vineyard consultant who pays close attention to the hydrology of the Napa Valley. In September, he said, Dry Creek doesn’t usually make it as far as the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he started hearing the sound of moving water shortly after the magnitude-6.0 temblor, Buckland said he wasn’t entirely surprised; he said the same thing happened after a 4.9 temblor near here in 2000. Based on that experience, Buckland was willing to make a prediction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”2PiNvzNzd7sL8IuJr3cHhhBSSlxRgtHY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will continue to flow all the way until it dries up next year,” he ventured. “All those changes in cracks and adjustments to the fissures all across this area are really just releasing a ton of really, really cold, crisp, clean groundwater, basically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resurgence of Dry Creek is just one of \u003ca title=\"Press-Dem - post\" href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/home/2655382-181/napa-quake-jumpstarts-stream-flows\">many similar stories\u003c/a> that have arisen since the August 24 quake that struck the Napa Valley and damaged buildings in at least three significant North Bay cities. But the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/02/napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps/\">underground dynamics\u003c/a> that started it all are complicated and not nearly as clear as the crystalline water bubbling up from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as elusive is the question of how long it will last. Geologists say this is a common occurrence following earthquakes and doesn’t often last more than a matter of weeks. But there are some optimists out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These ephemerals are flowing across the entire Mayacama Range (the western Napa Valley slope),” hydrologist Robert Shibatani, who toured the area last week, wrote in an email to KQED. “Nor is it necessarily a temporary event; streams are still running two weeks after the temblor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shibatani surmises that on the west side of Napa Valley, the quake didn’t create new springs so much as it opened new connections between underground aquifers, creating a fresh supply for existing springs. If so, these new \u003ca title=\"SFC - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Surprise-bonanza-since-Napa-quake-dry-creeks-now-5739098.php#page-1\">flows could continue\u003c/a> into the rainy season — but there’s really no way to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_riffle_4912.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21457\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_riffle_4912.jpg\" alt=\"One hydrologist estimates the flow rates on some quake-revived streams could be significant in view of the current drought. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One hydrologist estimates the flow rates on some quake-revived streams could be significant in view of the current drought. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These flows could represent new base flows, which would be a significant enhancement to overall water supply yield to this area of northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that gives Shibatani hope of some permanence is the volume of water he’s seen — up to 10 or 12 cubic feet per second, which, over the course of a year, would be enough to supply thousands of typical households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That kind of volume is considerable given the state of our current drought,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There remain some slippery questions, such as whether upstream wells might start running dry, and ultimately, to whom this wet new windfall belongs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a ‘natural’ stream flow (albeit new), initial indications [from state water regulators] are that they would be considered ‘riparian’ rights and permissible for diversion,” says Shibatani. “I think that someone needs to really get a sense of the overall scale of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Buckland, who grew up virtually on the banks of Dry Creek, a spawning stream for salmon and steelhead, he’s just happy to see it running with such gusto at the driest time of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopefully this is something that’ll really help out our fishery,” he says, “but it’s amazing what nature can do for us.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_wide_4915.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_wide_4915.jpg\" alt=\"Dry Creek in the west Napa Valley was bone-dry when the quake struck, but sprang back to life three days afterward. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dry Creek in the west Napa Valley was bone-dry when the quake struck, but sprang to life three days later. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, Dry Creek, just west of Napa, lives up to its name this time of year. But three days after the South Napa Earthquake, it suddenly sprang to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was completely dry and right now it’s running at the rate that we’d normally see in May or so,” said Garrett Buckland, overlooking a stretch of the creek about 2.5 miles above where it empties into the Napa River. Buckland is a vineyard consultant who pays close attention to the hydrology of the Napa Valley. In September, he said, Dry Creek doesn’t usually make it as far as the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he started hearing the sound of moving water shortly after the magnitude-6.0 temblor, Buckland said he wasn’t entirely surprised; he said the same thing happened after a 4.9 temblor near here in 2000. Based on that experience, Buckland was willing to make a prediction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will continue to flow all the way until it dries up next year,” he ventured. “All those changes in cracks and adjustments to the fissures all across this area are really just releasing a ton of really, really cold, crisp, clean groundwater, basically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resurgence of Dry Creek is just one of \u003ca title=\"Press-Dem - post\" href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/home/2655382-181/napa-quake-jumpstarts-stream-flows\">many similar stories\u003c/a> that have arisen since the August 24 quake that struck the Napa Valley and damaged buildings in at least three significant North Bay cities. But the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/02/napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps/\">underground dynamics\u003c/a> that started it all are complicated and not nearly as clear as the crystalline water bubbling up from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as elusive is the question of how long it will last. Geologists say this is a common occurrence following earthquakes and doesn’t often last more than a matter of weeks. But there are some optimists out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These ephemerals are flowing across the entire Mayacama Range (the western Napa Valley slope),” hydrologist Robert Shibatani, who toured the area last week, wrote in an email to KQED. “Nor is it necessarily a temporary event; streams are still running two weeks after the temblor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shibatani surmises that on the west side of Napa Valley, the quake didn’t create new springs so much as it opened new connections between underground aquifers, creating a fresh supply for existing springs. If so, these new \u003ca title=\"SFC - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Surprise-bonanza-since-Napa-quake-dry-creeks-now-5739098.php#page-1\">flows could continue\u003c/a> into the rainy season — but there’s really no way to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_riffle_4912.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21457\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_riffle_4912.jpg\" alt=\"One hydrologist estimates the flow rates on some quake-revived streams could be significant in view of the current drought. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One hydrologist estimates the flow rates on some quake-revived streams could be significant in view of the current drought. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These flows could represent new base flows, which would be a significant enhancement to overall water supply yield to this area of northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that gives Shibatani hope of some permanence is the volume of water he’s seen — up to 10 or 12 cubic feet per second, which, over the course of a year, would be enough to supply thousands of typical households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That kind of volume is considerable given the state of our current drought,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There remain some slippery questions, such as whether upstream wells might start running dry, and ultimately, to whom this wet new windfall belongs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a ‘natural’ stream flow (albeit new), initial indications [from state water regulators] are that they would be considered ‘riparian’ rights and permissible for diversion,” says Shibatani. “I think that someone needs to really get a sense of the overall scale of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Buckland, who grew up virtually on the banks of Dry Creek, a spawning stream for salmon and steelhead, he’s just happy to see it running with such gusto at the driest time of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopefully this is something that’ll really help out our fishery,” he says, “but it’s amazing what nature can do for us.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21461\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Next-10-water-allocation-game-e1410223541561.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21461 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Next-10-water-allocation-game-e1410223541561.jpg\" alt=\"Next 10 water allocation game\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED Science)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’ve watched your neighbor “watering her sidewalk” or wrung your hands at the sight of agricultural runoff, now is your chance to allocate the state’s water resources. A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawaterchallenge.org/\">online game \u003c/a>lets California residents control the state’s water — virtually, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From desalination investment to mandatory water reductions, the California Water Challenge lets users choose a range of outcomes and see how others voted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Price tags are attached to decisions, which have varying effects on energy consumption and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choosing to build a new reservoir, for example, not only costs $236 million per year, but it can also harm local ecosystems and may result in the loss of property tax revenue to local governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/California-water-game.