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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Neuman\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/08/354514604/scientists-share-chemistry-nobel-for-breakthrough-in-microscopy\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22365\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/14369-moerner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/14369-moerner.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford professor W.E. Moerner has been awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. (L.A. Cicero/Stanford)\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22365\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford professor W.E. Moerner has been awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. (L.A. Cicero/Stanford)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two Americans and a German will share the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing a new type of microscopy that allows researchers, for the first time, to see individual molecules inside living cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded Americans Eric Betzig and William Moerner and German scientist Stefan Hell the prize for “the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy,” which “has brought optical microscopy into the nanodimension.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2014/press.html\">Nobelprize.org\u003c/a> says:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“For a long time optical microscopy was held back by a presumed limitation: that it would never obtain a better resolution than half the wavelength of light. Helped by fluorescent molecules the Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 2014 ingeniously circumvented this limitation. Their ground-breaking work has brought optical microscopy into the nanodimension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In what has become known as nanoscopy, scientists visualize the pathways of individual molecules inside living cells. They can see how molecules create synapses between nerve cells in the brain; they can track proteins involved in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases as they aggregate; they follow individual proteins in fertilized eggs as these divide into embryos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The academy says it is awarding the prize for two distinct principles. \u003ca href=\"http://www3.mpibpc.mpg.de/groups/hell/STED.htm\">Simulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy\u003c/a>, which uses a laser to stimulate fluorescent molecules to glow and another laser to filter out all but a small portion of the result, allowing incredibly fine resolution. That research was carried out by Hell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working separately, Betzig and Moerner are credited with developing \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsc.org/conferencesandevents/rscconferences/fd/molecule-fd2015/index.asp\">single-molecule microscopy\u003c/a>, a “method [that] relies upon the possibility to turn the fluorescence of individual molecules on and off. Scientists image the same area multiple times, letting just a few interspersed molecules glow each time,” according to Nobelprize.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Betzig is a group leader at Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Va., and Moerner is the Harry S. Mosher Professor in Chemistry and professor, by courtesy, of applied physics at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hell is the director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen, and division head at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Neuman\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/08/354514604/scientists-share-chemistry-nobel-for-breakthrough-in-microscopy\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22365\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/14369-moerner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/14369-moerner.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford professor W.E. Moerner has been awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. (L.A. Cicero/Stanford)\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22365\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford professor W.E. Moerner has been awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. (L.A. Cicero/Stanford)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two Americans and a German will share the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing a new type of microscopy that allows researchers, for the first time, to see individual molecules inside living cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded Americans Eric Betzig and William Moerner and German scientist Stefan Hell the prize for “the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy,” which “has brought optical microscopy into the nanodimension.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2014/press.html\">Nobelprize.org\u003c/a> says:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“For a long time optical microscopy was held back by a presumed limitation: that it would never obtain a better resolution than half the wavelength of light. Helped by fluorescent molecules the Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 2014 ingeniously circumvented this limitation. Their ground-breaking work has brought optical microscopy into the nanodimension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In what has become known as nanoscopy, scientists visualize the pathways of individual molecules inside living cells. They can see how molecules create synapses between nerve cells in the brain; they can track proteins involved in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases as they aggregate; they follow individual proteins in fertilized eggs as these divide into embryos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The academy says it is awarding the prize for two distinct principles. \u003ca href=\"http://www3.mpibpc.mpg.de/groups/hell/STED.htm\">Simulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy\u003c/a>, which uses a laser to stimulate fluorescent molecules to glow and another laser to filter out all but a small portion of the result, allowing incredibly fine resolution. That research was carried out by Hell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working separately, Betzig and Moerner are credited with developing \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsc.org/conferencesandevents/rscconferences/fd/molecule-fd2015/index.asp\">single-molecule microscopy\u003c/a>, a “method [that] relies upon the possibility to turn the fluorescence of individual molecules on and off. Scientists image the same area multiple times, letting just a few interspersed molecules glow each time,” according to Nobelprize.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Betzig is a group leader at Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Va., and Moerner is the Harry S. Mosher Professor in Chemistry and professor, by courtesy, of applied physics at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hell is the director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen, and division head at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Now You Can Take a Virtual Hike in California State Parks",
"headTitle": "Now You Can Take a Virtual Hike in California State Parks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Marissa Ortega-Welch and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22344\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/molera.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22344\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/molera.jpg\" alt=\"Andrew Molera State Park in Big Sur. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"903\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Andrew Molera State Park\u003c/a> in Big Sur. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Want to take a hike, but can’t quite generate the get-up-and-go to put down the laptop and get off the couch? Maybe you’re at work, but wish you were on the Dipsea trail? Well, you can now visit 14 California State Parks from the comfort of your own web browser, using Google Street View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/bootjack.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22346\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/bootjack.jpg\" alt=\"The Boot Jack Trail on Mount Tam. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"901\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.9036845,-122.589382,3a,75y,341.88h,97.56t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1swdEWdfxmPCqtecFQziU1Rg!2e0!3e5\">Boot Jack Trail\u003c/a> on Mount Tam. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new feature of Google Maps isn’t really aimed at armchair hikers; the idea isn’t to replace the physical park experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is for this imagery to really encourage people here both within California and across the world to see what California has to offer,” says Street View manager Deanna Yick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, we’re enjoying seeing what California has to offer from our cubicles, instead of whatever other work we might be doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22342\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/steepravine.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/steepravine.jpg\" alt=\"A view from the Steep Ravine trail on Mount Tamalpais. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"901\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.901796,-122.587895,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e2!3m3!1s89100107!2e1!3e10\">Steep Ravine Trail\u003c/a> on Mount Tamalpais. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hikers wear \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuiEmxDklKw\">40-pound backpacks outfitted with cameras\u003c/a> that take still photos; the devices, which look like those Street View car cameras, only they’re mounted on people’s backs, are called Trekkers. The photos are then stitched into 360-degree panoramas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the state parks you can now visit without actually putting your shoes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Andrew Molera State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Angel Island State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=e44z9Z6qe389HmcgYVyRmw\">Asilomar State Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5362798,-121.9281395,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s4wnWQcrlCS5nGu0asCCa1Q!2e0!3e5\">Carmel River SB\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5362798,-121.9281395,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s4wnWQcrlCS5nGu0asCCa1Q!2e0!3e5\">Garrapata State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.1748823,-121.4968637,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sD6cSjzpaRLPPTmJ9ZR9irA!2e0!3e5\">Henry W. Coe State Park\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=8RorX9NuFGVGVZFjVJCeew\">Coyote Creek Loop\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.1690349,-121.6680918,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1suL5Q5SZT-JuOGeiggEA4nA!2e0!3e5\">Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Limekiln State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.6991769,-121.8099616,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sM7gaR7HjIX9YzgF-FEqdUA!2e0!3e5\">Marina State Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mount Tamalpais State Park:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Boot Jack\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Camp Eastwood\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Dipsea\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/search/Mount+Tamalpais+State+Park,+Fern+Creek+Trail,+Mill+Valley,+CA/@37.9012358,-122.578215,3a,75y,264.61h,90.92t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sI7iul8H39DebG5COhBoRrA!2e0!3e5\">Fern Creek\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/search/Mount+Tamalpais+State+Park,+Fern+Creek+Trail,+Mill+Valley,+CA/@37.9012358,-122.578215,3a,75y,264.61h,90.92t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sI7iul8H39DebG5COhBoRrA!2e0!3e5\">Matt Davis\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.8973215,-122.6025933,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sDvoD3d5rPSOZahFczS8iwg!2e0!3e5\">Old Mine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=6z1DsfZGIVzazOMNJb0vEQ\">Sierra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=6z1DsfZGIVzazOMNJb0vEQ\">Steep Ravine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.90443,-122.5965612,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1slru7YCr3pwC0oC4PZEdKZw!2e0!3e5\">TCC\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.9091413,-122.5921455,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s9c7PbR-KGa-vhbguRxu9cQ!2e0!3e5\">Troop 80\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5221796,-121.9539173,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sBkpcU4Vcs3CansJtUJtpsQ!2e0!3e5\">Point Lobos State Reserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.1370017,-122.8969431,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s7Bt8X6iWIf9XcH8Elb6mLA!2e0!3e5\">Tomales Bay State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0272428,-122.7375287,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sF8ufW--Yh00DsI3stzDqGg!2e0!3e5\">Samuel P. Taylor State Park\u003c/a>:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.00517,-122.7092339,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s_DyAk4dGbCDsI42p0idjYQ!2e0!3e5\">Cross Marin Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0148265,-122.7254853,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sjUW_5zjsa-oZbdCKgtSyuw!2e0!3e5\">Pioneer Tree Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0360437,-122.727293,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sqpAfUjxW5OEcGygNATjsvw!2e0!3e5\">Devils Gulch Fire Road\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0012252,-122.4603896,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sMTzospT9BA70MRdBHrzyEw!2e0!3e5\">China Camp State Park\u003c/a>:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0060362,-122.4755664,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sEMcbcVNRFYVKBWy4REriTQ!2e0!3e5\">Shoreline Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0070136,-122.5014152,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sbvhPgJTKDgGbqCaleEsxIw!2e0!3e5\">Bay View Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You can now visit 14 California State Parks from the comfort of your own web browser, using Google Street View.",
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"description": "You can now visit 14 California State Parks from the comfort of your own web browser, using Google Street View.",
"title": "Now You Can Take a Virtual Hike in California State Parks | KQED",
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"headline": "Now You Can Take a Virtual Hike in California State Parks",
"datePublished": "2014-10-08T07:30:08-07:00",
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"slug": "now-you-can-take-a-virtual-hike-in-california-state-parks",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Marissa Ortega-Welch and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22344\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/molera.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22344\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/molera.jpg\" alt=\"Andrew Molera State Park in Big Sur. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"903\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Andrew Molera State Park\u003c/a> in Big Sur. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Want to take a hike, but can’t quite generate the get-up-and-go to put down the laptop and get off the couch? Maybe you’re at work, but wish you were on the Dipsea trail? Well, you can now visit 14 California State Parks from the comfort of your own web browser, using Google Street View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/bootjack.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22346\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/bootjack.jpg\" alt=\"The Boot Jack Trail on Mount Tam. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"901\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.9036845,-122.589382,3a,75y,341.88h,97.56t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1swdEWdfxmPCqtecFQziU1Rg!2e0!3e5\">Boot Jack Trail\u003c/a> on Mount Tam. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new feature of Google Maps isn’t really aimed at armchair hikers; the idea isn’t to replace the physical park experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is for this imagery to really encourage people here both within California and across the world to see what California has to offer,” says Street View manager Deanna Yick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, we’re enjoying seeing what California has to offer from our cubicles, instead of whatever other work we might be doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22342\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/steepravine.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/steepravine.jpg\" alt=\"A view from the Steep Ravine trail on Mount Tamalpais. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"901\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.901796,-122.587895,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e2!3m3!1s89100107!2e1!3e10\">Steep Ravine Trail\u003c/a> on Mount Tamalpais. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hikers wear \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuiEmxDklKw\">40-pound backpacks outfitted with cameras\u003c/a> that take still photos; the devices, which look like those Street View car cameras, only they’re mounted on people’s backs, are called Trekkers. The photos are then stitched into 360-degree panoramas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the state parks you can now visit without actually putting your shoes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Andrew Molera State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Angel Island State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=e44z9Z6qe389HmcgYVyRmw\">Asilomar State Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5362798,-121.9281395,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s4wnWQcrlCS5nGu0asCCa1Q!2e0!3e5\">Carmel River SB\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5362798,-121.9281395,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s4wnWQcrlCS5nGu0asCCa1Q!2e0!3e5\">Garrapata State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.1748823,-121.4968637,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sD6cSjzpaRLPPTmJ9ZR9irA!2e0!3e5\">Henry W. Coe State Park\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=8RorX9NuFGVGVZFjVJCeew\">Coyote Creek Loop\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.1690349,-121.6680918,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1suL5Q5SZT-JuOGeiggEA4nA!2e0!3e5\">Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Limekiln State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.6991769,-121.8099616,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sM7gaR7HjIX9YzgF-FEqdUA!2e0!3e5\">Marina State Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mount Tamalpais State Park:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Boot Jack\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Camp Eastwood\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Dipsea\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/search/Mount+Tamalpais+State+Park,+Fern+Creek+Trail,+Mill+Valley,+CA/@37.9012358,-122.578215,3a,75y,264.61h,90.92t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sI7iul8H39DebG5COhBoRrA!2e0!3e5\">Fern Creek\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/search/Mount+Tamalpais+State+Park,+Fern+Creek+Trail,+Mill+Valley,+CA/@37.9012358,-122.578215,3a,75y,264.61h,90.92t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sI7iul8H39DebG5COhBoRrA!2e0!3e5\">Matt Davis\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.8973215,-122.6025933,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sDvoD3d5rPSOZahFczS8iwg!2e0!3e5\">Old Mine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=6z1DsfZGIVzazOMNJb0vEQ\">Sierra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=6z1DsfZGIVzazOMNJb0vEQ\">Steep Ravine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.90443,-122.5965612,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1slru7YCr3pwC0oC4PZEdKZw!2e0!3e5\">TCC\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.9091413,-122.5921455,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s9c7PbR-KGa-vhbguRxu9cQ!2e0!3e5\">Troop 80\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5221796,-121.9539173,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sBkpcU4Vcs3CansJtUJtpsQ!2e0!3e5\">Point Lobos State Reserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.1370017,-122.8969431,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s7Bt8X6iWIf9XcH8Elb6mLA!2e0!3e5\">Tomales Bay State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0272428,-122.7375287,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sF8ufW--Yh00DsI3stzDqGg!2e0!3e5\">Samuel P. Taylor State Park\u003c/a>:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.00517,-122.7092339,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s_DyAk4dGbCDsI42p0idjYQ!2e0!3e5\">Cross Marin Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0148265,-122.7254853,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sjUW_5zjsa-oZbdCKgtSyuw!2e0!3e5\">Pioneer Tree Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0360437,-122.727293,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sqpAfUjxW5OEcGygNATjsvw!2e0!3e5\">Devils Gulch Fire Road\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0012252,-122.4603896,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sMTzospT9BA70MRdBHrzyEw!2e0!3e5\">China Camp State Park\u003c/a>:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0060362,-122.4755664,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sEMcbcVNRFYVKBWy4REriTQ!2e0!3e5\">Shoreline Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0070136,-122.5014152,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sbvhPgJTKDgGbqCaleEsxIw!2e0!3e5\">Bay View Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Has Uneven Effects on Ocean Warming",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Has Uneven Effects on Ocean Warming | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/oceans-getting-hotter-than-anybody-realized-18139\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 685px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\" alt=\"An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO) \" width=\"685\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22313\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.niwa.co.nz/vessels/kaharoa\">RV Kaharoa\u003c/a> motored out of Wellington, New Zealand on Saturday, loaded with more than 100 scientific instruments, each eventually destined for a watery grave. Crewmembers will spend the next two months dropping the 50-pound devices, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/index.html\">Argo floats\u003c/a>, into the seas between New Zealand and Mauritius, off the coast of Madagascar. There, the instruments will sink and drift, then measure temperature, salinity and pressure as they resurface to beam the data to a satellite. The battery-powered floats will repeat that process every 10 days — until they conk out, after four years or more, and become ocean junk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under an international program begun in 2000, and that started producing useful global data in 2005, the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/temperature-plateau-is-likely-due-to-warming-of-deep-oceans-16280\">warming\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/what-will-survive-in-hot-acidic-oceans-18027\">acidifying\u003c/a> seas have been invisibly filled with thousands of these bobbing instruments. They are gathering and transmitting data that’s providing scientists with the clearest-ever pictures of the hitherto-unfathomed extent of ocean warming. About 90 percent of global warming is ending up not on land, but in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published Sunday concluded that the upper 2,300 feet of the Southern Hemisphere’s oceans may have warmed twice as quickly after 1970 than had previously been thought. Gathering reliable ocean data in the Southern Hemisphere has historically been a challenge, given its remoteness and its relative paucity of commercial shipping, which helps gather ocean data. Argo floats and satellites are now helping to plug Austral ocean data gaps, and improving the accuracy of Northern Hemisphere measurements and estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Argo data is really critical,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/about/staff/Durack/\">Paul Durack\u003c/a>, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory researcher who led the new study, which was published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2389.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>. “The estimates that we had up until now have been pretty systematically underestimating the likely changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durack and Lawrence Livermore colleagues worked with a Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist to compare ocean observations with ocean models. They concluded that the upper levels of the planet’s oceans — those of the northern and southern hemispheres combined — had been warming during several decades prior to 2005 at rates that were 24 to 58 percent faster than had previously been realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid ocean warming has consequences for the Earth’s climate and its shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to be stunned at how rapidly the ocean is warming,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pord.ucsd.edu/~sgille/\">Sarah Gille\u003c/a>, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor. Gille was not involved with this paper, nor was she involved with a similar one published Sunday that examined the role of ocean warming in rising sea levels. She described both of them as “tremendously interesting” studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if we stopped all greenhouse gas emissions today, we’d still have an ocean that is warmer than the ocean of 1950, and that heat commits us to a warmer climate,” Gille said. “Extra heat means extra sea level rise, since warmer water is less dense, so a warmer ocean expands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean warming is exacerbating flooding caused by the melting of glaciers and other ice. Seas have risen 8 inches since the industrial revolution, and they continue to rise at a hastening pace, worsening floods and boosting storm surges near shorelines around the world. Another 2 to 7 feet of sea level rise is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">forecast this century\u003c/a>, jeoparizing the homes and neighborhoods of the 5 million Americans who live less than 4 feet above high tide, as well as those of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/upshot/flooding-risk-from-climate-change-country-by-country.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=0&_r=0\">hundreds of millions\u003c/a> living along coastlines in other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other ocean temperature study, also published Sunday in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2387.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>, used Argo and other data to tentatively conclude that all of the ocean warming from 2005 to 2013 had occurred above depths of 6,500 feet. During the same period, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists who wrote the paper concluded, the expansion of those warming waters caused a third of the planet’s 2.8 millimeters of annual sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s papers joined more than 1,000 others \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/Bibliography.html\">published so far\u003c/a> that have used Argo float data to improve science’s understanding of waterways that are climatically influential but difficult to measure manually. “This research covers a very broad range of topics including ocean circulation, water mass formation and spreading, mesoscale eddies, interannual variability such as El Niño, decadal variability, and multi-decadal climate change,” said Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/droemmich/biocv\">Dean Roemmich\u003c/a>, who was in New Zealand last week preparing Argo floats for deployment by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vesselfinder.com/?mmsi=512119000\">RV Kaharoa’s crew\u003c/a>. “The program has revolutionized large-scale physical oceanography.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/Marine--Atmospheric-Research/SteveRintoul.aspx\">Steve Rintoul\u003c/a>, a researcher at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, or CSIRO, said findings of ocean warming above 6,500 feet in the Jet Propulsion Lab’s study \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/atlantic-holds-key-to-global-warming-hiatus-17930\">explain the recent slowdown\u003c/a> in warming at the Earth’s surface, which is sometimes called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-study-ties-global-warming-hiatus-to-a-pacific-cooldown-16405\">global warming hiatus\u003c/a>, or warming pause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An important result of this paper is the demonstration that the oceans have continued to warm over the past decade, at a rate consistent with estimates of Earth’s net energy imbalance,” Rintoul said. “While the rate of increase in surface air temperatures slowed in the last 10 to 15 years, the heat stored by the planet, which is heavily dominated by the oceans, has steadily increased as greenhouse gases have continued to rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That extra heat isn’t expected to swim with the fishes forever. Some of it will eventually rise from the deep, raising temperatures in places that more directly affect us landlubbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how rapidly the oceanic heat will resurface to warm the land is “something that we struggle with,” said Scripps’s Gille. But she said heat is constantly shifting between oceans and the atmosphere. “A warmer ocean will mean a warmer atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/oceans-getting-hotter-than-anybody-realized-18139\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 685px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\" alt=\"An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO) \" width=\"685\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22313\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.niwa.co.nz/vessels/kaharoa\">RV Kaharoa\u003c/a> motored out of Wellington, New Zealand on Saturday, loaded with more than 100 scientific instruments, each eventually destined for a watery grave. Crewmembers will spend the next two months dropping the 50-pound devices, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/index.html\">Argo floats\u003c/a>, into the seas between New Zealand and Mauritius, off the coast of Madagascar. There, the instruments will sink and drift, then measure temperature, salinity and pressure as they resurface to beam the data to a satellite. The battery-powered floats will repeat that process every 10 days — until they conk out, after four years or more, and become ocean junk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under an international program begun in 2000, and that started producing useful global data in 2005, the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/temperature-plateau-is-likely-due-to-warming-of-deep-oceans-16280\">warming\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/what-will-survive-in-hot-acidic-oceans-18027\">acidifying\u003c/a> seas have been invisibly filled with thousands of these bobbing instruments. They are gathering and transmitting data that’s providing scientists with the clearest-ever pictures of the hitherto-unfathomed extent of ocean warming. About 90 percent of global warming is ending up not on land, but in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published Sunday concluded that the upper 2,300 feet of the Southern Hemisphere’s oceans may have warmed twice as quickly after 1970 than had previously been thought. Gathering reliable ocean data in the Southern Hemisphere has historically been a challenge, given its remoteness and its relative paucity of commercial shipping, which helps gather ocean data. Argo floats and satellites are now helping to plug Austral ocean data gaps, and improving the accuracy of Northern Hemisphere measurements and estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Argo data is really critical,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/about/staff/Durack/\">Paul Durack\u003c/a>, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory researcher who led the new study, which was published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2389.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>. “The estimates that we had up until now have been pretty systematically underestimating the likely changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durack and Lawrence Livermore colleagues worked with a Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist to compare ocean observations with ocean models. They concluded that the upper levels of the planet’s oceans — those of the northern and southern hemispheres combined — had been warming during several decades prior to 2005 at rates that were 24 to 58 percent faster than had previously been realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid ocean warming has consequences for the Earth’s climate and its shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to be stunned at how rapidly the ocean is warming,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pord.ucsd.edu/~sgille/\">Sarah Gille\u003c/a>, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor. Gille was not involved with this paper, nor was she involved with a similar one published Sunday that examined the role of ocean warming in rising sea levels. She described both of them as “tremendously interesting” studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if we stopped all greenhouse gas emissions today, we’d still have an ocean that is warmer than the ocean of 1950, and that heat commits us to a warmer climate,” Gille said. “Extra heat means extra sea level rise, since warmer water is less dense, so a warmer ocean expands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean warming is exacerbating flooding caused by the melting of glaciers and other ice. Seas have risen 8 inches since the industrial revolution, and they continue to rise at a hastening pace, worsening floods and boosting storm surges near shorelines around the world. Another 2 to 7 feet of sea level rise is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">forecast this century\u003c/a>, jeoparizing the homes and neighborhoods of the 5 million Americans who live less than 4 feet above high tide, as well as those of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/upshot/flooding-risk-from-climate-change-country-by-country.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=0&_r=0\">hundreds of millions\u003c/a> living along coastlines in other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other ocean temperature study, also published Sunday in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2387.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>, used Argo and other data to tentatively conclude that all of the ocean warming from 2005 to 2013 had occurred above depths of 6,500 feet. During the same period, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists who wrote the paper concluded, the expansion of those warming waters caused a third of the planet’s 2.8 millimeters of annual sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s papers joined more than 1,000 others \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/Bibliography.html\">published so far\u003c/a> that have used Argo float data to improve science’s understanding of waterways that are climatically influential but difficult to measure manually. “This research covers a very broad range of topics including ocean circulation, water mass formation and spreading, mesoscale eddies, interannual variability such as El Niño, decadal variability, and multi-decadal climate change,” said Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/droemmich/biocv\">Dean Roemmich\u003c/a>, who was in New Zealand last week preparing Argo floats for deployment by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vesselfinder.com/?mmsi=512119000\">RV Kaharoa’s crew\u003c/a>. “The program has revolutionized large-scale physical oceanography.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/Marine--Atmospheric-Research/SteveRintoul.aspx\">Steve Rintoul\u003c/a>, a researcher at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, or CSIRO, said findings of ocean warming above 6,500 feet in the Jet Propulsion Lab’s study \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/atlantic-holds-key-to-global-warming-hiatus-17930\">explain the recent slowdown\u003c/a> in warming at the Earth’s surface, which is sometimes called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-study-ties-global-warming-hiatus-to-a-pacific-cooldown-16405\">global warming hiatus\u003c/a>, or warming pause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An important result of this paper is the demonstration that the oceans have continued to warm over the past decade, at a rate consistent with estimates of Earth’s net energy imbalance,” Rintoul said. “While the rate of increase in surface air temperatures slowed in the last 10 to 15 years, the heat stored by the planet, which is heavily dominated by the oceans, has steadily increased as greenhouse gases have continued to rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That extra heat isn’t expected to swim with the fishes forever. Some of it will eventually rise from the deep, raising temperatures in places that more directly affect us landlubbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how rapidly the oceanic heat will resurface to warm the land is “something that we struggle with,” said Scripps’s Gille. But she said heat is constantly shifting between oceans and the atmosphere. “A warmer ocean will mean a warmer atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Do Wearables and Health Apps Belong in the Doctor’s Office?",