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-21491\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/California-water-game-1024x697.jpg\" alt=\"California water game\" width=\"625\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>During the worst drought in the state’s recorded history, \u003ca href=\"http://www.next10.org/about\">Next 10\u003c/a>, the non-profit that created the game, believes making difficult decisions will help people understand the extent of the drought. Next 10 is backed by venture capitalist F. Noel Perry, who also serves on the leadership council for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=434\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local water agencies across the state are issuing alerts for conservation and some are even placing mandatory restrictions on water use,” said Perry in a pre-launch release. “This problem is not going away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game follows the lead of “you-fix-it” games like the New York Times’ popular \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/13/weekinreview/deficits-graphic.html\">Budget Puzzle\u003c/a>, which asked citizens to balance the federal budget in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These games often expose gaps in knowledge or reveal underlying assumptions about government spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a generation of millennials, they also speak a familiar language. “Games are fast becoming the defining metaphor of our time,” Peter T. Coleman, professor of psychology and education at Columbia University told \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-five-percent/201301/the-consequences-our-games\">Psychology Today\u003c/a>. “How we think about, see and engage our world is largely determined by the metaphors we use to make sense of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Californians, this game may be a way to talk about a potentially eye-glazing issue with no easy solution. The game’s developers hope that being at the reins, even for five minutes, might usher in a sense of urgency and understanding about a new reality setting in for California.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21461\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Next-10-water-allocation-game-e1410223541561.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21461 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Next-10-water-allocation-game-e1410223541561.jpg\" alt=\"Next 10 water allocation game\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED Science)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’ve watched your neighbor “watering her sidewalk” or wrung your hands at the sight of agricultural runoff, now is your chance to allocate the state’s water resources. A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawaterchallenge.org/\">online game \u003c/a>lets California residents control the state’s water — virtually, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From desalination investment to mandatory water reductions, the California Water Challenge lets users choose a range of outcomes and see how others voted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Price tags are attached to decisions, which have varying effects on energy consumption and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choosing to build a new reservoir, for example, not only costs $236 million per year, but it can also harm local ecosystems and may result in the loss of property tax revenue to local governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/California-water-game.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-21491\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/California-water-game-1024x697.jpg\" alt=\"California water game\" width=\"625\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>During the worst drought in the state’s recorded history, \u003ca href=\"http://www.next10.org/about\">Next 10\u003c/a>, the non-profit that created the game, believes making difficult decisions will help people understand the extent of the drought. Next 10 is backed by venture capitalist F. Noel Perry, who also serves on the leadership council for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=434\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local water agencies across the state are issuing alerts for conservation and some are even placing mandatory restrictions on water use,” said Perry in a pre-launch release. “This problem is not going away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game follows the lead of “you-fix-it” games like the New York Times’ popular \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/13/weekinreview/deficits-graphic.html\">Budget Puzzle\u003c/a>, which asked citizens to balance the federal budget in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These games often expose gaps in knowledge or reveal underlying assumptions about government spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a generation of millennials, they also speak a familiar language. “Games are fast becoming the defining metaphor of our time,” Peter T. Coleman, professor of psychology and education at Columbia University told \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-five-percent/201301/the-consequences-our-games\">Psychology Today\u003c/a>. “How we think about, see and engage our world is largely determined by the metaphors we use to make sense of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Californians, this game may be a way to talk about a potentially eye-glazing issue with no easy solution. The game’s developers hope that being at the reins, even for five minutes, might usher in a sense of urgency and understanding about a new reality setting in for California.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Aquaculture Companies Explore Sustainable Fish Farming",
"headTitle": "California Aquaculture Companies Explore Sustainable Fish Farming | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Chris Richard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21430\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture1-1024x685.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21430\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture1-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\"David Rosenstein’s Los Angeles-based Evo Farm uses aquaponics, which combines hydroponics and fish farming. (Chris Richard/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"685\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Rosenstein’s Los Angeles-based Evo Farm uses aquaponics, which combines hydroponics and fish farming. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the past 20 years, fish farm production worldwide has quadrupled. According to United Nations estimates, it’s on a pace to account for half of the world’s total fish catch by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of the farm-produced seafood consumed in this country is imported, much of it from Asia, and that has raised concerns about environmental and public health regulation at overseas fish farms. Now some California aquaculture businesses are pitching environmentally friendly ways to bring more business here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has some of the strictest environmental protection laws for fish farming in the country. But so far, the state’s aquaculture industry is embryonic. It added up to just $175 million in total value last year, said Randy Lovell, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife aquaculture coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There’s nothing that we’ll be putting in to the ocean that’s not already there.’\u003ccite>— Phil Cruver, Catalina Sea Ranch\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Catalina Sea Ranch spent more than two years convincing the California Coastal Commission that it can operate in a stretch of ocean about 6 miles offshore from Long Beach without hurting the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Company president Phil Cruver says he’s ready to make good on his promises. At a recent press event, he displayed an array of buoy-mounted monitors that will transmit data from the farm site in real time, using an ocean-going cellular phone network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing that we’ll be putting in to the ocean that’s not already there,” he said. “We’re going to show on 100 acres, independent institutions, that offshore aquaculture is not detrimental to the environmental health of the oceans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from the Sea Ranch monitors will be freely available to researchers, and regulators will track it to determine if operations there have caused environmental harm, Cruver said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/166814178&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he’s well on the way to the $5 million he needs to fund the project, which will be located on the San Pedro shelf. There, cold, nutrient-rich water rises from the depths further out. In October, Cruver plans to set out 40 heavy ropes packed with baby mussels, suspended from buoys and anchored to the sea floor. Next June, he expects to harvest his first crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the big concerns about fish farming is that farm stock might gobble food that the wild population needs or foul the water with waste. Cruver say his university research partners will monitor the waters around the Sea Ranch and he’ll take their direction to keep the ecosystem safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the company’s shore-based breeding tanks, Cruver hopes to grow his own food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’ll use technology developed by Los Angeles-based OriginOil. The company’s research director, Nick Eckelberry, brought an aquarium-sized tank of murky green water to the Sea Ranch press event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21435\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture7-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21435\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture7-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"One of OriginOil’s algae-skimming machines already is in use at a tilapia farm in the Mojave Desert community of Thermal. (Courtesy of OriginOil)\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of OriginOil’s algae-skimming machines already is in use at a tilapia farm in the Mojave Desert community of Thermal. (Courtesy of OriginOil)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To show how his system works, Eckelberry flipped a switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, a ghostly cloud of tiny bubbles rose to the surface. The bubbles were oxygen and hydrogen gas, the remnants of water molecules broken up by the electric charge and carrying particles of algae with them as they surfaced. An automated comb swept the water, collecting a pea-soup paste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eckelberry says that paste makes good feed for baby mussels and other farmed seafood, too. Right now, fish farms rely on feed made from ground-up anchovies, sardines and mackerel, and that can deplete ocean ecosystems. Eckelberry says algae-based food is a good alternative, but making it has required energy-hungry centrifuges. Until now. He says his process makes algae-based food affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is that you typically have a lot of water and a little bit of algae, and the question is, ‘How do you get the algae out affordably?’ Eckelberry said. “Almost serendipitously, that is what this system does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eckelberry said another alternate food based on soy costs more than times what he’ll have to charge for his algae-based fish chow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lovell, the state aquaculture coordinator, said the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has conducted broad research in alternative feeds in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture8-1024x685.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21438\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture8-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\"OriginOil turns algae into fish chow. Company research director Nick Eckelberry says the food has comparable nutritive value to soy-based feed, but is much cheaper. (Chris Richard/KQED)\" width=\"320\" height=\"214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OriginOil turns algae into fish chow. Company research director Nick Eckelberry says the food has comparable nutritive value to soy-based feed, but is much cheaper. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Typically, fish farms have an additional problem: how to dispose of toxic bio waste. Twenty miles north of the Sea Ranch headquarters, another entrepreneur is working on a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Rosenstein slides open a greenhouse door. There are lush plantings of bok choy, red Russian kale, basil, Bavarian lettuce, celery and more, all growing in water, like a conventional hydroponics operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a corner, there are two large tanks full of water. Rosenstein reaches into one with a net.\u003cbr>\n“I know. Hold on, guys,” he murmurs into the tank. There’s a little splash, then a flurry, with water flying in all directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hold on! One second, please!” Rosenstein pleads, but the struggle just gets fiercer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, dripping with water and panting slightly, Rosenstein holds up a 5-pound catfish in the net for a second. It thrashes free and plunges back into the depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenstein’s greenhouse uses aquaponics, which blends hydroponics and fish farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another farmer would have to worry about disposing of fecal material. Not Rosenstein, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All his waste streams, which he currently pays top dollar to become EPA-compliant, is something I do naturally within the system,” Rosenstein said. “His dollar stops at the point where he harvests his fish. But mine continues. Because I’m doing this system, it’s not a cost. It’s part of the design of the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘How do we use every drop of precious water to maximize the value that comes out of that?’\u003ccite>— Karen Ross, California Department of Food and Agriculture\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He composts the waste, turning it into fertilizer for his plants, which in turn helps to purify the water for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lovell said he’s intrigued by such models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of attraction to it because of the closing of the cycle, the sharing of nutrients between fish and plants. It pushes a lot of buttons that make a lot of sense, myself included,” he said. “However, many of the people who are involved in aquaponics are making a fair amount of their money by training other people to do it. There aren’t very many commercial-scale aquaponics companies that are making their money on the production itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, California Department of Food and Agriculture Secretary Karen Ross said she sees a lot of promise in the approach\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at these systems, a lot of them are recycling water, which is really one of the keys, is, ‘How do we use every drop of precious water to maximize the value that comes out of that?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross said a growing sense of urgency over the depletion of wild fish stocks, coupled with the current drought, has state and federal agencies studying environmentally friendly aquaculture. And she knows of several investors who are preparing to launch more such projects.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Chris Richard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21430\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture1-1024x685.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21430\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture1-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\"David Rosenstein’s Los Angeles-based Evo Farm uses aquaponics, which combines hydroponics and fish farming. (Chris Richard/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"685\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Rosenstein’s Los Angeles-based Evo Farm uses aquaponics, which combines hydroponics and fish farming. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the past 20 years, fish farm production worldwide has quadrupled. According to United Nations estimates, it’s on a pace to account for half of the world’s total fish catch by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of the farm-produced seafood consumed in this country is imported, much of it from Asia, and that has raised concerns about environmental and public health regulation at overseas fish farms. Now some California aquaculture businesses are pitching environmentally friendly ways to bring more business here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has some of the strictest environmental protection laws for fish farming in the country. But so far, the state’s aquaculture industry is embryonic. It added up to just $175 million in total value last year, said Randy Lovell, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife aquaculture coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There’s nothing that we’ll be putting in to the ocean that’s not already there.’\u003ccite>— Phil Cruver, Catalina Sea Ranch\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Catalina Sea Ranch spent more than two years convincing the California Coastal Commission that it can operate in a stretch of ocean about 6 miles offshore from Long Beach without hurting the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Company president Phil Cruver says he’s ready to make good on his promises. At a recent press event, he displayed an array of buoy-mounted monitors that will transmit data from the farm site in real time, using an ocean-going cellular phone network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing that we’ll be putting in to the ocean that’s not already there,” he said. “We’re going to show on 100 acres, independent institutions, that offshore aquaculture is not detrimental to the environmental health of the oceans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from the Sea Ranch monitors will be freely available to researchers, and regulators will track it to determine if operations there have caused environmental harm, Cruver said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/166814178&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he’s well on the way to the $5 million he needs to fund the project, which will be located on the San Pedro shelf. There, cold, nutrient-rich water rises from the depths further out. In October, Cruver plans to set out 40 heavy ropes packed with baby mussels, suspended from buoys and anchored to the sea floor. Next June, he expects to harvest his first crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the big concerns about fish farming is that farm stock might gobble food that the wild population needs or foul the water with waste. Cruver say his university research partners will monitor the waters around the Sea Ranch and he’ll take their direction to keep the ecosystem safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the company’s shore-based breeding tanks, Cruver hopes to grow his own food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’ll use technology developed by Los Angeles-based OriginOil. The company’s research director, Nick Eckelberry, brought an aquarium-sized tank of murky green water to the Sea Ranch press event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21435\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture7-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21435\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture7-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"One of OriginOil’s algae-skimming machines already is in use at a tilapia farm in the Mojave Desert community of Thermal. (Courtesy of OriginOil)\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of OriginOil’s algae-skimming machines already is in use at a tilapia farm in the Mojave Desert community of Thermal. (Courtesy of OriginOil)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To show how his system works, Eckelberry flipped a switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, a ghostly cloud of tiny bubbles rose to the surface. The bubbles were oxygen and hydrogen gas, the remnants of water molecules broken up by the electric charge and carrying particles of algae with them as they surfaced. An automated comb swept the water, collecting a pea-soup paste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eckelberry says that paste makes good feed for baby mussels and other farmed seafood, too. Right now, fish farms rely on feed made from ground-up anchovies, sardines and mackerel, and that can deplete ocean ecosystems. Eckelberry says algae-based food is a good alternative, but making it has required energy-hungry centrifuges. Until now. He says his process makes algae-based food affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is that you typically have a lot of water and a little bit of algae, and the question is, ‘How do you get the algae out affordably?’ Eckelberry said. “Almost serendipitously, that is what this system does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eckelberry said another alternate food based on soy costs more than times what he’ll have to charge for his algae-based fish chow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lovell, the state aquaculture coordinator, said the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has conducted broad research in alternative feeds in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture8-1024x685.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21438\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/aquaculture8-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\"OriginOil turns algae into fish chow. Company research director Nick Eckelberry says the food has comparable nutritive value to soy-based feed, but is much cheaper. (Chris Richard/KQED)\" width=\"320\" height=\"214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OriginOil turns algae into fish chow. Company research director Nick Eckelberry says the food has comparable nutritive value to soy-based feed, but is much cheaper. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Typically, fish farms have an additional problem: how to dispose of toxic bio waste. Twenty miles north of the Sea Ranch headquarters, another entrepreneur is working on a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Rosenstein slides open a greenhouse door. There are lush plantings of bok choy, red Russian kale, basil, Bavarian lettuce, celery and more, all growing in water, like a conventional hydroponics operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a corner, there are two large tanks full of water. Rosenstein reaches into one with a net.\u003cbr>\n“I know. Hold on, guys,” he murmurs into the tank. There’s a little splash, then a flurry, with water flying in all directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hold on! One second, please!” Rosenstein pleads, but the struggle just gets fiercer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, dripping with water and panting slightly, Rosenstein holds up a 5-pound catfish in the net for a second. It thrashes free and plunges back into the depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenstein’s greenhouse uses aquaponics, which blends hydroponics and fish farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another farmer would have to worry about disposing of fecal material. Not Rosenstein, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All his waste streams, which he currently pays top dollar to become EPA-compliant, is something I do naturally within the system,” Rosenstein said. “His dollar stops at the point where he harvests his fish. But mine continues. Because I’m doing this system, it’s not a cost. It’s part of the design of the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘How do we use every drop of precious water to maximize the value that comes out of that?’\u003ccite>— Karen Ross, California Department of Food and Agriculture\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He composts the waste, turning it into fertilizer for his plants, which in turn helps to purify the water for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lovell said he’s intrigued by such models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of attraction to it because of the closing of the cycle, the sharing of nutrients between fish and plants. It pushes a lot of buttons that make a lot of sense, myself included,” he said. “However, many of the people who are involved in aquaponics are making a fair amount of their money by training other people to do it. There aren’t very many commercial-scale aquaponics companies that are making their money on the production itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, California Department of Food and Agriculture Secretary Karen Ross said she sees a lot of promise in the approach\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at these systems, a lot of them are recycling water, which is really one of the keys, is, ‘How do we use every drop of precious water to maximize the value that comes out of that?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross said a growing sense of urgency over the depletion of wild fish stocks, coupled with the current drought, has state and federal agencies studying environmentally friendly aquaculture. And she knows of several investors who are preparing to launch more such projects.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Finding the Next Ebola Before it Breaks Out",