"headTitle": "Do Wearables and Health Apps Belong in the Doctor’s Office? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141006science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-22235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"This year Bret Parker went skydiving for the first time, as a fundraiser for the Michael J Fox Foundation. (Bret Parker)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bret Parker went skydiving this year to raise money for the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Parker participated in a study earlier this year about whether a wearable tracker could effectively measure the severity of tremors caused by Parkinson’s. (Courtesy of Bret Parker)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple’s smart watch is only the latest gadget with quasi-medical aspirations. The watch joins a fast-growing wearables industry worth between $3 billion and $5 billion, according to \u003ca href=\"https://doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com/docView?language=ENG&source=ulg&format=PDF&document_id=805349560&serialid=g9lEUAU7uOFgKHIGT9ZG65xrGGoRvXYXhI1Ez/GEECU=\">Credit Suisse\u003c/a>. Add to that nearly 50,000 health apps and you have a booming new digital health industry aiming to disrupt healthcare the same way Amazon took on publishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But disruption is easier tweeted than done, especially when doctors aren’t as gung-ho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, Dr. Paul Abramson, a primary care doctor in San Francisco’s financial district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson is no techno-phobe. He sees patients in a sleek white office with a hydraulic standing desk from Denmark and listens to their hearts with a digital stethoscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">One patient had ‘twenty years of data in Excel spreadsheets and several other formats, everything from heart rate to symptoms to medications.’\u003ccite>— Dr. Paul Abramson\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I like gadgets,” Abramson explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson sees many patients from the tech industry. More and more, he says, people are coming in with data collected from consumer medical devices. One recent patient took this to an extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had, Abramson says, “twenty years of data in Excel spreadsheets and several other formats, everything from heart rate to symptoms to medications.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson says even the patient wasn’t sure what to make of it all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thought of going through it and trying to put it into a format where you could then analyze it or extract meaning from it was not really feasible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t just that Abramson, like most doctors, doesn’t have time to pour through this data. It’s that he says he can learn a lot more from a simple conversation during a traditional doctor’s exam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get information from watching people’s body language,” he says, “from observing their minor ticks and the tone of their voice, and the subtleties of being in a room with them that give me information that there’s way I can get. I’ve tried doing it on the phone, on video conferencing. You just don’t get as rich an experience to figure out what’s going on and give guidance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fielding Pitches From Silicon Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this wariness from doctors hasn’t deterred technology start-ups from trying to insert their products into the doctor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Blum, a cardiologist at UCSF, says he gets pitches from entrepreneurs almost daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their perspective,” says Blum, “is, ‘You old doctors have kept things the same as they are for fifty years. We’ve got new technology and it’s going to disrupt healthcare.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Their perspective is, “You old doctors have kept things the same as they are for fifty years. We’ve got new technology and it’s going to disrupt healthcare.”‘\u003ccite>— Dr. Michael Blum, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Blum says he’s not entirely at odds with this statement. He agrees that healthcare needs to be disrupted with technology. But this transition is rarely as easy as the tech entrepreneurs predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the wide-scale conversion from paper to electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 70 percent of medical centers now use electronic medical records, says Blum, but the transition \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/business/digital-medical-records-become-common-but-sharing-remains-challenging.html\">has been rocky\u003c/a>. Medical centers find themselves using proprietary database systems that aren’t compatible with systems in other medical centers, so electronic records can’t always be shared from one office to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same problems are likely to pop up when consumer medical devices – for example, home heart or blood glucose monitors – become more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s this perception that that data is just going to stream right into your doctor,” says Blum, “and that as soon as you show up they’re going to look at that data and know everything they need to know. And the reality is, we’re not there. We’re really not close to there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yes, It’s Shiny and New. But Does It Work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the question of accuracy. Devices like the Nike+ FuelBand look shiny and hi-tech, but they are not currently regulated by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t make the leap that just because this data is coming in digitally, it’s accurate,” Blum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors are often wary of the shiny and the new, he says, it’s for a good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Doctors and hospitals must figure out which technologies are game-changing and which are dead ends. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Things that seem really fantastic can actually have very adverse outcomes,” Blum says. “There’s a long history of studies of medicine or therapies that looked promising and produced good results but shortly thereafter got completely overturned by larger data sets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s largely up to doctors and hospitals to do the vetting, to sort out which technologies are game-changing and which are dead ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several providers, including Kaiser Permanente, have created entire new divisions to do this. UCSF recently opened the Center for Digital Health Innovation, which Blum directs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center pairs entrepreneurs with medical researchers who can subject new technologies to rigorous medical testing, to make sure the devices live up to their manufacturers’ claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Silicon Valley is focusing on specific diseases, looking for the specific niches where its products can be of real service to those with chronic illnesses, and not just healthy people trying to count their steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can a Wearable Track the Tremors of Parkinson’s Disease?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One partnership between Intel and the Michael J. Fox Foundation is asking whether activity trackers can measure the severity of tremors caused by Parkinson’s disease. One of the participants is Bret Parker, a lawyer who lives in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22237\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker.2-107x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-22237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker.2-107x162.jpg\" alt=\"New York lawyer Bret Parker runs marathons and has skydived to raise money for Parkinson's disease, which he has. \" width=\"224\" height=\"342\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New York lawyer Bret Parker runs marathons and has skydived to raise money for Parkinson’s disease, which he has. (Courtesy of Bret Parker)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Parker was diagnosed seven years ago, when he was 38. For a long time the symptoms were mild enough that he told no one outside his immediate family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My feeling was, don’t worry about things that you can’t control and that aren’t affecting you,” he said. “I’d rather just live my life and not think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the disease progressed, Parker found himself forced to think about it more. He came out publicly, with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/randalllane/2012/03/12/the-last-workplace-secret/\">blog he wrote\u003c/a> for Forbes.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, reluctantly, he’s come to realize that he needs to pay closer attention to his Parkinson’s — for instance, to the granular details of how his symptoms fluctuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s become more important to get into the details of, ok, is my medication wearing off or not? Is eating something with it (the medication) or not eating something with it affecting it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the technology could come in. It might provide a detailed recording of the severity of his tremors, while saving Parker from having to jot down notes all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This disease is going to creep up on me,” says Parker. “As it advances, I need to be smarter about my role in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, another project called the Health eHeart study at UCSF equips cardiology patients with wearable technology to see how everyday activities affect their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of a slew of studies to see whether consumer health tools will amount to more than trendy gadgets.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Wearables and health apps made a multi-billion-dollar industry out of healthy peoples' desires to count calories and rack up steps. Now can this technology make the transition to a medical setting, to help people with chronic illnesses?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-22235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"This year Bret Parker went skydiving for the first time, as a fundraiser for the Michael J Fox Foundation. (Bret Parker)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bret Parker went skydiving this year to raise money for the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Parker participated in a study earlier this year about whether a wearable tracker could effectively measure the severity of tremors caused by Parkinson’s. (Courtesy of Bret Parker)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple’s smart watch is only the latest gadget with quasi-medical aspirations. The watch joins a fast-growing wearables industry worth between $3 billion and $5 billion, according to \u003ca href=\"https://doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com/docView?language=ENG&source=ulg&format=PDF&document_id=805349560&serialid=g9lEUAU7uOFgKHIGT9ZG65xrGGoRvXYXhI1Ez/GEECU=\">Credit Suisse\u003c/a>. Add to that nearly 50,000 health apps and you have a booming new digital health industry aiming to disrupt healthcare the same way Amazon took on publishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But disruption is easier tweeted than done, especially when doctors aren’t as gung-ho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, Dr. Paul Abramson, a primary care doctor in San Francisco’s financial district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson is no techno-phobe. He sees patients in a sleek white office with a hydraulic standing desk from Denmark and listens to their hearts with a digital stethoscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">One patient had ‘twenty years of data in Excel spreadsheets and several other formats, everything from heart rate to symptoms to medications.’\u003ccite>— Dr. Paul Abramson\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I like gadgets,” Abramson explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson sees many patients from the tech industry. More and more, he says, people are coming in with data collected from consumer medical devices. One recent patient took this to an extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had, Abramson says, “twenty years of data in Excel spreadsheets and several other formats, everything from heart rate to symptoms to medications.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson says even the patient wasn’t sure what to make of it all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thought of going through it and trying to put it into a format where you could then analyze it or extract meaning from it was not really feasible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t just that Abramson, like most doctors, doesn’t have time to pour through this data. It’s that he says he can learn a lot more from a simple conversation during a traditional doctor’s exam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get information from watching people’s body language,” he says, “from observing their minor ticks and the tone of their voice, and the subtleties of being in a room with them that give me information that there’s way I can get. I’ve tried doing it on the phone, on video conferencing. You just don’t get as rich an experience to figure out what’s going on and give guidance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fielding Pitches From Silicon Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this wariness from doctors hasn’t deterred technology start-ups from trying to insert their products into the doctor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Blum, a cardiologist at UCSF, says he gets pitches from entrepreneurs almost daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their perspective,” says Blum, “is, ‘You old doctors have kept things the same as they are for fifty years. We’ve got new technology and it’s going to disrupt healthcare.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Their perspective is, “You old doctors have kept things the same as they are for fifty years. We’ve got new technology and it’s going to disrupt healthcare.”‘\u003ccite>— Dr. Michael Blum, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Blum says he’s not entirely at odds with this statement. He agrees that healthcare needs to be disrupted with technology. But this transition is rarely as easy as the tech entrepreneurs predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the wide-scale conversion from paper to electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 70 percent of medical centers now use electronic medical records, says Blum, but the transition \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/business/digital-medical-records-become-common-but-sharing-remains-challenging.html\">has been rocky\u003c/a>. Medical centers find themselves using proprietary database systems that aren’t compatible with systems in other medical centers, so electronic records can’t always be shared from one office to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same problems are likely to pop up when consumer medical devices – for example, home heart or blood glucose monitors – become more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s this perception that that data is just going to stream right into your doctor,” says Blum, “and that as soon as you show up they’re going to look at that data and know everything they need to know. And the reality is, we’re not there. We’re really not close to there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yes, It’s Shiny and New. But Does It Work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the question of accuracy. Devices like the Nike+ FuelBand look shiny and hi-tech, but they are not currently regulated by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t make the leap that just because this data is coming in digitally, it’s accurate,” Blum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors are often wary of the shiny and the new, he says, it’s for a good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Doctors and hospitals must figure out which technologies are game-changing and which are dead ends. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Things that seem really fantastic can actually have very adverse outcomes,” Blum says. “There’s a long history of studies of medicine or therapies that looked promising and produced good results but shortly thereafter got completely overturned by larger data sets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s largely up to doctors and hospitals to do the vetting, to sort out which technologies are game-changing and which are dead ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several providers, including Kaiser Permanente, have created entire new divisions to do this. UCSF recently opened the Center for Digital Health Innovation, which Blum directs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center pairs entrepreneurs with medical researchers who can subject new technologies to rigorous medical testing, to make sure the devices live up to their manufacturers’ claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Silicon Valley is focusing on specific diseases, looking for the specific niches where its products can be of real service to those with chronic illnesses, and not just healthy people trying to count their steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can a Wearable Track the Tremors of Parkinson’s Disease?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One partnership between Intel and the Michael J. Fox Foundation is asking whether activity trackers can measure the severity of tremors caused by Parkinson’s disease. One of the participants is Bret Parker, a lawyer who lives in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22237\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker.2-107x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-22237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker.2-107x162.jpg\" alt=\"New York lawyer Bret Parker runs marathons and has skydived to raise money for Parkinson's disease, which he has. \" width=\"224\" height=\"342\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New York lawyer Bret Parker runs marathons and has skydived to raise money for Parkinson’s disease, which he has. (Courtesy of Bret Parker)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Parker was diagnosed seven years ago, when he was 38. For a long time the symptoms were mild enough that he told no one outside his immediate family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My feeling was, don’t worry about things that you can’t control and that aren’t affecting you,” he said. “I’d rather just live my life and not think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the disease progressed, Parker found himself forced to think about it more. He came out publicly, with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/randalllane/2012/03/12/the-last-workplace-secret/\">blog he wrote\u003c/a> for Forbes.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, reluctantly, he’s come to realize that he needs to pay closer attention to his Parkinson’s — for instance, to the granular details of how his symptoms fluctuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s become more important to get into the details of, ok, is my medication wearing off or not? Is eating something with it (the medication) or not eating something with it affecting it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the technology could come in. It might provide a detailed recording of the severity of his tremors, while saving Parker from having to jot down notes all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This disease is going to creep up on me,” says Parker. “As it advances, I need to be smarter about my role in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, another project called the Health eHeart study at UCSF equips cardiology patients with wearable technology to see how everyday activities affect their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "PG&E Tests Tech Adapted From NASA's Mars Rover",
"headTitle": "PG&E Tests Tech Adapted From NASA’s Mars Rover | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech2-768x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech2-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Lance Christensen of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory tests the methane sensor he invented. (Courtesy of PG&E)\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lance Christensen of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory tests the methane sensor he invented. (Courtesy of PG&E)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas and Electric is testing a new device for detecting methane leaks. The sensor is based on a tool that’s mounted on NASA’s Mars Curiosity rover. NASA designed PG&E’s new gadget, too, which the utility says is 1,000 times more sensitive than the hand-held equipment it’s been using to track down leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensor is a small, ultra-sensitive device, mounted on the end of a pole, so that it looks a little like a golf club, explains Hailey Wilson, a PG&E spokeswoman. Inspectors can walk around with it, and it will notify them of leaks in real-time. Methane is the main ingredient in natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helps us localize the leaks quicker,” Wilson says. “So it’s not like it’s picking up leaks that we wouldn’t find eventually, but it enables us to find it much more quickly and fix it much more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a PG&E pipeline exploded in San Bruno, killing eight people. The utility faces a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_26635239/judge-denies-pg-e-request-remove-san-bruno\">federal criminal trial\u003c/a> for violating pipeline safety regulations, and is being \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/09/02/2014/pge-fine-san-bruno-huge-but-less-than-expected/\">fined by the California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>. The explosion occurred when an old gas pipeline ruptured. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E currently monitors for natural gas leaks by helicopter, boat, car and foot along its nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/safety/systemworks/gas/overview/index.page?\">48,000 miles of pipelines\u003c/a>. The utility has begun using another ultra-sensitive methane detector, which is \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_19855174\">mounted on cars\u003c/a>. While the Picarro car can sweep neighborhoods for leaks, Wilson says, hand-held devices are vital for pinpointing the sources. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a safety component, it makes sure that our system is even safer,” Wilson says. “But there’s actually that green component as well, with making sure that we eliminate as much methane emissions — which is a greenhouse gas — as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, the Curiosity rover is using the tool, called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/webster1.html\">tunable laser spectrometer\u003c/a>, to search for traces of methane in the atmosphere. There, though, the methane wouldn’t signal a leak, but would instead, perhaps, be a sign of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech3.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of the methane gas detector at work on Mars. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\" width=\"1014\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22170\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of the methane gas detector at work on Mars. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Anytime we can go out and find an application that addresses real world problems — in this case one that relates very closely to global climate change and greenhouse gas concentrations — NASA is very supportive,” says Andrew Aubrey of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. “So in this particular instance, it’s a Mars technology that we are translating to the needs of the oil and gas industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, PG&E is testing a prototype of the sensor. The company is planning to deploy more of them in the field in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech2-768x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech2-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Lance Christensen of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory tests the methane sensor he invented. (Courtesy of PG&E)\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lance Christensen of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory tests the methane sensor he invented. (Courtesy of PG&E)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas and Electric is testing a new device for detecting methane leaks. The sensor is based on a tool that’s mounted on NASA’s Mars Curiosity rover. NASA designed PG&E’s new gadget, too, which the utility says is 1,000 times more sensitive than the hand-held equipment it’s been using to track down leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensor is a small, ultra-sensitive device, mounted on the end of a pole, so that it looks a little like a golf club, explains Hailey Wilson, a PG&E spokeswoman. Inspectors can walk around with it, and it will notify them of leaks in real-time. Methane is the main ingredient in natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helps us localize the leaks quicker,” Wilson says. “So it’s not like it’s picking up leaks that we wouldn’t find eventually, but it enables us to find it much more quickly and fix it much more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a PG&E pipeline exploded in San Bruno, killing eight people. The utility faces a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_26635239/judge-denies-pg-e-request-remove-san-bruno\">federal criminal trial\u003c/a> for violating pipeline safety regulations, and is being \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/09/02/2014/pge-fine-san-bruno-huge-but-less-than-expected/\">fined by the California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>. The explosion occurred when an old gas pipeline ruptured. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E currently monitors for natural gas leaks by helicopter, boat, car and foot along its nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/safety/systemworks/gas/overview/index.page?\">48,000 miles of pipelines\u003c/a>. The utility has begun using another ultra-sensitive methane detector, which is \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_19855174\">mounted on cars\u003c/a>. While the Picarro car can sweep neighborhoods for leaks, Wilson says, hand-held devices are vital for pinpointing the sources. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a safety component, it makes sure that our system is even safer,” Wilson says. “But there’s actually that green component as well, with making sure that we eliminate as much methane emissions — which is a greenhouse gas — as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, the Curiosity rover is using the tool, called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/webster1.html\">tunable laser spectrometer\u003c/a>, to search for traces of methane in the atmosphere. There, though, the methane wouldn’t signal a leak, but would instead, perhaps, be a sign of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech3.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of the methane gas detector at work on Mars. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\" width=\"1014\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22170\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of the methane gas detector at work on Mars. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Anytime we can go out and find an application that addresses real world problems — in this case one that relates very closely to global climate change and greenhouse gas concentrations — NASA is very supportive,” says Andrew Aubrey of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. “So in this particular instance, it’s a Mars technology that we are translating to the needs of the oil and gas industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, PG&E is testing a prototype of the sensor. The company is planning to deploy more of them in the field in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22139\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8907_Drought_JoshC-4427-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22139\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8907_Drought_JoshC-4427-scr.jpg\" alt=\"At the end of the water year, San Luis Reservoir is at less than a quarter of its capacity. (Josh Cassidy/KQED) \" width=\"850\" height=\"567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the end of the water year, San Luis Reservoir is at less than a quarter of its capacity. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tuesday is “New Year’s Eve” for water managers in California, but they aren’t celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the end of the state’s official “water year,” kind of a fiscal year for the water budget. Officials watch water years more closely than calendar years because they run from October to September, centered around the months in which California gets virtually all of its rainfall. And this one appears to be clocking in as the third driest on record, according to state climatologist Mike Anderson, with less than 60 percent of normal precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measured by total precipitation within those months, the driest water year on record was 1924. Clocking in second was 1977, toward the end of California’s last epic drought, when one of the state’s \u003ca title=\"DWR - reservoir levels\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">principal reservoirs\u003c/a>, Lake Oroville on the Feather River, dropped to its all-time low of 26 percent of capacity. The lake’s current level is hovering just barely above that at 30 percent (less than half its historical average). But as state water officials are keen to point out in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/092914drywateryear.pdf\">press release\u003c/a>, the state’s population in those years was a fraction of what it is today:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…on September 1, the state’s major reservoirs collectively held only 57 percent of average storage for the date, or about 36 percent of capacity. Cumulative reservoir storage in 1977, to date California’s driest year on record, was approximately five million acre-feet less than today but the state in that year had millions fewer people.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If you’re counting calendar years, 2013 was the driest on record and the outlook for 2014 isn’t much better, despite the early showers that have passed through already this fall. Those rains helped put a damper on wildfires but weren’t nearly enough to put a dent in the drought. \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/07/el-nino-fizzle-no-relief-likely-for-california-drought/\">Early hopes\u003c/a> for drought-busting El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have waned. It \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">takes a mighty El Niño\u003c/a> to really soak Northern California. Federal climate forecasters say the odds favor only a pipsqueak El Niño this fall and winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also tracks a “precipitation year,” which runs July through June, in which the one ended June 30 was the second driest on record. California typically gets half its precipitation in the three months between December and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says it would take something in the range of 150 percent of normal precipitation for the year ahead to be a drought buster, and the forecast models are sending mixed messages. “Right now there’s no definitive signal, where the ocean or atmosphere are telling us to lean one way or the other,” he says, with an audible sigh. “It’s just a lot of uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The immediate certainty is that day-to-day conservation — wise, sparing use of water — is essential as we face the possibility of a fourth dry winter,” DWR director Mark Cowin said in a release. The web is rife with water-saving tips, including the state’s \u003ca title=\"Save our Water - main\" href=\"http://saveourwater.com/\">official conservation site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22139\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8907_Drought_JoshC-4427-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22139\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8907_Drought_JoshC-4427-scr.jpg\" alt=\"At the end of the water year, San Luis Reservoir is at less than a quarter of its capacity. (Josh Cassidy/KQED) \" width=\"850\" height=\"567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the end of the water year, San Luis Reservoir is at less than a quarter of its capacity. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tuesday is “New Year’s Eve” for water managers in California, but they aren’t celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the end of the state’s official “water year,” kind of a fiscal year for the water budget. Officials watch water years more closely than calendar years because they run from October to September, centered around the months in which California gets virtually all of its rainfall. And this one appears to be clocking in as the third driest on record, according to state climatologist Mike Anderson, with less than 60 percent of normal precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measured by total precipitation within those months, the driest water year on record was 1924. Clocking in second was 1977, toward the end of California’s last epic drought, when one of the state’s \u003ca title=\"DWR - reservoir levels\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">principal reservoirs\u003c/a>, Lake Oroville on the Feather River, dropped to its all-time low of 26 percent of capacity. The lake’s current level is hovering just barely above that at 30 percent (less than half its historical average). But as state water officials are keen to point out in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/092914drywateryear.pdf\">press release\u003c/a>, the state’s population in those years was a fraction of what it is today:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…on September 1, the state’s major reservoirs collectively held only 57 percent of average storage for the date, or about 36 percent of capacity. Cumulative reservoir storage in 1977, to date California’s driest year on record, was approximately five million acre-feet less than today but the state in that year had millions fewer people.