"headTitle": "Finding the Next Ebola Before it Breaks Out | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140908science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmonkey-1024x540.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmonkey-1024x540.jpg\" alt=\"A macaque in Nepal being sampled for viruses it carries. The monkey grabs dental rope with strawberry jam on it, chews on it and leaves it behind. Then scientists can test its saliva. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"540\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A macaque in Nepal being sampled for viruses it carries. The monkey grabs dental rope with strawberry jam on it, chews on it and leaves it behind. Then scientists can test its saliva.(Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As African countries struggle to fight the worst outbreak of Ebola in history, a team at UC Davis is working to identify the next disease like Ebola, before it becomes a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonna Mazet runs the early warning project, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/predict/index.cfm\">Predict\u003c/a>, based at the School of Veterinary Medicine. Many of today’s emerging diseases come from animals. Scientists believe Ebola, for example, is transmitted when people eat fruit bats that carry the virus. So Mazet is searching around the globe for new viruses carried by animals that humans may not have had much contact with before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Animals and the Viruses They Carry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are countless viruses out there in the world. Some that evolved with humans — so we’re the viruses’ primary hosts — and some that evolved to live in other animals. Sometimes the viruses in other animals are able to jump to humans. Those are called zoonoses. And when a zoonosis makes that jump, scientists call it a spillover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Throughout history, human beings have been dealing with those spillover events,” Mazet says. “Some of those, we really learn how to control.” Rabies and hantavirus, for instance, are zoonoses. So are some strains of E. coli. We’ve learned to vaccinate our dogs, to be careful about rodent control and to wash our hands and food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the viruses like Ebola, MERS, SARS and HIV, all of which originally came from animals. Until we learn how to control those viruses, they seem a lot scarier than a bout of food poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for the Next Pandemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predict-sampling-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21511\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predict-sampling-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Recent UC Davis PhD graduate Tierra Smiley Evans sampling a red-tailed guenon. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\" width=\"357\" height=\"238\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recent UC Davis PhD graduate Tierra Smiley Evans sampling a red-tailed guenon. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Learning about emerging threats is part of what Mazet is doing with Predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to be able to better equip ourselves and the countries that we work with to identify what might be out there that could cause an outbreak like this Ebola outbreak,” Mazet says. “So in order to do that, we need to understand what the hosts are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and the rest of the Predict team, with support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usaid.gov/\">U.S. Agency for International Development\u003c/a> are searching around the world, looking especially at animals that can live easily around humans — like bats and rodents — and at animals that are closely related to us, like non-human primates. Also of interest are areas where humans are coming into contact with animals in new ways. “We’re more susceptible to an outbreak of disease if our systems are not experienced with that virus or pathogen,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For four years, in 20 different countries, they’ve been testing animals for viruses. So far, they’ve found more than 800, the vast majority of them new to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preventing the Next Pandemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21391\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmap-1024x664.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21391\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmap-1024x664.png\" alt=\"Predict's map shows where the team has sampled animals -- and what viruses they've found. Click on the image to go to the interactive map. \" width=\"357\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Predict’s map shows where the team has sampled animals — and what viruses they’ve found. Click on the image to go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthmap.org/predict/\">interactive map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After finding the viruses and assessing the risk of transmission to humans, the Predict team works with communities to warn people about local threats. They also work with labs and hospitals to help doctors diagnose a broader range of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of testing people for a specific disease, doctors can use the methods Predict has developed to look for a family of diseases. Not just a specific strain of Ebola, for instance, but for the the whole family of viruses that Ebola is in. “And then we can do some genetic sequencing to say, is that an Ebolavirus that we expect to be in the region,” Mazet says, “or is that another closely related virus that might be the next cause of the next outbreak or pandemic?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to give doctors better tools,” Mazet says. “And to do that we think we need to not be chasing the last flu that was here last year, or the Ebola that was in the neighboring country, we need to be able to look at whatever might be there with a broader eye.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the approach is, essentially, two-pronged: Search the world for new viruses, and improve diagnostics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal is you would know about it ahead of time so you could reduce transmission risk,” Mazet says, “but you would also be able to recognize it super quickly. So instead of taking months like in this Ebola outbreak, and potentially allowing the outbreak to get out of control, you’d be able to diagnose it and shut it down very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Difference Education Makes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emerging diseases can travel as fast and as far as people can, since they can hitch a ride with us on airplanes. That’s what happened with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-SARS.html\">SARS outbreak in 2003\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For Ebola, we’re really being vigilant and watching out for it,” Mazet says. “In the decade since the SARS outbreak, we’ve learned a lot.” How to track patients and passengers, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazet says the knowledge she and others are amassing could someday prove critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds dramatic to say we found these 800 viruses that might cause a pandemic,” Mazet acknowledges. “Likely they’re not going to cause a pandemic, but if we don’t know about them, we aren’t watching for them, we can’t learn about them and we can’t reduce transmission risk.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmonkey-1024x540.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmonkey-1024x540.jpg\" alt=\"A macaque in Nepal being sampled for viruses it carries. The monkey grabs dental rope with strawberry jam on it, chews on it and leaves it behind. Then scientists can test its saliva. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"540\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A macaque in Nepal being sampled for viruses it carries. The monkey grabs dental rope with strawberry jam on it, chews on it and leaves it behind. Then scientists can test its saliva.(Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As African countries struggle to fight the worst outbreak of Ebola in history, a team at UC Davis is working to identify the next disease like Ebola, before it becomes a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonna Mazet runs the early warning project, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/predict/index.cfm\">Predict\u003c/a>, based at the School of Veterinary Medicine. Many of today’s emerging diseases come from animals. Scientists believe Ebola, for example, is transmitted when people eat fruit bats that carry the virus. So Mazet is searching around the globe for new viruses carried by animals that humans may not have had much contact with before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Animals and the Viruses They Carry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are countless viruses out there in the world. Some that evolved with humans — so we’re the viruses’ primary hosts — and some that evolved to live in other animals. Sometimes the viruses in other animals are able to jump to humans. Those are called zoonoses. And when a zoonosis makes that jump, scientists call it a spillover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Throughout history, human beings have been dealing with those spillover events,” Mazet says. “Some of those, we really learn how to control.” Rabies and hantavirus, for instance, are zoonoses. So are some strains of E. coli. We’ve learned to vaccinate our dogs, to be careful about rodent control and to wash our hands and food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the viruses like Ebola, MERS, SARS and HIV, all of which originally came from animals. Until we learn how to control those viruses, they seem a lot scarier than a bout of food poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for the Next Pandemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predict-sampling-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21511\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predict-sampling-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Recent UC Davis PhD graduate Tierra Smiley Evans sampling a red-tailed guenon. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\" width=\"357\" height=\"238\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recent UC Davis PhD graduate Tierra Smiley Evans sampling a red-tailed guenon. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Learning about emerging threats is part of what Mazet is doing with Predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to be able to better equip ourselves and the countries that we work with to identify what might be out there that could cause an outbreak like this Ebola outbreak,” Mazet says. “So in order to do that, we need to understand what the hosts are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and the rest of the Predict team, with support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usaid.gov/\">U.S. Agency for International Development\u003c/a> are searching around the world, looking especially at animals that can live easily around humans — like bats and rodents — and at animals that are closely related to us, like non-human primates. Also of interest are areas where humans are coming into contact with animals in new ways. “We’re more susceptible to an outbreak of disease if our systems are not experienced with that virus or pathogen,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For four years, in 20 different countries, they’ve been testing animals for viruses. So far, they’ve found more than 800, the vast majority of them new to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preventing the Next Pandemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21391\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmap-1024x664.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21391\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmap-1024x664.png\" alt=\"Predict's map shows where the team has sampled animals -- and what viruses they've found. Click on the image to go to the interactive map. \" width=\"357\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Predict’s map shows where the team has sampled animals — and what viruses they’ve found. Click on the image to go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthmap.org/predict/\">interactive map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After finding the viruses and assessing the risk of transmission to humans, the Predict team works with communities to warn people about local threats. They also work with labs and hospitals to help doctors diagnose a broader range of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of testing people for a specific disease, doctors can use the methods Predict has developed to look for a family of diseases. Not just a specific strain of Ebola, for instance, but for the the whole family of viruses that Ebola is in. “And then we can do some genetic sequencing to say, is that an Ebolavirus that we expect to be in the region,” Mazet says, “or is that another closely related virus that might be the next cause of the next outbreak or pandemic?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to give doctors better tools,” Mazet says. “And to do that we think we need to not be chasing the last flu that was here last year, or the Ebola that was in the neighboring country, we need to be able to look at whatever might be there with a broader eye.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the approach is, essentially, two-pronged: Search the world for new viruses, and improve diagnostics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal is you would know about it ahead of time so you could reduce transmission risk,” Mazet says, “but you would also be able to recognize it super quickly. So instead of taking months like in this Ebola outbreak, and potentially allowing the outbreak to get out of control, you’d be able to diagnose it and shut it down very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Difference Education Makes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emerging diseases can travel as fast and as far as people can, since they can hitch a ride with us on airplanes. That’s what happened with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-SARS.html\">SARS outbreak in 2003\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For Ebola, we’re really being vigilant and watching out for it,” Mazet says. “In the decade since the SARS outbreak, we’ve learned a lot.” How to track patients and passengers, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazet says the knowledge she and others are amassing could someday prove critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds dramatic to say we found these 800 viruses that might cause a pandemic,” Mazet acknowledges. “Likely they’re not going to cause a pandemic, but if we don’t know about them, we aren’t watching for them, we can’t learn about them and we can’t reduce transmission risk.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9274\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/sofa2-1024x575.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/sofa2-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"cabbit/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabbit/3385850471/\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chemicals from flame retardants in furniture have turned up in women’s breastmilk. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabbit/3385850471/\">cabbit/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thirty-nine years ago a California law put flame retardants into virtually every piece of upholstered furniture sold in the country. By one estimate, an average sofa contains two pounds of flame retardant chemicals injected into its foam cushions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In retrospect, that decision struck many as unwise, especially when environmental health researchers began discovering that the chemicals were leaving the sofas and turning up in peoples’ bodies, especially young children. Studies done on rats suggest links between certain flame retardant chemicals and cancer and fertility problems, although those links are hard to confirm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, fire safety \u003ca href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Babrauskas-and-Blum-Paper.pdf\">researchers \u003c/a>and\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpf.org/go/cpf/news-and-events/news/ffs-make-case-for-removing-toxins-from-flame-retardants/\"> fire fighters\u003c/a> have \u003ca href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/topics/furniture/\">questioned \u003c/a>whether flame retardant chemicals actually prevent house fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California is reversing its policy. Two new rules – \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/21/its-official-toxic-flame-retardants-no-longer-required-in-furniture/\">one taking effect in January\u003c/a>, another awaiting Governor Browns’s signature – all but guarantee that the chemicals are going to be a lot less ubiquitous in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, Brown hasn’t outlawed the chemicals. Instead (without getting into the weeds here), the \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18301\">new rules\u003c/a>, which take effect in January, mean that furniture makers aren’t required to use the chemicals anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n\u003cp>Is flame-retardant free furniture widely available yet? In lieu of labels, how can consumers know?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>SB 1019, the bill awaiting signature, would require that any products that do contain the chemicals will be labeled. If passed, that law would take effect in January as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does this leave us? Is flame-retardant free furniture widely available yet? And – in lieu of labels — how can consumers know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For answers, I called Charles Margulis with the Oakland-based nonprofit Center for Environmental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: If I went to buy a sofa right now, what are the chances I’d find something that is flame-retardant free?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margulis: Most of the companies are telling us that, yes, they already have some [flame-retardant free] items on stock. They do still have some older items on the floor as well, but by the end of this year or early next, they say almost everything they sell will be flame-retardant free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve had lengthy discussions with these companies to see which are in transition, which are already offering flame-retardant free products, and which will soon be offering products made without those flame retardant chemicals. Those lists are up on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceh.org/campaigns/flame-retardants/ceh-action/finding-safer-products/\">our website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “Hey, I saw you were listed as a company in transition. Can you tell me what you have right now that’s flame-retardant free?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can hold off for a few months, hold off and buy your furniture early next year. Then you’ll have a much better chance, I think.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The new law doesn’t outlaw flame retardants in furniture. It just says manufacturers are no longer required to use them.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a way to tell by looking at a sofa or armchair whether it contains flame retardants?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great thing about \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1019\">SB 1019\u003c/a> is that [if it’s signed into law] there will be a label. So you will know and you will be sure. Until then, we’ve put together some guidelines: one for office furniture; and two consumers’ lists, one for home products, the other for baby products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Furniture with a tag that says “TB117-2013” is less-likely, though not guaranteed (read on!) to have flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Governor Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/21/its-official-toxic-flame-retardants-no-longer-required-in-furniture/\">issued his new policy \u003c/a>last November. Why are we seeing any flame retardants in furniture at all?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there was a transition period in that law. Companies were permitted to make their products to the new [flame-retardant free] standard by the first of January, 2014. But they weren’t required to meet the new standard until January 1 of 2015. So they gave the companies a one-year transition period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other thing about that law is that it doesn’t require companies to get rid of flame retardant chemicals. It simply says that for the first time in many decades, you can meet the standard without flame retardant chemicals. And that’s a big change, but not every company is going to make that change right away. They are legally allowed to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 1019 gives consumers the only way to know when they go to the store, what has flame retardants and what doesn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will SB 1019 cover all products?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 1019, the labeling disclosure law, is for furniture only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about children’s products like strollers and changing pads. Are those manufacturers phasing out the use of flame retardants?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think children’s and baby products are a little ahead of the game because they knew in late 2013 that they would be exempted from the standard. So there should be more baby products on the market that don’t contain flame retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But again, parents should ask the companies. And don’t just settle for the people on the floor at the store. I would call the company’s consumer hotline and really get the bottom line from then\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Governor Brown’s new regulations exempted 17 baby and children’s products — including changing pads, infant swings and strollers — from the flammability standards altogether. So those manufacturers have no obligation to use flame retardant chemicals. For a complete list, see \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/mod_15day.pdf\">this PDF\u003c/a>, pg. 13.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Once the new laws take effect, is CEH going to be testing furniture, to see whether manufacturers are labeling correctly?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We intend to stay on top of this and keep testing throughout next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9274\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/sofa2-1024x575.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/sofa2-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"cabbit/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabbit/3385850471/\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chemicals from flame retardants in furniture have turned up in women’s breastmilk. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabbit/3385850471/\">cabbit/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thirty-nine years ago a California law put flame retardants into virtually every piece of upholstered furniture sold in the country. By one estimate, an average sofa contains two pounds of flame retardant chemicals injected into its foam cushions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In retrospect, that decision struck many as unwise, especially when environmental health researchers began discovering that the chemicals were leaving the sofas and turning up in peoples’ bodies, especially young children. Studies done on rats suggest links between certain flame retardant chemicals and cancer and fertility problems, although those links are hard to confirm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, fire safety \u003ca href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Babrauskas-and-Blum-Paper.pdf\">researchers \u003c/a>and\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpf.org/go/cpf/news-and-events/news/ffs-make-case-for-removing-toxins-from-flame-retardants/\"> fire fighters\u003c/a> have \u003ca href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/topics/furniture/\">questioned \u003c/a>whether flame retardant chemicals actually prevent house fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California is reversing its policy. Two new rules – \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/21/its-official-toxic-flame-retardants-no-longer-required-in-furniture/\">one taking effect in January\u003c/a>, another awaiting Governor Browns’s signature – all but guarantee that the chemicals are going to be a lot less ubiquitous in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, Brown hasn’t outlawed the chemicals. Instead (without getting into the weeds here), the \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18301\">new rules\u003c/a>, which take effect in January, mean that furniture makers aren’t required to use the chemicals anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n\u003cp>Is flame-retardant free furniture widely available yet? In lieu of labels, how can consumers know?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>SB 1019, the bill awaiting signature, would require that any products that do contain the chemicals will be labeled. If passed, that law would take effect in January as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does this leave us? Is flame-retardant free furniture widely available yet? And – in lieu of labels — how can consumers know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For answers, I called Charles Margulis with the Oakland-based nonprofit Center for Environmental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: If I went to buy a sofa right now, what are the chances I’d find something that is flame-retardant free?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margulis: Most of the companies are telling us that, yes, they already have some [flame-retardant free] items on stock. They do still have some older items on the floor as well, but by the end of this year or early next, they say almost everything they sell will be flame-retardant free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve had lengthy discussions with these companies to see which are in transition, which are already offering flame-retardant free products, and which will soon be offering products made without those flame retardant chemicals. Those lists are up on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceh.org/campaigns/flame-retardants/ceh-action/finding-safer-products/\">our website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “Hey, I saw you were listed as a company in transition. Can you tell me what you have right now that’s flame-retardant free?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can hold off for a few months, hold off and buy your furniture early next year. Then you’ll have a much better chance, I think.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The new law doesn’t outlaw flame retardants in furniture. It just says manufacturers are no longer required to use them.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a way to tell by looking at a sofa or armchair whether it contains flame retardants?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great thing about \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1019\">SB 1019\u003c/a> is that [if it’s signed into law] there will be a label. So you will know and you will be sure. Until then, we’ve put together some guidelines: one for office furniture; and two consumers’ lists, one for home products, the other for baby products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Furniture with a tag that says “TB117-2013” is less-likely, though not guaranteed (read on!) to have flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Governor Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/21/its-official-toxic-flame-retardants-no-longer-required-in-furniture/\">issued his new policy \u003c/a>last November. Why are we seeing any flame retardants in furniture at all?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there was a transition period in that law. Companies were permitted to make their products to the new [flame-retardant free] standard by the first of January, 2014. But they weren’t required to meet the new standard until January 1 of 2015. So they gave the companies a one-year transition period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other thing about that law is that it doesn’t require companies to get rid of flame retardant chemicals. It simply says that for the first time in many decades, you can meet the standard without flame retardant chemicals. And that’s a big change, but not every company is going to make that change right away. They are legally allowed to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 1019 gives consumers the only way to know when they go to the store, what has flame retardants and what doesn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will SB 1019 cover all products?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 1019, the labeling disclosure law, is for furniture only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about children’s products like strollers and changing pads. Are those manufacturers phasing out the use of flame retardants?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think children’s and baby products are a little ahead of the game because they knew in late 2013 that they would be exempted from the standard. So there should be more baby products on the market that don’t contain flame retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But again, parents should ask the companies. And don’t just settle for the people on the floor at the store. I would call the company’s consumer hotline and really get the bottom line from then\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Governor Brown’s new regulations exempted 17 baby and children’s products — including changing pads, infant swings and strollers — from the flammability standards altogether. So those manufacturers have no obligation to use flame retardant chemicals. For a complete list, see \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/mod_15day.pdf\">this PDF\u003c/a>, pg. 13.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Once the new laws take effect, is CEH going to be testing furniture, to see whether manufacturers are labeling correctly?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We intend to stay on top of this and keep testing throughout next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>One of the key fisheries on the West Coast is coming back after years of decline. That’s prompting a sustainable seafood group \u003ca href=\"http://blog.seafoodwatch.org/post/96452842179/consumers-now-have-many-more-sustainable-seafood\">change their consumer ratings\u003c/a> for almost two dozen fish species from “avoid” to “good” or “best” choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The species are all considered groundfish, fish that show up on restaurant menus as rock cod, pacific snapper, black cod and sole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, the fishery was declared a federal disaster because catches were so low. The fishery has experienced dramatic changes since then, including stringent new fishing rules under a “catch share” program and the closure of fishing grounds in favor of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life/\">marine protected areas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a lot of effort over the last decade and a half to improve management and make sure the problem species were put onto recovery plans,” says Santi Roberts of the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a> program. “There’s been an increase in those species, which is a really positive thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Seafood Watch \u003ca href=\"http://blog.seafoodwatch.org/post/96452842179/consumers-now-have-many-more-sustainable-seafood\">ratings for 21 fish\u003c/a> are going from “avoid” to “good alternative” or “best choice.” In all, 84 percent of the fish caught in the commercial groundfish fishery have those ratings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably the single greatest number of species that have moved up,” Roberts says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a catch share fishing system, each fisherman is given a quota for each species he or she fishes for. On-board observers count every fish that’s caught in order to reduce the amount of by-catch, fish that are accidentally caught and thrown overboard. Fishermen will be responsible for paying for the full cost for the observers by 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/23/132240253/west-coast-fishery-moves-to-market-based-system#commentBlock\">system was controversial\u003c/a> when it was implemented in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/07/07_19_12catch_shares.html\">results from NOAA\u003c/a>, by-catch is down and revenue is up under the system. While it could take decades for many rockfish species to bounce back, some, like bocaccio, are expected to recover in half the amount of time that was originally forecast.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the key fisheries on the West Coast is coming back after years of decline. That’s prompting a sustainable seafood group \u003ca href=\"http://blog.seafoodwatch.org/post/96452842179/consumers-now-have-many-more-sustainable-seafood\">change their consumer ratings\u003c/a> for almost two dozen fish species from “avoid” to “good” or “best” choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The species are all considered groundfish, fish that show up on restaurant menus as rock cod, pacific snapper, black cod and sole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, the fishery was declared a federal disaster because catches were so low. The fishery has experienced dramatic changes since then, including stringent new fishing rules under a “catch share” program and the closure of fishing grounds in favor of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life/\">marine protected areas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a lot of effort over the last decade and a half to improve management and make sure the problem species were put onto recovery plans,” says Santi Roberts of the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a> program. “There’s been an increase in those species, which is a really positive thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Seafood Watch \u003ca href=\"http://blog.seafoodwatch.org/post/96452842179/consumers-now-have-many-more-sustainable-seafood\">ratings for 21 fish\u003c/a> are going from “avoid” to “good alternative” or “best choice.” In all, 84 percent of the fish caught in the commercial groundfish fishery have those ratings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably the single greatest number of species that have moved up,” Roberts says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a catch share fishing system, each fisherman is given a quota for each species he or she fishes for. On-board observers count every fish that’s caught in order to reduce the amount of by-catch, fish that are accidentally caught and thrown overboard. Fishermen will be responsible for paying for the full cost for the observers by 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/23/132240253/west-coast-fishery-moves-to-market-based-system#commentBlock\">system was controversial\u003c/a> when it was implemented in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/07/07_19_12catch_shares.html\">results from NOAA\u003c/a>, by-catch is down and revenue is up under the system. While it could take decades for many rockfish species to bounce back, some, like bocaccio, are expected to recover in half the amount of time that was originally forecast.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Napa Quake Forces Redrawing of Fault Maps",