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If you’re counting calendar years, 2013 was the driest on record and the outlook for 2014 isn’t much better, despite the early showers that have passed through already this fall. Those rains helped put a damper on wildfires but weren’t nearly enough to put a dent in the drought. \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/07/el-nino-fizzle-no-relief-likely-for-california-drought/\">Early hopes\u003c/a> for drought-busting El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have waned. It \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">takes a mighty El Niño\u003c/a> to really soak Northern California. Federal climate forecasters say the odds favor only a pipsqueak El Niño this fall and winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also tracks a “precipitation year,” which runs July through June, in which the one ended June 30 was the second driest on record. California typically gets half its precipitation in the three months between December and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says it would take something in the range of 150 percent of normal precipitation for the year ahead to be a drought buster, and the forecast models are sending mixed messages. “Right now there’s no definitive signal, where the ocean or atmosphere are telling us to lean one way or the other,” he says, with an audible sigh. “It’s just a lot of uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The immediate certainty is that day-to-day conservation — wise, sparing use of water — is essential as we face the possibility of a fourth dry winter,” DWR director Mark Cowin said in a release. The web is rife with water-saving tips, including the state’s \u003ca title=\"Save our Water - main\" href=\"http://saveourwater.com/\">official conservation site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8413_reservoir-full-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8413_reservoir-full-scr.jpg\" alt=\"A security guard walks the perimeter of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"533\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A security guard walks the perimeter of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate change is making the weather pattern that’s responsible for California’s drought more likely, according to a new study from Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon, known as the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24904396/california-drought-whats-causing-it\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>,” is a huge, hard bubble of high pressure air parked in the Pacific Ocean. In the rainy season, it pushes storms that could’ve been headed to California up north, to Canada. High pressure ridges that cause California to dry out happen naturally — there have been plenty of long droughts in the past — but climate change is likely to make them more frequent, according to the study published Monday in the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/assets/File/publications/BAMS_EEE_2013_Full_Report.pdf\">\u003cem>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Swain’s study was published as part of a collection of papers that focused on the links between climate change and extreme weather events. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody’s saying this event (California’s drought) was caused by climate change, period,” said Daniel Swain, a grad student at Stanford and lead author of the paper. (He also \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\">coined the term “ridiculously resilient ridge.”\u003c/a>) “The question that is being asked — and really can be asked — is, ‘Has the risk of an event like this changed due to climate change?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, he says, is yes. It’s three times more likely, according to computer models, than if humans weren’t releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Swain said there are a number of things that can cause high pressure regions; often they’re tied to the oceans, but he wasn’t looking at the ultimate cause, just at the likelihood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach has limitations, said Bill Patzert, a climatologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab. “The state of the art projections by many of these climate models, we have to remember they’re experimental. They’re getting better and better, but at this point, you definitely don’t want to invest your 401(k) in any of these climate models because many of them are in their infancy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain’s study was published as part of a collection focused on the links between climate change and extreme weather events. Two of the other studies also examined the California drought. One found that fewer Pacific storms are likely to reach California, but that increased humidity means that the ones that do reach California will be wetter. The other examined if increases in sea surface temperatures caused by global warming are responsible for the California drought. It did not find a link between the two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With regard to climate model research, Patzert said he’s worried that it misses what he says are more immediate concerns: development and population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is the real deal. It’s serious, it’s irreversible and it’s going to be punishing as we look out into the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century,” he said. But “the model doesn’t tell you that you’re using too much water in your yard and that farmers are growing too much almonds and too much rice. It doesn’t tell you that, but those are the real issues in the next two decades, not global warming. These reports never deal with that, and that’s the human factor and the population factor.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8413_reservoir-full-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8413_reservoir-full-scr.jpg\" alt=\"A security guard walks the perimeter of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"533\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A security guard walks the perimeter of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate change is making the weather pattern that’s responsible for California’s drought more likely, according to a new study from Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon, known as the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24904396/california-drought-whats-causing-it\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>,” is a huge, hard bubble of high pressure air parked in the Pacific Ocean. In the rainy season, it pushes storms that could’ve been headed to California up north, to Canada. High pressure ridges that cause California to dry out happen naturally — there have been plenty of long droughts in the past — but climate change is likely to make them more frequent, according to the study published Monday in the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/assets/File/publications/BAMS_EEE_2013_Full_Report.pdf\">\u003cem>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Swain’s study was published as part of a collection of papers that focused on the links between climate change and extreme weather events. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody’s saying this event (California’s drought) was caused by climate change, period,” said Daniel Swain, a grad student at Stanford and lead author of the paper. (He also \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\">coined the term “ridiculously resilient ridge.”\u003c/a>) “The question that is being asked — and really can be asked — is, ‘Has the risk of an event like this changed due to climate change?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, he says, is yes. It’s three times more likely, according to computer models, than if humans weren’t releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Swain said there are a number of things that can cause high pressure regions; often they’re tied to the oceans, but he wasn’t looking at the ultimate cause, just at the likelihood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach has limitations, said Bill Patzert, a climatologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab. “The state of the art projections by many of these climate models, we have to remember they’re experimental. They’re getting better and better, but at this point, you definitely don’t want to invest your 401(k) in any of these climate models because many of them are in their infancy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain’s study was published as part of a collection focused on the links between climate change and extreme weather events. Two of the other studies also examined the California drought. One found that fewer Pacific storms are likely to reach California, but that increased humidity means that the ones that do reach California will be wetter. The other examined if increases in sea surface temperatures caused by global warming are responsible for the California drought. It did not find a link between the two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With regard to climate model research, Patzert said he’s worried that it misses what he says are more immediate concerns: development and population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is the real deal. It’s serious, it’s irreversible and it’s going to be punishing as we look out into the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century,” he said. But “the model doesn’t tell you that you’re using too much water in your yard and that farmers are growing too much almonds and too much rice. It doesn’t tell you that, but those are the real issues in the next two decades, not global warming. These reports never deal with that, and that’s the human factor and the population factor.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140929science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22009 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\" alt=\"computer servers\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"https://guillaumepaumier.com/\">Guillaume Paumier\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how science usually works: Come up with a question or a hypothesis. Develop an experiment to test it and create data. As any middle school student could tell you, it’s called the scientific method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some researchers and entrepreneurs in the Bay Area say that method is being upended, especially when it comes to medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider what happened in the pediatric intensive care unit at Stanford’s Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a young girl from Reno, Nevada, was flown by helicopter to the pediatric intensive care unit of the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky.’\u003ccite>— Jennifer Frankovich, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“She was gravely ill. Her kidneys were shutting down,” recalls Jennifer Frankovich, at the time a young attending physician at the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl had been given morphine to dull her crushing abdominal pain. To Frankovich, the girl’s parents, who were from Mexico, looked like deer in the headlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were probably more doctors around her bed than they’d seen in their lives” she says. “I mean, the kidney doctor, the intensivist, the rheumatology team, the hematology team. There was a huge number of doctors around this poor girl’s bed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing the Risks \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tests showed the girl had lupus, a disease in which the immune system goes rogue, attacking the body’s healthy tissues. Lupus can cause permanent kidney damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Frankovich worried about something else, too. She’d seen kids like this before, and recalled that some of them also developed blood clots, which can travel to the heart or lungs and be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood clots can be prevented with an anti-coagulant, which keeps the blood flowing. But that, too, carries risks. A patient on blood thinners can have a stroke or bleed into an organ. Blood thinners can also complicate surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky. Frankovich asked her colleagues: What should we do here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There wasn’t enough published literature to guide this decision,” Frankovich says. “[They said] the best route was to not do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pediatric lupus is rare, which makes formal studies hard to come by. It would take years for a single institution to identify enough subjects to come up with a meaningful sample size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the question itself was fairly obscure. Whether or not pediatric lupus patients are at a high risk for developing blood clots is one of those matters that medical researchers haven’t gotten around to answering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich needed data. And that is when she had her big idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1391\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Unconventional Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich had been helping build a database of pediatric lupus patients who had been seen previously at the hospital. She had digitized the charts and made them searchable with key words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any chronic medical condition, lupus generates a staggering amount of paperwork. Doctors follow each patient for years, even a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our pediatric lupus patients have enough records to fill boxes,” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the accumulated records of every kid with lupus who has come through Packard Hospital would fill a large room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, all that data was accessible with a keystroke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking for patterns within those medical records, Frankovich realized, she would, in a sense, be doing the study no one else had gotten around to doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She could look at every pediatric lupus patient that had come through the hospital to see how many of them developed blood clots, and what the risk factors were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on that, she could calculate whether the risks of a blood clot in her current patient justified the risks of prescribing an anti-coagulant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she ran the search and presented her findings to her colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The scientific method itself is growing obsolete.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“And universally everyone said, ‘wow, based on those numbers, it seems like we should try to prevent a clot in her,’” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was given the anti-coagulant. Over time her lupus got better. As far as Frankovich knows, she’s doing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may not seem like it, but what Frankovich did was fairly radical, noteworthy enough to warrant a \u003ca href=\"http://bmi205.stanford.edu/_media/jfrankovich-1.pdf\">paper published \u003c/a>in November 2011 in the New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, doctors make decisions based on two factors: One, their own expertise and that of other doctors and specialists. In other words, that team of doctors who were gathered around the young lupus patient’s bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two, doctors consult the scientific literature. They read studies and case reports that have been published in established medical journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich was taking a third route. She was using electronic medical records to search for answers that were already out there, but hadn’t been uncovered yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seismic Shift in Medicine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an example, says \u003ca href=\"https://buttelab.stanford.edu/\">Atul Butte\u003c/a>, an entrepreneur and associate professor of pediatrics at the Stanford School of Medicine, of a seismic shift happening in medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea here is, the scientific method itself is growing obsolete,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22031\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 409px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-22031\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America) \" width=\"409\" height=\"272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This concept draws from \u003ca href=\"http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory\">an essay\u003c/a> published in Wired Magazine in 2008 called “The End of Theory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the essay, so much information will be available at our fingertips in the future that there will be almost no need for experiments. The answers are already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about it,” Butte says. “The scientific method — we learned this in elementary school — is: We come up with a question, a hypothesis, and go make measurements to answer it. Now we’re living in this world where we already have the measurements and the data. The struggle is to figure out: What do we want to ask of all that data?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, a question Butte’s team has focused on recently: the rise in pre-term births in the United States. One theory, says Butte, points to an increase in exposure to environmental toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, this would be a challenging hypothesis to study. Medical records for these births aren’t necessarily in any one place, online. The same problem exists with records on air pollution, or weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re heading to a world where we’ll have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Butte says, “you can connect pre-term births from the medical records and birth census data to weather patterns, pollution monitors and EPA data to see is there a correlation there or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correlation does not mean causation (as any statistician will tell you) but it’s a good jumping-off point for more targeted research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ever-Expanding Cloud of Information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big data is more than medical records and environmental data, Butte says. It could (or already does) include the results of every clinical trial that’s ever been done, every lab test, Google search, tweet. The data from your Fitbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the challenge won’t be finding the data, it’ll be figuring out how to organize it all.