"headTitle": "Napa Quake Forces Redrawing of Fault Maps | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Fault_CottageWy_4872.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Fault_CottageWy_4872.jpg\" alt=\"Seismologist David Schwartz examines a crack in suburban Napa that he says shows a few centimeters of side-slip -- a clue to faulting below. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologist David Schwartz examines a crack in suburban Napa that he says shows a few centimeters of side-slip — a clue to faulting far below the surface. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At least one good thing will come of the recent \u003ca title=\"Q - NewsFix - SNQ\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> that shook the wine country on August 24: It will lead to much better maps of active faulting in that area. The bad news: There is likely far more shake potential in the Napa Valley than was previously attributed to the faulting there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s hard to walk away from this and think otherwise,” says geologist David Schwartz of the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 6.0 quake has provided an instant laboratory for geologists and seismologists, whose prior knowledge of the \u003ca title=\"USGS - PDF - W. Napa Fault Zone\" href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/external/reports/05HQAG0002.pdf\">West Napa Fault Zone\u003c/a> was sketchy at best. One thing that’s already emerged is that the fault that triggered the 6.0 temblor is longer than they realized. “The earthquake has helped to identify some pieces of it that are clearly active,” says Schwartz. That’s important because prior to the shaking, all scientists knew of many area faults was that they had been active sometime within the last 130,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map below shows what teams from USGS, the California Geological Survey, UC Davis and others had plotted as of August 26, just two days after the quake. Schwartz says the map is preliminary but provides a “pretty good approximation” of the likely final map. The colored lines are previously mapped faults, red indicating the “youngest” or most recently active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1064px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/WNFZPrelim_1408261.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/WNFZPrelim_1408261.jpeg\" alt=\"Red dots indicate where scientists had located surface fractures that trace underlying faults, as of August 26. (USGS)\" width=\"1064\" height=\"1099\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red dots indicate where scientists had located surface fractures that trace underlying faults, as of August 26. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz was among a battalion of scientists who have been combing the Napa Valley, looking for evidence of “lateral slip.” These are essentially cracks where the two sides of the fracture moved in opposite directions. They’re visual clues to the exact location of \u003ca title=\"Exploratorium - fault types\" href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/faults.html\">“strike-slip” faults\u003c/a> miles below the surface. The most extreme examples found so far in the wake of the South Napa Quake show about 18 (updated) inches of lateral offset. Scientists have to weed out the many instances of buckled pavement, broken sidewalks and the like, which were simply due to the shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two things stand out. First, the quake caused a surprising amount of ruptures at the Earth’s surface. “To me it was really surprising how well defined and long this was for a magnitude-6,” says Schwartz, “which is really kind of at the threshold of the magnitude at which we actually see surface ruptures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And second, there’s more going on under the west side of Napa Valley than anyone realized. Preliminary mapping of side-slip at the surface reveals a fault in the Brown’s Valley Section of the West Napa Fault Zone that extends well beyond what was known. One trace on the far west side appears to extend about six miles beyond what was mapped prior to the quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RedwoodRd_4864.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RedwoodRd_4864.jpg\" alt=\"Highway lane markings offer highly visible clues to geologists looking for evidence of lateral slip. Scientists noted this fracture on Redwood Road, on Napa's west side. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway lane markings offer highly visible clues to geologists looking for evidence of lateral slip. Scientists noted this fracture on Redwood Road, on Napa’s west side. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For official purposes, geologists had identified only a short stretch near the Napa County Airport as recently active. “That slip has to go somewhere,” says Schwartz. “It doesn’t just end at the Napa Valley Airport. It’s in the Earth’s crust going northwest up into Napa Valley. Which fault or faults it’s released on really hasn’t been known.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz says it will take some time to complete the picture, but remapping the jumble of north-south faults in the area will likely change the official fault maps and lead to building restrictions along the most active faults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line,” he says, “is that the young faulting we see at the south end — that deformation, that slip — certainly continues north into Napa Valley. What it sits on, exactly, that’s the question.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Fault_CottageWy_4872.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Fault_CottageWy_4872.jpg\" alt=\"Seismologist David Schwartz examines a crack in suburban Napa that he says shows a few centimeters of side-slip -- a clue to faulting below. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologist David Schwartz examines a crack in suburban Napa that he says shows a few centimeters of side-slip — a clue to faulting far below the surface. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At least one good thing will come of the recent \u003ca title=\"Q - NewsFix - SNQ\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> that shook the wine country on August 24: It will lead to much better maps of active faulting in that area. The bad news: There is likely far more shake potential in the Napa Valley than was previously attributed to the faulting there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s hard to walk away from this and think otherwise,” says geologist David Schwartz of the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 6.0 quake has provided an instant laboratory for geologists and seismologists, whose prior knowledge of the \u003ca title=\"USGS - PDF - W. Napa Fault Zone\" href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/external/reports/05HQAG0002.pdf\">West Napa Fault Zone\u003c/a> was sketchy at best. One thing that’s already emerged is that the fault that triggered the 6.0 temblor is longer than they realized. “The earthquake has helped to identify some pieces of it that are clearly active,” says Schwartz. That’s important because prior to the shaking, all scientists knew of many area faults was that they had been active sometime within the last 130,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map below shows what teams from USGS, the California Geological Survey, UC Davis and others had plotted as of August 26, just two days after the quake. Schwartz says the map is preliminary but provides a “pretty good approximation” of the likely final map. The colored lines are previously mapped faults, red indicating the “youngest” or most recently active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1064px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/WNFZPrelim_1408261.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/WNFZPrelim_1408261.jpeg\" alt=\"Red dots indicate where scientists had located surface fractures that trace underlying faults, as of August 26. (USGS)\" width=\"1064\" height=\"1099\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red dots indicate where scientists had located surface fractures that trace underlying faults, as of August 26. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz was among a battalion of scientists who have been combing the Napa Valley, looking for evidence of “lateral slip.” These are essentially cracks where the two sides of the fracture moved in opposite directions. They’re visual clues to the exact location of \u003ca title=\"Exploratorium - fault types\" href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/faults.html\">“strike-slip” faults\u003c/a> miles below the surface. The most extreme examples found so far in the wake of the South Napa Quake show about 18 (updated) inches of lateral offset. Scientists have to weed out the many instances of buckled pavement, broken sidewalks and the like, which were simply due to the shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two things stand out. First, the quake caused a surprising amount of ruptures at the Earth’s surface. “To me it was really surprising how well defined and long this was for a magnitude-6,” says Schwartz, “which is really kind of at the threshold of the magnitude at which we actually see surface ruptures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And second, there’s more going on under the west side of Napa Valley than anyone realized. Preliminary mapping of side-slip at the surface reveals a fault in the Brown’s Valley Section of the West Napa Fault Zone that extends well beyond what was known. One trace on the far west side appears to extend about six miles beyond what was mapped prior to the quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RedwoodRd_4864.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RedwoodRd_4864.jpg\" alt=\"Highway lane markings offer highly visible clues to geologists looking for evidence of lateral slip. Scientists noted this fracture on Redwood Road, on Napa's west side. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway lane markings offer highly visible clues to geologists looking for evidence of lateral slip. Scientists noted this fracture on Redwood Road, on Napa’s west side. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For official purposes, geologists had identified only a short stretch near the Napa County Airport as recently active. “That slip has to go somewhere,” says Schwartz. “It doesn’t just end at the Napa Valley Airport. It’s in the Earth’s crust going northwest up into Napa Valley. Which fault or faults it’s released on really hasn’t been known.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz says it will take some time to complete the picture, but remapping the jumble of north-south faults in the area will likely change the official fault maps and lead to building restrictions along the most active faults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line,” he says, “is that the young faulting we see at the south end — that deformation, that slip — certainly continues north into Napa Valley. What it sits on, exactly, that’s the question.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Myth-Busting: Why El Niño Is Never A Good Bet",
"headTitle": "Drought Myth-Busting: Why El Niño Is Never A Good Bet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140901science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\" alt=\"The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20776\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If, like many Californians, you’ve been on El Niño Watch, you’re no-doubt confused by now. It’s happening. It’s not happening. But whether it is or isn’t might matter less than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t count on El Niño for anything,” Jay Lund, a UC Davis hydrologist, admonished us at a July drought briefing in Washington, D.C. At the time, forecasters were already downsizing earlier projections for a strong El Niño this fall (latest update shows that it might be regrouping for a comeback). But Lund was making a larger point: He and others have plotted El Niño against actual California precipitation and found … a pretty murky relationship, overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Don’t count on El Niño for anything.’\u003ccite>— Jay Lund, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t even look at the forecasts if you care about drought,” Lund advised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might seem like a strong statement given the reputation that the Pacific’s warm-water phase has for being a rainmaker, but records show that only the strongest El Niños have produced winters that were real super-soakers in Northern California — “strongest” meaning the times when ocean surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific spiked the highest above normal — and those events are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niños come in all sizes: small, medium, large,” says Bill Patzert, a climatologist and El Niño watcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. “During puny El Niños — weak El Niños — we’ve had some of the driest winters in the 20th century.” Count among them 1976 and ’77, a drought that is still etched in the memories of many Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the opposite end of the scale was the winter of 1997-98 which brought roughly double the state’s normal precipitation, and triggered massive mudslides and flooding throughout California. That onslaught coincided with what Patzert calls the “Godzilla” El Niño. He says he thinks that year is when Californians began to form the assumption that El Niño equals rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to more of Bill Patzert’s interview with Craig Miller\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164344234&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It was El Niño mania 24/7 that winter,” recalls Patzert. “The name — because of ’97-’98 — makes reporters and water managers salivate, but that belies the fact; there are only a few big El Niños in every century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The El Niño forecast for this winter is looking more gecko than Godzilla, experts say, with water only slightly warmer than normal. (For an\u003ca title=\"Vox - post\" href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/8/13/5994771/scientists-were-expecting-a-monster-el-nino-this-year-so-where-did-it\"> in-depth explanation\u003c/a> of how El Niños form and why this year’s has petered out, see Brad Plumer’s post for Vox.) Since the “Godzilla” winter 16 years ago, there really hasn’t been anything to match it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/elninoslider.html\" width=\"630\" height=\"540\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The images above show warming (red) waters in the Pacific that indicate El Niño. Use the slider in the center to move back and forth between images from March and July, and note how much the warming has dissipated in recent months. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Wildcard in the Deck\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason for the lull in strong El Niños is a wildcard in the deck, another cycle known as the \u003ca title=\"UW - PDO\" href=\"http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/\">Pacific Decadal Oscillation\u003c/a>, or PDO. It’s like El Niño but farther north and much less capricious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The PDO is like a super-tanker,” says Patzert. “It’s very slow and it takes a long time and a lot of momentum to switch direction. Sometimes the negative PDO is what I call, ‘El Niño repellent.'” When the PDO is in its negative phase, it affects the high-altitude winds known as the jet stream. When that happens, the big winter storms tend to get detoured around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PDO has been stuck in this mode for the last 15 years, though some see signs that it might be ready to make a big switch into its “positive” phase, which would encourage El Niño conditions. Patzert isn’t so sure. “I’m not too optimistic about a switch in the PDO,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\" alt=\"Sixty years of El Nino fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98. (NOAA/CPC) \" width=\"1503\" height=\"611\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Meteorologist Jan Null has put together an extensive \u003ca title=\"GGW - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">“myth-busting” page\u003c/a> for El Niño, which includes this visual history of the oscillation over the past six decades. Sixty years of El Niño fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98 (click to enlarge). (NOAA/CPC)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope Springs Eternal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as El Niño doesn’t guarantee rain, the absence of one doesn’t necessarily mean no rain. Patzert says the stubborn ridge of high pressure that parked off the West Coast last winter and blocked incoming storms could give way this year for any number of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that ridge breaks down this winter, we could have one wet, cold storm after another making its way down the length of California — and that would certainly be sweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed. But the latest three-month outlook from NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center calls for drought conditions to “persist or intensify” throughout California, through November. The bottom line from Patzert: “Don’t cash in your 401(k) and invest in umbrellas.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\" alt=\"The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20776\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If, like many Californians, you’ve been on El Niño Watch, you’re no-doubt confused by now. It’s happening. It’s not happening. But whether it is or isn’t might matter less than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t count on El Niño for anything,” Jay Lund, a UC Davis hydrologist, admonished us at a July drought briefing in Washington, D.C. At the time, forecasters were already downsizing earlier projections for a strong El Niño this fall (latest update shows that it might be regrouping for a comeback). But Lund was making a larger point: He and others have plotted El Niño against actual California precipitation and found … a pretty murky relationship, overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Don’t count on El Niño for anything.’\u003ccite>— Jay Lund, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t even look at the forecasts if you care about drought,” Lund advised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might seem like a strong statement given the reputation that the Pacific’s warm-water phase has for being a rainmaker, but records show that only the strongest El Niños have produced winters that were real super-soakers in Northern California — “strongest” meaning the times when ocean surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific spiked the highest above normal — and those events are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niños come in all sizes: small, medium, large,” says Bill Patzert, a climatologist and El Niño watcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. “During puny El Niños — weak El Niños — we’ve had some of the driest winters in the 20th century.” Count among them 1976 and ’77, a drought that is still etched in the memories of many Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the opposite end of the scale was the winter of 1997-98 which brought roughly double the state’s normal precipitation, and triggered massive mudslides and flooding throughout California. That onslaught coincided with what Patzert calls the “Godzilla” El Niño. He says he thinks that year is when Californians began to form the assumption that El Niño equals rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to more of Bill Patzert’s interview with Craig Miller\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164344234&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It was El Niño mania 24/7 that winter,” recalls Patzert. “The name — because of ’97-’98 — makes reporters and water managers salivate, but that belies the fact; there are only a few big El Niños in every century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The El Niño forecast for this winter is looking more gecko than Godzilla, experts say, with water only slightly warmer than normal. (For an\u003ca title=\"Vox - post\" href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/8/13/5994771/scientists-were-expecting-a-monster-el-nino-this-year-so-where-did-it\"> in-depth explanation\u003c/a> of how El Niños form and why this year’s has petered out, see Brad Plumer’s post for Vox.) Since the “Godzilla” winter 16 years ago, there really hasn’t been anything to match it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/elninoslider.html\" width=\"630\" height=\"540\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The images above show warming (red) waters in the Pacific that indicate El Niño. Use the slider in the center to move back and forth between images from March and July, and note how much the warming has dissipated in recent months. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Wildcard in the Deck\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason for the lull in strong El Niños is a wildcard in the deck, another cycle known as the \u003ca title=\"UW - PDO\" href=\"http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/\">Pacific Decadal Oscillation\u003c/a>, or PDO. It’s like El Niño but farther north and much less capricious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The PDO is like a super-tanker,” says Patzert. “It’s very slow and it takes a long time and a lot of momentum to switch direction. Sometimes the negative PDO is what I call, ‘El Niño repellent.'” When the PDO is in its negative phase, it affects the high-altitude winds known as the jet stream. When that happens, the big winter storms tend to get detoured around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PDO has been stuck in this mode for the last 15 years, though some see signs that it might be ready to make a big switch into its “positive” phase, which would encourage El Niño conditions. Patzert isn’t so sure. “I’m not too optimistic about a switch in the PDO,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\" alt=\"Sixty years of El Nino fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98. (NOAA/CPC) \" width=\"1503\" height=\"611\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Meteorologist Jan Null has put together an extensive \u003ca title=\"GGW - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">“myth-busting” page\u003c/a> for El Niño, which includes this visual history of the oscillation over the past six decades. Sixty years of El Niño fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98 (click to enlarge). (NOAA/CPC)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope Springs Eternal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as El Niño doesn’t guarantee rain, the absence of one doesn’t necessarily mean no rain. Patzert says the stubborn ridge of high pressure that parked off the West Coast last winter and blocked incoming storms could give way this year for any number of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that ridge breaks down this winter, we could have one wet, cold storm after another making its way down the length of California — and that would certainly be sweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed. But the latest three-month outlook from NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center calls for drought conditions to “persist or intensify” throughout California, through November. The bottom line from Patzert: “Don’t cash in your 401(k) and invest in umbrellas.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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