\u003cbr>\n“I think the computational side of this is, let’s try to connect everything to everything,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest pool of data will be the genetic instructions written in each one of our cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took $2.7 billion and 13 years to sequence the first human genome. Today, that same project costs $1,500 and takes about a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re heading to a world where we’re going to have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17192\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\" width=\"333\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest genetics databases belongs to the Mountain View-based company 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CEO Anne Wojcicki says that huge pool of data is already providing answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example, she says, a family that came to the company to learn more about three family members who had developed pancreatic cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family members also shared a specific gene mutation. They wanted to know: Is the mutation causing the cancer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe consulted its database of more than 500,000 partial genetic profiles. They found 157 people with the same mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw,” Wojcicki says, “is that of those 157 people with that mutation, the majority said they don’t have the cancer, nor does anyone in their immediate family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks.”\u003ccite>— Anne Wojcicki, 23andMe\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“So we were very quickly able to conclude, not with 100 percent certainty,” she says, “but with a high degree of certainty, that the mutation the family thought was causing pancreatic cancer was not causing the cancer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, she says, this kind of question would require expensive research grants. Researchers would have to recruit subjects with and without the disease and then run genetic tests on all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe’s searchable database meant the answers were already there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks,” Wojcicki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 23andMe, big data is a business model. The company anonymizes its genetics information and sells it to researchers who want to study the genetic basis for Parkinson’s disease or diabetes, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/ibd/\">teamed up\u003c/a> with Pfizer on a project to research inflammatory bowel syndrome. In July, the company announced a $1.37 million \u003ca href=\"http://mediacenter.23andme.com/press-releases/nih_grant_2014/\">grant\u003c/a> from the National Institutes of Health to develop its database and research engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work raises questions about privacy, and about who gets access to this data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Safer? Data Or a Team of Doctors?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when medicine meets big data there are always questions about safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Dr. Frankovich and the lupus patient?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the success of that experiment, you might think what she did is now standard at the hospital where she works. In fact, it’s the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually not doing that anymore, says Frankovich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, hospital administrators decided — at least in urgent cases where time is short — that it is still safer to trust the wisdom of a team of doctors than to search medical records for data about what’s worked in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich agrees. Analyzing data is complicated and requires specific expertise. What if the search engine has bugs, or the records are transcribed incorrectly? There’s just too much room for error, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take a system to interpret the data,” she says. “And that’s what we don’t have yet. We don’t have that system. We will, I mean for sure, the data is there, right? Now we have to develop the system to use it in a thoughtful, safe way.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22009 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\" alt=\"computer servers\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"https://guillaumepaumier.com/\">Guillaume Paumier\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how science usually works: Come up with a question or a hypothesis. Develop an experiment to test it and create data. As any middle school student could tell you, it’s called the scientific method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some researchers and entrepreneurs in the Bay Area say that method is being upended, especially when it comes to medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider what happened in the pediatric intensive care unit at Stanford’s Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a young girl from Reno, Nevada, was flown by helicopter to the pediatric intensive care unit of the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky.’\u003ccite>— Jennifer Frankovich, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“She was gravely ill. Her kidneys were shutting down,” recalls Jennifer Frankovich, at the time a young attending physician at the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl had been given morphine to dull her crushing abdominal pain. To Frankovich, the girl’s parents, who were from Mexico, looked like deer in the headlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were probably more doctors around her bed than they’d seen in their lives” she says. “I mean, the kidney doctor, the intensivist, the rheumatology team, the hematology team. There was a huge number of doctors around this poor girl’s bed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing the Risks \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tests showed the girl had lupus, a disease in which the immune system goes rogue, attacking the body’s healthy tissues. Lupus can cause permanent kidney damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Frankovich worried about something else, too. She’d seen kids like this before, and recalled that some of them also developed blood clots, which can travel to the heart or lungs and be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood clots can be prevented with an anti-coagulant, which keeps the blood flowing. But that, too, carries risks. A patient on blood thinners can have a stroke or bleed into an organ. Blood thinners can also complicate surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky. Frankovich asked her colleagues: What should we do here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There wasn’t enough published literature to guide this decision,” Frankovich says. “[They said] the best route was to not do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pediatric lupus is rare, which makes formal studies hard to come by. It would take years for a single institution to identify enough subjects to come up with a meaningful sample size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the question itself was fairly obscure. Whether or not pediatric lupus patients are at a high risk for developing blood clots is one of those matters that medical researchers haven’t gotten around to answering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich needed data. And that is when she had her big idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1391\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Unconventional Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich had been helping build a database of pediatric lupus patients who had been seen previously at the hospital. She had digitized the charts and made them searchable with key words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any chronic medical condition, lupus generates a staggering amount of paperwork. Doctors follow each patient for years, even a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our pediatric lupus patients have enough records to fill boxes,” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the accumulated records of every kid with lupus who has come through Packard Hospital would fill a large room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, all that data was accessible with a keystroke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking for patterns within those medical records, Frankovich realized, she would, in a sense, be doing the study no one else had gotten around to doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She could look at every pediatric lupus patient that had come through the hospital to see how many of them developed blood clots, and what the risk factors were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on that, she could calculate whether the risks of a blood clot in her current patient justified the risks of prescribing an anti-coagulant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she ran the search and presented her findings to her colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The scientific method itself is growing obsolete.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“And universally everyone said, ‘wow, based on those numbers, it seems like we should try to prevent a clot in her,’” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was given the anti-coagulant. Over time her lupus got better. As far as Frankovich knows, she’s doing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may not seem like it, but what Frankovich did was fairly radical, noteworthy enough to warrant a \u003ca href=\"http://bmi205.stanford.edu/_media/jfrankovich-1.pdf\">paper published \u003c/a>in November 2011 in the New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, doctors make decisions based on two factors: One, their own expertise and that of other doctors and specialists. In other words, that team of doctors who were gathered around the young lupus patient’s bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two, doctors consult the scientific literature. They read studies and case reports that have been published in established medical journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich was taking a third route. She was using electronic medical records to search for answers that were already out there, but hadn’t been uncovered yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seismic Shift in Medicine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an example, says \u003ca href=\"https://buttelab.stanford.edu/\">Atul Butte\u003c/a>, an entrepreneur and associate professor of pediatrics at the Stanford School of Medicine, of a seismic shift happening in medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea here is, the scientific method itself is growing obsolete,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22031\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 409px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-22031\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America) \" width=\"409\" height=\"272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This concept draws from \u003ca href=\"http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory\">an essay\u003c/a> published in Wired Magazine in 2008 called “The End of Theory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the essay, so much information will be available at our fingertips in the future that there will be almost no need for experiments. The answers are already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about it,” Butte says. “The scientific method — we learned this in elementary school — is: We come up with a question, a hypothesis, and go make measurements to answer it. Now we’re living in this world where we already have the measurements and the data. The struggle is to figure out: What do we want to ask of all that data?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, a question Butte’s team has focused on recently: the rise in pre-term births in the United States. One theory, says Butte, points to an increase in exposure to environmental toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, this would be a challenging hypothesis to study. Medical records for these births aren’t necessarily in any one place, online. The same problem exists with records on air pollution, or weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re heading to a world where we’ll have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Butte says, “you can connect pre-term births from the medical records and birth census data to weather patterns, pollution monitors and EPA data to see is there a correlation there or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correlation does not mean causation (as any statistician will tell you) but it’s a good jumping-off point for more targeted research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ever-Expanding Cloud of Information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big data is more than medical records and environmental data, Butte says. It could (or already does) include the results of every clinical trial that’s ever been done, every lab test, Google search, tweet. The data from your Fitbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the challenge won’t be finding the data, it’ll be figuring out how to organize it all.\u003cbr>\n“I think the computational side of this is, let’s try to connect everything to everything,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest pool of data will be the genetic instructions written in each one of our cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took $2.7 billion and 13 years to sequence the first human genome. Today, that same project costs $1,500 and takes about a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re heading to a world where we’re going to have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17192\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\" width=\"333\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest genetics databases belongs to the Mountain View-based company 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CEO Anne Wojcicki says that huge pool of data is already providing answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example, she says, a family that came to the company to learn more about three family members who had developed pancreatic cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family members also shared a specific gene mutation. They wanted to know: Is the mutation causing the cancer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe consulted its database of more than 500,000 partial genetic profiles. They found 157 people with the same mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw,” Wojcicki says, “is that of those 157 people with that mutation, the majority said they don’t have the cancer, nor does anyone in their immediate family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks.”\u003ccite>— Anne Wojcicki, 23andMe\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“So we were very quickly able to conclude, not with 100 percent certainty,” she says, “but with a high degree of certainty, that the mutation the family thought was causing pancreatic cancer was not causing the cancer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, she says, this kind of question would require expensive research grants. Researchers would have to recruit subjects with and without the disease and then run genetic tests on all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe’s searchable database meant the answers were already there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks,” Wojcicki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 23andMe, big data is a business model. The company anonymizes its genetics information and sells it to researchers who want to study the genetic basis for Parkinson’s disease or diabetes, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/ibd/\">teamed up\u003c/a> with Pfizer on a project to research inflammatory bowel syndrome. In July, the company announced a $1.37 million \u003ca href=\"http://mediacenter.23andme.com/press-releases/nih_grant_2014/\">grant\u003c/a> from the National Institutes of Health to develop its database and research engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work raises questions about privacy, and about who gets access to this data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Safer? Data Or a Team of Doctors?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when medicine meets big data there are always questions about safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Dr. Frankovich and the lupus patient?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the success of that experiment, you might think what she did is now standard at the hospital where she works. In fact, it’s the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually not doing that anymore, says Frankovich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, hospital administrators decided — at least in urgent cases where time is short — that it is still safer to trust the wisdom of a team of doctors than to search medical records for data about what’s worked in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich agrees. Analyzing data is complicated and requires specific expertise. What if the search engine has bugs, or the records are transcribed incorrectly? There’s just too much room for error, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take a system to interpret the data,” she says. “And that’s what we don’t have yet. We don’t have that system. We will, I mean for sure, the data is there, right? Now we have to develop the system to use it in a thoughtful, safe way.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Rallies Support for California Water Projects",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS9128_IMG_7747-copy-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS9128_IMG_7747-copy-scr.jpg\" alt=\"A pipe leading to the Peters Dam spillway in Marin County, photographed in March, 2014. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"850\" height=\"567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pipe leading to the Peters Dam spillway in Marin County, photographed in March, 2014. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Californians continue to see the ongoing drought as a priority — and that may be driving a willingness to spend billions on securing their future water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest polling from the non-partisan \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, water and the drought clock in as the second most pressing issue among those polled, eclipsed only by jobs and the economy. Nearly nine-in-ten of the poll’s respondents said they considered water supply to be a “problem,” with almost two-thirds (65 percent) saying they consider it a “big problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that level of urgency, it seems like no surprise that, when asked how they’ll vote for the $7.5 billion package of water measures now on the ballot as \u003ca title=\"Ballotpedia - Prop 1\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_%282014%29\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, 58 percent said “yes.” That’s enough to pass it and nearly double the proportion (29 percent) that said they planned to vote “no.” Support was consistent across the state, though highest in the Bay Area and Inland Empire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may also not be surprising, considering that a “No on 1” campaign has yet to emerge with enough money behind it for media saturation. There is an organized \u003ca title=\"No on Prop 1 - main\" href=\"http://www.noonprop1.org/\">opposition to Prop 1\u003c/a>, largely a coalition of Delta and fishing interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detractors say it would be spending too much money for too little water. Some Delta groups have opposed the bond, claiming that it \u003ca title=\"Restore the Delta - post\" href=\"http://restorethedelta.org/blog/tunnels-opponents-gov-browns-bond-tunnels-neutral/\">would hasten realization\u003c/a> of Governor Jerry Brown’s \u003ca title=\"Q-NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/03/14/california-to-release-chapters-of-plan-to-restore-delta/\">plan to build two cavernous tunnels\u003c/a> to transport Sacramento River water across the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Proponents of the bond measure say that it’s written to be “tunnels-neutral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This willingness to pony up for water improvements seems to spill over to the local level. More than 7-in-10 respondents to the PPIC poll said that hypothetically, they’d also support local bond measures for projects that would help keep the water flowing. (Take note, local water agencies.)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS9128_IMG_7747-copy-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS9128_IMG_7747-copy-scr.jpg\" alt=\"A pipe leading to the Peters Dam spillway in Marin County, photographed in March, 2014. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"850\" height=\"567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pipe leading to the Peters Dam spillway in Marin County, photographed in March, 2014. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Californians continue to see the ongoing drought as a priority — and that may be driving a willingness to spend billions on securing their future water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest polling from the non-partisan \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, water and the drought clock in as the second most pressing issue among those polled, eclipsed only by jobs and the economy. Nearly nine-in-ten of the poll’s respondents said they considered water supply to be a “problem,” with almost two-thirds (65 percent) saying they consider it a “big problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that level of urgency, it seems like no surprise that, when asked how they’ll vote for the $7.5 billion package of water measures now on the ballot as \u003ca title=\"Ballotpedia - Prop 1\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_%282014%29\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, 58 percent said “yes.” That’s enough to pass it and nearly double the proportion (29 percent) that said they planned to vote “no.” Support was consistent across the state, though highest in the Bay Area and Inland Empire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may also not be surprising, considering that a “No on 1” campaign has yet to emerge with enough money behind it for media saturation. There is an organized \u003ca title=\"No on Prop 1 - main\" href=\"http://www.noonprop1.org/\">opposition to Prop 1\u003c/a>, largely a coalition of Delta and fishing interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detractors say it would be spending too much money for too little water. Some Delta groups have opposed the bond, claiming that it \u003ca title=\"Restore the Delta - post\" href=\"http://restorethedelta.org/blog/tunnels-opponents-gov-browns-bond-tunnels-neutral/\">would hasten realization\u003c/a> of Governor Jerry Brown’s \u003ca title=\"Q-NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/03/14/california-to-release-chapters-of-plan-to-restore-delta/\">plan to build two cavernous tunnels\u003c/a> to transport Sacramento River water across the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Proponents of the bond measure say that it’s written to be “tunnels-neutral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This willingness to pony up for water improvements seems to spill over to the local level. More than 7-in-10 respondents to the PPIC poll said that hypothetically, they’d also support local bond measures for projects that would help keep the water flowing. (Take note, local water agencies.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Finding Faults: Scientists Close in on Napa Quake Origins",
"headTitle": "Finding Faults: Scientists Close in on Napa Quake Origins | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140922science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2163-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21776\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2163-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"USGS Geologist David Schwartz identifies surface cracks in the west Napa Valley that show lateral slip, a clue to the location of faults that caused the magnitude-6 South Napa Earthquake on August 24, 2014.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USGS geologist David Schwartz identifies which surface cracks in the west Napa Valley offer clues to the location of faults that caused the magnitude-6 South Napa Earthquake on August 24. Schwartz says this buckling of a driveway is from ground shaking, not a direct indicator of the fault’s location. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It took less than 20 seconds to shake apart historic buildings and topple chimneys from Vallejo to St. Helena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But throughout the Napa Valley, the August 24th \u003ca title=\"Q - NewsFix - SNQ\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/south-napa-earthquake-photos/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> left its calling cards — not just the startling damage in downtown Napa but subtle traces on the ground itself: clues to what actually happened deep below the surface. In fact, geologists now say that the South Napa quake created more surface fractures than any known quake of its size in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks after the magnitude-6.0 shaker, a new picture is emerging of the complex geology underneath. The quake is literally \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/02/napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps/\">re-drawing the fault maps\u003c/a> and providing valuable clues to the next major seismic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an incredible laboratory,” says geologist David Schwartz, scrutinizing some buckled pavement in a driveway along Dry Creek Road, west of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We develop models and theories based on limited information,” he says, “so we when we have an earthquake that produces the kind of information that this one has, it’s just a great opportunity to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s still a lot to learn about the West Napa Fault Zone, a jumble of faults that runs from near Vallejo, for at least 20 miles up the west side of the Napa Valley. It \u003ci>had \u003c/i>been deceptively quiet, except for a 5-point quake in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early deconstructions of the South Napa quake indicate that it broke about 6 miles deep, upward and to the northwest, along unnamed strands of the West Napa Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21803\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/FaultMap_SNQ_USGS_800.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21803\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/FaultMap_SNQ_USGS_800.jpg\" alt=\"Orange lines show where surface clues reveal the likely source faults for the South Napa Earthquake. Some areas reveal up to about 18 inches of lateral displacement. (USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1325\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orange lines show where surface clues reveal the likely source faults for the South Napa Earthquake. Some areas reveal up to about 18 inches of lateral displacement. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz has been crisscrossing the valley for the U.S. Geological Survey, studying cracks in roads and driveways for evidence of lateral movement, or side-slip, where it’s clear that one side of the crack moved north and the other south, even if just a few centimeters — just like the jagged fissure that cuts through a west-side subdivision in Napa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathy Ortiz remembers riding out the quake, the biggest that she can recall from her 65 years in Napa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was unbelievable,” she recalled, days afterward. “My brain is still trying to take it all in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ortiz had no clue until daylight appeared that the quake had left a crack running completely across her street and under the homes on either side — a subtle displacement that geologists say mirrors the grinding along the strike-slip fault that broke right under her house. It turns out that Ortiz lives in the Brown’s Valley section of the West Napa Fault Zone, an area that had never been fully mapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the video below, Schwartz explains why this narrow crack in a suburban street is a clue to the fault’s location beneath.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_fotvoGnF0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The faults in this part of Napa Valley had been mapped as old faults, faults that may have moved in the last 130,000 years or 1.6 million years,” Schwartz explained. “But they weren’t mapped as ‘Holocene,’ or active.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about to change. But it’s not like Jules Verne’s “underground” classic, \u003ca title=\"YouTube - Journey trailer\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF8Bf1d_crk\">Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/a>. Explorers can drop submersibles tens of thousands of feet to the ocean floor but there is no staircase through the Earth’s crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The crust is complex,” Schwartz says. “And each one of these earthquakes gives us a little bit more insight into how it works, but we’ve got a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, a combination of ground sleuthing and \u003ca title=\"Wiki - interferometry\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry\">interferometry\u003c/a>, which measures changes in the landscape from satellite data and precise radar measurements from NASA aircraft, have allowed scientists to track the Napa quake’s suspect fault for at least 7 miles beyond where it was mapped before. Ultimately, the re-mapping of these faults will likely mean some changes in the seismic zoning of the Napa Valley, and some reconsideration of what can be built, where.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2157-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2157-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"UC Riverside geophysicist Gareth Funning uses high-precision GPS antennae and benchmarks placed by the National Geodetic Survey to track ground movements in the Napa Valley. This marker is near Highway 29 in Yountville.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Riverside geophysicist Gareth Funning uses high-precision GPS antennae and benchmarks placed by the National Geodetic Survey to track ground movements in the Napa Valley. This marker is near Highway 29 in Yountville. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Gareth Funning, the quake was like hitting the lottery. The geophysicist from UC Riverside had already been running a long-term study of ground movement in the valley when the earth moved. His network of precise GPS antennas will help create a model of the seismic events (literally) underlying the quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were up north measuring more things like this around Clear Lake when the earthquake happened,” Funning recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his graduate assistant, Jerlyn Swiatlowski, hightailed it down to Napa to take fresh readings, tracking the movement of \u003ca title=\"Wiki - post\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_marker\">markers\u003c/a> placed in the ground years ago as part of the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - Geodetic Survey\" href=\"http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/\">National Geodetic Survey\u003c/a>. Very precise GPS antennae — accurate to about 2 millimeters — placed over each marker, show that some of them moved up to 10 inches with the August 24th temblor. Funning says he’s using the data to model the underpinnings of the Napa quake and its ripple effects on the local geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those models allow us to then calculate the effect of this earthquake on all the other faults around this area,” Funning says, “and whether the stresses on them have changed as a result of this earthquake happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says it does appear that neighboring faults from Fairfield to Petaluma were “loaded” with some additional stress by this quake, which could increase the chances of them slipping. The Rodgers Creek fault, which slices from the Bay to Santa Rosa, has the potential for a magnitude-7 quake — bigger than the Loma Prieta quake that hit the Bay Area in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to know whether an earthquake on another fault has become more likely because of this one,” Funning says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after the quake, scientists are already gaining a better sense of the seismic potential underneath the wine country — but the picture is still coming together, and it’s hard to know exactly what it portends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes we see sequences of earthquakes over a period of decades and maybe that’s what’ll happen here,” Schwartz says. “We don’t know. But it should heighten the earthquake sensibilities of everyone in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The South Napa Earthquake revealed how much we've yet to learn about seismic faults in the Napa Valley.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2163-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21776\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2163-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"USGS Geologist David Schwartz identifies surface cracks in the west Napa Valley that show lateral slip, a clue to the location of faults that caused the magnitude-6 South Napa Earthquake on August 24, 2014.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USGS geologist David Schwartz identifies which surface cracks in the west Napa Valley offer clues to the location of faults that caused the magnitude-6 South Napa Earthquake on August 24. Schwartz says this buckling of a driveway is from ground shaking, not a direct indicator of the fault’s location. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It took less than 20 seconds to shake apart historic buildings and topple chimneys from Vallejo to St. Helena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But throughout the Napa Valley, the August 24th \u003ca title=\"Q - NewsFix - SNQ\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/south-napa-earthquake-photos/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> left its calling cards — not just the startling damage in downtown Napa but subtle traces on the ground itself: clues to what actually happened deep below the surface. In fact, geologists now say that the South Napa quake created more surface fractures than any known quake of its size in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks after the magnitude-6.0 shaker, a new picture is emerging of the complex geology underneath. The quake is literally \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/02/napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps/\">re-drawing the fault maps\u003c/a> and providing valuable clues to the next major seismic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an incredible laboratory,” says geologist David Schwartz, scrutinizing some buckled pavement in a driveway along Dry Creek Road, west of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We develop models and theories based on limited information,” he says, “so we when we have an earthquake that produces the kind of information that this one has, it’s just a great opportunity to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s still a lot to learn about the West Napa Fault Zone, a jumble of faults that runs from near Vallejo, for at least 20 miles up the west side of the Napa Valley. It \u003ci>had \u003c/i>been deceptively quiet, except for a 5-point quake in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early deconstructions of the South Napa quake indicate that it broke about 6 miles deep, upward and to the northwest, along unnamed strands of the West Napa Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21803\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/FaultMap_SNQ_USGS_800.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21803\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/FaultMap_SNQ_USGS_800.jpg\" alt=\"Orange lines show where surface clues reveal the likely source faults for the South Napa Earthquake. Some areas reveal up to about 18 inches of lateral displacement. (USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1325\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orange lines show where surface clues reveal the likely source faults for the South Napa Earthquake. Some areas reveal up to about 18 inches of lateral displacement. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz has been crisscrossing the valley for the U.S. Geological Survey, studying cracks in roads and driveways for evidence of lateral movement, or side-slip, where it’s clear that one side of the crack moved north and the other south, even if just a few centimeters — just like the jagged fissure that cuts through a west-side subdivision in Napa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathy Ortiz remembers riding out the quake, the biggest that she can recall from her 65 years in Napa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was unbelievable,” she recalled, days afterward. “My brain is still trying to take it all in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ortiz had no clue until daylight appeared that the quake had left a crack running completely across her street and under the homes on either side — a subtle displacement that geologists say mirrors the grinding along the strike-slip fault that broke right under her house. It turns out that Ortiz lives in the Brown’s Valley section of the West Napa Fault Zone, an area that had never been fully mapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the video below, Schwartz explains why this narrow crack in a suburban street is a clue to the fault’s location beneath.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/A_fotvoGnF0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/A_fotvoGnF0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“The faults in this part of Napa Valley had been mapped as old faults, faults that may have moved in the last 130,000 years or 1.6 million years,” Schwartz explained. “But they weren’t mapped as ‘Holocene,’ or active.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about to change. But it’s not like Jules Verne’s “underground” classic, \u003ca title=\"YouTube - Journey trailer\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF8Bf1d_crk\">Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/a>. Explorers can drop submersibles tens of thousands of feet to the ocean floor but there is no staircase through the Earth’s crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The crust is complex,” Schwartz says. “And each one of these earthquakes gives us a little bit more insight into how it works, but we’ve got a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, a combination of ground sleuthing and \u003ca title=\"Wiki - interferometry\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry\">interferometry\u003c/a>, which measures changes in the landscape from satellite data and precise radar measurements from NASA aircraft, have allowed scientists to track the Napa quake’s suspect fault for at least 7 miles beyond where it was mapped before. Ultimately, the re-mapping of these faults will likely mean some changes in the seismic zoning of the Napa Valley, and some reconsideration of what can be built, where.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2157-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2157-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"UC Riverside geophysicist Gareth Funning uses high-precision GPS antennae and benchmarks placed by the National Geodetic Survey to track ground movements in the Napa Valley. This marker is near Highway 29 in Yountville.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Riverside geophysicist Gareth Funning uses high-precision GPS antennae and benchmarks placed by the National Geodetic Survey to track ground movements in the Napa Valley. This marker is near Highway 29 in Yountville. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Gareth Funning, the quake was like hitting the lottery. The geophysicist from UC Riverside had already been running a long-term study of ground movement in the valley when the earth moved. His network of precise GPS antennas will help create a model of the seismic events (literally) underlying the quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were up north measuring more things like this around Clear Lake when the earthquake happened,” Funning recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his graduate assistant, Jerlyn Swiatlowski, hightailed it down to Napa to take fresh readings, tracking the movement of \u003ca title=\"Wiki - post\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_marker\">markers\u003c/a> placed in the ground years ago as part of the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - Geodetic Survey\" href=\"http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/\">National Geodetic Survey\u003c/a>. Very precise GPS antennae — accurate to about 2 millimeters — placed over each marker, show that some of them moved up to 10 inches with the August 24th temblor. Funning says he’s using the data to model the underpinnings of the Napa quake and its ripple effects on the local geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those models allow us to then calculate the effect of this earthquake on all the other faults around this area,” Funning says, “and whether the stresses on them have changed as a result of this earthquake happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says it does appear that neighboring faults from Fairfield to Petaluma were “loaded” with some additional stress by this quake, which could increase the chances of them slipping. The Rodgers Creek fault, which slices from the Bay to Santa Rosa, has the potential for a magnitude-7 quake — bigger than the Loma Prieta quake that hit the Bay Area in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to know whether an earthquake on another fault has become more likely because of this one,” Funning says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after the quake, scientists are already gaining a better sense of the seismic potential underneath the wine country — but the picture is still coming together, and it’s hard to know exactly what it portends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What to Know About California's New Groundwater Law",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Associated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation Tuesday that will require the first-ever rules for pumping groundwater in California. Why lawmakers and the governor acted, and what the new laws mean:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is Groundwater?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the water that accumulates below the earth’s surface, filling empty spaces and cracks in the rock. Farmers and agencies can tap it by drilling wells. It’s an especially valuable source of water during times of drought, providing 60 percent of the state’s supply as reservoirs, rivers and other sources dry up. Some farmers even turn to dowsers, or water witches, to guide them to the underwater reserves. About 30 million Californians rely on groundwater for some portion of their drinking water supply, according to state figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Ground-water-levels-tall.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Ground-water-levels-tall.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"320\" height=\"473\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the Problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some areas are being pumped faster than they can be replenished with rain, snowmelt and irrigation runoff. And as California faces the third year of a serious drought, farmers have been in an expensive race to drill the deepest wells. Over-pumping can compress soil and rocks, making them more compact and permanently reducing the underground water storage capacity. That also leads to sinking land, or subsidence, which can damage roads, canals and other structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Is Groundwater Managed Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not very closely. Under California’s Gold Rush-era water rights system, many landowners are entitled to pump as much as they please on their property. Other states treat groundwater as a shared resource regulated and monitored by state agencies. Some local agencies in California have sustainable plans for managing groundwater, but no statewide standards currently exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the Proposed Solution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation signed Tuesday maintains a local approach with state oversight. It requires agencies in fast-depleting basins to draw up sustainability plans and allows for water meters and fines for monitoring and enforcement. It does not go as far as other Western states by granting state agencies the power to authorize or prohibit groundwater withdrawals, but the California Water Resources Control Board can now intervene if locals fail to act or come up with inadequate solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”M0kLfnUrpzRlzTptl44knFqrmi33Oo2i”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Is Affected by the Legislation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state water department identifies 127 groundwater basins and sub-basins that are high or medium priority for monitoring, mostly concentrated along the agriculture-heavy Central Valley and some areas surrounding Los Angeles. That’s only a quarter of all California groundwater basins, but they account for almost 96 percent of California’s groundwater pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Laws Roll Out?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFirst, local land planners have until 2017 to choose or establish a groundwater sustainability agency. Those agencies then have until 2020 or 2022, depending on how dire their situation is, to draw up sustainability plans. Those plans should put groundwater basins on a path to sustainability by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Supports and Who Opposes the Laws?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic lawmakers pushed the legislation, ultimately winning support from key groups that include the Association of California Water Agencies and Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. But Republicans and some Central Valley Democrats opposed the bills, saying they would infringe on property rights and hurt well-managed agencies. The legislation drew the ire of some agricultural interests that are increasingly dependent on groundwater, such as the California Farm Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some areas are being pumped faster than they can be replenished with rain, snowmelt and irrigation runoff. And as California faces the third year of a serious drought, farmers have been in an expensive race to drill the deepest wells. Over-pumping can compress soil and rocks, making them more compact and permanently reducing the underground water storage capacity. That also leads to sinking land, or subsidence, which can damage roads, canals and other structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Is Groundwater Managed Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not very closely. Under California’s Gold Rush-era water rights system, many landowners are entitled to pump as much as they please on their property. Other states treat groundwater as a shared resource regulated and monitored by state agencies. Some local agencies in California have sustainable plans for managing groundwater, but no statewide standards currently exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the Proposed Solution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation signed Tuesday maintains a local approach with state oversight. It requires agencies in fast-depleting basins to draw up sustainability plans and allows for water meters and fines for monitoring and enforcement. It does not go as far as other Western states by granting state agencies the power to authorize or prohibit groundwater withdrawals, but the California Water Resources Control Board can now intervene if locals fail to act or come up with inadequate solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Is Affected by the Legislation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state water department identifies 127 groundwater basins and sub-basins that are high or medium priority for monitoring, mostly concentrated along the agriculture-heavy Central Valley and some areas surrounding Los Angeles. That’s only a quarter of all California groundwater basins, but they account for almost 96 percent of California’s groundwater pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Laws Roll Out?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFirst, local land planners have until 2017 to choose or establish a groundwater sustainability agency. Those agencies then have until 2020 or 2022, depending on how dire their situation is, to draw up sustainability plans. Those plans should put groundwater basins on a path to sustainability by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Supports and Who Opposes the Laws?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic lawmakers pushed the legislation, ultimately winning support from key groups that include the Association of California Water Agencies and Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. But Republicans and some Central Valley Democrats opposed the bills, saying they would infringe on property rights and hurt well-managed agencies. The legislation drew the ire of some agricultural interests that are increasingly dependent on groundwater, such as the California Farm Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stanford Psychologist Who Studies Racial Profiling Wins 'Genius Grant'",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Don Babwin\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/eberhardt_2014_hi-res-downl.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/eberhardt_2014_hi-res-downl.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt was awarded a MacArthur Foundation 'genius grant' for her research on racial profiling. (Courtesy of the MacArthur Foundation)\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21701\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt was awarded a ‘genius grant’ for her research on racial stereotypes and crime. (Courtesy of the MacArthur Foundation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A professor whose research is helping a California police department improve its strained relationship with the black community and a lawyer who advocates for victims of domestic abuse are among the 21 winners of this year’s MacArthur Foundation “genius grants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chicago-based John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation announced on Wednesday the 2014 recipients, who will each receive $625,000 to spend any way they like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The professor and lawyer, part of an eclectic group that also includes scientists, mathematicians, historians, a cartoonist and a composer, are among several recipients whose work involves topics that have dominated the news in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think getting this (grant) speaks to people’s sense that this is the kind of work that needs to be done,” said recipient Jennifer Eberhardt, a Stanford University social psychologist who has researched racial stereotypes and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrouded in secrecy, the selection process involves nominations from anonymous groups and recommendations from the foundation’s board of directors. Recipients have no idea they’ve won until they get a call from the foundation, and even then recipients have been known to wonder initially if someone is trying to trick them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Henneberger, a housing advocate in Texas, said he was so stunned when he got his call that he had to sit down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got really quiet and they (people he was with) were asking me, ‘Did somebody die?” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eberhart’s work prompted the Oakland, California, police department to ask for her help studying racial biases among its officers and how those biases play out on the street — topics that have been debated nationally in the wake of the police shooting of Michael Brown, an unarmed black 18-year-old in Missouri. Eberhardt, who is also studying the use of body cameras by police — another topic of particular interest since Brown’s shooting — said, “I hope this will show the work matters, holds value and promotes social change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justice system is also at the heart of Sarah Deer’s work as a legal scholar and advocate for Native American women living on reservations, who suffer higher-than-average rates of domestic abuse and sexual violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deer, a Native American who teaches law in Minnesota, met with women who simply stopped reporting such attacks because their tribal governments had been stripped of the authority to investigate and because federal authorities were often unwilling to do so, she said. The foundation pointed to her instrumental role in reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act by Congress in 2013 that restored some of those abilities to tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time since 1978 … tribes (can) prosecute non-Indians who have committed acts of sexual assault and domestic violence on reservations,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Deer, fellow recipient Jonathan Rapping has worked to improve the lives of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former public defender, Rapping founded Gideon’s Promise after seeing a legal system that he said valued speed over quality representation of the indigent. The organization trains, mentors and assists public defenders to help them withstand the intense pressure that can come with massive caseloads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the program that began in 2007 for 16 attorneys in two offices in Georgia and Louisiana has more than 300 participants in 15 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foundation recognized Khaled Mattawa, an associate professor at the University of Michigan, for his poetry and translations of Arab contemporary poets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattawa, who said he started translating the poetry as way to teach himself to write poetry, said the work can connect people from different cultures. “The poets are bearing witness not only to the humanity of their own people but of a shared humanity,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The awards, given annually since 1981, are doled out over a five-year period. This year’s class brings the number of recipients to more than 900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most winners are not widely known outside their fields, but the list has over the years included writer Susan Sontag and filmmaker John Sayles.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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